if you tax everything and give no write offs, you can set the rates very low. >> sunday 98:00 eastern on c-span's "q&a." army aext, nurses in the , half-hour look at the work of peacetime nurses in the 1950's in korea, japan, hawaii, and germany. this is an episode of the big picture, a weekly television series reduced by the u.s. army between 1950 and 1975. the program was recently restored by the national archives. we are airing it today to mark the 75th anniversary of the founding of the women's army corps in 1942. ♪ [explosions]

♪ narrator: today, the latest weapons, coupled with the fighting skill of the american soldier, stand ready on the alert all over the world, to defend this country. you, the american people, against aggression. this is the big picture. an official television report to the nation from the united states army. now, to show you part of the big picture, here is sergeant stewart queen. stewart queen: all of us are well aware of the great and historic achievements of our united states army nurses. in world war ii and during the korean war, we heard, read, and many of us saw how the army nurse went there great hardship in her duty. the same dangers entered by the

troops which she accompanied into combat, but relatively little has been reported of the army nurse in peacetime. yet she still serves, not only in the states, but all over the world. today on the big picture, we would like to give you some impression of the work of an army nurse overseas. and not only her work, but how she spends her leisure time. and something of what she thinks and feels as she serves our troops and our country in the far-flung corners of the world. ♪ narrator: korea is no longer on the front pages of the newspaper these days. it is a poor country now, very much like it was before the war. but with the mark of war upon it. ♪ narrator: american troops are stationed here still. they defend to ward off possible aggression, we are here, too.

the army nurse corps. because although the war is over on the battlefield, we nurses must remain on the battlefield to be ready in case of emergency to care for the wounded. and in peacetime, to fight the eternal battle against disease and sickness. ♪ narrator: when a new group of nurses arrives at the airport, it is always something of an event for the newcomers as well as the old timers. but there is usually not much time lost between arriving in and being assigned duties at the hospital. there is plenty of work to be done here. each new nurse has a job waiting for her. but first, and korea at any rate, a new nurse is given a proper outfit for protecting against the cold of the korean winter. the keynote of the costume is not fashion, but utility. it is not mink, but it is warm.

for once, it is nice to try on a hat and not wonder whether it is the right one. does it do something for you? you bet, it keeps you cozy at five below. the new nurses are on the roster now, and the routine of work in the wards has begun. all over the world, wherever our troops are stationed, the army nurse is an ally of the soldier in his battle against sickness and pain. her words of sympathy and understanding can be as important and valuable as his skill and knowledge. both are required if she is to really fulfill her role as an army nurse. ♪ narrator: the army assumes full responsibility for the care of its sick. and in any of army hospital in peacetime, there are the usual number of serious cases. patients who require operative treatment. army hospitals overseas are on a

par with the best civilian hospitals anywhere. and at each stage of care, the most up-to-date methods are employed. ♪ narrator: we nurses a stand by during an operation, trying our best to be the doctor's right hand, concentrating on playing our part, on making the right moves during the teamwork of the operation. being a skilled assistant at an operation, anticipating the surgeon's needs. this can be one of the nurse's jobs in an operating room. such work requires special training. ♪ narrator: but when the patient is coming out of the ether out of an operation, and the first face he sees is that of the nurse, and it is a pleasant, smiling face, this too is important in the care of the patient. and for this, there is no training. ♪

narrator: when the patient is back in the ward, the serious work of returning him to health continues. throughout his treatment, he is aided by the knowledge, skill, and understanding of the army nurse. we nurses, especially those who have had considerable experience, are taking part in the program of assisting korean nurses in treating the sick. korea is still faced with many postwar problems, not the least of which is the health of its war-ravaged people. more serious korean casualties of the war are being cared for in our hospitals where koreans are often employed to assist in the wards. ♪ narrator: we give our own medical corps men instructions and war duties. routines such as taking the patients' blood pressure.

teaching seems to be a major responsibility in the life of an army nurse, especially overseas, where knowledge of modern methods of medical care is at a premium. through an interpreter, one instructs a group of korean nurses in some of the techniques and procedures used in our hospitals. the newly arrived nurse takes a few days to get adjusted to being on her feet all day. so in her off-duty hours, she is often off her feet. but those who are pretty well accustomed to the hard physical routine are ready and looking for active recreation when the work day is over. we nurses enjoy physical exercise and take pride in keeping fit and alert. we must take care of sick people. and so we ourselves try to maintain our resistance against illness through regular exercise.

a lot of being overseas is fun. fun in sightseeing and exploring. each country has its wonders. and since our troops are now scattered just about everywhere, an army nurse has a chance to see a good bit of the world. in seoul, korea at the chain duck palace, one can discover oneself in fascinating and ancient cultures. it is far more interesesesesesng on the spot than reading about it in books. in general, the type of woman who becomes a nurse is interested in people. and in korea, the everyday life of the people is just as fascinating to us as any building or monument. ♪ narrator: there are little things to recall, snapshots that will be interesting to look back upon or to enclose in the letter home. one of the strongest reactions one has in korea is that the people need help.

and it is most satisfying to be assigned to work in the civilian assistance program. to see hungry orphans being nourished back to health, to be part of this world, to feel that there is no other work you would prefer to do. this is what it means to be a nurse. being an army nurse overseas is for nurses who want to go places and do things. frequently those on assignment in the far east have the ability of visiting tokyo, which is an exciting place for shopping and sightseeing. ♪ narrator: a woman commissioned in the army nurse corps finds out very soon she is part of an organization which regards her as a woman first, then a member of her profession. her life is not regimented. she is expected to grow as a person. to react humanly and enthusiastically to the world about her.

she is given the time to develop interests, to enjoy stimulating activity and companionship. such recreation allows her to return to her work refreshed and ready. ♪ narrator: in japan and wherever she is stationed, many activities are made available. she is encouraged to have a good time in her off-hours. as a type, the army nurse is a well-rounded person, understanding and interested in people, as well as young at heart, fun-loving, and gay. ♪ narrator: a great many nurses are assigned to tokyo army hospital, our largest hospital in the far east. it bustles with medical experts who are here to carry out the mission of the hospital as

defined by his commanding officer, first officer carl kirkpatrick. carl kirkpatrick: although the shooting has stopped in korea, the war against disease is a constant challenge. to doctors, nurses, and enlisted personnel in the tokyo army hospital. the health of our armed forces american and other united , nations fighting men, are of paramount importance. our job at this hospital is to keep these forces in good health. to this end, we dedicate all the skill and resources of modern medicine and soldiery. -- and surgery. narrator: think of the largest hospital you know, and you will begin to appreciate the size of the army hospital in tokyo. there are hardly enough american nurses to do all the work. and for this reason, it is the practice of this hospital, as it is elsewhere in the world, to employ foreign nationals to help us out. the young japanese women who work with us are pleasant and gentle and most efficient.

they seem to be born nurses. what is a born nurse? can you tell by the way she moves? by the way she uses her hands to prepare the sterilized hypodermic needle, and by the manner in which she administers an injection? can you see it in the way she dresses a wound? the way she places the gauze over the exposed flesh? the answer is yes. all the little things help show whether she is right for the job, whether she is, as they say, a natural. but something else should be in her character too, an awareness of the patient's wants and needs and to send something of what he feels, a desire to help him in his distress. to sense his different moods, to be able to bring good cheer when he is alone and feeling his loneliness, this can be as

valuable as any medicine in the world. a nurse who enjoys her work gains the medical knowledge every day. what is more, she becomes a source of knowledge to others, passing on what she has learned from her teachers, doctors, and top medical experts. it is a kind of system of education one receives in a big hospital, and everyone benefits, especially and most importantly, the patient. ♪ narrator: hydrotherapy, a whirlpool bath, to give passive exercise muscles of an injured leg. many of the experts who wear the white uniform of a nurse are actually members of the women's medical specialist corps, a branch of the army medical service. these women are experts in the fields of dietetics and physical and occupational therapy.

they are in relatively new professions, which the army has recognized as an important part of medical practice. ♪ narrator: since the army assumes the responsibility of providing medical care for the servicemen's family, and all additions thereunto, those children are fortunate who are cared for in the tokyo hospital. for here, the pediatric surface service is the finest. and those nurses who are assigned to it find their task of continuous interest and pleasure. there are moments, however, when the patient sees no pleasure in anything. ♪ narrator: traditionally, it is been woman's role to tend the sick. but it is her natural and instinctive role to care for the young.

and with young children, the army nurse is very much at home. in the evening, the army nurse is at home in a different sense. she can be alone and undisturbed to write a letter. or she can be with others. rarely is she at a loss of something to do in her leisure hours. ♪ narrator: what she does with her free time will depend to some extent on where she is stationed. if she is lucky enough to be stationed in hawaii, she will have absolutely no problem enjoying herself in this land of sunshine. ♪ narrator: the army hospital in hawaii is as modern as they come. and while building the best for the patient, the army did not neglect the nurses, whose quarters are attractive and comfortable.

♪ narrator: there is a bright gleam about hawaii. even inside the hospital, the equipment glistens in its newness. it is the very best, the very latest. however, the appearance of things is not of the greatest importance in your work as an army nurse. wherever you are stationed, you will find one factor to be of greater consequence than any other. and that is the satisfaction you gain from your work. the deep leisure of knowing that you are helping people to get well. if the job means something to you, it will mean not where you are stationed or how shiny the equipment, but the work of nursing itself. patients are grateful, unselfish, uncomplaining. unlike the civilian sick who have a family nearby, the soldier has no one to look after him except the army nurse. to the patient, we are not only nurses to look after their ill, but mother, sister, and friend.

during convalescence, men lose some of their confidence. they can't do what they used to do. we try to restore their confidence, give them new things to accomplish. we talk, and listen, and watch. of all the people in the hospital, we are closest to the patient, guiding him daily on his road to recovery. no matter what his age, a patient response to the personality of the nurse. is there any doubt that this nurse has a sunny disposition? no, sir. she has been given the seal of approval. ♪ narrator: in a large hospital such as this one in hawaii, one can see an army principle in operation, and that is training. throughout one's tour of duty, a nurse is constantly exchanging ideas about the job she is doing in an effort to do it better.

one basic and rather pleasant fact of life for the army nurse overseas is that there are usually a good many young officers who can be counted on as escorts. in most corners of the globe, the army nurse finds a delightfully high proportion of men to women. and this statistical background, plus the beautiful, tropical background of hawaii, can make for a very pleasant afternoon. during the civil war, nurses were expected to be plain looking. but youth and looks are far from being taboo today. we have come far from an ancient conception of an army nurse. and today, she is a freer and happier individual because of it. ♪ narrator: today, she knows and enjoys the excitement of travel. her work takes her not only to hawaii and areas in the pacific, but to germany and france and the middle east. here in the united states zone of germany, she is close to the

world behind the iron curtain. what is duty like in this part of the world? let us follow one nurse during the first hours and days of her new assignment in a foreign land. ♪ narrator: after she is picked up at the station, this young lieutenant is driven to the united states army hospital. like any officer in the army, she goes through the preliminaries of signing in at the new post and formally meets the officer who will assign her to her new duty. all of this is formal and military but friendly. ♪ narrator: the new nurse has been granted an assignment overseas after having served a

preliminary year in the united states. she tours the wards, leading medical experts with whom she might work in the future. she looks at exercise. and from the women medical specialist corps, watch over the training. progress is slow but sure. each patient is given specialized treatment according to his illness or injury. under the direction of an occupational therapist, patients use equipment that will enable mind and muscle to perform tasks of increasing difficulty. there are some instances of remarkable progress. this edging in plastic indicates the coordination of muscles and artistic expression. the patient has reason to be proud. the highlight of the grand tour

is a visit to the pediatric ward. the new nurse may be assigned to almost any ward depending on the immediate need of the hospital . although she may be assigned here and may become something of a specialist in working with children, she is required to be first and foremost an expert bedside nurse, capable of providing efficient basic care for all types of patients, old or young. ♪ narrator: over at the nursery for the newcomer, and incubated baby doing very nicely. also doing nicely is an army father maintaining a steady vigil, grateful that this woman, one, although tiny, was all there, perfect in every detail. human life and the struggle to maintain health, this is the great drama of a hospital. to be part of this drama is exciting and rewarding.

♪ narrator: the skill with which simple bedside care is performed, this can be as much a matter of pride as that specialized experience. from her first days as a nurse, the army urges her to learn and practice the bedside skills which are the true sign of an efficient and skilled nursing care. certain illnesses require special diets. the dietitian with a background in the science of nutrition specializes the preparation of hospital food, including its appearance and taste. even after she is assigned, the new nurse may keep herself ready to observe other phases of hospital life and activity. operations occur anytime of day or night in a wide variety of

cases. many are of an emergency nature. ♪ narrator: the patient is wheeled into the operating room. he is in the hands of a skilled unit, a group of medical experts with vast experience for the delicate work of performing an operation. ♪ narrator: the surgeon calls for the anesthetic. ♪ narrator: each person in the operating room has been trained to work as part of a team. each hand and each move and gesture has been practiced and coordinated. ♪

narrator: the teamwork of the operating room is the principle by which the entire army hospital works. each member works with others, depends on others, and is to be completely dependable. to a nurse as well as others, there is a feeling of unity in being part of the proceedings, a team aeing part of the , sense of belonging. soon after she has become acquainted with her hospital and its work, the new nurse looks forward to seeing the sights. a book of photograph pictures and the real thing close at hand, just across the river. ♪ narrator: heidelberg, yesterday and today a center of learning. a typical old world city to explore to one's heart's content. heidelberg castle. since our new nurse will have 30

days of free time during the coming year, she can plan to visit other places of equal interest in germany as well as other parts of europe. ♪ announcer if she is up to it, : there can be more browsing in heidelberg shops. in germany, and army officer may apply for admission to special courses. such as the one given in the hospital in nürnberg in anesthesiology. other special courses are open to nurses in operating room techniques. nursing and inc hospital administration. the 52-week course in anesthesiology is expensive but free, and the comparable civilian course would cost at least $1000. all the newest anesthetics and methods are taught, and the student learns to exercise great care in the use of this equipment.

army nurses, whether specialists or not, try to keep pace with changing medical practices, both in the hospital and in these specialist courses with contact with top-flight medical personnel. ♪ narrator: this then is the army nurse overseas. in all our work, we are guided by the words we spoke when we became part of the core, the pledge of the nurse. as army nurse, i accept the responsibilities of an officer in the army nurse corps. i shall give faithful care to the men who fight for the freedom of this country and to the women who stand behind them. i shall bring to the american

soldier, wherever he may be, the best of my knowledge and professional skill. i shall approach him cheerfully at all times under any conditions i may find. i shall endeavor to maintain the highest nursing standards possible in the performance of my duties. i shall appear fearless in the presence of danger and quiet in the fears of others to the best of my ability. my only criticism shall be constructive. the reputation and good name of the nursing corps shall be uppermost in my thoughts, second only to the care of my patients. i shall endeavor to be a credit to my country and to the uniform i wear. ♪ stewart queen: we are happy to have presented this impression of the army nurse overseas. and we feel that you will join us in a tribute to her and the for the fine work she's continuing to do in the service of her country. this is sergeant stewart queen

, inviting you to be with us again next week for another look at your united states army in action on the big picture. ♪ narrator: the big picture is a weekly television report of the -- to the nation on the activities of the army on home and overseas. produced by the signal corps victorian center, presented by the united states army in cooperation with this station. you too can be an important part of the big picture. you can proudly serve with the best equipped, the best trained, the best fighting team in the world today, the united states army. ♪ >> this weekend on "american history tv," on c-span3, tonight at 10:00 eastern on "real america," taking questions via satellite from students in london.

>> in england there is a great movement for legislation against racial discrimination. with those candidates like to comment on this and perhaps other countries may learn from america's experience. >> we are dealing with a heritage of 150 years with minority groups, especially negroes, mexican-americans, and we are just ready to deal with it. >> at 8:00, georgetown theersity professor on goals of emancipation during the civil war. >> the idea that a president in the event of the rebellion of the seven states might have the authority to emancipate slaves as a military measure predates the civil war, it's not a new idea. as articulated by john quincy adams on number of occasions. eastern, at 6:45 p.m.

a history professor talked about the first u.s. congress is 1790 debate on slavery and race. >> in a series of petitions that generated this heated debate antislavery activist and especially the pennsylvania abolitionists society put forth the vision of the new nation and imagined a racially inclusive republic where the basic rights of enslaved africans were respected. presidency,he history professor and author charles roser on letters exchanged between abraham lincoln and his friend. >> to talk about their everlasting love for each other was normal and encouraged to be expressive about intimacy and connection and even love. that's the way to see this relationship. againstas the boundary sexuality was absolutely and certainly maintained. for the complete "american history tv," schedule, go to c-span.org.