policy events and washington, d.c. and around the country. c-span is brought to you by your cable or satellite provider. announcer: next on american history tv, current and former members of congress and a student and teacher who were present during the school shooting ottmar josh at the shooting in florida, discuss citizen movements and their influence on policy makers. the panel compares the 1960's civil rights movement with more recent protests and they discussed the tragedy at parkland high school and the movement that followed. this archives event is about 90 minutes. citizen engagement and civic literacy have been woven into the nationalo at archives. our mission statement declares that we strive to cultivate public participation. we believe in the importance of public access to government -- government records and such access strengthens democracy by

allowing americans to claim their rights of citizenship, hold their government accountable, and understand their history so they can participate more effectively in their government. the records we preserve along to all americans may have the right to examine them and use them. the constitution of the united states, which we display in the rotunda, proclaims the primacy of the field -- of the people in the opening words, we the people. another document has many examples of we the people, how we have asserted our rights come a campaign for justice, and petitioned our government. all of us up the national archives take our roles as caretakers of america's records very seriously and we are proud the work we do every day preserves our documentary heritage for generations to come. you over to martin frost of the united states association of former members of congress who will introduce tonight's panelist, martin frost served 26 years as a congressman 24th district of texas

from 1970 92 2005. during that time, he served eight years in the house democratic leadership, four years as the democratic congressional campaign committee, and four years as chair of the has democratic caucus. he was a member of the house rules committee and the house budget committee. since leaving congress coming he served four years as chair of the national endowment for democracy and is the incoming president of the u.s. association of former members of congress. is a professor in george washington university graduate school of political management, and holds journalism and history degrees from the university of missouri and a lot degree from georgetown. ladies and gentlemen, please welcome, martin frost. [applause] martin: thank you, david. it is good to be back. the former members of congress

in partnership with the archives has a series of events like this. you all have been great to help us put these on. i think people here tonight will find it interesting, both people watching it, streaming and online come and people in the audience. before we hear from the truly outstanding panelist to volunteer their time to share their personal stories of civic engagement with you tonight, i would like to share a quick word about our association, the former members of congress. bring together a bipartisan group of over 600 former representatives and senators who worked together in a bipartisan manner on a wide variety of projects. our mission strengthens the work of the current congress by promoting collaborative approaches to policy making while deepening understanding of our democratic system and encouraging public service. we have become extremely concerned about the lack of civic education in this country. whether you agree or disagree with our panelists on the issues

they advocate, their engagement as citizens is based on civic education they have learned and especially the engagement we see from our guests today. i am going to walk through who is on the panel and then they will come in at once. panel will look to examine ,ow civil rights to parkland individuals from different generations, backgrounds, and platforms have taken a stand on issues near and dear to their hearts. in while becoming active local -- vocal citizens we ask our audience respect the discussion. it will focus on the issues of civic learning and engagement, not about particular issues, by gun control or race relations. it is in the interest of time and given how large our panel is as evening, we have asked you to write down any questions you may have for our panelist on note cards provided for you.

staff members will circle the editorial and collect those questions later in the program. finally, if what our panelist shares tonight resonates with you, i encourage you to visit former members of congress websites. is my greatthat, it pleasure to introduce, to recognize, the moderator for tonight's discussion, former congressman from california, jane harman, one of the truly outstanding members of congress that i served with. jane became the first woman director, president, and ceo of the woodrow wilson center after serving nine terms in the house of representatives. her dedication to public service is a exemplary. she served in president carter's administration, was a member of the house armed services homeland security and intelligence committees and is recognized worldwide as an expert on security and public policy issues. will be the guy during the conversation of how citizens of

our country have helped shape our democracy. joining her are tonight's panelists. washington d.c. delicate in the house of representatives, eleanor norton will be one of those panels. norton, in addition to have serving 14 terms in the house of representatives, came into public light as a civil rights and feminist leader and a tenured professor of law. a third-generation washingtonian, she spent her legal career arguing cases protecting women's rights, civil rights, and free speech. also on the panel will be former congressman tim p track him who represented wisconsin six congressional district for 18 terms. that is a long time. retirement from the u.s. house of representatives at the end of the 100 he was a senior member of both the transportation and infrastructure committees. and to the committee on education and workforce.

known for his and it -- for his creative solutions to government he preserved legislative issues in several areas including student loan reform, the federal highway project,federal water texan and welfare reform, and health care. he will bring the perspective of a long-term republican member of had to face the same type of lobbying the democratic members of face in dealing with issues facing our country. is sarah lerner, a teacher at marjory stoneman douglas high school. she teaches english, journalism, and advises. this is her 16th year of teaching. she has been a marjory stoneman since 2014. school she has received honors from the florida scholastic association, association, national

scholastic press association, as well as the columbia scholastic press association. books she has produced at the high school have all been nationally recognized. they have also been entered into the walls worth gallery of excellence. has watchedw, she over 15 students in a locked classroom on a gunman attacked her school last february. rain validt least is areas, who just finished her junior year at marjory stoneman douglas high school and parkland. she has been on the yearbook staff for the past three being years and has been photo editor the last two years. she will continue as photo editor and become the editor in chief. yearbookh her work is editor, rain has taken five advanced placement classes, has been involved in national honor society, and the spanish club.

she plans to study photojournalism in college, the photographs she made of the class mate in the hours before the attack on her school are simply stunning and have received national attention. it is my privilege to have you all on the stage with us this evening. please join us in welcoming this outstanding panel as they enter the hall. [applause] >> i hope he mice -- of the mice is on. i'm jane harman. this is an exciting panel. i got there we will be joined by congressman ted joy which from the parkland district. if he comes, and if he wants to, we will add him to our happy

group. he has stories, obviously, to tell. let me make a few opening comments. then you will hear, i think, an amazingly interesting set of stories from activists who were and are extremely effective. the last speaker will be tim p track. tim petri. the ways in about which congress receives information or does not receive information. some of the lessons learned. pleasure to participate in an event with the national archives. -- with the national archives. it hasising how long been since i have been here. the documents in this place show us all why this democratic with experiment and

america has been so successful and is so important. is party, congress of that experiment. as the article one branch of government, there are three branches of government, article one is congress can mark it up to come executive, article three, is a court. article one means congress has to be first. has to lead. sometimes it does, and sometimes it doesn't. these stories will help of the better times in the united states congress. i would say. i don't know -- i hope i don't offend my dear friend eleanor. this is not one of congress is better times. it has nothing to do with her personal ability which is enormous. with theave to do ability of the institution as an institution. get things done. toxic partisanship is a big problem. i think we all pay a price for that, including the people who work there. we will tell some of the good stories tonight.

this, and will do martin said this, is within a historical context. we will start with eleanor's stories, not because it she may -- a person with more life experience on the stage, along with tim and me, but because -- [laughter] jane: i do not mess that up too that but in terms of timing, the activism that she first engaged in before she ran for congress and still engages in came first. go into that, we will then -- i may ask a few questions along the way. then we are taking written questions from you which will be given to me. i will be happy to ask them. just a few more points. one, the importance of bipartisanship. haveh i am a democrat, i always called myself a charter member of the bipartisan party

since what mattered to me, and i think what matters to all of us, and congress was putting the country first. sadly, the business model of congress now does not do that. it is not the people. very good people serve in congress in my view, in both parties. very good staff serves in congress. in both parties. goalhe problem is that the of the business model, rather than solving problems is to blame the other side for not solving problems. as a bipartisan here, i will say that both parties play this game. the country loses. these are bipartisan days, that means you get a primary challenge. it is very unfortunate for all of us that that seems to be the model. all of us can change it if we are active, this is the point, and pitch the right messages to the right people in both parties.

i think we will learn that. also is not, i would say, a learning institution. why is that? people are too busy. i was visiting a senior member of the senate today and he said thanks for coming up to her, i don't have time to learn about this issue. the issue i was talking about, you might be interested, was about a summit that was convened by the trump administration last june. a year ago. and president pence went john kelly who was then the secretary of homeland security the, as did the head of inter-american development bank and others. the summit was held in florida. the point of this summit was to figure out how the united states could help the governments of the central american countries which are the drivers of this migration through mexico into the united states.

that was come as we all know, the top of the news for the last week. the trump administration had a good idea, invest in developing political capacity in these countries, help reduce corruption and crime from the drug cartels, and stimulate business investment in these countries. why wouldn't that be a good idea? would be against that? nobody. however, the summit occurred a year ago. there was a report with recommendations. no one is focusing on it. i went to see a senior member of the senate to suggest that perhaps this person who has jurisdiction over aspects of latin america in his role on the senate of foreign relations committee, might hold a hearing or come down to the wilson center. this nonpartisan think tank i had. and address this issue. it just has not been addressed. it should be focused on. it certainly come if done right,

-- thewas administration's initiative, it certainly would add some value and help the country solve a very serious problem. as you hearding, from martin frost, we are not debating the merits of the various issues he will hear about. advocacy that the was pretty -- that was behind presenting these issues to congress and how those who advocated effectively did it and how perhaps what they did would have to be done a little differently in this century than it was done in the last century. congresswomanwith eleanor holmes norton who i met in her advocacy days, way back when. i just make a point, i think martin was saying that there is

600 former members of congress. theyou know that since beginning of time, there have been about 10,500 members of congress? them weremany of female? under 500. that is still the current statistic. pride that ieat would like to welcome one of my former sisters. eleanor holmes norton. [applause] and the question, eleanor, is you were a civil rights advocate in various guises. issue,rns you on to the plural, what did you do, and how -- looking back on your own activism, how do you measure your effectiveness? eleanor: it is important to congress is not a self-executing body. greats put -- that puts a

burden on the citizens. if you want anything done through law, in your country. i am a native washingtonian. a third-generation washingtonian. who grew up in the city. of one of the last graduates a segregated school system. because brown v. board of education came just as i was graduating from high school. my own experience with segregation, not only discrimination, everything was segregated in the nation's capital, except for buses. downtown, and the department stores. --ican-americans could not could try on clothes. this was a southern city. having grown up with segregation, i was really ready

for the civil rights movement. a lot has to do with your moment in time. just asing to college, the civil rights movement was bursting forward. student when as a i was a member of what was known as the student nonviolent coordinating committee, it had civil rights movement which had six major organizations of which is one pair my colleague, john lewis, and i were both in same time. it gives me great joy to see students, even younger than we on ataking the initiative major issue in our country. i must say, given their age, high school students, the first time i have ever seen high school students essentially start a national movement.

we in sncc were part of a movement -- and overall movement, we had the march on washington, that was led by adults, what happened in parkland florida is very different. these students came to washington and had a big demonstration. they were in charge. stimulated one of the toughest issues to get the congress to focus on. in fact, if i may say so, i can think of no tougher issue. yet, if you had a pen and you picked it, you really ought to be able to do something about it. -- and there are few statistics like this, about 90% -- 97% of the american people get to background checks

for guns, that is not hard. it says something about the way our country was set up, that it is hard to get even easy things done. and the way our country was set up, our founders who did not governmente that the could do very much was to make it difficult for all the government to do much. that was back then in the 18th century. and 19th century. billsen you have to pass the way -- unlike the way bills are passed in europe where whoever runs the government makes the laws, as they are did -- has the majority, if you have a different system that says even if you want to get a bill where 97% of the american people are for you, you have to go through the house, you have to go through the senate, they each have cumbersome rules.

you have to get the president to sign it. something new on the scene. that is this student movement. essentially, the challenge for the house of representatives is where i served, is can they get the congress to do what nobody before them has been able to do? had longevity, they have not just had a demonstration here and got everybody excited. so, i would answer that question, even given how difficult it is to get things the in congress, that students led by the parkland, florida sister students will show the country that young people can make the old-fashioned congress do something important in our country.

gunthat is pass commonsense safety laws. i very much thank them for their leadership. i appreciate that. you are pretty effective too. we will hear from the parkland teacher and student in a minute. eleanor, back in the day, john lewis and you and others were extraordinary leaders at a young age. for congress to do something racial discrimination. and congress actually did a lot about racial discrimination back in the day. president lyndon johnson, particularly cared about this. i remember this. in the early 1970's, i was a staffer in the senate. i was a chief counsel of the senate subcommittee on constitutional rights. extend ande to expand the voting rights act. it was tricky because the chairman of the senate judiciary was note at the time

about segregationists. we did not do this by ourselves. there was pressure from outside. in your sncc days, what did you do then to get congress to move? withor: as a young person segregation still in place, you mentioned the voting rights act, there is also -- that is 1965 voting rights act. there is a 1964 sybil's right -- civil rights act. i was in college in time to head the commission that i was in the streets trying to get. there was a 1968 fair housing act. jane: you were in the streets. eleanor: in a different time. jane: you took enormous personal risks. walking across the bridge, i think most people know that story. john, were you there, when john lewis? eleanor: i didn't.

i was one of the students sat in. i would not want you to think the risks were very great. if they were so great, we were young and foolish enough not to regard sitting in a place that you were not supposed to be as a risk. that does say something about our country. that even with segregation in place, we believed that we would somehow survive, what we called nonviolent resistance. i have enormous -- the parkland students are far more sophisticated. they have something we didn't have come a social media. jane: they will talk about that. eleanor: i am on every social media platform, there was no such thing. imagine what they are going to be able to do with this issue that we had to do by putting our bodies on the line and say, you have to arrest me because that is the only way i can make a

point. jane: not everybody did what you did. even people growing up in the segregated town or a segregated south. who were the victims of discrimination would not necessarily put their bodies at risk. what motivated you personally to do this? how did you have the courage? eleanor: i think growing up in the nation's capital, a segregated city, and understand it was a city where black people worked in the bowels of the government. that meant they had to have some college education. there was some great consciousness if you grew up in the city. i am the great great granddaughter of a runaway slave from virginia. that consciousness, which is replicated among african-americans in the had a higheople who consciousness did not live in the old south, which would have

been even more risky. but lived in the nation's capital. so in a sense, i just could not the civil rights movement. i was ready for it before it happened. that has a lot to do with growing up in the city where we are now. in the nation's capital. jane: it has a lot to do with activism. you could not wait. you had great opportunities. you went to yell law school -- yale law school. you have this fancy law degree. back in the day, women lawyers were not getting a lot of job offers are you probably had a cu shy option, and instead you chose activism. eleanor: by then -- that is why i say young and foolish. i am not letting her off the hook. what she did was very courageous. i am sure everyone agrees with me. we will talk about this issue to. but when you did it, --

eleanor: what had not been done, there had not been an activist movement since the labor movement. that was before i was born. tothe country was not used seeing people get up on their hind legs and demand something. and expect to get some response. who does that? who does not are people who are desperate enough. you really don't have other options. who does it first? i think that is an important point to bear in mind. activism unusual for to begin among the very young. not people who have children, people who have responsibilities. but people who if you will forgive me, have nothing to lose. it possible for the rest of us to have everything to gain. i was born at the right time. to be in such a generation.

it has helped me prepare for everything else i have done in my life. including run for congress. jane: if you had not done all this crazy stuff, maybe you would not have had the gumption to run for congress, which is a pretty big move, in case anyone missed it. you put yourself out there and even if you have a yale degree and someone feels comfortable saying, i don't like you. i don't want you. it is not exactly a warm and fuzzy experience. to be merchandise and have people have opinions that may not be based on your merit. i'm sure other people love you and you may not deserve that either, my point is it is a brave thing to do to be an activist. it is a brave thing to do. you were very effective at it. into an parlayed that extremely long, so far, political career where you also are out there doing great things. we will move on here, but i personally want to

salute you. [applause] jane: now, we're going to talk to sarah and rain. there he is. this is peter deutsch, congressman peter deutsch. congressman ted deutch, who i know well. [laughter] defense, this guy used to be tom petri and now he is tim petri. ted is the congressman for sarah and rain. we are going to hear their stories and now that you're here, i wish you would comment on it. what we are trying to talk about is activism. where does it come from? how do you do it effectively? we are adjusting the gun safety issue, but we are not debating the gun safety issue. we are discussing activism.

as eleanor was saying before you got here, it was an --onishingly impresse impressive performance. performance is not fair. astonishingly impressive act from the heart of students and teachers who went through many absolutely horrific experience. not the first and not the last in our country. but the most recent horrific experience. i don't know which one of you wants to start? not just theabout incident and what you did, but let'su personally -- start with you chemotherapy or. you are the one who barricaded yourself in the room and saved a bunch of kids. how did you do that? sarah: well, it was a normal wednesday at school. i was giving a quiz to my seniors in my english class. the fire alarm went off. we all looked at each other in

confusion because we had just had a fire drill in the morning. on 1984, taking a quiz very happy to leave the room. i'm like, let's go. i grab my phone and my keys. we went outside. i had about 25 students with me. we heard what sounded like firecrackers. running, andople new it could not have been firecrackers. i got back upstairs to my classroom, i ended up with five from my class, everyone else had scattered like cockroaches. i had 10 come to me from the classroom next door because their teacher who is a friend of mine had gone to another classroom for safety. i let them in, i locked the door, and we sat in the room and we waited and waited and waited. we were in the room for about 2.5 hours. until the swat team came in.

very large, but very nice, but very large armed men. let themselves into my classroom. i --8 now, i was 37 when when it happened, i know i look like i'm 12, but i had to identify myself as a teacher in the classroom. i had to up the closet so they could see what was inside. we grabbed whatever belongings they would allow us to grab and serpentine through campus. to avoid the building and go a different route. .e made it off campus bussed kind of shuttle to a local hotel where we met with police and fbi. i gave my statement. then i met up with my husband and son. my parents had my daughter. jane: was your son at the same school? sarah: my son just finished sixth great pyrenees in the middle school next door.

while i am sitting in my classroom, once i realized what was going on, i sent a text to my husband and mom. there it is an active shooter on campus. i'm ok. then maybe 5, 10 minutes later, my son texted me, mom, i'm scared, what is going on. we are on lockdown. i'mell your son, i'm ok, not shocked, is horrible. no one should have to say that at all. he had never been on a lockdown before. that id to assure him was ok and i was safe and he was where he needed to be and he was in the safest place. listen to your teacher. do what you need to do. i am ok. ever had my phone number was texting me. most of the information i was receiving was coming from the outside. that is how i found out that he had been apprehended. i do not know. my i had was my cell phone, computer was on my desk on the

other side of the room. andng to get information piece things together, i do not understand the full scope of what was happening. for hours, days to come. jane: but you certainly understood that 15 people in your charge were depending on you to do the right thing. and you did the right thing. sarah: yeah. ok, that was that horrible day. with your own kids, i absolutely cannot imagine. i have four children. one of them was in school on 9/11. a fairly senior member of congress done, trying to reach her on my cell phone and could not because of the cell towers that had crashed. it was terrifying. absolutely terrifying. that was day one. since then, i don't know how many days it has been, i'm sure you all know. don't know the exact count, but it is over four months. jane: 44 months, now you are an activist on this issue. how did that -- how did you

decide on day two and a three that you are not just going to have done the right thing on day one but that you were going to be active about this issue? sarah: i have always been very politically aware and very politically active in my own right. very much a feminist, always looking out for human rights. happened, i knew come as a journalism teacher and a journalist, i had a responsibility to do right by my students and our community. springs,ved in coral which is the neighboring town, since 1995. i'm a product of the byword county school system. i know these kids. i am one of these kids. i needed to do right by them. i have been very active on twitter for years. really just posting about food and my kids. and funny things. stupid means.

i used to be hilarious on twitter. now i am very serious, with political stuff. the handful of people that were following me, they were seeing what i was saying and i did not take that responsibility lightly. beyond that, as the yearbook advisor, and a journalism teacher, i had to -- whenever we would go back to school, i had to finish out the year. i had to teach my journalism kids. we were in the middle of our social media unit when everything happened. i had a yearbook to finish. when everything happened. i knew that i needed to work on things at school with the students as far as social media and the journalism and of things. but i have strong feelings to do. i had things that i wanted to say. incident, ir the

cannot tell you -- i felt like i was on a media to her. i can't tell you how many reporters in shows and radio podcasts i did. the day before, i was just a regular mom, teacher in florida. now, msnbc is calling, cnn is calling, i was on npr. i felt like i was all over the place. because of what happened. -- but is using that was using that to start to make change. i did not think of myself as an activist at that moment. but i knew something needed to change. jane: you became that comey you stepped into the moment. just the way eleanor did. different set of circumstances, but not really. bad stuff happened. she is there. to be hurt byon that bad stuff. and she had the personal courage and the passion to get involved. let's turn to rain.

for you, this has to be harder. in high school. killed andates were wounded. our condolences, obviously, to them. i am sure you knew them. what was it like for you and what helped you because you would think, i can't imagine i your age whether i would have -- i would not have had the composure that you have. >> first off, thank you. to start off talking about the beginning of that day. it was valentine's day. as we all know. that itlike to forget was on valentine's day because the day started out to be a great day. it was valentine's day. being a photo editor, being in yearbook, i took the duty to of taking valentine's day pictures. i was at lunch. i was taking pictures of emma gonzalez. i don't know if you guys know that name. [laughter] rain: she had a table set up

with the gay straight alliance club. she started giving out love proclamations. you can sign your name. while i was taking pictures of her, one of my best friends in namebook, she signed her and put my name down for the proclamation of love. it was lighthearted and people were giving out flowers. saw a we left lunch, i close friend of mine, victoria gonzalez, and the best buddies club at our school, they sell one dollar valentine's day gifts. i saw her buying gifts for her -- i can say boyfriend, because she does not like the word boyfriend. she refers to him as her soulmate. jane: it is high school. [laughter] they said it was so much more than that. was joaquind

oliver. sorry for getting emotional. sorry. i went backres, upstairs to the yearbook room, finished my lunch, and that was it. i my way to fourth period, saw my other friend, she came up to me and was about to give me a hug. i took a picture of her. she was holding a heart balloon. that was the day. i was stressed out because i had to do an essay after school. that was my biggest worry. teacher who had to leave her classroom to seek safety, that was my teacher. i was right next to miss learner. teacher, tammy are really a, she had the door open because

she wants air. was in my class. in the front, he was sitting in the front. i was sitting in the back, i wasn't paying attention. there was 20 minutes left of school. but scope. -- let's go. after he said that, the alarm went off. we go down the stairs. just as she explained, the pops went off. -- i do not react quick enough. i was in such denial for such a long time to not just then, but hours after it even happened. i turned around and i looked at my's -- my teacher. where do i go? in thewalking straight culinary teacher dragged as income even to other teachers. there was about 30, 40 -- i can't remember -- sarah: 65. rain: we were crammed.

i knew a girl in the back was having a panic attack or two couldn't breathe. i remember someone coming in saying don't worry, it is just a drill. icons myself down. i was like, guys, it's fine, we will be fine. slowly, i started getting text messages. then i got one from natasha who i took a picture of. saying one of our friends named isabel got shot. what?st i was like, then i started getting calls for my family. i got a call from my brother who is a senior at the school. he was one of the first kid to ram. the desperation in his voice. -- i wasd me in that i telling myself it was a drill. i was still in denial. my parents called me, i'm talking to my mom and saying, i am fine. i say my friend is about got shot at my mom is asking, issue going to be ok? because i didn't know.

i didn't know anything. i started crying. that is when it finally hit me. we spent more time they're sitting for hours and one student takes out a laptop he has and he turns it on to the news. comingfootage of kids up. it says at least 22 injured. all of us.nial, they said, that is probably kids injured because they started running and got trampled on to we are like, it's fine. then they started comparing this to columbine. we were like, columbine? that can't be true. time goes by. eventually swat team comes in. i run out of school and walked towards my mom. we go home. itng back to social media, was the first thing i did when i went back on. i tweeted out, i said it, i am heartbroken. i don't know what is happening. i love you guys.

then i started seeing more and more footage. friendsds, videos of my kneeling -- it was horrifying. constant updates. so-and-so is missing. so-and-so is injured. i did not contact one of my best friends because everything was happening so fast. she is one of my close neighbors. i went to her doorstep as i was like, is mattie ok? i knocked on her door. there was no answer. i looked around. i saw that there were lights. i was confused. then i went back and was like, she is probably fine. she is probably fine. she's probably also confused. same as i am. i go back on twitter and i refresh my feed. the first thing i see is a picture of mattie with her mom. it is a post from a family friend of mattie's saying please pray for mattie, she got shot three times. she needs to undergo surgery.

later that night, i learned she through heree times stomach and lungs. she broke five ribs and shattered three of them in one bullet went through her arm straight out. started texting her mom and said, issue going to be ok? she said the doctors expected a full recovery. going back to how i took photos a day. everythingr happened, we had an orientation where we went back to school to receive our belongings we left in the classrooms and talk with our teachers, friends, principal. back.left my camera in my i was not going to run with it. i didn't know what to do. the first thing i did was look at the pictures i took. you say activism. i think there are so many different ways to be an activist. art.an tweet, speak it,

i used my craft, photography, as my way of protest, almost. i posted those photos of them. it got a lot of attention on twitter. that -- thezed innocence we hide and all of us that day. how it was ripped away from us. i always compare that event to saying, it is a huge before and after my life. those photos were my last account of the before. again, i'm really proud of my peers. none of us expected this. i felt the first day was just complete confusion. the next a was grief. -- day was grief. with this whole never again thing trending -- i didn't know what was going on. they sent out reminding text. everyone tweet never again at 3:00. at 30 7 p.m., i was like, i'm late. it's ok. i didn't know what it was trying to do.

then it started gaining -- it was a huge snowball effect. everyone started getting in on this. then it turned into a march. now i am here. the support not just from our school and community, the entire country, i don't even have words. jane: two things. social media, which did not exist when eleanor was an early activist has its own momentum. second of all, i think everyone feels, and i will ask ted if he agrees with this, but the poise strength of the what led this,s not just follow this, but let here as ithe march remember reading about it, was funded by some big shots. but smartly, or maybe the kids asked for this, they were not in the forefront.

the kids were. the people on the stage where the kids. the power of this was because, first of all, you all experienced it, the core of it. second of all, you were brave. you put yourself out there. not just through using computers and all that and #this and that and what, but in a different form from the way allen or did it. but as effectively. the faces of this were your faces. asn: i think just as much people want to tweet something more right something online, it means that much more showing up much yout shows how are willing -- how far you are willing to go to continue your message. jane: you have answered that question and you are willing to go as far as you need to go. ted, i do know what your name is. [laughter] jane: you were -- you are the member of congress. for parkland. where were you and what role beingou played in either

part of the activism or receiving the activism? -- we are going next to tim and he will talk about how congress receives information. what role have you played in this and are you playing? not to debate the issue, but in the activism of the kids. ted: right. first, it is great to be here. been many, many opportunities that i have had to share a stage, a platform, a classroom with teachers and students. every time, it is an honor. look, -- by the way, just to spend a moment talking about our

ofst, there were a lot heroes on february 14. this is such a horrific tragedy. the activism that has sprung out of it has been inspiring. i will talk about that. we sometimes don't pause to reflect upon even in the midst of that awful day, the heroism that was on display all over that school. there is no better example than that then sarah. so thank you for that. [applause] really quickly, i was here. i was at a foreign affairs myring and got a text from deputy district director who's daughter is a student at stoneman douglas telling me that her daughter was locked, and

locked herself in a closet because there was a closet because there was inactive shooter on campus. -- was an active shooter on campus. i ran into the anteroom and called the sheriff who had just come out of the school. and, i will never forget, he said -- i asked him, there was not much that had been reported yet on the news. about what he had seen. he said, congressman, it is as bad as you can imagine. i did everything i could to get a flight home. i got home that night. i was at the school the next day. of activism, speak i was at the school about two weeks before the shooting, to the politics club in journalism, i did an interview with high school television reporter david hogg, which i

would still like to see, actually. sarah: we have it in the yearbook. [laughter] a bunch of the kids that have become these household that day, talked about being involved in the community. i got home and went to parkland to be with the community. immediately that this was different first of all, we knew it was different because i knew the kind of school, the community and parkland, i know the kids and teacher at the school. they were not just going to let this fall by the wayside as one more her ethics cool shooting. they were going to do something about it. rally -- there was a vigil the next night. but earlier in that afternoon, 24 hours to the minute, from the shooting, the students gathered and had ae park

moment of silence. it was very moving. afterwards, several of the students came up to me and described what they experienced and what they saw. and just grabbed my arm and said, congressman, we can't just let this happen again. we have to do something. they have been doing something about it literally every day since. i had the privilege of being there at the never again at someone's dining room table. these are, after all, high school kids. afterg around the table, they had just gotten off the phone. one of them had spoken with the justin bieber. everyone wanted to chime in and be helpful. the reason they have been so

incredible and so inspiring, you can see -- you can tell by the way rain presented herself and thereory tonight, is that is nothing more happening here than people who experienced something that is just incomprehensible to the rest of us. and decided to do something about it in the most genuine way. the reason they are so successful is because they are so real. there is no putting on a show. based on who they are and what they have experienced. jane: and they don't back down. they don't go away. they stay at it. , that theyther part did not necessarily have to do. but they are doing it. and they started immediately. there were a number of students who came up. a week after the shooting. around and they met

literally hundreds of members of congress because it did not matter what your politics were, you could not refuse a meeting. with students who had just -- you cannot say no. i am not going to make this a debate. i'm just going to describe what happened. there is nothing quite like seeing some of your young constituents set around the table with a member of the leadership of the house of representatives who was very kind to them and engage with them, and then they laid out what they were trying to accomplish and this member took out a copy of the constitution and started reading the second amendment and explaining the second amendment. response to we then see one of the students pull out his own copy of the constitution and even the decision in the heller case leaves room to what they were try. it was incredible. then we went to -- this is last

thing i will say about this -- we did a rally out at blair high school. representative raskin on short notice helped pull this thing together. there were about 1000 students. there,as there, i was the principal and may be a teacher or two. everyone else in the room was a student. a high school student. everyone. jane: that is the magic. ted: i have never seen anything like these students. you had a group from parkland, you had a group from maryland mdc and virginia sitting on the stage together. they took turns going back and forth where one would say we will be the generation that ends gone viral to the annexed would say where the generation that brings change. we are going to be the generation that leaves everyone to vote. every time they did it, there was this war from the crowd. it was incredible. day -- a weekt big event, the

big town hall meeting took place. look, the reason that i think this really took office because there was a town hall meeting that gave the world the opportunity to see what this community was like, what they students were like. the fact that they were willing to say things that lots of people may think but nobody would ever think of saying on national tv. and it came from such a powerfully genuine place. that's propelled this movement or the march. what they are doing now, going from city to city to register voters is remarkable. get into me let tim this conversation and we have to get to question spirit you will have time. tim, you were a member of congress for a long time, as we all were, are. republican -- i will vouch for him.

a wonderful republican. tim: i am in trouble now. [laughter] this better be good, tim. you have seen a lot of this. you are not in congress for this particular chapter. but you have seen a lot. what are your thoughts and maybe you personally were an activist or are? what are your thoughts about this? did youds of messages receive -- what were the messages that moved you during your long congressional career? who were the messages conveying those messages? tim: let me say one or two things quickly. first of all, this is occurring in context. it is worth mentioning, and that is the constitution that you talked about. we are very fortunate in this country that we do have the right to petition our government and the freedom of association. you are exercising both of those rights. you might even one of these days get people who are giving your

contributions and engage someone who will petition the government professionally for you. called a lobbyist. which has a bad reputation. jane: or they may be in congress themselves. tim: we all belong to associations in america. don't all have the same views. where we serve, it is called the people's hope. there is a reason for that. the focus of each representative is very much on the national issues. but also in how it will effect of the people in their district and what they think of this and how they will react. difficulties with an issue such as the one we have been discussing is it has very broad general support. that does not translate into -- translated into votes. whereas the narrow percentage of people does translate into votes.

are not onlyople listening to the majority, they are listening to the depths of concern as well. i could give examples of that, i don't know if i should. maybe i will. one of them -- of our colleagues, peter smith, from vermont, a moderate republican, voted for moderate gun control legislation. he was defeated by bernie sanders who is a socialist opposed-- and bernie peter on the gun issue. it turned out that liberals were not willing to vote for a moderate republican who supported them on the gun issue the conservative gun owners were willing to vote for a socialist who supported them on that issue. ted: that is a revelation for a lot of people in the crowd. it is. it makes a big difference. if you could collect the or 10,000 of 5000

people in a congressional district of people who said they had been voting democratic but they would vote for a republican who supported you on that issue, you might pick up a few people across the aisle. in fact, it has turned out that people, who for a variety of reasons, support gun rights, for them, it is a very deep issue. will influence their vote to wear as people who support gun control have a lot of other issues and wouldn't -- when push comes to shove and it gets down to voting, it is not historically translated into that people have discovered that in the political process. virginia and i were in england talking with college students there. this issuerm come of came up. they could not understand american gun laws. district.ted a rural

i did a poll once in my district and 80% of people were in favor for some sort of gun control to the 20% for them -- it was a huge issue. for it but they were not going to vote on the base of that issue. this is the kind of thing that makes issues like this difficult. and frustrating. and of course, as you know, it is not really only guns, for example. it is mental health, it is a whole variety of issues that are involved in something like this. but it certainly would be helpful if we could -- if you ark hard and develop consensus around doing something positive in this area. jane: i think that is very helpful. i was remembering as he spoke that my first term in congress was in 1992, the so-called year of the woman. imagine that. that was a time when a number of

women in the house -- here comes the questions -- doubled, not from a big number to a still small number. but when two senators were elected. ,nd to be women from california they were dianne feinstein and barbara boxer. diane is still there. in 1993, she authored the assault weapons ban. which was a bill to ban civilian ownership of assault weapons. for 10 years. it passed the house. i don't know whether any republicans voted for it. i don't remember that. the results of that vote plus one other vote for a budget that president clinton proposed was that the democrats lost the house. last the majority. tom fully, who was the speaker of the house, and came from a rural district, and supported

this assault weapons ban, lost his own personal election. it was a big deal. for people on the other side of the issue. hisn't know whether district was overwhelmingly democrat where it wasn't, but anyway, he lost. newt gingrich became those speaker. 10 years later when this bill expired, it was not renewed. the assault weapons ban no longer existed. let me make one other comment and we will go to these questions. this is really good. i was remembering for some of 1960's. not just the activism around civil rights but the fact that president kennedy, the motivation for me to enter politics later, but i actually literally went to the democratic convention in los angeles in 1960. i was a kid. publicup in l.a., a school kids, went to the convention, got on the floor, saw him nominated, and was an speech. his

that is when i fell in love with politics. he was assassinated in 1963. brutal event for the country. in 1968, martin luther king and robert kennedy were assassinated. it was a lot of tv footage about the kennedy assassination and the fact that the country came out and stood on the train tracks as his body was moved from new york where his funeral was to washington where he is buried. through this, your experience was more personal. at this felt pretty personal too. -- but this felt pretty personal too. we will start with, can rain tell us what her pins has on her shirt? [laughter] it said love. it is the coldplay logo. i got this a couple weeks after everything happened. there was a mini march that we had at the art in parkland -- at

the park in parkland to another nearby park. we had our signs and everything. we spent the afternoon chanting. that is where i got it. jane: another question for the elected officials. tim mentioned this in passing. professional lobbyists obtain successes in congress. some examples are in this. at the -- as a congressperson, how do you experience these professional lobbyists? what is the key to their success? i really think you ought to take this. almost everyone has a lobbyist, believe or not, probably in this room in the country, belongs to a church. a lot of them have people who lived there. if you are an environmentalist, certainly most businesses, one way or the other, have lobbyists.

reputation. they serve an important function in the working of our government. because you have a lot of .ompeting interests we have hearings in order to deal with this issue. but we don't invite people to come and testify with different perspectives. a lot of them are lobbyists. they are representing the interest of their group and saying how they will be heard by something that another group is trying to do. through that process, you can accommodations that enable us to move forward. one of the reasons for gridlock is that people are less willing to listen and see if there is crossover in some areas where you can get something done, because of some polarization of the country. that isthink the part not in the question but it should be added in some of these lobby groups have a lot of money. the way our system networks with

recent supreme court decisions, you can basically, through political action committees and super pac's another indirect ways, contribute a lot of money in a political race. these lobby groups can be on any side of an issue. tim is right. the are not all lobbying on gun issues. some are environmental groups. some are union groups. if a they provide a lot of money to a member of congress, it may skew the information that the person is willing to receive. on either side of the issue. and feed of the partisanship that we have. they are trying to get to changes in gun law. the most effective lobbying is lobbyists -- jane: it sounds ugly but the point is your educating congress. tim: school systems have lobbyists.

the truth is if you are a representative, you will be very sensitive to businesses in your district. it is true that politics cost money and there is a problem with both parties with moving forward. peopleh they raise from from business to the khamenei. that is something that desperately needs to be addressed. havingle system, association and being able to hire lawyers and other people to effectively address issues really is very important in the working of a complicated economy that we have in the nine states. -- in the united states. ted: two things. one, there is the issue of lobbyists. it is the issue of money that is

overwriting -- that is the overriding factor. as the lead sponsor, which would get money out of politics, i have spent a lot of time looking at all of the ways that money has a really pernicious influence on the way washington works. eleanor is right. there is no better advocate than someone who comes with a personal story. there is no more powerful personal story than the stories that we are hearing out of parkland. i understand the way the wisdom has been to historically, on the gun issue, there are the single issue voters and the only care about gun rights and the people who care about gun safety and all of the steps we can take that are widely supported, but

-- except in congress -- that the bill,orters of they have lots of other things they care about too. afterhat i have seen stoneman douglas, that is changing. there is a generation of young people for whom gun safety is now a defining issue. it will matter for them. if they are not old enough to vote, they are making it matter to their families. i am convinced in the upcoming election, there are seats throughout the country where you are going to have to decide which side you are on in this debate. i would not want to be on the side of the gun companies when i have got students like rain coming in to represent the other side. by the way, one less thing about parkland. it is a really powerful combination of the students and what some of the families who

lost loved ones have done since the shooting has been remarkably powerful. whether it is direct advocacy for changing the laws, or foundations that have been started to focus on school safety, on mental health, whatever the issue is, there is an incredible amount of positive change that even with the grief they are dealing with, these families are expensive. jane: right. several of these questions are -- i asked this in a different way -- about how you are empowered to act. role focus on what teachers played. in an you. in one case, this is a government teacher who asked, what advice do each of you have for teachers as to how best to empower our students to be motivated and effective activists? last -- let's ask you, sarah. sarah: i think it is important

for teachers to realize and be very aware that their students have a voice. they have opinions. and they are not just the kids who sit in front of you. they have valuable things to say. and valuable thoughts. and plans, hopes, dreams, all of those things that we try and foster in our students. event happens like this committee you really see what these kids are made of. two kind of piggyback on what ted has said -- i hope it is ok that i called you ted -- [laughter] what has come out of it came as feel like a surprise for the rest of the nation. outspokenids are so and articulate and they have it all together. but we knew that. the whole time. because these are the same kids

because argue with them they have an 89 and they want that 90. they are very persistent in their arguments. they don't always get it, but you know, the draw is not fair. delaney was in my classroom every morning before school. emma gonzales was in my class as a junior. i know these kids. see them have a voice, to see them have this platform, knowing that we as their teachers support them and encourage them and work with them, it is important for all teachers to do that. whether it is a huge issue like this or something small happening at your school. this is what we are trained to do. jane: good answer. changing the subject a bit, we talked about the fact that social media is a driver of

change that was not available to some of us back in the day. it is here. and you have said, rain, that you are very active on social media both in the world of classroom at the horrible moment of that evening and since. about theion is riverside. what about backlash on social media? how does somebody like you deal with that? i assume there are people out there who have counter messaging that is very personal to you. it is probably -- i don't want to put words in your mouth, but how do you deal with that? rain: as we were talking about earlier, social media is a double-edged sword. i have received a lot more support than i have backlash. if i do get backlash, it is usually people who are commenting as a troll. speaking for me, almost. that, ie people who say

keep reading and i are must respond and i'm like, i don't have time for the energy for that. that is not what i'm here to do. i'm not here to argue and speak over someone. i am here to share my platform, share my views. and hope that everyone else can agree with me and see that my side for my beliefs are worth noticing. going back to how we were talking about articulate speaking and things like that, i was not surprised because i was in a classroom -- david was in the corner -- i saw him filming and someone had a flashlight. what are you doing? it spurred into what it is now. i am going to going to the teacher thing. i think for teachers, it is be there with your students. just uplift their voices as much as you can. my environmental teacher, she went with me to tallahassee for five days after everything happened to go and speak to our senators and our representatives. buildingr there and

the stronger bond -- a change my relationship with her. i choosek to backlash, to ignore it. i don't have the energy for that. and i'll think any of us do. jane: that is a very mature reaction. okay. in one minute, we will do that. let me get -- and i do think that is a very mature reaction on your part, there is lots more to ask. here is one. again, this is to you, rain. do you worry that your team supporters will lose interest in the cause that we are talking about? perhaps due to the distraction of social media, and two other life experiences? rain: at first, i did a lot. me, for us and

parkland, it was different because it was personal. slowly, i started getting messages from other students explaining how much we inspire them in motivated them. inwent to a convention california and we were passing by and looking at the journalism from other schools. we saw that almost every single magazine or newspaper had a story talking about how they marched or protested. what they did, what their response was. -- if we continue to do what we are doing now, i don't think they will lose interest. are looking to us. we are continuing and we will not stop. i don't think they will either. i quickly speak to the assumption in that question that i think a lot of people have had before this. the suggestion that, don't you think they will get distracted and go back into snapchat? snapchat. [laughter]

the narrative that existed before this happened, witches, oh, these high school kids, they are busy -- busy staring at their screens all day long. there are on snapchat and instagram. they are playing fortnight. they are not paying attention to anything ongoing or anything going on around them. then this happened. is the have realized whole time they were on their andes, they were building participating in this community that gives them reach in their own local area and around the country and the world that we never could have imagined. they is why i am confident will not get sucked back into all the distractions. jane: i want to call on martin frost in one minute. there is one other question in a different area. i am sorry if i'm not fair to

all of you. there are a lot of questions. maybe this is for you, eleanor, whether there is -- not that this issue is resolved, if it will shed light on the black lives matter issue which is not the same issue as a school inoting, but it is an issue the same genre. is there a spillover, do you think, and do you think it is health law that these kids are out there? it is a different group of people, but it is really -- look who black lives matter are. it is not my generation. it is not quite parkland generation. edit his young people. showing that there is a general understanding and the society that nothing happens without activism.

that is the most important element of a democracy that you think that what you are doing can somehow affect a very large issue. werefrican-americans who bona fide second-class citizens in this country, to take that enormous turn that this country could change. if that to could happen in that generation that produced the civil rights statute, it seems to me it is a lesson for every single generation of young people. what have we see no? --now? it has gotten down to the youngest among us who are -- who have taken the most serious issue into their own hands, issues that generations before

them have systematically failed, and gotten the attention of the country in a renewed interest, in a renewed effort, to move perhaps the most difficult issue in our country today. yes, it does. i just want to make this point about activism. then martin, please come and in theout this issue same bandwidth. maybe you can close this program. this is the most recent and possibly the most effective story about activism, activism has been going on in our country since its founding. activists founded our country. and wrote to the founding documents, many of which are in this building, and we would not have a country without activism. we would not have the change, not enough,hange,

but we would not have the social change we have to we would not have the right to vote. women would not be in congress. that is for darn sure without activism. panel iske about this there is a historical precedent. it did not just start on valentine's day. not to minimize what you have done since valentine's day. i really applaud everyone who is on this panel and who is active and everyone in this audience. raise your hand if you are an activist. [laughter] jane: raise your hand if you're not an activist. [laughter] jane: ok. i have made my point. martin, why don't you, incoming president martin frost, close this down but make your point? this was an extraordinary panel. i want to thank everyone for participating. i want to take a minute to share with you a personal example during my career as a congressman where citizen activism made a great deal of difference.

was aears ago, there was-year-old girl who kidnapped, molested, and murdered in my district. as congressman often do, i went sympathies.y this was a blue-collar neighborhood. i said, what can i do to help? they said you can go back to washington and make sure that this does not happen to other children. they urged me to have a law passed increasing tunnel'tis against child molesters. then, i worked with a group of citizens and with local media what percent, to create now is the amber alert. the little girls name was amber. i was the author of the national amber alert legislation. which was because a group of average citizens committees were not people with any money at all, came to their congressman and said,

congressman, could you make a difference? and working with other members of congress i was able to do that. there are a lot of examples. everyone has some degree -- some examples where the average citizen, not the money people, made an impact on their career and on the people they represent. i want to thank all of you for participating today. it was a great discussion. thank you. [applause] jane: thank you all for coming. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2017] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] you're watching american history tv. 48 hours of programming on american history every weekend on c-span3. twitter, at c-span history for information on our schedule and to keep up with the latest history news. c-span's washington

journal, live every day with news and policy issues that impact you. coming up sunday morning, we will look at the recent nato trump'snd president upcoming meeting with russian president vladimir putin. with neck allen of the daily telegraph and fabian rhein bowl of store news. and author mark hamill binder and her joins us from los angeles to talk about his new book "the brink, president reagan the nuclear war scare of 1983." c-span's washington journal, live, beginning at 7:00 a.m. eastern, sunday morning. join the discussion. this weekend on american history tv, historians on d-day films and the directors process of creating them, this is from the national world war ii museum which marked the 20th anniversary of the saving private ryan film release. here's a preview. it is amazing looking at the

film how our ideas of acting have changed, what realism looks like, has changed. and how the emphasis of hollywood has changed. the things hollywood wants to talk about has changed. i think the biggest change is in the representation of the enemy. 1962, it wasich necessary because the germans where the allies of the west to talk about germany in a compassionate way, and to make an intent to understand the german position. if you compare that to saving private ryan, i would say germans in saving private have more in common with the orcs and lord of the rings than the in the that you see longest day. i also think it is important that in the longest day, there is an emphasis on the allies. but the french and the british thegiven equal standing in

telling of the story. in fact, there were more british troops used in d-day than u.s. troops. one of not -- this is the absences in saving private ryan. there is not an attempt to talk about the british experience. there's a dismissive line about how horrible the general was. saving private ryan was serving the united that states had in the mid-90's which did not include acknowledging and affirming alliances. it was more about going alone. me, the longest day looks outward and forward and saving private ryan looks backward and inward. both of those are valid directions to look. they both have consequences that shape the way in which the film is put together.

>> next, university of connecticut professor man nisha a class about the reconstruction era of the civil war. different ways historians have interpreted this either as a success or failure since did it not achieve african-americans. about 1:15. prof. sinha: today we are going to be talking about reconstruction. what is reconstruction? it is the period immediately after the civil war, why is it