the center for vision and ferries that group city college in pennsylvania recently hosted a two day conference titled :" god that failed." for scholars open the discussion about touch with horton's of communism around the world since the room -- russian revolution of 1917. they also discuss how socialism was viewed in the united faith and influence in the 21st, including the presidential run of senator bernie sanders. this program last about an hour. >> welcome. welcome back. heregreat to have everyone , two day conference on communism and socialism. i'm like a kid in a candy store. we have never had a response like this. we usually do a lot of advertising. we didn't even have to advertise this one. everything sold out right away.

we have a lot of returning people, a lot of first time people. great to have three great friends here -- i will introduce them in a moment. i'm also very thankful for c-span. we have c-span here. i think this is the first time that c-span has been here to our beautiful campus. a lot of are everything they do -- no filter, no commentary, they just show what's going on and let it speak for itself. i have to give ron credit. he is one of our speakers on the rosenbergs. said, you've got to invite c-span. have never seen a lineup like this on a conference on communism. they will come. he was right. called that exactly right. i have five minutes right now to set this up and introduce these guys, then get out of the way.

we go until 11:00. i was thinking, how do you is thece a topic -- this 100th anniversary of people should like revolution, the logic international communism -- how can i properly set up? i thought i would share and email i exchanged with a former student. terrific kid, now teaching at a college out west. objection to our conference logo with bernie sanders and lenin's face on it, which i love! [laughter] i think it's great. it was a very friendly dialogue, he is a great kid come a former student. i explained it this way. explain thesetup to purpose of what we are doing here. the conferences on come -- the conference is on communism and socialism then and now. we is the face of laminate -- lennon, a communist. bernie sanders a lifetime

self-avowed socialist. lenin was a communist from act then, sanders is a socialist from now. the thing that -- a socialist now -- who would be better than bernie sanders. everyone knows he is an american socialist, lovable, huggable socialist. [laughter] hillary, barack obama, which owes bernie sanders to represent us. main themes ofhe the conference, the sudden interest -- even explosion in support. percentagesa huge who say they would vote for socialist for president. many of them didn't for bernie sanders. bernie sanders at 13 million votes in the democratic primary. donald trump dragged about getting 14 million republican votes -- republican primary, a record indeed. sanders got 13 million. he was not very far behind

hillary clinton. many of his 13 million came from people who call themselves socialist, say that they like socialism, and they voted for him because he's a socialist. i added more than that -- both bernie sanders -- call themselves democratic socialist. people should ask for democratic socialist. iran and some of the others will now -- a conference in 1903 -- they splinter majority faction -- they world democratic socialist. marco's -- the founder of cultural marxism, was a democratic socialist. or innference is six those differences. coming as an, socialism, democratic socialism then and now. i would add to bernie sanders, when he was at the university of chicago he was at the vendor fee itself, the people's socialist the, the trotskyist workers

world party. ron and some other people have written about that. i assume he's no longer a trotsky. . it told the student that these are things we are trying to explore. i think a lot of americans are genuinely confused about these terms. what -- what's the difference between a communist and socialist, democratic socialist, all the others. ,ur purpose has always been educate. that's what we are trying to do here. all right. with that, we are kicking off great people from grove city college, three people with a lot of experience. i was adding up will amount of time -- i can hear 97 -- between me and the three view, we have about 100 years covered in grove city college. if we had resident mcnulty at

think we are exceeding the history of grove city college. that's an total time here among us. because john is going to introduce them and their backgrounds, i will just give you one or two lines on both of them. -- in the middle teaching her conference course this year, is the retired dean of arts and letters at grove city college, retired years ago. he's a graduate of grove city college class of 1966, and also the university of michigan law school. he is our center for vision and values go to scholar for articles on the supreme court. anything you want to know happening on the court, jones on it right away. writes great stuff for us. dr. john moore is the seventh president of grove city college, served from 1996-2003. he led the call -- college

through its withdrawal from federal student loan programs. a plus for that. [applause] that completed the colleges break from federal ties. believe me, many people around the college -- country another college -- colleges are looking at that, wondering how we did it. dr. alejandra -- a 1984 graduate of grove city college and an economic student of the late dr. hudson -- our famous economics professor he is president of the economic atlas research foundation. with a native of argentina an expert in latin america -- he's a member of the board of trustees at grove city college and is the newly named president of the philadelphia society,

which is a prominent organization of conservative academics. that's a set up, i'll say one more thing. we have identified our reagan lecture person for this year in october. i will tell you who it is but you will love it. i will announce it friday at dinner, when lee edwards of victims of communist, who wrote the history of grove city college -- i will announce it at least -- until then, you are going to have to guess. you can guess to me all you want, i will not say yes or no area i will give you one clue, it's not bernie sanders. [laughter] i'm turning over to john sparks. [applause] well, thank you very much, paul. think this mike is on. my two colleagues here, dr.

moore and shop on -- and all of us, we are not going to run around -- run out before you. we want to get right to the questions. i simply say, john moore -- helped us increased -- improve our active in the dev -- academics here when you was his main thrust. we are still benefiting from that. now is all over the world helping encourage liberty -- that goes well with our motto here. that's at the center for values -- and the college. freedom -- this matters. the stage for our conversation here today the

simply point out, when we are teaching students -- this is part of the problem that we face with this younger generation and their attitudes towards socialism. when we are teaching students, most ofto remember them, were juniors or seniors, this up and -- dissolve for over a decade. they didn't live through the cold war, they don't know who peter fechter's, who tried to get across the berlin wall and was caught in the barbed wire there, shop i the east german police. they don't know about these things in many cases. when i talked to students last night, some of them were

astounded at the millions of killed,t these regimes making the 20th century, with all of its achievements, the most murderous century of all history. so we want to talk about these things, and remember that -- as the scriptures say, lest we forget. lest we forget. we are starting out with a question, i star to both of these gentlemen. i think john moore may begin. communism, which remember, it's mandated state socialism. this is not a preform or new harmony or people decide, let's have some things and common, it's voluntary. that's not what were talking about. these are mandated state socialist systems. they are comprehensive, they cover everything. , other things are under their control.

that's why we call them total us or to tell terry and. the first question from my panelist is, under this kind of manage -- mandated state that we found in koreawe and africa, north -- these kinds of systems, markets are abolished. the state owns all of the business resources. winning isnomic installed. my first question, what do we know about the results to citizen consumers under such systems? this, i justwer how pleased i am to be back here at grove city college again.

especially to be in this auditorium -- our great friend and a great benefactor of the college. we know a lot we don't know a lot. the reason i say that, we know a lot from observation, not a lot of -- not a lot by statistics. terrible.64 they were distorted, full of lies, deceptions. it was difficult to know what was happening. consumer welfare was not a priority of the soviet state. far from it. the main priority for the state was industrial -- industry to support the commonest movement, to support military power in the

soviet union. it's a central plan was established. the regime needed a method of somehow andntrol -- method of directing it towards -- the ends and preferred. cannot use the market. it was not out, but the market by the end of the soviet union in 1991, or shortly before the, the senator living there -- is one third of -- roughly one third of the men states -- this was after 60 years of central planning. as it was poor. of economy and living, shared facilities, sanitation was poor. i've seen videos of this.

i've even been in some of these laces. i know a little bit about what they were -- what they were like. the diet is another thing one can look to carry it in 1988-1989, the caloric intake was very high by our standards. a healthy diet for us is more or less 3000 calories per day or aboutmaybe more creative half of it was from bread -- some not a healthy 3300 hours. the life expectancy was less than ours. for males it was almost seven years less than for american males. if the mortality rate was about twice hours. even the rate of abortion was about four times ours at that time.

kind of an amazing record. the working conditions were very poor, unsafe. unhealthy, not very clean. i've also been in a big soviet aluminum plants, i thought i was lucky to get on a live. that's from going through that particular plan. the industrialization was carried -- and a ruthless manner. really whereafter industrial power. it didn't much care how they got it. one of the things that suffered was the environment. people like to think that socialist, because the means of production are owned by the state, will take account to what's going on in the environment. almost a opposite. they did nothing for it. pollution -- especially in where -- industry was heavy, i

will close with one example but i think simplifies this. that the aral sea. i do not many folks here are familiar with what happened. at one point it was the fourth largest -- in the world. khrushchev got it into his head that he wanted to develop cotton farming in kazakhstan, which is where this is. that was part of the soviet union at that time. to do that, he needed irrigation. he needed rivers that flowed into the arrow see to support the urination. 20 years later this was vanished, gone. nothing left of it all. just a big barren plan that had its own very serious impact on the environment in the area, not just around the lake, but in the whole area. that's how the soviets handled the environment.

now i've settled out about the soviet union but there's one easy way to into the russian, and that's to compare east and west germany. 1989, when the wall came down and unification took place. on the one hand, you have a system that was capitalist-based, free, they used the market to allocate resources. on the -- on the other hand, the german demo attic republican, -- republic, communist, use soviet style central planning, and was poor and on-free. they love a situation where cultures going and were more or less the same. the results coming out were very different. the difference was in the systems that were used. in of that is a long-winded some comments --

>> this is for my family. the chances for freedom -- all over the world. many are devils and fallen angels. many friends in jail, some killed, tortured, korea. korea is one of the 5 -- that it would be coming us states. -- he's onestrength of the greatest experts on this given our agency assisted 6

planning i really think, is a time -- something of the past. few countries are trying to continue with that central planning. the means of bureaucrats decide, and how much to produce, when and what at what price. that inevitably doesn't capture the will of the people in the market. at least if we have seen -- incredible shortages, where the richest -- venezuela was one of the richest come -- countries -- great economist published a book in 1975, called the denationalization of money. he had the statistics of inflation from 1960-1975. in his will is number three in the world above switzerland, germany, above the united states.

this distracted miracle that is socialism -- produced this chaos economically. and it's used to attack enemies. this is theirs -- property, ruin their lives. we are witnessing this. is this economic disaster -- some countries as we know, china -- its model, allows to market mechanism -- in control of prices. time of thelate -- coming us party released in 2016 for the first time -- paying attention to market mechanisms. they think about foreign investments. this can -- life continued to be

destroyed in a most all continents. that might be a topic of some of your other questions. the moral impact of this devilish cult i call it, that is communism -- more damaging economically. we were talking to students last night, there are 75 or so student taking this conference as a course. with them before and after. we read things that are issented -- on our faculty part of this course, papers or think you have copies of. one of the things i pointed out -- sheila fitzpatrick was a famous -- russian history expert -- she said that during the stalinist era, there was so often shortages, when goods came in to state stores, people carried around just in case tags

. if they saw a line -- bags. if they saw a line they got in not knowing what was being sold at the other end. of the bananas, could be polish cheese, but it would be something. store shelves were empty most .oints so if i see a line in the soviet union during stalin's rule, i better get in it. at least at the end i might get something, as opposed to nothing at these state stores. these black markets were just free markets where people could find good to goods at higher prices -- so this shortage system is in venezuela. recently they even arrested

baker's making brownies. that really hurt me. [laughter] i like brownies. they were mandated to make only bread. this is how particular this kind of regulation becomes. let's move to another question, --t is, how does communism mandated socialism deal with opponents of classes that are considered -- members of classes considered to be opponents of the commonest resolution -- revolution? that put them in jail. at worse -- or worse. inhuman system that it has to resort to terror and violence. could seeamerica, we the search judge of the victims.

scott thing happened in china and the soviet union -- central americans -- one country el salvador, 4% of the population died and those were some communism decided in 1969 the strategy to take over all latin america by force. great training ground in cuba. i lived it. we have 3000 terrorists attack in argentina before democratic resident -- you have to annihilate terrorists. where were from church we were fearful of putting garbage out. somewhat a -- a 17 year old blow

up a building with everyone inside. that was daily. when the iron curtain changed, we have the media. communicating, and someone is killed -- yesterday three people were killed in venezuela. unfortunately, an effort that many of the powers were week -- the government of venezuela -- three friends of mine who i know personally or in jail. ine the freedom fighters -- for most 2.5 years. all of these people have trumped up charges. if the other side is oil to

sell, your bodyguards ready in their business. -- theylittle change realize that having people in -- if theyny years killed them are released them they were major figures. so they were detaining for shorter periods of time than what you go. then you come back in jail. -- thing more dangerous >> in the soviet union, especially under a solid -- this was done in a wholesale manner during the great purges 1937-38.

there were really to pieces to that. the storm going after leaders -- -- by the great trials, took place in 1937, 38. in addition to that, there was a great purge that went on throughout the whole country. millions of people were arrested, a million people. i have got to get the numbers right. one million were executed. 2 million were sent to prison and died in prison. these were people who were thought to be anti-stalin, primarily anti-stalin but also anti-communist. it was thenly --

cult of personality, stalin's personality. it dates all the way back before driveso the anti-peasant that took place right after the revolution in 1917. then again in 1931-1932 during the collectivization drive. millions of people died. more millions were sent into exile. the peasants posed a problem for the communist leadership for a variety of reasons. to me, those are on -- almost unmatched. mao did something similar in china. history -- was that which the soviet union during that time from the revolution through the end of the second world war. in terms of political opponents

-- people suspected of being political opponents -- is simply eradicated. >> and we talked to her students -- we use probably a low figure for stalin in total numbers of people, either worked to death just start by political means is in the u.k. -- prison killed, executed -- by both lenin and stalin -- probably a low number robert conquest -- 20 million people. it's probably more than that. -- suppose it's 23 million. some say it might be more like 60 million people. suppose it's 23 million. that means that every, man, woman, and child in pennsylvania

and ohio when added together, their current population, considering his 12 million, ohio's 12 million -- were murdered. never single person -- installment is way and did that murdering their -- there were the no people left, no men or women or children in these two states. when we are m, no one joining us in ohio read that tells you something about the magnitude of the killing that went on. -- most figures say ma o was 45 million. other point connected with this -- in the 37-38 purchase, the military were purged as well. something like 80,000 of the top

officers and the soviet union were killed, executed. most of the top leadership, therels, admirals -- simply murder. judged toe who were be politically reliable -- when they went in to world war ii, only about 7% if i remember the number right, of the military officers actually had advanced military training. almost 2/5 of the military had no military training at all. they told the party line which at that point, the capitalist countries at war with the nazis would fight each other.

that was the nature of the imperialist powers. they didn't even develop a doctrine for world war ii. it in train for world war ii. they were actually using horse cavalry in the early stages of world war ii. i can't imagine how you would estimate the number of deaths, unnecessary deaths in the russian military caused by this. well, i can tell us night when i met with my students. many didn't really know the full extent of this murderous activity by these regimes. they know something about the cambodian murders, but that was only a 1.5 million or 2 million. that's a beginner compared to stalin and mao. let's move -- on university

campuses today, universities -- ifre t-shirts hailing him -- you go online, there's lots of choices online of such t-shirts. they hail him as a great hero of the poor end of socialism. alex, if he to ask could explain from his experience in latin america, what che'was in reality, the harm he spread? >> he is my compatriot. again i get very personal. think what he meant -- today when he would've been like 85--- 62. in 69 when this effort to take over south america can -- i was beginning to be a teenager. we studied what was going on, what happened in china, russia. we knew this effort -- could lead to the same thing.

if we didn't have the same number of millions -- death in latin america. able tothey were not consolidate power. that felt today -- was underground. that undermined lot -- with to pay for those consequence. the came from the high class of argentina, like osama bin laden. i regard them in the same class, less of strategies. coming us to have crafted this person, a great idea willing to die for this cause. he was really -- you really became worthless. i interviewed commander matos, one of the first guys of castro, to realize what was going on. the sky -- jail or killed. part because totalitarianism

demands total subservience to the leader. this is on the right and the left. j went to cuba was there the fiddle just -- castro said, if you don't kill people -- here no one will respect you. so he was one of the worst murderers in the jail. he was completely homophobic. many other estimates of his life are completely hidden to capture this image. he tried to support the revolution -- would've been a disaster for latin america. he failed. for a while he was like secretary of commerce for cuba. again, when i see a sports person having the to two of che guevara, they don't know what they are saying.

it's is a personal anecdote. i went to new york soon after september 11. a great hero of the free market, mary o'grady, one of the great editors -- me show you something. next to her book, come in the wall street journal, was a writer with the image of shake the bar. -- i cannot control myself. it's very dangerous, well-crafted image. we have to educate the people this comingality of us to leaders but try to export the point of a gun. . what about equality? this is a claim that these that they are

illuminating the inequality of market systems. inequalities of income. that?s the story on elimination of inequality, a claim these regimes make. >> maybe start with a situation in the former soviet union which i think is true in all these societies. the claims are belied by the actuality. this is -- especially the actuality of access certainly the case in the soviet union -- members of the communist party had access to goods and services that are not available to ordinary people. depending of access on your position in the hierarchy. those further up had more access than those lower down. ,hat pertained to food, housing

education, anything -- automobiles. 1975-76, the one person in 20 in moscow -- had an automobile. guess who the one was? indication of the states of development. were actually in moscow in 1982i guess. traffic was very easy to get through. [laughter] about five years ago. it was not easy more trees in -- the ability to pay, but on your position in the hierarchy. ofre were certain categories occupation that had access. scientists have better access. that holman worked into it. but there's more to it than that.

statistics show interesting things. six orio of incomes -- seven to one. that's big in a society that claims to be egalitarian. the other major difference was agriculture. soctive the farms in the rushed soviet union, state and comes the -- state farm's, where about 60% of the main industrial workers. the collective farms it was about half of that. in the collective farm income, it was about one quarter the cub of somebody at the industry. the idea that this was an egalitarian society -- if you the top -- this example

comes from a soviet economy -- economist whose name i can't read. he divided soviets into three categories, top 2% rich, next income, 487% -- poor 87%. that's egalitarianism in the soviet union. >> speaking about the goods that -- thinking about little gods like korea, some other things -- like che guevara -- would be heroes like venezuela -- in the i see new because the salt -- stallman and angles -- they said, we don't want total equality. people who are marching will

receive more -- one exempt the class of rulers andys had been privileged communist and socialist efforts. when i was young, we were having this battle, you could be a communist in latin america and nothing would happen to you. you could not do it in killing people -- we used to go to church. the kgb was one of the key starters of liberation. -- creating resentment, to anyone who had some wealth, especially if he was american. say, hate is a wonderful -- motivator said che guevara, because it gets you beyond your forces. when i see it.

it is calculated the fortune of the casters and $900 million. the world mouse shaken up by companies that were bribing everyone. whenever they the having cuba's $1 billion. smith from the blood of other people -- nothing helps create poverty more than socialism. the more you profit -- the more poverty and suffering you create. again there's slogan -- equality -- in many countries of the world it replaced orthodox marxism is the mantra, the slogan they use to get to power.

they get to power not directly calling themselves communist stash this is the strategy of the 30's and 40's. let's create popular fronts, coalitions and work through that. today the united states is the democratic party. >> inc. that the points -- made are good ones. i said to students last night, communism is not godless. they have a god, the god of state. they have what religious professors would call materiality. they identify sin. sin is selective, capitalist or the sinners. the state is, how will the shiva be overcome by revolution?

by by statist rule. so it's actually, it has as you pointed, religious aspects to it the trouble is, the god they worship is not a true god. move to theto question that richard crossman -- you edited the book called, the god that failed which is the source of this conference title -- he had six people who would been journalists and commentators, who were prominent, like arthur custer -- and others, who had either become members of the communist party by kessler, or who were fellow travelers, they favored the soviet union. ,his is an interesting book written in 1949. by that time, most of these six

had changed their minds about that kind of support. they had realized some of the wasor, the degradation that part of that system. so they each right essays about how they -- had the state-mandated socialism, than how they found their way out. academics, this is the question i posed to her two ,olleagues here, many academics journalists like walter parenti, harry hopkins, people of our own government -- failed see the utter degradation and failure of these regimes. they supported them. my question is, and i think it is a fair question, why is this?

that's -- why is it that these regimes were supported by journalists and academics who should have known better, and had plenty of that things were going wrong there, but nevertheless continued to support the statement did socialism question mark why? why was this kind of resolved , there arerk >> well a lot of angles on that when i think. the first thing that came to my mind when i saw the question was, the impact of the great depression on people's thinking in the west. the fact that, the soviet union under this system seemed to navigate those waters better than the western capitalist systems. they had these statistics, john

mentioned earlier the statistics -- were not always the best, i know that for sure because a good friend of ours did a whole lot of work on that subject about 50 years ago. seem to be cruising right along, 10% growth per year for years throughout the great depression. even in the postwar years. they of people said, boy, are doing very well, there must be something to that system. experience by the way, in world war ii, we had a lot of planning and world war ii. huge fractions of our gdp went into this effort which was planned. turns out of course, it's easy to plan for some thing really for a diverse economy. nevertheless, i think our own experience and world war ii is part of the reason for that. thing thatther occurred to me was -- keynesianism. this is not communist on thank

michael think there's any evidence to that effect. keynesianism draws attention to aggregate, not to individuals. central planning is an aggregated at charity, looking at the economy as a whole. i think it had a lot of appeal to government people, keynesianism -- says the government should step in and help". --appeared to academics great blackboard economics by the way. all kinds of diagrams black workshop -- keynesian remedies will solve the problems. i think there was that. case, keynesianism, i believe was part of the reason -- this is related to aggregated activities, part of the government and central planning, right into that. another little thing that occurred to me, the idea of planning. we all plan, everybody thinks

that the plan -- to play and is a good think plain free a future, your retirement hopefully. week'sr your next activity, next year's activity, your vacations and so forth, which is fine. there is does it, but a real fallacy of composition, taking that i'm saying, ok, what is your plan for the whole economy question mark it doesn't work that way. i think people do think that way. there are very strong premarket theye out of austria --

were well aware of the fallacies of planning -- a battle was fought, i will tell you. in the girls of academia over this issue, especially on how well the soviet union was doing. are very good friend come along departed -- did a study in the national bureau of economic research, way back in the mid-late fifth. i don't want to take a lot of time, but the bottom line was showed that the rate of growth of the soviet industry was declining. when everybody else in academia said no, it's going along just fine and will continue that way into the indefinite future. of course he was completely right. he was practically written out of the profession for holding those views. western to stick -- statistics were bad on this, ca statistics were bad until it actually happens.

there's a whole variety of prevailed. the smith even more -- if we've time i might come back. >> part of it is like of knowledge. why do people react in a certain way? i think it's a matter of psychology. i recommend for further reading, intellectuals and socialism -- --lains how were so bright, as compared with a businessman. it was immature of both. different -- businesses have collaborated, dealt with the devil correctly. in all -- in all these regimes -- we have people who say look, someone has to be close to them.

i'm the best person to help them, so they had many collaborate collaboratives. i see it today and venezuela. people say, only a transition like china's possible. if a transition like china will happen you will need businessman who will help the dictator. the best businessman -- those guys exist. tremendous damage because they postponed a day of reckoning for people who realized what a damaged image dicta -- >> let's take one last question, one that bothers students. oft about a limited kinds socialism, not socialism with brutal -- socialism couple of artie

talked about that. what about these kinds of systems? have they been a success? >> they dabbled in socialism for -- extreme variety from 1970-1995, then gave it up because it was not working. people often look at sweden and say, the swedes can do it can't wait -- why can't we are why should never buddy question mark will first of all, swedish -- in sweden, at least -- in days gone by, the result of mutual trust, a strong work ethic.

there was a sense of individual responsibility for your behavior. there were strong family values, civic participation. a lot of things that were elements of, if not actually constituting, swedish culture. culture,t kind of a below for is shall we say, more viable than one in which those elements do not exist. there is less and the, less shirking, less willingness to be on the go. so you can have the institutional framework as well the other thing about sweden is, it's business climate -- is very favorable, positive. heritage index of economic freedom -- most recent one i think, sweden -- we were number 17.

that's terrible. that helps to explain why can have a good economic performance in a country that has a big welfare state. the institution that are [indiscernible] the economic performance are ones that are consistent with that objective. sweden seems to have those. >> the little gods that exist -- this is like the least damaging

canada's the worst in the -- the twoovernment main ones are the family and church. you take that away from human beings, as we are social we have to rely and someone. who will replace that?

the states, not your insurance company. strategy.e new there's radical individualist and strategies -- they sometimes get friends -- aren't joining them. again, it's, i think, communism, think the swedish and scandinavian model -- in the future -- and diverse cultures -- it's not my cup of tea. i think it will say -- for some time. >> we want to take questions now. time is running out. >> sweden is really under the immigration of the refugees. there was problem, they are clamping down on and missing refugees.

it has caused a great internal social conflict because of the cultural impact. >> but think our panelists before we take these questions. [laughter] [applause] [applause] [applause] questionsove to do but i don't think we can. >> a couple things. this was great, i could listen to you guys all day. while i was sitting there, i grabbed a couple numbers and that -- death tolls from communist governments. harvard university press book, published at the end of the last century, and victims of coming as a memorial foundation also uses this -- 100 million dead and communist governments. interestingly, that tallies 65 million for china, only 20 million for the soviet union. as he said, 60-70,000,000 in

some places. alexander yucca blast, at yale university press book, says stalin alone killed 60-70,000,000. he was gorbachev's reporter, given the job of counting the schools if you will. the number could be as high as 140 million, almost between us to cut. million, fourto 2 years, and we are still counting on north korea. who knows where that is going to end up. one more thing -- one of our students might be a microeconomic example. his family is from cuba. he is a key current student of ours and he wrote an article for our website that i should mention, and it is on his aunt, who was very, very hungry one day, and they went to the front yard in the dark of night, and

they picked some mangoes from is aront tree, and it crime because the state owns everything, including the mango trees in your yard. they know the mangoes would fall , so theyound and rot went and got some mangoes, and they ate them. done,ealize what they had so they went and got the mango skins from the garbage, doug a ditch, and they hit them in the yard so inspectors would not come and see the mangoes in the garbage. the same and, i believe, they raise enough money to bring her to america for surgery -- the great health care industry in cuba -- the family raise enough money to bring her here. she was not allowed to bring her husband because the cuban state was afraid if he came with her, they would both defect. to makehim in cuba was sure she would come back to this

wonderful state with health care. that is what it is really like. thank you very much. this was great, everybody, right? [applause] >> this holiday weekend on american history tv on c-span c-span3, then 1977 documentary "men of bronze" about the infantry regiment known as the harlem heart fighters from world war i. -- xroximately 24 approximately 24 attacked. johnson fought them off. caught, and 24. those he did not want or kill, caught out. yet 21 ones in his body, but he refused to die. and -- 9:10 9:20

a.m. -- >> in france, before they got entirely american line up, that mean the local operator had to speak to a french operator, they arlez vous. most could not. they began recruiting women, not because they were as good as men, otherwise you would use men, but because at least at this job, they were better than men. >> monday, we will visit the national world war i memorial in kansas city, missouri, and talk courier,seum's senior authors, and the museum's president and ceo. >> what we seek to do is tell the story through the lives of people -- ordinary people, men and women, volunteers as well as

those who served in the armed forces from all sides. host: >> for our complete american history >> schedule, go 's history tv.org. >> it resulted in a naval victory over japan six months after the attack on pearl harbor, and on june 2, american history will be live all day in norfolk, virginia, for the 75th anniversary of the battle of mildew -- midway. -- thed speakers include author of "the five star "dmirals who won the war at sea the co-author of "shattered and the- sword," co-author of "never call me a hero."-- a legend --

watch the battle of midway 75th oniversary specs -- special june him out to beginning a 30 a.m. eastern on american history tv on c-span3. >> up next, historians describe the great famine in ireland during the mid-19th century. and discuss how people across the globe contributed to relief efforts. they focus on a story of a group of bostonians who build a ship called the jamestown with supplies. the american historical society but massachusetts most of this event. about an hour and 20 minutes. >> welcome to our program.