latest book "blood and ivy: the 1849 murder that scandalized harvard." and saturday night at 8:00 p.m. eastern a class by rutgers university professor jefferson decker on the history of the environmental movement and laws and litigation regarding natural resources. and sunday night at 8:00 from our weekly look at the presidency, harry truman's russia policy, which became known as the cold war. after he outlined his plan to contain communism during an address to congress in 1947. next on american history tv, current and former members of congress and a student and teacher who were present during the school shooting at majory douglas high school in parkland, florida, discuss citizen movements and their influence on policymakers. the panel compares the 1960's isil rights movement with more recent protests, including the aftermath of the parkland high school shooting.

this national archives event is about 90 minutes. >> citizen engagement and sifg lit racy has been molded into the work we do at the national archives. our mission statement declares we strive to cultivate public participation. we firmly believe in public access to government records and such access strengthens democracy by allowing americans to claim their rights of citizenship, hold their government accountable and understand their history so they can participate more effectively in their government. the records we preserve belong to all americans and they have the right to examine them and use them. the constitution of the united states, which we publicly display in the rotunda, proclaims the privacy of the people in its opening words, we the people. another open document has many examples of we the people. how we have asserted our rights, campaigned for justice and

petitioned our government. all of us at the national archives take our roles as caretakers of america's records seriously and we're proud the work we do every day preserves our documentary heritage for generations to come. i'll turn you over now to martin frost of the united states association of former members of congress, who will introduce tonight's panelists. martin frost served 26 years as a congressman from the 24th district of texas from 1979 to 2005. during that time he served eight years in the house democratic leadership, four years as chairman of the democratic congressional campaign committee and four years as chair of the house democratic caucus. he was a member of the house rules committee and the house budget committee. since leaving congress, he served four years as chair for national endowment for democracy and incoming president of the u.s. association of former members of congress. he's an adjunct professor in the george washington university

graduate school of political management and holds journalism and history degrees from the university of missouri and a law degree from georgetown. ladies and gentlemen, please welcome martin frost. [ applause ] >> well, thank you, david. it's good to be back. the former members of congress in partnership with the archives has a series of events like this. and y'all have been great to help us put these on. i think people here tonight will find it interesting. people watching it, streaming it online and people in the audience. before we hear from the truly outstanding panelists who volunteered their time to share their personal stories of civic engagement with you tonight, i'd like to share a quick work about our association, the former members of congress. as fmc, we bring together a bipartisan group of over 600 former representatives and senators who worked together in

a bipartisan manner on a wide variety of projects. deepening the understanding of our democratic system and encouraging public service. as an association we've become extremely concerned about the lack of civic education in this country. whether you agree or disagree with our panelists on the issues they advocate, their engagement as citizens is based on civic education they've learned and especially the engagement we see from our guests today. the -- i'm going to walk through -- i'm going to walk through who's on the panel and then they'll all come in at once. and our panel will look to examine how from civil rights to parkland individuals from different generations, backgrounds and platforms have taken a stand on issues near and dear to their hearts. all while becoming active and

vocal citizens. we ask that our audience respect that discussion. we'll focus on the issues of civic learning and engagement, not about particular issues like gun control or race relations. it is the -- in the interest of time and given how large our panel is this evening, we've asked you to write down any questions you may have for our panelists on note cards provided for you. staff members will circle the auditorium and collect those questions later in the program. finally, if what our panelists share tonight resonates with you in any way, i encourage you to visit former members of congress website and find out more about our programming. now, having said that, it is my great pleasure to introduce, to reside the moderator for tonight's discussion, former congressman from california, jane harman, one of the truly outstanding members of congress that i served with. jane became the first woman director, president and ceo of

the woodrow wilson center after serving nine terms in the house of representatives. her dedication to public service is exempary. she served in president carter's administration, was a member of the armed services, homeland and is recognized worldwide as an expert on security and public policy issues. jane will be tonight's guide during our conversation on how citizens of our country have helped shape our democracy. joining are panelists ellen holmes norton will be one of those panelists. congresswoman norton, in addition to serving sh terms in the house of representatives came into public life as a civil rights and feminist leader and a tenured professor of law. a third generation washingtonian she spent her legal career protecting women's rights and

free speech. also on the panel will be former congressman tim petri until his retirement from the u.s. house of representatives at the end of 113th congress. he was a senior member of both the transportation and infrastructure committees and the committee on education and workforce. known for his innovative, creative solutions to government problems, representative petri included student loan reform, the federal highway program, cost sharing for federal water projects, taxes and health care. he will bring the perspective of a long-term republican congress member who had to face the same type of lobbying that democratic members face in dealing with issues facing our country. then is sarah lerner, a teacher

at majory stoneman douglas high school. this is sarah's 16th year of teaching, having taught at lion's middle school, south plantation high school previously. she has been a majory stoneman douglas high school since 2014. sarah has received honors from the florida scholastic press association, national scholastic press association as well as the columbia scholastic press association, the four yearbooks sarah has produced at mortgagy stoneman douglas high school have all been nationally recognized and entered into the wallsworth gallery of excellence. she historically watched over 15 students in a locked classroom when a gunman attacked her school last february. and then last, but not least, is rain valladares who just

finished her junior year at majory douglas stoneman high school. she's been on the yearbook staff for three years and photo editor. as a senior she'll continue as photo editor and become the editor-in-chief. along with her work as yearbook editor, rain has taken five advanced placement classes, has been involved in national honor society, teen trendsetters and the spanish club. she plans to study photo journalism in college. the photographs rain made of her classmates in the hours before the attack on her school are simply stunning and have received national attention. it is my privilege to have you all on the stage with us this evening. please, join us and welcoming this outstanding panel as they enter the hall. [ applause ]

>> i hope the mike is on. can everybody hear me? good evening, i'm jane harman. this is an exciting panel. i gather we will be joined a little later by congressman ted deutch from the parkland district. if he comes, and if he wants to, we'll add him to our happy group because he has stories, obviously, to tell, too. let me just make a few opening comments and then you'll hear, i think, an amazingly interesting set of stories from activists who were and are extremely effective. we will -- the last speaker will be tim petri. his -- just to warn you, as a former member of congress, too, he will talk about the ways in which congress receives information or doesn't receive

information and some of the lessons learned. it's a pleasure to participate in an event with the national archives. i'm sure you've all been here. i was realizing how long it's been since i've been here. the documents in this place how us all why this democratic, with a small "d" experiment in america has been so successful and is so important. similarly congress is part of that experiment. as the article i branch of government -- there are three branches. article i means that congress really has to be first. has to lead. and sometimes it does, sometimes it doesn't. but these stories will help illuminate some of the better times in united states congress. i would say, and i don't know

that -- i hope i don't offend my dear friend eleanor. this is not one of congress's better times. this has nothing to do with her abilities, which is enormous, but it has to do with the ability of the institution as an institution to get things done. toxic partisanship is a big problem. and i think we all pay a price for that. including the people who work there. but we'll tell some of the good stories tonight. the way we will do this, and martin said this, is within an historical context. we will start with eleanor's stories. not because she may be one of the more -- a person with more life experience on this stage along with tim and me, but because she was -- i didn't mess that up too bad, but because in terms of timing the activism she first engaged in before she ran for congress, and still engages

in, came first. so, we'll go into that we will then -- i may ask a few questions along the way and then we're taking written questions from you, which will be given to me and i will be happy to ask them. just a few more points. one, the importance of bipartisanship. though i'm a democrat, i have always called myself a charter member of the bipartisan party. since what mattered to me, and i think what mattered to all of us in congress, was putting the congress first. sadly, the business model of congress doesn't do that. it's not the people. very good people serve in congress, in my view, in both parties. and very good staff serves in congress in both parties but the problem is that the -- the goal of the business model rather than solving problems is to blame the other side for not solving problems.

and as a bipartisan here, i will say both parties play this game and the country loses. if you are bipartisan these days, that means you get a primary challenge. and it's very unfortunate for all of us that that seems to be the model. all of us can change it if we are active. this is the point, and pitch the right messages to the right people in both parties. and i think we're going to learn that. congress also is not, i would say, a learning institution. why is that? because people are too busy. i was visiting a senior member of senate today. he said, thank you for coming up here. i don't have time to learn about the issue. the issue i was talking when, you might be interested s about a summit that was convened by the trump administration last june, a year ago. vice president pence went and john kelly, who was then the secretary of homeland security,

went, as did the head -- the enter of the inter-american development bank and some others. the summit was held in florida. the point of this summit was to figure out how the united states could help the governments of the central american countries, which are the drivers of this migration through mexico into the united states. that is -- as we all know, that's been the top of the news for the last weeks. and the trump administration had a good idea. invest in developing political capacity in these countries, help reduce corruption and crime from the drug cartels and stimulate business in this country. who would be against that? nobody. actually, congress funds some of that. however, this summit occurred a year ago and there was a report with recommendations. and no one is focusing on it.

so, i went to see a senior member of the senate to suggest that, perhaps, this person who has jurisdiction over some aspects of latin america on his role of the senate foreign relations committee might hold a hearing or come down to the wilson center, this nonpartisan think tank that i had, and address this issue. it just hasn't been addressed. it should be focused on. it certainly, if done right, and the administration's initiative, it certainly would add some value and help the country solve a very serious problem. so, this evening, as you heard from martin frost, we are not debating the merits of the various issues you'll hear about. we are probing the advocacy that was behind presenting these issues to congress and how those who advocated effectively did it

and how, perhaps, what they did would have to be done a little differently in this century than it was done in the last century. we'll start with congresswoman ellen holmes norton, who i met in her advocacy days way back when. i'll make a point. i think martin was saying there are 600 former members of congress. did you know that since the beginning of time there have been about 10,500 members of congress. guess how many of them were female? under 500. that is still the current statistic. so it is with great pride that i would like to welcome one of my former sisters, eleanor holmes norton. >> thank you, jane. >> the question, eleanor, is,

you were a civil rights advocate in various guises. what turned you onto the issues, plural, what did you do and how do you -- looking back on your own activism, how do you measure your effectiveness? >> well, it's important to recognize that congress is not a self-executing body. that puts a great burden on the citizens. if you want anything done through law and your country. now, i'm a native washingtonian, third generation washingtonian. grew up in the city. was one of the last graduates of a segregated school system. because brown versus board of education came just as i was graduating from dunbar high school. so, my own experience with

segregation, not only discrimination, everything was segregated in your nation's capital, except the buses downtown and the department stores. african-americans couldn't try on clothes. this was a southern city. so, having grown up with segregation, i was really ready for the civil rights movement. so a lot has to do with your moment in time. and i was going to college just as the civil rights movement was bursting forward, particularly as a student movement. i was a member of what was known as snic, the student nonviolating coordinating committee. the isil rights movement has about six major organizations of which sncc is one. my colleague, john lewis, and i were both in sncc at the same time. so, it gives me great joy to see

students even younger than we were, taking the initiative on a major issue in our country. and i must say, given their age, high school students, the first time i have ever seen high school students essentially start a national movement. we in sncc were part of an overall movement. there was the naacp, any number of organizations. we had the march on washington that was led by adults. what happened in parkland, florida, is very different. these students came to washington and had a big demonstration. they were in charge. they have stimulated one of the toughest issues to get the congress to focus on.

in fact, if i may say so, i can think of no tougher issue. and yet if you had a pin and you pricked it, you really ought to be able to do something about it. for example, and there are very few statistics like this, about 97% of the american people are for background checks for guns. that's -- that's not hard. it says something about the way our country was set up. it's hard to get even easy things done. the way our country was set up by founders who didn't much believe that the central government could do very much, was to make it difficult for the central government to do very much. and that was back then in the 18th century. and 19th century. but when you have to pass bills,

unlike the way bills are passed in europe, in a parliamentary system, where whoever runs the government makes the laws, has the majority, if you have a wholly different system that says even if you want to get a bill where 97% of the american people are for you, you've got to go through the house, you've got to go through the senate. they each have cumbersome rules. and then you've got to get the president to sign it. there is something new on the scene. that is this student movement. essentially the challenge to the house of representatives, where i serve, is can they get the congress to do what nobody before then has been able to do? they have shown longevity. they haven't just had a demonstration here and got everybody excite the.

so, i would answer that question, even given how difficult it is to get things done in congress, that the students led by the parkland, t people can make the old-fashioned congress do something important in our country, and that is have common sense gun safety laws. i very much thank them for their leadership. >> appreciate that, but you were vetty effective, too. we're going to hear from the parkland teacher and student in a minute, but, eleanor, back in the day, john lewis and you and others were extraordinary leaders at a young age for congress to do something about racial discrimination, and congress actually did a lot about racial discrimination back in the day. a president, lyndon johnson particularly cared about this. i remember this, and in the

early '70s i was a staffer in the senate. i was a chief counsel of the senate subcommittee on constitutional rights, and we were able to extend and expand the voting rights act, and it was tricky, procedurally tricky because the chairman of the senate judiciary committee at the time jim eastland of mississippi was an avoid segregationist, but we didn't do this by ourselves. there was enormous pressure from outside so in your snic days and later you were the head of the equal opportunity commission, what did you do then to get congress to move? >> well, as a young person with segregation still in place, you mentioned the voting rights act. there's also -- that's the 1965 voting rights act. there's the 1964 civil rights act, and i got through college in time to head the equal

employment opportunity commission that i was in the streets trying to get, and there was the 1968 fair housing act. >> yes, so were you in the streets. >> in the streets. >> it was a different time. >> in the streets. >> you took enormous personal risks. walking across the pettus bridge, most people know that story. were you there when john -- >> i didn't watch across the pettus bridge. >> he got his head beat in. >> we were among the students who sat in. i don't want you to think that the risks were so great. if they were so great we were young and foolish enough not to regard sitting in a place that you weren't supposed to be as a risk, and that does say something about our country, that even with segregation in place we believed that we would somehow survive what we called nonviolent resistance. so i have enormous -- and the parkland students are far more sophisticated. they have something we didn't have, social media.

i mean, i'm on every social media platform, and there wasn't any such thing. so imagine what they are going to be able to do with this issue that we had to do by putting our bodies on the line and saying, okay, you've got to arrest me because that's the only way i can make a point. >> you know, how did you -- not everybody did what you did? even people growing up in the segregated -- in this segregated town or segregated south who were the victims of discrimination. wouldn't necessarily put their bodies at risk. i mean, what motivated you personally to do this? how did you have the courage to do it? >> well, i really think growing up in the nation's capital, a segregated city, and, understand, it was a city where people -- black people worked in the bowels of the government but that meant that they had to have some college education. >> yeah. >> so there was some great consciousness if you grew up in

this city. i am the great-great-granddaughter of a runaway slave from virginia, and that consciousness which is replicated among african-americans in the district, people who had a high consciousness did not live in the old south which would have been even more risky but lived in the nation's capital, so in a real sense i just could not wait for the civil rights movement. i was ready for it before it happened, and that has a lot to do with going rowing up in the where we are now in the nation owes capital. >> it had a lot to do with activism. you could not wait, a you had great opportunities. you went to yale law school. do i remember this right? so you had this fancy law degree. you probably -- back in the day, i remember this. women lawyers weren't getting a lot of job offers, but you probably had a cushy option, and

instead you chose academics. >> by that time the civil rights -- that's why i say young and foolish. i had already been in. >> what she did was very courageous, and i'm sure everyone agrees with me, and we will talk about this issue, too, but when you did it, very -- >> what had not been done -- there had not been an activist movement since the labor movement, and that was before i was born, so the country was not used to seeing people get up on their hind legs and demand something and expect to get some response. who does that? who does that? people who are desperate enough so they really don't have many other options, and when does it first? and i think that's an important point to bear in mind. it is not unusual for activism

to be begin among the very young, not people who have children or people who have responsibilities but people who, if you will forgive me, have nothing to lose and who make it possible for the rest of us to have everything to gain. i was born at the right time to be in -- in such a generation, and it has helped me prepare for everything else i have done in my life. >> there we go. >> including run for congress. >> and if you haven't done all this crazy stuff, maybe you wouldn't have had the gumtiptio to run for congress which is a pretty big move in case you missed it. you put yourself out there and even if you have a yale degree and someone comes up and feels very comfortable saying i don't like you, i don't want you. it's not exactly a warm and fuzzy experience to be merchandise and have people have opinions that may not be based on your merit. then some other people love you have, and you may not deserve that either, but my point is

it's a brave thing to do, to be an activist. it is a brave thing to do, and you were very effective at it, and then you parlay that into an extremely lock so far political career where you are also out there doing brave things. so i just think we're going to move on here, but i -- i just personally want to salute you. >> thank you very much. [ applause ] >> so, now, we're going to talk to sarah and rain. oh, there he is. this is peter deutch. >> ted deutch. >> congressman ted deutch who i know well. >> peter deutch is in a band i think. >> tom petri. hi, ted. >> hi. >> ted is the congressman for sarah and rain, and we we are

going to hear hair stories and now that you're here we're delighted you're here and what we want you to talk about is activism. where does it come, from and how do we do it effectively? we are addressing the gun safety issue but we're not debating the gun safety issue. we're discussing activism, and as eleanor was saying before you got here it was an astonishingly impressive performance -- performance is not fair. astonishingly impressive act from the heart of students and teachers who went through an absolutely horrific experience, not the first and not the last in our country. but the most recent horrific experience. so i don't know which one of you wants to start, but, please, talk about not just the incident and what you did, but, you know,

how you personally -- well, let's start with you, sarah, because you're the one who barricaded yourself in the room and saved a bunch of kids. how did you do that? >> well, it was a normal wednesday at school. i was giving a quiz to my seniors in my english class, and the fire alarm went off and we all kind of looked at each other in confusion because we had just had a fire drill in the morning, so they were taking a quiz on "1984," very happy to leave the room and i'm like all right, let's go. i grabbed my phone and my keys. we went outside, and i had about 25 students with me, and we heard what sounded like fire crackers, and then i saw people running and knew it couldn't have been firecrackers, so i got back upstairs to my classroom and i ended up with five from my class. everyone else had kind of just scattered like cockroaches, and i had ten come to me from the

classroom next door because their teacher, who is a friend of mine, gone to another classroom for safety, and i let them in. i locked the door and we sat in the room and we waited and waited and waited, and we were in the room for about two and a half hours, until the s.w.a.t. team came in. very nice, very large armed men, you know, let themselves into my classroom, and, i mean, i'm 38 now. i was 37 when it happened. i realize i look like i'm 12 but i had to identify myself as the teacher in the classroom, and i -- you know, i had to open the closets so they could see what was inside and then we grabbed whatever belongings they would allow us to grab and kind of serpentined through campus to avoid the building and, you know, go a different route, and we made it off campus. i went -- we were kind of

shuttle bussed to a local hotel where we met with police and fbi. i gave my statement and then i met up with my husband hand my son. my parents had my daughter. >> was your son at the same school? >> my son is -- well, just finished sixth grade. he's in the middle school next door, so while i'm sitting in my classroom i, you know -- once i realized what was going on i sent a text to my husband and to my mom. there's an active shooter on campus. i'm okay, and then maybe five, ten minutes later my son texted me. mom, i'm scared. what's going on? we're on lockdown. so to have to tell your 12-year-old son i'm okay. i'm not shot is horrible. no one should ever have to say that at all, but, you know, he had never been on a lockdown before, and, you know, i needed to assure him that i was okay and i was safe and he was where he needed to be and he was in the safest place. listen to your teachers.

do what you need to do. i'm okay. you know, and then anyone who has ever had my phone number was texting me. most of the information i was receiving was coming from the outside. that's how i found out that he had been apprehended. i just -- i didn't know. all i had with me was my cell phone. my computer was on my desk on the other side of the room and, you know, trying to get information and piece things together i didn't understand the full scope of what was happening for hours or days to come. >> but you certainly understood that is a people in your charge were depending on you to do the right thing and you did the right things. >> yeah. >> yeah. >> but, okay, that was -- that was that horrible day, and with your own kids, you know, i -- i absolutely can't imagine because i have four children and one of them was in school here on 9/11 and i was a fairly senior member of congress then trying to reach her on my cell phone and could not because the cell towers had

crashed, and it was terrifying, just absolutely terrifying, so that was day one. since then i don't know how many days it's been. i bet you all do. how many days has it been? >> i don't know the exact count, but it's over four months. >> but for four months now you are an activist on this issue. >> mm-hmm. >> and how did that -- how did you decide on day two and day three that you were not just going to have done the right thing on day one but that you were now going to be active about this issue? >> i've always been very politically aware and very politically active in my own right, you know, very much a feminist. always looking out for human rights, and when everything happened i knew as a journalism teacher and a journalist i had a responsibility to do right by my students and our community. you know, i've lived in coral springs which is a neighboring town since 1995. i'm a product of the broward

county school system. so i -- you know, i know these kids. i am one of these kids. >> right. >> and so i needed to do right by them, and, i mean, i've been very active on twitter for years. really just posting about food and like my kids and funny things, like stupid memes. like, i used to be hilarious on twitter and now it's just very serious political stuff. >> right. >> you about i knew that for the handful of people who were following me, they were seeing what i was saying, and i didn't take that responsibility lightly. beyond that as the year book adviser and a journalism teacher i had to -- whenever we would go back to school i had to finish out the year and i had to teach my journalism kids and we were in the middle of our social media unit when everything happened, and i had a year book to finish when everything

happened, so i knew that i needed to work on things at school with the students as far as social media and, you know, the journalism end of things, but i have strong feelings, too, and i had things that i wanted to say, and the day after the incident i cannot tell you -- i felt like i was on a media tour. i cannot tell you how many reporters and shows and radio podcasts i did, and the day before i was just a regular mom, teacher in florida, and now msnbc is calling. cnn is calling. i was on npr. like i felt like i was all over the place because of what happened, but i was using that to start to make change. i didn't think of myself as an activist at that moment, but i knew something needed to -- to change. >> but you became that. >> mm-hmm. >> you stepped into the moment just the way eleanor did.

a different set of circumstances but not really. bad stuff happened. she's there. she has a reason to be hurt by that bad stuff, and she had the courage -- the personal courage and the passion to get in the moment, so let's turn to rain because for you this has to be even harder. you're still in high school, and your classmates were killed and woundled. our condolences obviously to them, and i'm sure you knew them, and what was it like for you, and what helped you -- i mean, you think -- i can't imagine at your age i wouldn't have had the composure that you had. >> first off, thank you. i like to start off talking about the beginning of that day. it was valentine's day, as you all know, and i don't like to

forget that it was valentine's day because the day started out to be a great day. it was valentine's day. and being a photo editor, being in the yearbook i took the duty of taking valentine's day pictures. i was at lunch, and i was taking pictures of emma gonzalez, i don't know if you know that know, but she had a table set up with the gay-straight alliance club. she started giving up love proclamations, little slips of paper and you could sign your name and while i was taking pictures of her, one of my best friends she signed like lila and put my name rain, this is my proclamation of love. silly things like that. it was light hearted and people were giving out flowers and before we left lunch i saw a close friend of mine. her name is victoria tory gonzalez, and the best buddies club at our school, they sell $1 valentine's day gifts, and i saw her just buying gifts for her --

well, i can't say boyfriend because she doesn't like the word boyfriend because she refers to him as her soul mate. >> it's high school. >> it was never -- they could never say boyfriend and girlfriend. no, because it's -- they said it was so much more than that. her boyfriend -- >> okay. >> her boyfriend was joaquin oliver, and i took the pictures and i just held on to them and i went back upstairs to finish my lunch and that was it. on my way to fourth period i saw one of my other friends natasha, also in the yearbook, about to give me a hug and i'm like say cheese and i took a picture of her and she was holding a heart balloon, and it was just -- it was -- that was the day. i'm stressed out because i had to do an essay after school and that was my biggest worry. i don't know how i'm going to do

that. i'm going to make everything up, and the teacher that miss lerner that had to leave her classroom to speak safety, that was my teacher. i was right next door to miss lerner. my teacher, she's my ap environmental teacher. she had the door open because of environmental laws -- david hogg was in my class. in the front, he was sitting in the front. did you hear, that and i was sitting in the back and i wasn't paying attention? there was 20 minutes left to school and i was like let's go, and just a split second after he said that the fire alarm went off. we go down the stairs, and then just as she explained, pops went off, but i -- i kind of disappointed myself because i did not react quick enough because i was in such denial for such a long time, not just then but hours after it even happened.

i turned around and i looked and i looked at my teacher, i was like where do i go? and i kept walking straight and the culinary teacher just dragged all of us in, even two other teachers, and there was about almost 30, 40 -- i can't even remember. >> 65 in our classroom. >> and we were all just crammed there. i remember a girl in the back was having a panic attack. she couldn't breathe, and i remember chef kirk coming in saying don't worry, it's just a drill. so i just calmed down. guys, it's fine, we're going to be fine, but then slowly i started to get text messages and i got one from natasha saying one of our friends, also in the yearbook, known isabelle checker, isa, that she got shot. i was like this isn't -- what? but then i started to get calls from my family. i got a call from my brother who attends the school. he's a senior. he ran. he was one. first kids and ran and just the

desperation in his voice it kind of stunned me so much in that i didn't know -- i said it's a drill, it's a drill, it's a drill. still in denial hand my parents called me and then i'm talking to my mom and i'm saying i'm fine and i'm saying my friend isabelle got shot. and my mom is asking me is she going to be okay and i paused and i didn't know anything and i started crying because that's when it kind of finally hit me. we spent more time there sitting for hours and one student took out a laptop that he has and turns it on to the news, and we see footage of kids coming out. it says at least 22 injured. still in denial. they sailed that's probably kids injured because they started running and they got trampled on. we're like it's fine and they started to compare this to columbine. we were like columbine? like that can't be true. sometime still goes by and eventually a swt team comes in.

i run out of the school and i walk towards my mom and we go home. going back to social media, it was the first thing i did when i went back home. i tweeted out. i said i'm so heartbreaken, i don't know what's happening. i love you guys just to everyone, and then i just started seeing more and more footage. my friends -- these were my friends kneeling and just -- it was horrifying, and then hearing the constant updates, so and so is missing, so and so is injured. i didn't contact one of my best friends just because everything was happening so fast and she's one of my close neighbors and i went to her doorstep and i'm like is maddy pock and i knocked on her door and there was no answer. i looked around. i saw there were lights and i was confused and she's probably fine. she's probably also confused and -- and same as i am.

i go back on twitter, and i refresh my feed and the first thing i see is a picture of maddy with her mom, and it's a post from a family friend of maddy's saying please pray for maddy. she got shot three times and she needs to undergo surgery. but then later that night i also learned she was shot three times through her stomach and lung. she broke five ribs and shattered three of them and one bullet through her arm straight out, but then i also started texting her mom and i said is she okay? is she going to be okay and they said the doctors expected a full recovery. so going back to how i took photos that day, a week after everything happened we had an orientation where we went back to school to get our belongings that we left in our classroom and talk to our teacher and

friends and principal. i left my camera in my bag. i wasn't going to run with it. i didn't know what to do, and the first thing i did was look at the pictures i took. so you say activism, and there's -- i think there's so many different ways to be an activist. there's ways to tweet, speak out, art, and i used my art, my craft, photography, as my way of protest almost. and i posted those photos of them that day and it got a lot of attention on twitter, and people realized that -- the innocence that we had in all of this that day and how it was just ripped away from us, and -- and i always compare that event to just saying it's a huge before and after in my life, and those photos were my last account of the before, and i'm just, again, i'm really proud of my peers and just -- none of us expected this. i felt like the first day was just complete confusion.

the next day was grief, super grief, and then with the whole never again thing trending, i didn't know what was going on. they sent out like remind tweets. everyone tweet never again at 3:00. okay, i'll do it. at 3:07, oh, my god, i'm late but it's okay. i didn't know what it was trying to do but then it started to gain -- it was a huge snowball effect. everyone started getting in on this, and then it just turned into a march and now i'm here and then it's just -- the support not just from our school and our community, but just the entire country. i don't even have any words. >> but it -- well, two things. social media which didn't exist when eleanor was an early activist has its own momentum, but second of all i think everyone feels, and i'm going ask ted if he agrees with this, that the poise and the amazing

strength of the parkland kids is what led this, not just followed this, but led this and the march here, as i remember, you know, reading about it, was funded by some big shots but smartly or maybe the kids ask for this they weren't in the forefront. the kids were. the people on the stage were the kids, and the power of this was because, first of all, you all experimented it. the horror of it, but second of all you were brave. you put yourself out there, not just through using computer and hashtag this and that but in a different form than the way eleanor did it but just as effectively. but the faces of your form were just the faces. >> just as much as people want to tweet something or write something online it means that much more showing up than -- it just shows how much you're

willing -- how far you're willing to go to continue your message. >> and you've answer that had question. >> yeah. >> you're willing to go as far as you need to go, so ted, i do know what your name is, ted. you were the -- you are the member of congress for parkland. >> yeah. >> and where were you and, you know, what role have you played in either being part of the activism or receiving the activism and, you know, how as an institution -- we're going next to tim and he'll talk about how congress receives information, comma or dot, dot, dot, but what role have you played in this and are playing but not to debate the issue but in the activism of the kids? >> i understand. well, first, it's -- it's really great to be here, and there have been many, many opportunities that i've had share a stage, the

platform, the classroom with teachers and students and every time it's an honor. look, i was -- and by the way, we -- just to spend a moment of talking about our guests. there were a lot of -- a lot of heroes on february 14th and this was such a horrific tragedy, and the activism that sprung out of it has been so inspiring. i'll talk about that. we sometimes don't pause to reflect upon -- even in the midst of that awful day, the heroism that was on display all over that school and there is no better example than that than sarah, but, yeah, thank you for

that. [ applause ] >> so i was just -- really quickly. i was here in a foreign affairs hearing and got a text from my deputy district director whose daughter is a student at stoneman douglas just telling me that her daughter was locked -- locked herself in a closet in the band room because there was an active shooter on campus. i jumped out of my chair, ran into the -- into the ante room and called the sheriff who had just come out of the school, and i will never forget he said -- i asked him pause there wasn't much reported yet on the news, and i asked him about what he had seen and he just said congressman, it's as bad and you could even possibly imagine. so i did everything to get a

flight home. i got home that night. i was at the school the next day. i was actually -- just when you speak of activism. i was at the school about two weeks before the shooting speaking to the politics club and journalists, and i did an invite with -- with high school television reporter david hogg which i would still like to see actually. >> you can read about it in the yearbook. >> and a bunch of kids that have now become household names came out today just talking about being involved. i got home and went to parkland to be with the community, and you could see -- i could tell immediately that this was different. fir of all, we knew it was different because i knew the kind of school and community that coral springs and parkland are. i knew the kids at will school

just weren't going to let this fall by the wayside as one more horrific school shooting, so there was a rally -- there was a vigil the next yigt but earlier in in that 24 hours from the shooting the students gathered at the same park and had a moment of silence that was very moving. and after several students came up to me and described what they experienced and what they saw and just grabbed my arm and said, congressman, we can't -- we can't just let this happen again. we have to do something. and they have been doing something about it literally every day since, and i've had the privilege of being there at the -- at the never again

headquarters in -- at someone's dining room table. these are, after all, high school kid, right, rain. >> sitting around the table after having just gotten off the phone. one of them had just spoken to justin bieber and everyone wanted to chime in and be helpful. the reason that they have been so incredible and inspurg is you can see -- you can tell my the way rain presented heavily self and her story tonight is there is nothing more happening here than someone experiencing that's incomprehensible to you. the reason they are successful is because they are so real. there's no -- there's no putting on a show. it is 100% based on who they are and what they have experienced.

>> and they don't back down. they don't go away. they stay at it. that's another part, that they didn't necessarily have to do, but they are doing it. >> and -- and they -- and they started immediately. there were a number of students who came up here a week after the shooting, and we took them around you to capitol hill and literally mets hundreds of members of congress. it didn't matter what your politics were, you couldn't refuse a meeting. you couldn't say no. i'm not going to make this a debate, but i'm just going to describe some of this that happened. there's nothing quite like seeing some of your young constituents sit around a table with a member of the leadership of the house of representatives who was very kind to them and engage with them and then they laid out what they were trying to remember and this member took

out a pocket constitution and started reading the second amendment and explaining the second amendment. only in response did we then see one. students pull out his own copy of the pocket constitution. >> that's a great story. >> and plain why even the decision in the heller case leaves room for what they were trying to do. it was incredible, and then we went -- and this is the last thing i'll say about this. we did a rally out at blair high school, and are representative raskin on very short notice helped pull this thing together. there were about a thousand students. jamie was there. i was there. the principal and maybe a teacher or two. everyone else in the room was a student, a high school student, everyone. >> that's the magic. that's the magic. >> and i've never seen anything like these students. you had a group from -- from parkland. you had a group from maryland and d.c. and virginia all sitting on stage together, and they took turns going back and

forth where one would say we'll be the generation that ends gun violence and the next one would say we'll be the generation that brings change and we'll be the generation that leads everybody to vote and every time they did this there was a roar from the crowd. it was incredible. >> yeah. >> and then it was the next day that a week later that the -- the big event, the big town hall meeting took place, and, look, that i think this really took off. there was as nationally televised meeting to give the world an opportunity to see what this community was like, what these students were like. the fact that they were willing to say things that lots of people would think and nobody would ever think of saying on national tv and -- and it was -- and it came from such a powerfully genuine place, that then propelled this movement, the march and what they are doing now going from city to city to register voters is

remarkable. >> if i can -- >> well, let me let tim get into this conversation, and we've got to get to questions so you will have time. >> so tim, you were a member of congress for a long time as we all were, are, and you are a republican who i'll vouch for him. he's a wonderful republican. >> uh-oh, i'm in trouble now. >> yeah, this better be good, tim. you've seen a lot of this. you weren't in congress for this particular chapter, but you've seep a lot of this. what are your thoughts about this and the maybe you personally were an activist or are and the what's your thoughts about this and what kind of messages did the receive. and who were the jessers in conkaying those messages. >> let me say one or two things very quickly. first of all, this is all occurring in a context, but it's

worth mentioning and that is the constitution that you talked about, and we're very fortunate in this country that we do have the right to petition our government and the treat dom of association. >> right. >> and you're exercising both of those rights. you might even one of these days get people giving you contributions and engage someone who will petition the government professionally for you called a lobbyist who has a bad reputation. >> or they may belong to congress themselves. >> we all belong to associations in america, but, of course, they don't all have the same views, and where we serve it's called the people's house and there's a reason for that. the focus of each representative is very much on the national issues and so on and so forth and also how it will affect the people in their district and what they think of it and how they are going to react. one of the difficulties with an

issue such as the one we've been discussing is that it has very broad general support, but that does not translate into -- it does not historically transfer it into votes where for a narrow percentage of people it translates into vote. people are list inge to the majority and listening to that itself. i could give an example. a colleague, peter smith from vermont, moderate republican, voted for gun control legislation was defeated by bernie sanders and was a social landing and bernie opposed peter on the gun issue, and it turned out that liberals were not willing to vote for a moderate republican who supported them on the gun issue but the gun -- the

conservative gun owners were willing to vote for a socialist who supported them on that issue. >> this is a revelation for a lot of people in the crowd. but this is talked about in politics. makes a big difference, so if you could collect the signatures of 5,000 or 10,000 people in a congressional district of people who said they were -- had been voting democratic but they would vote for a republican who supported you on that issue, you might pick up a few people across the aisle, but, in fact, it's turned out that people who for a whole variety of reasons support gun rights, for them it's a -- it's a very deep issue in many cases, and it will influence their vote, whereas people who support gun control have a lot of other issues and when push comes to shove and it gets right down to voting it's

not historically translated. people have experienced that in the political process. jim moran from virginia and i were in england talking with college students there. every issue, every forum, this issue came up, and they couldn't understand american gun laws. we voted differently. i represented a rural district, actually did a poll once in my district, and 80% of the people were in favor of some sort of gun control, but the 20%, for them it was a huge issue, and the 80% were for it but they weren't going to vote on the basis of that issue so this is the kind of a thing that -- that makes -- makes you are ice like this difficult and frustrated. of course, as you know, it is not really guns for example. it's guns, it's mental health, a whole variety of issues that are involved in something like this, but it certainly would be

helpful if we could get -- if you work hard and you can develop a consensus around doing something positive in this area. >> so i think that's very helpful. i was remembering as you spoke that my first term in congress was 1992, the so-called year of the woman, imagine that, but that was the time when the number of women in the house, here come the questions, doubled not from a very big number to a still small number, but when two senators were elected who happened to be women from california, i think that was the first time. they were dianne feinstein and barbara boxer. diane is still there, and in 1993 she authored the assault weapons ban which was a bill to ban civilian ownership of assault weapons for ten years, and it passed the house. i don't know whether any republican voted for it. i don't remember that, but the

result of that vote, plus one other vote for a -- for a budget that president clinton who was then president proposed, was that the democrats lost the house, lost the majority and tom foley who was the speaker of the house and came from a district where he lost his own personal election. it was a big deal. the people on the other side of the issue mobilized and took him out, and i don't know whether his district was overwhelmingly democrat or it wasn't, and foley lost and newt gingrich became the speaker and ten years later whether this dal xipd. >> let me go to this one question and then we'll go on. i remember the '60s and remember

the activism around the civil rights and president kennedy who was the motivation for me to enter politics later, but i actually literally went to the democratic convention in los angeles in 1960. i was a kid, and i grew up in l.a. public school kid. went to the convention and got on the floor, saw him nominated and was an usher of sorts at his concession speech and that's when i fell in love with politics. he was assassinated in 1963, brutal event for the country, and then in 1968 martin luther king and robert kennedy were assassinated, and there was a lot of tv footage about the kennedy assassination and the fact that the country became on stood on the train tracks as his. so growing up through this you're earnings appearance was very pore. >> there's a lot of history out

there. okay. we'll start with -- can rain tell us what her pin says on her shirt. >> i've been trying to show it. itization love. it is the coldblame logo. i got this a couple of weeks after everything happened. there was a -- a mini march that we had at the park in parkland to another nearby park that passes our school. we had our signs and everything, and we just spent the afternoon chanting, and that's where i got it. >> another question for the elect officials, and tim just mentioned this in passing. professional lobbyists obtain a lot of advantages in congress. as a congress person how do you deal with the professional lobbyists? what's the key to their success. >> i think you need to take that

with un. >> everyone has a lobbyist, believe it or not, probably in this room, even in the country. if you belong to a church, there's a lot of them. if you're a teacher, if you're a worker, if you're an environmentalist, it -- certainly with businesses one way or another have lobbyists, and it has a bad reputation, but they actually serve a very important function in the working of our government because you have a lot of competing interests. we try to do legislating and we have hearings in order to deal with this issue where we'll invite people to come and testify with different perspectives, and a lot of them are lobbyist, but they are representing the interest of their group and saying how they will be hurt by something that another group is trying to do, and it -- through that process you can often work out accommodations that enable us to move forward. one of the reasons for gridlock

is that people have been less willing to listen and to see if there's crossover in some areas where you can actual hi get something done because of some polarization in the country. >> i think that the part that is not in the question but it should be added is that some of these lobby groups have a lot of money, and the way our system now works with recent supreme court decisions you can basically blew political action committees and super pacs and other direct ways contribute a lot of money in a particular race and the lobby groups, on any side of the issue. tim is right. they are not all let's just say lobbying on the gun issue. some are environmental groups. some are union groups, but if they provide a lot of money to a member of congress, it may skew the information that that person is willing to receive on either side of the issue and feed the partisanship that we have. i think that's fair.

>> yes. the lobbyists are trying to get changes in gun laws. >> that's right. >> rain, you're a lobbyist. it sounds ugly by the whole point is you're educating congress. >> the universities have lobbies, school systems have lobbyists, and i think the truth is if you're a representative you are going to be very sensitive to businesses in your district. they employ people that are important. certainly, regardless of the money. now it is true that politics costs money, and there is a problem with -- in both parties. >> in both parties. >> with moving forward. >> oh, my goodness. >> we're not going to get to all of this. >> how much they raise from people who have business before their committees and that's something that desperately need to be addressed, but the whole system of having freedom of association and being able to hire lawyers and other people to

effectively address issues is really very important in the working of our our complicated economy that we have here in the united states. >> i would just -- i -- >> yes, ted. >> i would circle back. two things. one, there is the issue of lobbyists, but it's the issue of money that's overriding factor. there's too much of it. as the lead sponsor on the amendment to overturn citizens united which would get money out of politics, i spent all of the time looking at ways that money has a really pernicious influence on the way washington works. all of that said, however, getting back to this issue, i mean, eleanor is exactly right. there is no better advocate than someone who comes with a personal story, and there is no more powerful personal story than the stories that we're

hearing out of parkland, and so i -- i understand the way the conventional wisdom is. it's always been historically on the gun issue there are single-issue voters and they only -- they only care about gun rights, and the people who care about gun safety and all of the steps that we could take that are widely supported but -- except in congress, that those -- those supporters of those people and they have got lots of other things that they care about, too. i'm telling you from what we've seen at esdoing. this is a group where gun safety is a issue that matters to them and if they are not old enough to vote it matters to their families and in the upcoming election in the country there are seats across the country where you'll have to decide which side you're on in this debate, and i wouldn't want to

be on the side of the gun companies when i've got students like rain coming in to represent the other side, and by the way, one last thing about parkland. it's a really powerful combination of the students and what some of the families who lost loved ones have done since the shooting has been remarkably powerful as well. whether it's direct advocacy for changing laws or foundations that have been started to focus on -- on school safety, on mental health, whatever the issue is, there's an incredible amount of positive change that even with the grief that they are dealing with, that the families are disagreeing. several questions are about -- i ask this in a different way, how they were embothered to did and

these focused on what empowered ow. in this case it was an a.p. government teacher that asked what advice do each of you have for teachers as to how best to empower our students to be motivated and effective advocates? so let's ask you, sarah. >> i think that's important for teachers to realize and be very aware that their since have a vase and an opinion. not just the valuable thoughts and plans and hopes hand dreams and all of those things that we try and foster in our students but, you know, when an event like this happens you really see what these kids are made of. to kind of piggyback on what ted has said, is it okay that i call

you that? you know what, has come out of parkland, i think like it kind of came as a priss to the naeg nation. the kirkland kids are so well-spoken and we knew that all the time and these are the same kids that will argue with you because they have an 89 and they want that 90, and they are very pit persistent in their argument and the drive is there. delaney carr ate lunch in my classroom -- was in my classroom every morning and emma gonzalez was in my class as a junior. like, i know these kids, and -- and to see them have a voice, to see them have this platform knowing, that you know, we as their teachers support them and encourage them and work with

them, it's -- it's important for all teachers to do that, whether there's a huge issue like this or just something small happening at your school. this is what we're trained to do. >> good answer. >> so we talked about how social media is a driver that is a change that wasn't available back in the day but it's here, and you said, rain, that you were very active on social media, both in that horrible classroom at that horrible moment that evening and since, so this quell is -- what about back psh on several we'dia. >> and i'm sure there are people have countermeasuring that are very important -- i don't want to put word in your mouth, but

how do you deal with that? >> as were you talking about earlier, social media is a double-edged sword. i've received a lot more support than i have backlash, and -- and if i do get backlash it's usually people then commenting under this is a troll or like supporting my side, like speaking for myself. so those people -- for people who say this, i don'tler and i'm not here to argue and share my platforms, share my views and i hope everyone else can agree with me and see my side or my beliefs that are worth noticing. going back to how we were talking about articulate speaking and things like that. i was in a classroom and dave was in the krnld and i was like what are they doing?

>> and i'm going to go as well to the teacher thing, sorry, but i think for the teachers it's just be there with your students, just uplift their voices as much as you can. my environmental teacher she went with me to tallahassee four or five days after everything happen to go and speak to our senators and our representatives, so just having her there and just building this stronger bond that i had one. it kind of changed my whole entire relation isp that i had with her. going back to backlash. i just choose to ignore it because i don't have the energy for it and -- >> that's a very mature reaction, and -- and -- okay. in one minute we'll do that. fine. let me just get to -- and i do think that that's a very mature reaction on your part. there's lots more to ask, but here's one and, again, this is

to you, rain. do you worry that your teen supporters will lose interest in the cause that we're talking about, perhaps two to the distra distract -- >> i think we started to get messages from other people explaining how much we inspired them and motivated them and then we went to a convention in california and we -- we were passing by, and we were looking at the journalism from other schools, and we saw that almost every single magazine or newspaper had a story talking about how they marched or how they protested or what they did, what their response was, so i don't think -- if we continue to do what we're doing now, i don't think they will lose interest as

well because they are looking at us and we're continuing and i don't think they will stop. >> can i just speak to the assumption in that question that i think a lot of people had before this, and the suggestion that don't you think they get distracted and sucked back into snapchat, just plays to that same -- the narrative that existed before this happened which is oh, these high school kids, they are busy staring at their screens all day long. they are -- they are on snapchat and instagram. they are playing fortnite. they are not paying attention to anything going on around them and then this happened, and what we've realized is that the whole time they were on their phones, they were building and participating in this community

that gives them reach in their own local area and around the country and the world which is what we never could imagine which is why i'm confident that they won't get sucked back into. >> i want to call on martin frost in a minute and there's one other question in a different area and i'm sorry i'm not fair to all of you, but there's a lot of questions here. and this is to you, eleanor, whether the spillover of this, not that the issue on this is resolved, will shed more life on the bloc lives matter issue, which is not the same >> but it is an issue with the same -- >> it's a different group of people, but look who black lives

matter are. i mean, it's not my generation, and it's not quite parkland's generation, but it's young people who, again, are showing that there is a general understanding in this society that nothing happens without activism. that is the most important element of a democracy that you think that what you are doing can somehow affect a very large issue. now, for -- for african-americans who were bona fide second glass citizens in this country took an enormous step that this country could change and if that happens in this generation that produced three civil rights statutes and

it does seem to me that it's an object lesson for every single generation of young people, and what have we seen now? it's got down to the youngest among us who are -- who is goin youngest among us who are, who have taken the most serious issue in their own hands and generations who have systematically failed and gotten the attention of the country in the country and a renewed interest and renewed effort to move perhaps the most difficult i issue in our country today, and that has to be often. >> yes, it does. and i just wanted to make this point about activism and then, martin, please come and talk about this issue that's in the same band wwidth and maybe you n close this program, but while

this is the most recent and possibly the most effective story about activism, activism has been going on in our country since its founding and activists founded our country and wrote the founding documents many of which are in this building, and we wouldn't have a country without activism, and we wouldn't have the change, the social change, not enough, but we wouldn't have the social change that we have, and women wouldn't have the right to vote, and women wouldn't be in congress for darn sure without activism. so it's -- what i like about this panel and thinking about it is that there is a historical precedent and it didn't just start on valentine's day. not to minimize what you have done since valentine's day. and so, i really applaud everyone who is on the panel and who is active and everyone in the audience, raise your hand if you are an activist.

raise your hand if you are not a activist. okay i have made the point. and martin, why don't you come down the make your point. >> first of all, this is an extraordinary panel and i want to thank everybody for participati participating. i want to take just a minute to the share with you a personal example during my career as a congressman where citizen activism made a great deal of difference. some years ago there was a 9-year-old little girl, kidnapped, molested and murdered in my district. as congressmen often do, i went out the express my sympathies in a plu kblue collar neighborhood and relatively poor people and i said, what can i do to help and they said congressman, go back to washington and make sure that it does not happen to other children. they urge med to have a law passed to increasing the penalty against child molesters which i did, child predators and then i

worked with that group of citizens and local media and law enforcement to the create what now is the amber alert. the little girl's name was amber haggerman and i was the author of the national amber alert legislation, which was because a group of citizens, average citizens and not people with any money at all came to their congressman and said, congressman, could you make a difference and fortunately in working with other members of congress i was able to do that. and so there are a lot of examples and everyone who has served has some degree or examples where the average citizen and not the money people made an impact on the people they represent and their career. so again, i want to thank you all for participating today. it was a great discussion. thank you. >> thank you all for coming.

>> c-span where history unfolds daily. in 1979, c-span was created as a public service by america's cable el television companies and today, we continue to bring you unfiltered coverage of congress, the white house, the supreme court and public policy events in washington, d.c. and around the country. c-span is brought to you by your cable or satellite provider. while congress is on break this month, we are showing american history tv programs normally reserved for the weekends here on c-span3. right now, we are featuring the impact of the vietnam war on the home front. this is from our c-span series 1968, america in turmoil. come up, a discussion of what

was happening in the u.s. in 1968 and that is followed by a look at the impact of artists at the 1968 democratic national convention in chicago. then the citizen protest movement in 1968 and similarities to what is happening now. these programs from our c-span series "1968, america in turmoil." you can listen to programs as a podcast on spotify or watch any time at cspan.org on the 1968 page. and if you missed any of today's program, we will show them again tonight at 8:00 p.m. eastern. the nine-part series wraps up tomorrow with a look at the cold war in 1968 and how events in vietnam and reaction no the war at home impacted u.s.le policy on the cold war. wednesday, american history tv continues with the development of the automotive industry in the u.s. and how cars changed american life. thursday, martin luther king jr.

and we will show you the 50th anniversary commemoration from march. are friday, the world war i centennial ceremony and looking at various aspects of the war from discussions at the u.s. army heritage days. >> next weekend in the regular scheduled american history tv programming, we will take a look at the murder of one of boston's richest men while he was visiting harvard university in 1849. english professor paul colins specializes in 19th century crimes and he talks about the latest book "blood and ivy" the 1949 murder that scandalized harvard. and saturday night at 8:00 p.m. eastern at lectures and history a class by rutgers university professor jefferson decker on the history of the environmental movement and laws and litigation regarding natural resources. sun duh night at 8:00, from the weekly look at the the presidency, harry truman's russia policy which became known as the cold war after he outlined the plan to contain

commu communism in an address to congress in 1947. >> next, from our series "1968, america in turmoil u "a look back at the vietnam war at home. the war was fought not only in the jungles of vietnam, but on american streets. student r marmarches and act s civil diso-bead yens marked the headlines including the brothers daniel and harold ferrigan who seized and burned hundreds of draft cards known as the kay tonsville nine. they came home to a changed country. and our moderator is doug stanton, the author of "the tet offensive" and the "epic battle to stop the vietnam war." and als