[crowd chattering] you are watching american history tv, 48 hours of programming on american history every weekend on c-span3. follow us on twitter at c-span history for information on our schedule and to keep up with the latest history news. is anumi rafferty-osaki adjunct professor at american washington. his areas of focus include 20th century u.s. history, immigration, and civil rights. he talks about the integration of baseball by african-americans, baseball -- women, and asians.

♪ game" ♪ mr. rafferty-osaki: good morning. how is everyone? we have talked about a lot of things. we talked about gender, we talked about sports. it is no lie, my favorite happens to be baseball. that is probably why i signed the deal.

but we are talking about social forces. happens to be one of the greatest social forces, in my opinion, in american society. the institution of baseball, the game, what it represents --for instance, when people see the number 42, what did they think? what do they feel? what do they believe? why was it retired throughout baseball in 1997? no man will wear this number again. what did it mean for jackie robinson, for blacks across the to watch him steal home in the world series? this was against the great battery, to future hall of famers. he stole home. to put this in perspective, during the 2000 major-league 2293 times someone stole

a base. did blacks make an impact in the mlb? 1970, the leak the integrated faster one -- won more. you tell me. i have here an image. it is martin luther king. we have spoken about him as being a great civil rights proponent. and everything that he did. on the bottom or his inspirations. you have a catcher, a pitcher, and jackie robinson. martin luther king says john knowmbe, you will never what you, jackie, and roy did to make it possible for me to do my job.

baseball. for such a statistically driven sport, where generations of fanatics continuously argue about who was the best player and at what position and how do we compare today's steroid induced players with those from years past, there are a few ways to quantify cultural and social importance to the united states. i see great said, things in baseball. it is our game. it is america's game. jackie robinson said, a life is not important except for the impact it has on eveother lives. there are three things in my life which i really love, god, my family, and baseball. problem, once baseball season starts, i changed the order around a little bit. think about this. whe world war ii begann, the

if youioner asked fdr wanted to suspend the baseball duration -- and this was for the duration of the war. fdr responded, i honestly feel it would be better with the country -- for the country to keep baseball going. there would be fewer people unemployed and everyone would work longer hours. that means they ought to have a chance for recreation, and for them taking their minds of their work even more than before. baseball was such a sense of escapism, and it brought people together. uly as george wells stated, baseball is only a game, true, and the grand canyon is a hole in arizona. not all games are created equal. evoke such a series of emotions in people. for example, the brooklyn

dodgers and their owner, walter o'malley, decided it was time to leave. and so they left for los the hearts of baseball fans in brooklyn. there are still people to this day who remember walter o'malley, who agreed that october 1957 meeting between the who discussed the article called the 10 worst human beings who ever lived. -- each writing the anee worst down on an afghan, and each man had the same three names. one, adolf hitler, too, joseph stalin, three, walter o'malley. this is the power of baseball. this is what i believe is the social force. aseball, much like american

society, had opportunities well back in the 19th century. we do remember jackie robinson for what he did and the legacy he left the hind, the fact he was the first elective integrate in the major-league in the modern era. but much like reconstruction, baseball had the chance to integrate in the 19th century. yes, there was a gentleman's national made by the association of baseball players as early as 1867. but two men in particular broke the color bar. fowler, --ave but if we have bud fowler. we will talk a lot about massachusetts and its conflict with race a lot. layed as a member of the international league, and as a member of the new england association. his career was short-lived. he only pitched three games and

one game with new england, but the door had been opened. notably, we have moses fleetwood walker, and he became an accidental pioneer. he played for the true -- to lead a blue stockings, and this team was not a member of what we would consider the major leagues. team wastoledo's elevated to major-league status as part of the american association, the predecessor of the american league. walker, it is important to understand, was the son of the runaway slave. he grew up in mount pleasant ohio. a attended oberlin college, progressive and integrated since 1834. he himself grew up in an integrated society. -- when walker played, he did so with love and

passion for the game. he played at the dangerous position of catcher, which at that point, there were no gloves. he hit .263, but by year's end, he was forced to lead the team. this was the continuous trend for blacks trying to play on integrated teams. problem and a big reason why they were not able to do so of probably the greatest moneymaker and advertiser in the game of his ball, cap hanson. he helped draw the color line in baseball that existed from 1887 to 1947. before a game against newark, he reportedly said get that "n" off the field. he was clearly a racist and one

of the most vocal opponents of the inclusion of blacks in the game. but blacks continue to play baseball, and they formed their own teams and later on their own league. as 1885, you have a team called the cuban giants. they formed in new york as part of the argyle restaurant. they were waiters. thing is, the giants became a major name. there was the cuban giants, the an ex-giants, i think you understand. wasreason they chose cuban to try and hide the fact they were black. they were trying to say, no, we are latinos. but people knew. people knew they were black, and so this was a black team. they would go and play against

white pro teams, other black teams. that is what was going on here. the trend continued into the 20th entry, especially during migration when blacks moved to urban centers. en masse. to 50,000 between -- before 1915. we talked about this in the first wave migration. you have this growth. that is why they became urban centers. and as they became urban centers, blacks in northern, midwestern, and later southern urban areas created black run teams. and eventually the negro league. wasnegro national league founded in 1920. they created the eastern colored leak in 1923.

it is not as though they were trying to help one another. in fact, they hated one another. they were trying to have the best league associated with them, right? and so, for black entrepreneurs, it became a matter of trying to bling in -- to bring in the most fans possible. we will do whatever it takes to do so. there was a big rivalry between those men. their teams met for the negro world series , each one winning once. both of these leagues existed 1931, as they were victims of the great depression. but understand, this was the foundation. 1932, you had men like defying the leak. -- the league. one another. hated

both would raid each other's teams and try to get the best players money would buy. you had some of the best baseball money could buy. put together a team that featured five hall of famer's. this is what we were talking about. effa manley. woman elected to the national baseball hall of fame. she also organized the new york along with her husband, and took over. she was responsible for putting together the incredible million-dollar infield, rayturing radiant rich --

dandridge and randy day. these are some of the most exceptional players of all-time, and she is chiefly responsible for bringing them there. it is not that she didn't use her sexuality to do so. it is said when she signed them, she was wearing a bright red dress, and that is how the signing would happen. but understand that the negro leagues were supported for blacks by blacks. white owners, but these were men and women who made it possible. what do you gather from the teagle article? yes, mary? >> when they were talking about

tricky baseball and stealing bases and bunting and how that primarily started in the black baseball leagues, because it is something so ingrained in what makes baseball interesting that i think it is cool that it started with the negro league. mr. carmichael: -- mr. rafferty-osaki: with tricky baseball, we have what is called small ball. was true with the national league more so than the american league. >> i also thought that it was interesting and similar to what women -- in order to attract crowds to the baseball fields, they had to -- some of the crowd baseball where they put on , and how that involved

into the harlem globetrotters. it is interesting because women also had to do that, how women sexualityloit their and it worked. it worked for them as well. i think of the clown ethiopian team. i can't remember where they were a lot of the other african-american teams were upset they were doing that. they said, we are baseball players, not clowns. and this is-osaki: true. supposed to be a form of inner treatment as well as sport. it was not just enough for them to play baseball, they had to make it interesting as well. emily? that -- there is a part of the movie

where they talk about doing that. and theye against it, don't want to keep selling out. >> i warned you, this one going to be up. [indiscernible] what did you see -- mr. rafferty-osaki: what did you see in that clip? they were playing well but not doing any entertaining. being rude and had to utilize -- they had to do something to separate themselves.

i don't know how to say it, but to make it seem like, we are clowns having a good time, even though they are better baseball players in order to calm the white crowd, and continue -- they are just these clowns, we will not take them seriously. beingso being goofy and booed so they wouldn't be off the field. mr. rafferty-osaki: absolutely. and this creates a problem. what do you think? >> i think it is interesting how -- he says, that is what black folks do. then -- [indiscernible] there are on completely different sides. i don't know that much about that film, but if most people.

they -- people felt the way they did. he is buyingosaki: into it because it is part of our agency. we know the difference. if these white people are too ignorant to figure that out, then it is their own fault. but yes, we are incredible baseball players. but to support ourselves and make sure we do not get tarred and feathered, they can play a role. emily? doesn't really matter, we know what the truth is when we are playing. to him, it is worth it. progresses, i watched the whole thing.

it is the difference to the white and the black late, they talk about the negro league because the negro league ended up trying to shut this team down. mr. rafferty-osaki: yes? >> i keep going back to women in baseball, but it is not enough to just be good athletes. so much of baseball was a class issue. for women in baseball, they had to uphold their femininity and maintain their class. they had to maintain their is similar and what in this case, maintaining their class as a lower class in this time, and trying to balance and the way they maintain their class was by

everything that they were doing. a way for them to not pressure and not upset the white folks very much. we will talkosaki: about women in baseball in a few minutes. in this film, when they are talking about sally, he was the manager and part of the negro league. he was trying to shut down this team, because this independent organization being formed by players. it is a matter of class as well, , they were ownership entrepreneurs and they wanted to make as much money as possible as well. it can only play certain players -- pay certain players certain amount of money for their entertainment value. >> [indiscernible] much flack from the

other side with the owners, they rag on her all the time and say she shouldn't be here. she makes a good point. [indiscernible] she does not take their crap, and it is great. there isrty-osaki: definitely an element of skepticism involved in baseball. she did take a lot of grief for being a female owner. article, ick to the something really bad to me something good in baseball. [indiscernible]

find -- i realyl ly didn't agree with what they were doing. really, iw as re -- was impressed with how he was always the white folks. -- let the public know [indiscernible] 2/3 of the time, they won those games. from thisty-osaki: clip, you saw a barnstorming team. this happened with organized teams in the legs. they did not play all their league games, because it was more profitable to play against white teens. but sometimes to play against white teens, you had to play the role. and there are those black

players who viciously disagreed with the idea of playing a role. and there are those who thought -- and this is the idea of black agency again, remember? just playing a role and we understand we can accept that. in many ways, they were taking back their own heritage and, in a way, they were consciously understanding that they were doing so. yes, there were situations when there were players against owners, all the time. "i found freedom and democracy here. in mexico, i am a man." he left the new york eagles to play integrated baseball in mexico, not in the united states. equality south of our border. interestingly enough, i like that last statement.

i am a man. so often, we talk about the idea of masculinity, what it means to be a man. he found it outside of the united states. he has made many contributions the united states, in cuba, as well as latin and south america. and central america, i should say. he was one of the men who went down there. his nickname down there was el diablo. they also make contributions to games in the u.s. in the article, they talk about the monarchs, and they had the portable lighting system. these were the first night games that were played. we're turning back to bud fowler. he played second base as well as pitcher,and what he -- and he relies people were sliding into him hard. so he made rudimentary shin guards to protect himself. and you had someone hit one too

many times, so he took a coal miner's helmet and wear it to the plate. modern daye a batting helmet? blacks made contributions both inside and outside the game. ask you again, with the signing of robinson, what does it represent? it was a watershed moment. it defied years of segregation. post" stated of the legendary pitcher only man toy the hit a baseball out of yankee stadium. he said, gibson was worth $200,000. in 1939, mind you, if he were white. he and so many others never had

the opportunity to play in the major leagues. we can sit here and wonder what would've happened if they did. josh gibson is known as the black neighbors. -- babe ruth. imagine if he had played. would a ruth the known -- babe ruth be known as the white josh gibson? they played against white teens and one two thirds of the time. all-star games started up in chicago that outdrew white audiences in the white all-star games. years of tricky baseball that people talked about. it represented, also part of american society. it represented a breakage from the black men and women who were lynched. works of soed the

many men throughout the negro league. -- to step on the pitcher's mound. he was a guy who wanted the attention of cynical white -- in as and racis racist country, he brought to their attention segregated black baseball in a way that led to integration. 1948, and 42osaki: age, and some people question whether he was 48. he might have been younger. he pitched his last game in 1965, when he was 59.

the guy was an absolute phenomenal athlete. as you heard there, he was a charismatic individual, and he really was one of the main reasons why jackie robinson had the opportunity to play. because integration happens, it doesn't mean it ended racism at all. four years after jackie robinson broke in, here is a death threat. we will kill you if you attempt to enter the ballgame. 1951, jackie robinson deceived this letter. -- received this letter. racism was still there. let us not forget that there players. most important might have been the man who integrated the american league.

this was six weeks after jackie robinson made his appearance. the difference was larry doby didn't have the tw years of training. he went right to the indians. he became the first black to win the world series. . this is a very famous image. what do you think? what do you see? smiling. [indiscernible] the feeling that there is no difference between the two of them, they are just happy they won. mr. rafferty-osaki: because they just want a world series together. absolutely. one of the two black newspapers along with thathicago defender, wrote

picture of groman an -- gromick cheeks pressed together. equally wide grins. the chief message of this image is acceptance. it is capable of washing away with equal skill long, pent up hatred in the hearts of men, and the beginning of confusion in the minds of young boys. small boys, i should say. that is what that image represented. a world series title by both a black and white team. integrated baseball. integration, though, was a long, drawn out process in baseball. two of the greatest dynasties, my beloved new york yankees and hated boston red sox, did not

integrate long until the second half of the 1950's. to break down boston a little more, howard brian examined the story. they both had the inside track to jackie robinson and willie mays, and they did not sign either one of them. in the spring of 1945, the boston red sox held allegedly out for sam jethro, marvin williams, in jackie robinson. that was this great hope they would sign at least one of them. they did not do so. in 1949, the red sox, one of their scouts down in alabama, said, you need to sign this kid. he is going to be incredible. willie mays. they could have bought his contract for $5,000. and who did they end up integrating with? pumsy green.

how much do i know about him? absolutely nothing. that is baseball. these two institutions, the yankees and the red sox, try to go a very long time without integrating, and they too felt its dynasty. so i ask you again, what does 42 represent? integration prior to the desegregation of the military in 1948? sweat versus painter, brown versus board of education, the civil rights act of 1964 and 1968. is it possible that baseball was an interval part of this -- an part of this process in the fight for equality? is it possible it was an agent of change, or did it just

reflect all the changes that were happening and it was at the forefront of it? that is one of the questions we try to answer all the time. now, you remember the idea of $40,000. he was critical of the idea of integration, and he said, has a dead lead to the death of the negro league. a lot of the owners in major league baseball raided the negro leagues. they became nothing more than barn systems -- spartan stores. -- barn stormers. -- what ownership wouldn't have died. laye -- players who never got to play again because of the negro league.

they were integrated to the major leagues, so they lost their whole -- it was really sad. mr. rafferty-osaki: emily, i one point. integrationed was -- was a slow process. andought in new york boston. imagine if all these negro league players were put on the same playing field in equal time and given equal opportunity to play? there could have been well more blacks who played in the major league, but integration was a slow process. and so, i don't believe they were good enough to play. >> no, not that they weren't good enough. they didn't get the opportunity to play. mr. rafferty-osaki: that's right. [indiscernible] that leadsy-osaki: us to our second topic.

women in baseball. yes, there were a lot of women in baseball. in fact, you remember the song we played at the beginning of class? "take me out to the ballgame"? most people forget the original first to that song. -- that is because you only hear the chorus at the ballgame-- the original says katie casey was baseball mad, just brute for the hometown crew -- root for the hometown crew. o.ss katie said n i'll tell you what you can do, take me out to the ballgame. " baseball.d you had a college program in baseball, and by the way, this idea of a seven sisters school,

six of them organized baseball teams to 1920 by 1867, you have the first women's pro team. they were all black. and so begins this rich baseball. not softball, i want to make this clear, it was baseball that women love. d. states there are several ways for women to participate in the game. let's see if you can figure out some of them. as a fan. player. it is true, you can marry into it.

organization, as part of a front office or an employee of the team. administration. as an owner of the club or employee. you can marry into it. [indiscernible] mr. rafferty-osaki: you can also be the baseball auntie, and this comes after the idea of sleeping with ballplayers. you can marry into it. you can be a film maker or sportscaster. but you know what i found most interesting? nobody said as a player. oh, you did? unser, my fault. yes, you can play baseball.

understand that women pursue each of these avenues. each of these seven avenues. trailblazers, women , especially in sports, creates an idea of novelty, that they are a novelty themselves, and baseball is a business. games featuring either women's teams like the blondes versus brunettes in 1983, a lot of it was business driven. see women playing baseball. my game, a man's game. also understand that women participated greatly as fanatics. they were crazy about baseball. an episode from the washington senator's first lady's game said, the front office expected a few serious or venture us

females to turn out, and were in no way prepared for thousands of enthusiastic women who stormed the ballpark. a board the same game, of women poured onto the field and attacked the umpire with parasols. you can understand that the home team did not win, and there was a blown call or a controversial call. are particularly passionate about the game, and they were featured as early as 1908 in a baseball magazine. by 1929 when the chicago cubs held a ladies day, over 30,000 women arrived at the ballpark. the all-american girls professional baseball league, founded by wrigley, they were active particularly in the midwest, and their teams can

predominately from the rural areas. or it ins people do it 1940 eight, nearly one million fans came out to watch these women play. nationally, the baseball hall of fame dedicated in exhibit two women in baseball. let's talk about the article you read. what was it? say?did peerman have to emily. thing i was not confused by the questioning as i was not you were to talk to all the women who played, whether or not they found it in powering -- empowering or patronizing that they had to act feminine. i would think that some of them would say, yes, i am a woman and can wear a skirt and have this etiquette, and others would

say i am an athlete i don't need to wear a skirt to play my athletic game. i was wondering how many of them would feel that way. i was wondering, in al"mona wheremile," the part she was yelling and saying she knows her options. -- itinded her of that reminded me of that. that, but that was something of wanted to know more about. the theme of this article was how they were marketing feminism in the league, and how it was particularly important with their skills. had to wear the uniforms, the concept of charm and beauty, code of conduct. there were different modifications of the rules. she does argue it opened the changed theen and

perception of the stereotype of women in the united states, however i think it opens a really small door because they made all these new modifications. even the contract of the women, they didn't have a man contract, they had a contract that whenever you were needed, you were traded to make liquidity in the league. i thought it was really interesting to read about that, all these different modifications. woman was not accepted in the league, because at the time black was not beautiful. for me, all of these different roles and modifications -- rule modifications, they do advance, but really, really slowly. toward the end, they said that back, it started dying slowly, and the all-american girls professionals in the league stopped. mr. rafferty-osaki: good.

before we continue, let's get a visual image of what we are talking about. this is a film strip from "a league of their own." goinghis is what they are to look like. >> that is not a baseball uniform. what do you think we are, ballplayers or ballerinas? mr. rafferty-osaki: there was also no drinking or smoking, and they had chapter owns with them at all times. to would watch over them make sure they were continuously seen as ladies. eating a lady was very important. emily brought up this point as to -- being a lady was very important. emily brought up this point. some definitely felt that way. peoplelso feel like

who were more eminent women, they were ok. they had some femininity and them, so they enjoyed the fact that they could still act them in an and be playing a man's sport. >> they were actively trying to recruit women who were beautiful and feminine. >> i don't know. wanted to wear what they -- i would not have wanted to wear what they wanted me to wear, but i would not have been that offended. mr. rafferty-osaki: it is a major issue. negotiating the idea of gender well, a masculine realm and a feminine realm. wrigley understood this. we were seen as too masculine and seen as tomboys. reasons why of the they had to wear dresses and plane skirts. -- and skirts. it was a huge force in sports

, and women's baseball. mr. rafferty-osaki: it was part of the idea of entertainment again. natalie. and backlit article we just watched made me wonder, was the whole idea behind the women's league, it seemed simply like an economic venture while the men's game was on deposit while they were at war, and just another way to make money. and there was also i wasainment, but -- confused about how it got started, and it's the men watched it. so the man who watched it at home solely because they wanted to watch baseball or because it was entertaining that women were in baseball and it was this new form of entertainment in that era? mr. rafferty-osaki: there are a couple things.

started, they did not pitch overhand until 1948. they started out underhand. form ofas a entertainment, especially during the war, that is true. these women played and there was this idea, going back to the novelty concept, these are women playing baseball. that was a major portion of it. they had to negotiate their sexuality because they wanted to maintain the idea that they were ladies playing baseball, not androgynous. that is why they wore skirts. there is another part of the film, and this is true, you can see the bruising along their leg, because you have to slide in baseball. >> in the background, they show the outfit and she says, i can't slide in that. there was a-osaki: woman who stole 200 basis in a season. >> it seems like women's

baseball came to represent -- in says that baseball came to represent a link between sports and social mobility. these women came to represent -- represent, you can but also maintain your femininity and pursue higher education. it was interesting the statistics in this article about the percentage of women who said that during this time, 8.2% of women in their generation was earning college degrees, 35% of the women went to pursue a college education, even a masters and became physicians. it is interesting what they came to represent in society. they're are talking about the role of conduct and how they had to -- they have the council of women looking back on it.

we were farm girls, we never had this kind of upbringing. it enabled us to be able to adapt to new social settings, to and do all this. in essence, baseball did enable women to pursue higher education. i don't fully agree that they been or hadan -- to use their bodies, but what we are saying here is that it helped them move up in society. they were earning a large sum of money. women were not earning money or going to college at this time. but it is cool because baseball gave them -- mr. rafferty-osaki: it is true. >> i disagree that baseball gave women agency. says thatarticle women persisted and made baseball games their own, but they were overly sexualized. to compensate playing a

man's sport by being overly feminine, and like what you said at the beginning of class, the institutionalization of the social roles between men and women. even looking at the media today like we did last class, women are sexualized in pictures. they have to market themselves, and i feel that doesn't give them agency. had degrees and stuff, they were a tiny fraction of women. mr. rafferty-osaki: good. this is controversy. >> i completely agree. there is a part in the movie where they are showing a little documentary that was made about these women within the film, and it shows them pouring men innings, andetween knitting in the dugout. it wasn't saying, look at these

women, they are empowered, it is saying they're playing baseball but can still come home and see their family and do their laundry. it was not giving them agency, it was showing that they could balance being athletes with eating housewives and -- with being housewives and mothers. >> women used baseball to challenge the institution, but i really disagree. what happened to women's sports when men came back from war? therafferty-osaki: ok, on other hand, the league lasted until 1954. withwill slightly disagree what you said, because i don't think it is necessarily a bad thing but they were athletes and could still be a housewife. they might have really enjoyed the fact that i can play this sport but i still have kids and will make dinner for my family if i want to. we shouldn't assume that they felt trapped by it.

they might have enjoyed what they were doing. >> i don't think that's an empowering message. fair enough. i think it also depends on what the person felt. i don't think we can say across the board, yes, they were far too overly sexualized. or that it was completely ok and they were empowered by at. i think it changes from person-to-person, and i can see both sides. i totally understand where you're coming from, but i also see the other point. >> women can be baseball players and housewives, but the fact that they had to be both to be women, i think is very -- mr. rafferty-osaki: this is exactly where we are going. domesticity.etween this was the message going back that women -- what it meant to be a woman in america. on one hand, during the war

efforts, you had rosie the riveter. women volunteered for the service on mass. masse.the service en the united states marine corps women's reserve. over 4 million women entered the workforce. they did not do so just in the case of the war effort. entered in the sports realm as jockeys, umpires, and even football coaches. so understand, this is what is going on and it is an negotiated process that is happening. g that youinterestin bring up all these points about what it means to be feminine in the public sphere. this is the same argument that is going on. for the all-american girls leap to survive, they had to market because it is a sport, but it is also economics.

it was incredibly important. yes? --integration from the negro leagues to the professional league would happen. i think it is the same with women. you cannot assume they were going to play baseball and there would be no backlash or it, so they had to go little by little and do what they could.we will remain eminent but we will play a man's sport. i think they did the best they could with the time period they were in. mr. rafferty-osaki: this is what was talked about in the idea of gender issues, such as the female apologetic. there was also the idea of marginalization. we discussed this somewhat, because you had negro league players who were women. and they were good enough to play in the negro leagues, but they were not part of the white

middle-class idea of the beauty. part of that was the idea of the greater good. they wanted to make sure they were excepted in society as a baseball league, and it was hard enough being a woman. know if that is going to harm the league. that is a lot of the reasons why you have that issue. and finally, you have that idea of eminent reconstructionist sports. the success of the all-american girls professional league is gender fluidity and women moving into the masculine sphere of sport, and baseball in particular. and there are reasons why. we started speaking about this on tuesday, right? the "l" word. look at these two images. is supreme court justice

kagan. they were both scrutinized for participating in sports. whispers and they came -- became massive as to whether or not they were lesbians, the "l" word. this is why it was important that you had a very feminine looking league. they wanted them to be ladies, not lesbians. and it is true, this is also part of our homophobic society that was brought up. what is wrong with a lesbian playing sports? what is wrong with a lesbian justice? sport has often been used with this idea of, are they tomboys, are they lesbians? how should we look at these women? what do you think?

>> [indiscernible] >> i just inked it is more than american society was and still is prepared to handle, because women in sports is always -- already a form of societal norms. if you have a female playing sports who is also a lesbian, norm. i don't think anybody is prepared to comprehend that. that is too much difference. and women playing baseball was another form of escapism for americans after the men were at war. and having a lesbian player is a distraction, and it takes people away from baseball being

america's pastime. it is a distraction for the fans.s, the it keeps people from taking away the positive aspects of the sport. i am not saying i agree with that. what did sheosaki: do with baseball? do you remember at all? [indiscernible] >> she turned what is considered social deviance into social defiance and totally played it up. she had mixed personas, she had one really feminine side and one really athletic side, and she went with out either one when the situation called for it,

that she was entirely aware of what she was doing. she just like to mess with people's heads because she loved the attention because she was good at sports and she wanted the focus to be on her. think she got the rest was a joke. mr. rafferty-osaki: she was very good. she took out joe dimaggio at one point. still, there her, were whispers about whether or not she was a lesbian. it wasn't until she met her -- sport is used as defining one's sexuality, even if it happens to be completely wrong and false. this is what has been going on at the time. and understand, there is much controversy about the idea of the all-american girls professional baseball league, and you brought up many of the issues. whether or not it was right.

did kind of establish ideas and the precursor of title ix. women did go there on an average, where as women in the lake went in an average of 30 -- there is a possibility that women did gain agency through this. you can see it in the timeline through all of this. it starts up with women . the all-american girls special baseball league. we come to the 1973 court decision and this was a court case in new jersey. they decided that girls should be allowed to play in little league. this reconstituted the whole organization of the charter of the league.

, not soft all, baseball. it comes oh force because you have orders. this was the first female pleasure in mn's professionally. in 1997, they signed with st. paul saints. she played her first regular-season game and retired by 2000. lines along both sex and gender. entire deskwhole she bore the burden of all women in baseball on her shoulders. that was part of the problem.

the men on her team did not fact that she was getting much of the attention. at one point, there is the possibility that she was almost sexually assaulted as well, playing with these men. this is what is going on. was it a precursor to title ix and what is the importance of it wasx russian mark completed in 2006. ins and at the all-american girls professional baseball league was like this. we can see that women and sports

did have a tremendous importance. especially leading up to title ix. i will leave with one less clip about the all-american girls leg. this happened in 2010. there was a sister that was formed in the late. this rubs editor they were, their roots, their love of the game.

his baseball not the combining force in all of this? did baseball not bring these women together? that is why we think about they are finally getting the gesture. women in baseball. yes? >> does this love of baseball come from the league? mr. rafferty-osaki: women were fans of baseball long before as we saw on some of the slides. into chicago for a ladies game in 1929. they had been paying the game that claimed the game. the only difference was that soft log group much more poor

women. they say that these women are the weaker sex, we have to protect them and that is why they kept them inside. we are going to make softball and indoor sport. we will make the basepath shorter and the pitching mound short because they can't play our game. that is what people like ilia borders is important. there were a lot of social forces working against her. this finally leads to our last group. asians in baseball. i apologize for forcing you to read my article. following.der the

three decades before barry bonds home run record on a steroid induced know, hewe now played 22 seasons from 19 to 1980 -- 1969 to 1980. taiwanese little league teams could be considerred the boys of summer. 1996,ting from 1969 to world seriese late titles. -- little league world series titles. it featured teams from asia. korea and japan, twice.

japan one he's time. asians have a long history with the game and an even longer in the with stereotypes united states. believe baseball provides a primssm for history. let's talk about the stereotypes. you laugh but this is true. launched this campaign back in 2002. there were protests against this. then there are the traditional asian stereotypes. the nerd. are you really get at math? -- good at math? are you going to be a dr. or an engineer? v you play violent --

iolin or flute? apparently, the problem is that we are too successful because we are out whiting the white. asian representation in the ivy league institutions -- harvard -- something percent, yell, 14%, princeton, 50%, u-penn, 16%.%, you let's go with two of the best institutions on the west coast. ucla -- 38% of the population. uc berkeley -- 41% of the population are asian.

50% of asians in this country who are 25 years and older have bachelor degrees or higher levels of education. this is compared with 20% of all americans 25 or older. as i said, we only represent 5% of the population. is 70,000ousand $69 -- dollars. twice that of the national averages for all businesses. of course, the asians are known for the technology. go, the net. 73% of all asians live in a house with the internet. the highest of all groups. these are the asian stereotypes. we are outwhiting the whites.

they say we lack physical prowess and make up for this with our intelligence. apparently being academic or professional does not mean that you are strong or physical. long step and a process of identifying asian americans as the emasculated. idea withxtapose this the view of the asian athlete. mostly through the form of arts. is that great irony the europeans have had martial arts as well. they had boxing, and wrestling. they don't see it as much arts, even though that is what it is. martial arts has this connotation that always suggests

that it is always asian. this perception of being disciplined, masculine, honorable. it is also exotic, mysterious, used as deception, craftiness and speed. making up for the lack of strength and power. asians the problem for in our society, today. there was a racism. a race war between japan and the united states, this created a dual track of stereotypes and racism. the idea of superman and lesser men. it was an othering process. you may be out whiting the whites. i does not mean you are superman. course you will play our

sports, you think you can play her sports, there -- play our sports, there is no way you can compete. lesser men. we can see this. >> i thought everybody, baseball is america's game. that the koreans, the japanese, it is our game. >> baseball, it is our game, it is america's game. american exceptionalism at its finest. definitely not for the koreans are the japanese. , let's think about game. it is believed that baseball was brought to japan back in the 1870's. during the latter part of the century, organization group and

the leagues grew just as they did in the united states. a lot of time they grew in high school. that is why the tournament in japan is so widely known. game's had aat the different name. it was called field ball. 1904, andrewand rosen -- eight out of nine contests 1904, asians been americans. for many americans, baseball is

a distantly american game but it was also originally integral to the japanese culture. they took great pride because they been americans. -- beat americans. they were also honorable when they won. the same cannot be said about the american team. they say that baseball became part of the o-matic mission -- diplomatic mission. this happens in new york. as part ofprocession the fourth of july. was a transnational sport. it was a transnational pastime. it became the meeting point. occurredball games during a. of incarceration -- time of

incarceration, it was a social space that bridged gender and racial divide. baseball renewed and national identity for japanese inmates during world war ii in america. proved to be more than a game. it was a way to demonstrate their americanness and in some ways their manhood. let's watch a clip of american pastime. money, hotshot? it had nothing to do with baseball. >> baseball was such an american thing. him to beat him across

that racial line in american terms. and said he did not strike the sergeant at. -- out. --is like staying your place stay in your place. >> institutional racism that brought them there. the idea that power structure, who has the ability to call balls and strikes, even in there. this had nothing to do with baseball. why? >> it had everything to do with race and the power struggle. -- about how his father, even though he knew that the sergeant had called it wrong.

whatever he said, thank you and it is one of the characteristics of asians. asians in america are being therelined, sincere and is a word that you use. it is like that is a characteristic of the asians. it is the idea that you brought up some model. and how the asians came to represent this model minority and it is like a double-edged sword. dangerous on the one hand for other minorities. >> i'm going to respectfully disagree. thank you for a great demonstration of skill and sportsmanship was not

the idea of being part of a society. it was a great demonstration of resistance. image i thought was trying to shame them. and that is what it was. is understanding the system and knowing that there is nothing you can do about it. it is still making sure that you brought your point across. >> what i'm saying is that by him doing that, he did not lose his dignity. he could have got up there and said -- instead it was sarcastic. he said it was shamefully -- like that was the way. by maintaining their composure and dignity, using the system to fight back but in a very composed, poised way. something he could have -- they couldn't start a fight. he said i'm going to make you feel bad, i will give you your because i know you are

wrong and you will go bad about this. i think that is maintaining their dignity. it was maintain their dignity and being the better person. that all meaningless twisted by white people. same they are being noncompetition a because they are not fighting, they are worse than us, they are just model minorities. they arerty-osaki: lesser, they are not as masculine, they will do as they are told. likeen they walked away they had nothing to do with baseball. i think he did feel that. mr. rafferty-osaki: it is interesting that only one of them had that opinion. the other still had that idea of race involved. who does he think he is, plain baseball? -- playing baseball? i'm just curious, did they

end up playing the asian team people? the main character, while he steals home base, the umpire was like he got tagged out. even i was a big argument. that kind was listening, saying that baseball had nothing to do with this, he is the one who recognizes and said that i dropped the ball so my time does not count. it is rootedch of in fear. fear of something you have being taken away from you. power being taken away from you. that these two description -- this option and corruption and dissemination. like it says right here, it is

rooted in ignorance and fear. i think the are and this trust is the most powerful aspect of it. understand that baseball as an institution promotes this idea of a white culture. for example, when there was discussions about italians and in as they incarcerated japanese, the congressman showed that needed had to be imprisoned. werehree dimaggio sons regarded as american idols. they were american heroes. in late february and early march of 1942, the dimaggio parents were both an immigrant and neither citizen give testimony to before the committee investigating national defense migration. they stated on the half of

dimaggio's that to the people like the dimaggio's -- it would present a serious situation. i believe that it would be destructive and have a tendency to lower morale that information should ever reached the armed forces. baseball saved them from the state of the japanese. japanese00 people of 622% -- 62% of home work from japanese descent, they were set up race. -- sent off based. one can understand why menthol hopeless.

-- men felt hopeless. they felt emasculated and helpless. they said that many more saw opportunity. he was chiefly one of the men responsible for creating three fields in the fresno december center. this was many of the camps that the on this map. it became a form of escape. the sports section became one of the escapism sections. they could demonstrate their racial pride. thereby national pastime.

they were the first to build the fields. are coming from california, oregon and washington. they had beautiful climate and beautiful weather. they're coming to places where the weather is 120 degrees in shade or some place like cold mountains. they still love baseball. you don't almost a love baseball -- do you know how much they love baseball? they built 80 baseball field. 87 baseball field. most bullies are playing. , senior leagues, softball leagues. they have women playing. women played men. we know thisme -- for a fact where women played men. it was men versus women.

it is first-generation member second-generation women. this is under this cloud of controversy. when they were challenged again women, much to their chagrin, this is what happened in the cap. baseball saved us. true -- you have to understand that the creation of the baseball diamond, it demands an art. -- an you can see from this past slide, it was located in arkansas. these are swamped grounds.

that is what they were. it was recovered swampland. in april of 1943, they allowed inmates to use japanese -- to handle dynamite to remove tree stumps. the japanese were untrustworthy. they were working for the japanese emperor of japan. that everybody see the logic in this? this is what is going on. they create fields.

baseball is a form of medication. you actually had interracial games as well. that playedrds against the japanese. it became a big thing. idea of thatt demonstration of manhood. they would play military officials. it was because the beat them.

this is where my current research is. talking about the idea of perception and manhood and baseball. form where they really respected japanese. everything in terms of baseball. just understand, their athletic prowess was noticed by a number of individuals. he invited the ones who are japanese americans. he said the fact that these boys were american was good enough for the brooklyn club. therefore, they were three that attended tryouts.

pitcher roy zika g, henry fonda and one more. just to let you know, henry honda was good enough to play. the brooklyn club would have signed him except they thought he would be drafted. indians the cleveland offered him a contract. the only reason he turned it down is because he hurt his hip. good to have been japanese americans in the major league? absolutely. was there a gradual of racism and discrimination? absolutely. that is why there were only five asians who participated in the pacific coast league. they were good enough to play. as you can see, they love playing the game. ,ou have women playing the game i love this one that says come play ball. this comes from wyoming.

they were for stealing with the weather. this cartoon was drawn as an image. the love of the game would extend so far as to play in the wintertime. it started early. there are a lot of people in the background, and they would come out and they would watch. they were fans of baseball. and baseball gave them hope for their generation. let me state one more thing. withis picture, the one the barbed wire fence, and in picture. these are the only two images with barbed wire in the. took photosadams for the government, one of the

concerns was having photos with wire in it. these are the only two surviving photos showing barbed wire in the incarceration centers. so we move into the 1960's. you have your first accidental pioneer. only one generation is removed from the war and the atomic bombing of japan. the first japanese player in the mlb finished the final month with 15 innings pitched. she became part of a major controversy. what happened? this is important to understand. there is a cultural difference between the united states and japan. that part? read

contract withr or something, and he had to -- in japan, the contracts are really weird. you are signed for a nine-year contract. the coach says, you are going to work this year, but next year you were not conduct. they can tell you to come back the following year. he had to break that and was seen as a traitor. >> the nine-year contracts come later. there is an idea of being seen as a traitor. loophole?s a >> no, we are talking about normal. murakami becomes entangled in a cultural conflict between the united states and japan. his success in the united states becomes a great celebrated

factor in japan. while it is a celebrated factor, they want to see him pitch in japan, not the united states. he is their great hope. unlike jackie robinson, the nipon professional baseball league wanted to protect their institution. what robert whiting notes in his work is that the japanese believed the san francisco giants has to understand their over thepan's needs team in which he is affiliated. murakami became a great player, would more japanese leave the united states? he was forced to sign a second contract after he was already coming back for five seasons. why the

social pressures of japan forced him to stay over there. it was a great cultural conflict. the commissioners of baseball became involved. there was this idea, what about any other japanese players who come into our minor leagues and start pitching? are you using them as you farmr system? there was a stalemate of 30 years where players did not talk to each other and japanese players did not come to the united states. changed.at we talked about the nine-year conflict and nomo returned to come over here. what did nomo represent?

all japanese foreign players to come to the united states. he was the first one to do that. , guess he built that bridge the gap between japan and america. >> that is true. he bridged that gap. >> he wanted to play baseball in america -- it was that he didn't want to play in japan. he had a problem with the system and the way the contracts worked. this was his way of taking a stance against it. it wasn't just that he wanted to play in america. it was that he didn't want to play in japan. >> nomo was an individual. there's a saying in japan, the nail that stands up ends up getting hammered down. they wanted him to be part of society. what he was saying was, i want to try to play baseball in the

united states. for a while he was seen as a traitor in japan. it was only until he was successful in the united states that he received accolades from japan. nomo was a major part of it. that brought the next "great into of immigration major league baseball of japanese players. certain stigmas and stereotypes still continue. this one in particular i find fascinating. it was about future row suzuki. -- ichiro suzuki. >> teams will try anything to stop this guy. >> now i think the commercial is great. but there is a second problem with all of that, and this goes into the idea of the model

minority. now the expectation is for players coming from japan, you have an idea that they are going to be superhuman. right? this sets up that double-edged sword. we want the best talent from japan, but if you are only an average player, you are going to wash out. that becomes a big problem. this is that idea of that double-edged sword, the breaking and perpetuating of stereotypes. yes, we used to think of you as lesser beings, but now we think about japanese teams as super beings. so we are always looking for the next ichiro. that is the problem with eight asians in baseball -- with asians in baseball moving into the future. will we accept ordinary players? how long will they last? secondly, given the fact that you have contractual situations with japan, i have a feeling you

will see more korean and taiwanese players. everything comes back down to money. since they don't have the posting system, you will see a lot of korean and taiwanese players coming up younger into the major leaks. to wrap up let's talk about baseball overall. by the way these are some further readings of asians in baseball. according to the race and gender report card, the mlb is both and steeped in traditional roots. of the four major sports it received the highest grades for diversity. a look at stats reveals a number of interesting thoughts. number one, there is a great difference between major league baseball the organization and those of the teams. of central office consisted 38% people of color and 38%

women. where's the individual organizations had only 920% people of color -- 9.8% people of color. are 16%dministrators people of color and 18% women. still remains the only person of color that owns a only two owners of a person of color that owns a sports team. the other being michael jordan. women still appear to hit a glass ceiling if you will. at most they are senior vice and four assistant general manager's, but never in the top position. -- for general managers, but never in the top position. out to become president of the los angeles dodgers. these are the questions we have

to ask. it seems that more and more changes occur in baseball and that it is progressive but there are still these questions about diversity and steeping in traditional roots. i leave you with this question. does baseball reflect society, or is it an agent of social change? class dismissed. yes, i need your -- please hand them in. next thursday already will be your final. >> are we going to talk about the final? we will talk about that on monday. a book review as well. i am just an awful human being, right? you.t want the best for >> join us every saturday

evening at 8:00 p.m. and midnight eastern as we join students in college classrooms to hear lectures on topics including topics from the american revolution to 9/11. lectures in history are also available as podcasts. visit our website www.c-span.org or downloadcasts them from itunes. coming up this weekend on american history tv on c-span3, tonight at 10:00 eastern on "reel america," the 1947 u.s. war department film "don't be a sucker" about heat filled speech. >> i am just an average american, but i am and an american american. some of the things i see in this country of ours make my blood boil. i see people with foreign accents making all the money. that negroes holding jobs belong to me and you.

will we allow this thing to go on? what will become of us real americans? >> on sunday at 6:00 p.m. eastern on american artifacts, we will tour the presidential vehicles collection in dearborn michigan. at 8:00 p.m. eastern on the presidency, a herbert hoover scholar talks about the relationship between the 31st president and calvin coolidge. >> just four days before the election, coolidge, everett the party regular, finally gave hoover an extraordinarily effusive public endorsement in a prearranged telegram that invoked sensational newspaper headlines. hoover, he declared, had shown his fitness to be president. cooper said coolidge was able, experienced, trustworthy and safe. >> american history tv, all weekend every weekend only on c-span3.