the c-span bus has arrived by boat in hawaii for the 39th stop of our capital store. of a wahoo,d visiting honolulu with the help of our caper -- cable partners. >> especially in the low half spirit and the history and the culture, i think it is a great opportunity across the nation. >> i want to get -- to make a warm welcome to the public affairs network that are known as c-span. is going all over the nation. while in hawaii, i know c-span will enjoy the beauty, the sunshine, and of course, aloha of the 50th state. andsure c-span will witness feel the spirit as it embarks on this discovery of hawaii as part of its fist -- 50 capital store.

therefore, i and the lieutenant governor of the state of for why hereby proclaim august 15 2018, ashe 20 second, c-span week in hawaii. congratulations. >> watch more of our visit to hawaii during hawaii weekend. october 6 and seventh on c-span, or listen app. c-span cities tour travels the country, exploring the american story. this weekend, we take you to the presidential homes to see have a chief executive lives before, during, and after their time in office. begins-hour presentation at the monticello home of our third president, thomas jefferson. >> if you had visited monticello 20 years ago, you would have come about and just seen jefferson's beautiful

neoclassical villa. but what we wanted to do was change that. we wanted to restore the landscape of slavery, because if you had come up this mountaintop in jefferson's time, the first and you would have seen, most likely, would have been enslaved people. there was no place on this mountaintop that did not have people. we wanted to restore that, make that known to visitors who come here today. [inaudible] so we are now in the middle of re-creating or restoring dwellings along middlebury road, the main plantation street, as well as rooms attached to the house, just behind us. so all of this is part of an effort to sort of shift the focus away from just jefferson and talk about the dozens of other people who essentially made his life possible.

>> [inaudible] >> right now, we are actually just near jefferson's main house, the palladian mansion he built throughout his life, and we are standing next to mulberry row, the main plantation street at monticello. 1300 feet. through archaeology and documentary research, we know that over 20 workshops, storehouses, and dwellings lined the streets. there were enslaved families here, indentured servants, hired white artisans, and also several of these workshops were actually supervised by jefferson and members of his white family. this is the hub of industry of ,ant to cello -- monticello which was not just the mountaintop but was a 5000 acre plantation. that is about eight square miles, so this plantation is in. but the center of activity is , but thes enormous

center of activity is here. in jefferson's time, you would have seen carriages coming up and down this road, you would have heard the noise of chickens and dogs, smelled smoke in the air, heard hammers and saws. there were dozens of people here, white and black, free and enslaved, all working for jefferson's plantation. copious records taking, we know that he owns 607 human beings in his lifetime, but at any given time, 130-140 slaves would have been working at monticello, and that would have in not just this mountaintop, but the surrounding farms as well. but this was a tremendously dynamic and fluid ways, where slave people were coming and different living in areas. and jefferson interacted with all of them in different ways, but it was not like he was isolated here on his

mountaintop. he used to take daily rides throughout his plantation, not only to remind slaves that he was their owner, but also so that he had a kind of knowledge of what was going on across these eight square miles. so mulberry row was an experiment for jefferson. this plantation street was very unique in the larger context of virginia plantations. he wanted it to be an experiment, as a way to kind of reform slavery, and he wanted to tothat by imparting trades enslaved people. so rather than them just being unskilled field laborers, they could come up here and learn a skill -- blacksmithing, carpentry, house joining,lened,n considered this an improvement over being out in the fields with wheat or tobacco, or the other crops.

if you come here and you know the jefferson -- that jefferson is the author of the declaration, the iconic word "all men are created equal," and you find out he owns 600 slaves, he looks pretty bad. but in jefferson's mind, he was not a hypocrite because he believed he was making changes to the institution of slavery that would take the way for abolition. so in other words, he is trying to reform it, a leading material conditions, changing -- alleviate material conditions, changing housing. he believes this is a gradual process that will eventually result in emancipation further down the line. monticelloe about than any other plantation in north america. it is the best documented estate. because of that, we know more about the enslaved people here than anywhere else. and because of that, we have been able to put together the most copperheads of portrait of life for enslaved people -- comprehensive portrait of life

for enslaved people in jefferson's time, and beyond it as well. i think it lends a unique and human portrait to what slavery was here, both as a horrific and coercive institution, but also as a way of emphasizing the humanity of in slave able, and the fact -- of enslaved people, and they were able to preserve themselves and their families, even within the boundaries of an late meant -- in slave meant -- enslavement. sally fields was a family in monticello that numbered -- within a family in -- sally hemmings was in a family in coachella that numbered -- in monticello that numbered in the 80's. survived tochildren a dolphin. their names were eston, madison -- and harriet.

so they did not get an inheritance. slaves were property and they could be inherited through marriage, as well as being bought and sold. when jefferson married his wife, martha, she was the daughter of a wealthy slave trader. it was through john wales, her inheritedfferson 135 slaves, and sally hemming was one of those slaves read she was not -- slaves. she was not born in monticello, she was born on the eastern shore and arrived here in about 1773, 70 before. she is a person -- 1774. she is a person shrouded in mystery, because there are only walk for references -- four references to her that exist. jefferson never wrote about her explicitly. she remains a very mysterious figure, but i think it is important to emphasize that she was related to jefferson's wife, so she was martha

wales-jefferson, and she may have even resembled jefferson's wife. so in 1784, jefferson took up a post in paris as essentially a trade ambassador. he was trying to forge treaties with the french and other countries so that the new u.s. could survive in the wake of the american revolution. but he wanted to have his daughters with him. he wanted to have martha and mariah, his youngest daughter, but he also wanted someone, and enslaved woman or girl, to accompany awry on the long passage across the atlantic. it was the young sally hemming who ended up accompanying her to paris. so have -- sally hemmings came and lived with jefferson and his two daughters in paris.

and that may have been the beginning of their relationship, however you want to describe it, was in paris. and according to sally hemming'' she became pregnant by jefferson in paris, and it was there that she extracted a very important promise from him. and that was, if she returned to virginia with him and for the the child, in the future, all of her children would be free. this is a huge decision for her, because when she was on french soil, she was considered free. if she had remained in paris, she could have been a free woman. but because of what we think transpired, this promise she extracted from jefferson, she came back here. when jefferson died, all of those children were freed. the sally hemmings and john is

jefferson -- thomas jefferson controversy is one that has been going on for over 200 years. but one thing we really want to do now with the current initiatives we are embarking here in the mountaintop is focus on sally hemmings herself. we want to divide her from thomas jefferson and that controversy, and really focus on her as a person. s 200 year thi debate or discussion, she has been a foil for jefferson. she has never been in her own light, and we want to restore her humanity. so we are standing inside of the space that we will be interpreting as valley hemmings -- sally hemmings' quarter. we believe it was this one or the one to the west. you can imagine her here with her children, sewing clothes or cooking the last meal of the day, or sitting around and

sharing stories of their day as well as their past. typical family activities would have gone on in this space. behind me, what you see is the restoration of monticello's the south wing. the wing was built in 1802, so it held a lot of domestic service spaces, as well as slave quarters. after jefferson died and monticello was sold, it was actually rebuilt a couple times by the levy family in the 19th century. so by the 1940's, the thomas jefferson foundation wrist toward -- restored the south was to what they thought its best appearance. not only did they restore the kitchen and the smokehouse and the storeroom, they put bathrooms into the slave orders and the dairy. it is that material we are moving over the last couple of months, and we are restoring this aces to what we think are a more accurate representation in jefferson's time.

and we know that, because there is physical as well as documentary evidence that tell us very specifically that jefferson wanted. he drew a plan of the south wing, lante scale, so it is tremendous evidence that shows how big the rooms were and what they were used for. we know what was the dairy, where the slave quarters were and the smokehouse. that is very clear. but when we remove the 1940's material, we can find physical traces of where these walls would have been placed. we can put them back very, very accurately. , we haveimney stack remains of the plaster that we know was there in jefferson's time, because jefferson loved to talk about asking his work meant to plaster the space. that is the hearth survived. we believe this is the jefferson hearth, whereera a slave family would have warmed themselves or cooked themselves an evening meal. there is also evidence of what

the floors look like. it is a small detail, but we are dedicated to getting as much as accurately possible resort in these spaces. 1802is is the circa bricks. we can tell how they are late, on edge, which is a little particular. we were able to restore the floor very, very accurately. we have ricks of the same size and will lay them the exact same way. there is also evidence of where the partitions were that divided the two spaces. the carpenters have started to put back a sill plate, but they have lined it with what we call an architectural ghost. here is where a stud would have sat on the stonewall in jefferson's time, and the space was plastered or whitewashed against it. away, the gapgoes tells us where the stud would have been in its size, and we

would have been able to put it back. and we have a ghost on the other side of the fireplace that shows where the wall would have sat against the fireplace. so we are able to, even though a typical carpenter would love to have a nice, great wall, we are putting it back just a bit out of square, because that is the way the evidence tells us it was in jefferson's time. what is going on is from craftsman -- is craftsman from a local restoration company are putting up the size of a timber frame. usferson's documents tells exactly have existence should be, four inches by three inches, and these craftsmen have prepared all the framing off-site, everything is prepped, assembled, taken apart and brought on-site. what is going on right now is they are fitting the tendons s, securingrtise everything. and then siding, like you see

behind me on the kitchen for the dairy is the next step. [inaudible] so we are in the south million cellar, and this is one of the first buildings on the mountaintop built by jefferson, finished in 1770. we are standing above the original floor level, and why that is is because jefferson raises the floor level after he turns this into a wash house, when the larger kitchen was built to the east. thismazing thing in space is not just that it survived, but earlier kitchens survived intact under this great sill. i call it that, because it has a lot of artifacts mixed into it. we think a sill is pretty

boring, but in this case, all of the trash they are bringing in with the church [video clip] has a lot ofirt architectural fines, amazing pieces of ceramic, pins, thimbles, toothbrush heads. that of great artifacts will give us a sense of how people lived on the mountaintop. what they also found was evidence of his first kitchen, and any evidence that changed over time. they have come down on the original fireplace, where jefferson's early meals, he and his wife lived in the room above theseveral years before main house was ready for them to move in. that fireplace was uncovered as well. it was a very high style kitchen appliance for the mid-18th century that would have let jefferson cook high style french cuisine that he is probably having in williams work at the governor's palace --

williamsburg at the governor's palace. indraws this on a document the 1770's, but we did know it was built -- luckily enough, tremendous evidence survives of this four burner, you could call it, sous stove, this ruinous structure down below. right now, archaeologists have moved as much of the material is there going to for this part of the project, and they are cleaning up the site for final photos and documentation. so you can see, they are meticulously cleaning between the bricks and they have measured everything in. it is really an intensive ross s, but it allows us -- process, but it allows us to gather and record as much information on the site as possible that can be analyzed in the future. we expect to complete the exterior perhaps by later this , weng, and the interiors

are still working on the exhibit plan and interpretation plans. those should be open to the public by spring of 2019. we hope visitors will be able to come and ask. a bit more of the slave life at monticello, to see how monticello functioned in the plantation context, to see what supported the main house. and we are very, very excited about putting back sally rter, this very important person on the mountaintop and in american history. it is important to remember that monticello is not just a home on a mountain, but a plantation. 5000 acres, eight square miles nearly, and the majority of people that lived here in thomas jefferson's time were enslaved african-americans. it is important to remember that when you look at this home, most of the labor that went into the building of this home was done by enslaved african-americans.

jefferson did hire several white workmen, including an irish man. he was assisted by several skilled craftsman of the -- of the enslaved community. monticello is thomas jefferson's home for his entire life. he is born on this plantation in 1783, and inherits it from his father. his father dies when jefferson is 14. as a young man, he will inherit this land as well as the slaves his father owns, and jefferson will decide to build up here on this mountaintop at a very young age. this is jefferson's home his entire life. he is trying to use plantationatian -- to make money. like most virginia plantation owners, he has cash robs, primarily tobacco and later on wheat, and has mixed success in turning a profit off of this when tatian -- plantation.

but this is also the center of his home life as well. in his retirement years, once the house is complete, the house is filled with his family members. his daughter, martha jefferson randolph and her husband move into this home. so as a very public official and somebody who gained fame for not only being president of the united dates but a man who wrote the declaration of independence -- united states but a man who wrote the declaration of independence, he would have had constant rounds of company here. in this room, depending on who they were, they might have had to wait in this hall before they had a chance to see jefferson. we have a lot of accounts from those guests and their visits to monticello. this would have been something new in this hall, they did not necessarily expect. one guest referred to the strange furniture of the walls. another guest called this room

cluttered. he filled this room with knowledge. afferson filled it up like music or a cabinet of curiosities, and he is filling this room with things he thinks are interesting, that interest him, but also influential people, influential ideas, and the creation of this country. so he had maps of all the known continents around the room. he had natural history specimens of animal life in north america, fossilized bones. he had american indian artifacts that would have been displayed here that had been sent back to him during his presidency from lewis and clark, diplomatic gifts they exchanged on the way to the pacific ocean and back with more than 40 native american nations. he met lots of influential thinkers like all terror, the -- frenche, the philosopher.

and for the broadway musical nemesis,had his arch alexander hamilton here, and a bust of him was juxtaposed next to him. one visitor once told me that perhaps it was a political hunting trophy, because in theon eventually won political battle versus hamilton by becoming president of the united states. room is one of the brighter things in monticello because of the corn yellow paint on the walls. it would have been located on the north side of the house, the coldest and darkest side of the house, but that is where breakfast would be served each morning and dinner, at about 4:00 or 5:00 in the afternoon. jefferson's famous for his political uses of food. when he was president, he would, multiple times a week, invite politicians to dine in small dinner parties at his home, both

democratic, republicans, his adversaries,so his the federalists. they would come on opposite nights. jefferson would use those conversations to talk about politics, but also other things of the day -- philosophy, religion. he preferred private, intimate affairs where conversation could come to life. and in the monticello dining room, there are a number of contraptions and conveniences that would limit the number of enslaved people required to be present for those dinners. the food would come in through eighth died -- a side door with revolving selves -- shelves. the slave workers would not have to be entering and exiting the room nonstop. they can put the food on the door and the enslaved butler could simply turn to the door -- turn the door and bring the food

into the room. the wine cellar was located directly beneath the dining room, and on either side of the fireplace jefferson had built into the mental wine dumbwaiters, so the wine could be delivered through the sides .f the fireplace he is using his contraptions to limit the coming and going of its latest -- of enslaved servants, but there is a lot of work going on behind the scenes by those enslaved servants to make the dinner and the engaging conversation taking place possible. the south side of the house is really devoted to private family spaces and private spaces for jefferson. he had kind of his own private apartment on the south side of the house that consisted of three separate rooms. his cabinet, we will probably call it an office or a study, and his library, and his bedchamber. the bedchamber would have been, of those three spaces, the most

private space. that is where jefferson would wake in the morning with the sun , and he would begin his day, each day with a cold foot bath and begin to read and respond to letters for a few hours before breakfast. it is also the space he would return in the evening for a few hours of reading before bed as well. the other thing about jefferson's bedchamber is that it is the space he passed away at the age of 83, which is one of the more remarkable stories. jefferson died on july 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the declaration of independence that he was the primary author of. jefferson's death is a very sad time at monticello for many different reasons. jefferson struggled with debt his whole life. debt,d about $107,000 in which is many millions of dollars in today's money, and

the family were unable to keep monticello. they had to sell monticello, the land, the furnishings and the home, and most heartbreakingly of all, they had to sell about 130 enslaved african-americans. on thethe slaves plantation recalled that jefferson's death was a time of great uncertainty amongst the enslaved community. you can imagine the enslaved people here would be worried at the death of thomas jefferson, that his death meant families would be split apart, which is what ended up happening in most cases, or many cases. the property in the 1830's would uriahght by a man named levy, one of the first officers of jewish faith in the united states. he and his family begin the process of tracking down some of

the original objects of the home, and in 1923, it was his nephew, a man named jefferson monro levy, who sold the property to the thomas jefferson foundation, which continues to own monticello as a nonprofit needs them and has since 1923 -- museum and has since 1923. to thing we're trying establish about monticello is it is more than a house on a hill. the house is incredibly well preserved, and we want people to walk in jefferson's footsteps, but we also want people to understand that monticello had nearly 200 people living here during jefferson's time, and most of them were enslaved. during the past several years, we have been working to restore the landscape of slavery to monticello. when you walk outside the house, you look down on mold very ro -- mulberry row, and you can

understand a central industry in the slave life there. ured the south wing and the north wing and underneath the house, this was a home for the people who jefferson enslaved here as well, and it was their work that made monticello what it was, and in many senses made jefferson who he was. when people leave monticello, i hope they get a sense of the complexity of jefferson, but also how prevalent -- relevant his story is to the nation we became. here is the man who wrote "all equal," yetted with a slave owner. here was a man that truly believed that government should be representative of the people. even though he was very much a virginia aristocrat. but jefferson at the end of the day had a very optimistic view of our nation and a very optimistic view that we could govern ourselves. i hope people leave and

understand that while monticello andjefferson's life's work was trying to perfect it, he understood the united states was something never to be perfected and would be a continual work in progress. our tour of presidential homes continues as we stay in the virginia countryside, with a visit to james monroe's highland. friendto his jefferson's monticello, the fifth president lives here until his death in 1851. chirping] >> i call it a presidential cold case. there were always questions about this house. architects look at the little house and say, that does not really look like a wing of a president's house.

it has for most similarities -- foremost similarities to other dependency buildings on other citations. -- plantations. when i got here, there were answers to questions i asked that i did not fully understand, and maybe it is just a willingness to say, i do not understand that. maybe it is perfectly clear, i just don't understand it. but saying, i do not understand that, let's look further. [inaudible] we are standing now in the center of the spot where james monroe's original main house stood. this is where we discovered these really preserved foundations just below the ground's surface. we have covered that back up. we are not excavating, that is how we preserve an archaeological site. we laid these papers down on the ground surface to give you a sense of the footprint of the

house. it is late specifically right over the places -- laid specifically right of the places we have excavated, inside the walls, and also we have speculated a bit between those spots. this was the outline of the 1799 monro house. we see some of the walls that are marked by these surface flagstone so you can get a sense of the relationship of this house to the smaller, 1818 guest house that is behind the 1870's house. we have excavated a couple of dozen squares around here, both interior and exterior. we dug around here last fall -- you can see were the grass has not quite grown back yet. and eventually, our research will cover this area and also the yard, because our work on the art will be able to tell us a lot of the activities that were happening here and we will be able to get the house

orientation. we do not yet know whether the main entrance was on this face or the southern face, but soon we will be able to determine that. there is a smaller wing to the that is probably more service oriented. cellar, a kitchen itselfk, and the cellar we have not excavated. we are eager to open it up. we will have great evidence there. and there is evidence the house was destroyed by burning. we have evidence the house was destroyed in the early 1870's to 1850's. we have not yet found a contemporary newspaper account of that destruction, which is surprising. i know any day, someone will come up to me and have discovered that newspaper account, so that will happen, i am sure. base, wend a chimney

found burned planks, the archaeological small finds are numerous. lots of nails, some of which appear to have come from thomas jefferson's nailery at monticello, and there is a lot of evidence cooperating that -- corroborating that. lots of glass bottles, wine bottles. they were used over and over again for all kinds of liquid storage, transport. lots of those. some ceramics, which is interesting, which will tell us what the monroe's were eating off of, the dishes they used, and that is an exciting moment to be able to understand the consumer choices they made. the house continues behind me here, and probably goes under the 1870's house that belongs to the matthew family.

so this continues, probably, 20 feet or so underneath that house. and that was probably a severely probably -- severely impacted by the construction in the 1870's. but the part of the house not covered by that is really well preserved. that is an archaeological treasure i have neither to get into. -- i am eager to get into. jamesmonro is a really -- monroe is a very interesting character. he is probably one of the most popular presidents of his time and one of the least known today. we have an opportunity here to share his story. james monro purchased the property in 1793, and when he was away, he was minister to france in the 1790's, and his good friend and mentor thomas jefferson, and his other friend, james madison, were involved in setting up the plantation prior to his moving here in 1999.

his wife,oe and elizabeth court wright-monroe moved here. was born out east in 1758, and moved here in fredericksburg, where he had settled with his young wife after their marriage. at first they lived on a property that is now on the grounds of the university of virginia called monroe hill, and this property then became available. he thought it was closer to jefferson, a larger tract of land, and hopefully more productive. he purchased the land in 1793 and moved here in 1799.

during monro's presidency, when he came here, he very likely traveled with his wife. sometimes, his elder daughter accompanied him and his son-in-law was an important man for james monroe, being a ant or secretary at times. during his lifetime, he claimed ownership of about 250 souls. one is cumulative, not at time, and the slave force here married in number depending on what was happening with the properties. the thing that is important to recognize is that munro's legacy -- monroe's legacy is fairly diffused. this house is open to the public. he also spent time in fredericksburg and new york city. he was born in the eastern part of the state in west moreland

county. home.highland was his so this represents his ministries abroad, where he was minister to france, minister to england and briefly minister to spain, and also represents his time as terry of state -- secretary of state. he was a four term governor, when that was allowed area he was elected into ostrow individual one-year term -- four individual one-year terms, and was eventually a wildly popular teacher and president. monroe seems to be an easy man. they say he was able to put men and women at ease in social situations. i think he enjoyed social conversations and parlor conversations, and really was kind. and he had a great sense of humor.

he seems to be able to poke fun at himself and others. james monroe went to table the academy. it was a good school in west moreland, and prepared young professional men for a good life. john marshall was briefly one of his classmates there, and after both of his parents died, by the time he was extreme, his maternal uncle, joseph jones, his first real mentor and role there,ent monroe to mary where he studied for about two years. i like the story about one row -- monroe's start there. he wasthere and found really deficient in one or more was notubjects, and quite ready. he was kind of disappointed. and he read about this later, he

went home and revised or studied really hard over the summer, and really worked hard to get where he thought he should be. when he came back, his professors were impressed and he really been made the cut -- then made the cut and was where he should have been. and that is a real crucial piece to understanding monroe. here at highland, we have always understood the standing house is not the entire monroe house. we thought it was a remnant wing of a two wing or a two rectangle structure. we know that from documentary sources in particular. three of them show sketches of two wings put together. this is clearly one wing. when i started here in 2012, i really got to understand the history of the property itself. no longerg that is

here, we should be able to find traces of it underground. i was not really satisfied with the sense that it is there and we have not found it. i thought, let's keep looking. we eventually excavated all the way around the main house. and it is in front of that 18th avenue house -- 1870's house that we found a big deposit of archaeological debris. we needed to open up larger excavations and figure out where was the building that contributed to that debris, and we were very lucky to find well preserved archaeological foundations. the structures on the property today come from different places of occupation. the monroe period buildings we have are behind me, the presidential guesthouse, the building monroe had built for him when he was president. he was coming here

as president, he needed more space. when you travel as president, you have more people visiting you, you need more accommodations so people who -- can either come with you or come to you when you are president. the guest house is part of that, and then had ace all, one room over one room area added to the eastern part. this connects to this taller yellow building that was from the 1870's from a later owner. the white piece is from the 1850's. you can see saw marks all through the framing, and that gives us a good date. we have an overseer's house as well that seems to be original to the property, and a smokehouse. we also have those later monroe buildings and reproduction buildings or reconstructions of holdings that -- buildings that

were here historically. we do know the names on occupations the cumulatively -- a cumulatively -- a cumulatively of 250 peopleely that were here. one of the things we appreciate is getting to know people's names and their specific occupations. for example, september 6, 1818, this letter that james monroe wrote to senator george hayes, he talks about building his house in the presidential guesthouse. he mentioned by name one of the two enslaved men who did the work. he speaks of a carpenter he bought last winter. we think that man is peter mallory. he also mentions a man named

george, who might have been another carpenter craftsman -- four craftsman. or carpenter craftsman. but to have these houses standing brings a written shift richness to the understanding of the property. we see people and the roles they play, we see the connections with the montreux family, -- monroe family, who saw them as labor but in certain instance is, -- instances might have seen them as people whom with they did share space. we do know some, but not enough. we are still looking. the discoveries we have made at highland are not only an opportunity to examine this right, they are an opportunity to re-examine monroe himself. we are excited to look on what we thought we understood about monroe.

our research is ongoing. we continue to read and do archaeology. our two projects, neither of which are in the field at this moment, are the larger landscape , the slaves quarters we might have discovered in the field, and what we want to do now is really raise the funds for the big phase, the excavation that will take place over the course of a year or years, have it open for a month or two at a time so that we can really look in and , andhe whole house open get into those sellers. ars, because it would be really crucial archaeologically to see who's stuck within the sellers when -- stuff was in the cellars when the house was destroyed. by any indication it would have been between the 1840's and

1850's. was gone by then and would have been deceased. tothe cellars will be able tell us in more detail about how the house was destroyed. we will be able to see the finishes of the house, the plaster, maybe the type of wood work and the hardware. we have a long journey of archaeological excavation ahead of us that we are in the development pays for, because we need the resources to be able to open that and keep it open for a period of time. our best days are still ahead of us, and we look for to the time -- forward to the time when archaeology is a daily occurrence. [inaudible]

>> next, we travel to concord, new hampshire to visit the home of america's 14th president. is the only home franklin pierce ever owns and lives in. franklin pierce is the 14th president of the united states and the only president from new hampshire. he was a lawyer and very charismatic as a politician. he lived in the house here from with his wife, jane, two sons, frankie and benny. he had resigned his senate seat to come back to with his family. he was born in hillsboro on november 23, 1804 in a log cabin. before he was a year old, his

father moved him into the big georgian mansion in hillsboro, where he ran a tavern. pierce grew up in very social circumstances with lots of people coming and going, and lots of political discussions. he was educated at some of the academies around hillsboro. when he was extreme, his father took him up to go to vote in , hisge -- when he was 16 father took him up to go to boaten college. -- boden college. his interest in politics came around when he was very young. his father had the tavern, lots of political discussions going on. his father was always involved in politics. he represented hillsboro in the , he went on tore be governor twice of new

was 23,e, so when he pierce reentered the legislature and was elected, and when he was 26 he was the youngest speaker of the house that we have ever had here in new hampshire. at that time, there were 200 members in our house of representatives. today, there are 435, so it is a large legislative body. he went on to run for congress. franklin pierce was in the house from 1833-1837, and then went on to run for the senate. he resigned his senate seat. he served in that maybe four or five years. his wife, jane pierce, did not like washington or politics. she was a very shy, retiring person. she preferred to be in the bosom of her family. he was just the opposite. so i think he decided to give up seat to come back

and be with his young family here and concorde -- in conco rd, and would resume his law practice to support his family. house, a great revival it was built in 1838, and is a common architectural style for the area. we are here in the parlor of the franklin pierce manse, and this is one of four portraits done a friend when pierce in 1852, when .e was running for president you can see he is quite a handsome gentleman. he had a couple of nicknames, one was handsome frank, and the other was young hickory of the granite hills, since he had the same politics as andrew jackson. also here on the wall is a copy of a letter that is owned by boden college. this is franklin pierce writing

to a friend, horatio bridge. in the letter, they are trying to find a job for nathaniel hawthorne. nathaniel hawthorne was an author, he liked to write books but he also had a family he needed to support. this is an ongoing theme throughout the lives of the two men. they were always trying to find work for nathaniel hawthorne so he could support his family. is inere on the wall order of cincinnati certificate, in pierce is one of three presidents that is involved in the organization. it was formed by the offices of the lion under george washington. the allegiances are hereditary, and pierce is one of three presidents who belonged to the

order of cincinnati. george washington, monroe, and pierce are the three presidents. there are several pieces of furniture in the house that to the whitee house to be furnished for their own personal use. one is the sofa under the portrait. the table in the center of the the whitenown as house table in the sister of the family -- sister's family, so they were borrowing furnishings from relatives to furnish these eight rooms. against the wall there is a writing desk and chair that belongs to franklin pierce, and he would be up until 3:00 in the morning sometimes answering correspondence and writing speeches, sitting in the little chair here. this is the dining room of the franklin pierce manse. in this room, we have the

secretary from pierce's war office. when he was through with it, he gave it to his law partner, and it was in that family when the house opened. they very generously gave it to the parade -- brigade to demonstrate his law practice here. open the desk here and have his law books in the here, and the books in this case are all owned by either jane pierce or franklin pierce, and have inscriptions in the front of them. it has two bedrooms upstairs, there is a back part of the house that has smaller rooms in it that were probably used for the irish girls and the children when they lived here. one of the bedrooms would have been used as a guest room. when guests came, they would stay for extended periods of

time. they lived in the house from 1882-1848 -- 18 42-1848. here, thelived four-year-old, frankie, died of typhus in the bedroom upstairs, and it was a very sad time for the family. when pierce went off to the raised war in 1847, he 1000 troops, they made him a brigadier general, they all went down to newport, rhode island, and boarded sailing vessels to go down to mexico. they spent about a month on the ocean. the winds died down and finally they made it to veracruz, where fought in a couple of the battle there, and then he returned to concord.\ soldpierce came back, they

the house, and they never owned anything after that. they either rented properties or stayed in boarding houses. in 1852, the democrats were meeting in baltimore. there were three men that were vying for the nomination, and seem to make a decision. virginia, on the 30th ballot, nominated franklin pierce. on the 49th ballot, they selected him to be the nominee for the democratic party. jane and franklin pierce were riding in a carriage south of boston when the messenger caught up with them to give them the news, and jane promptly fainted. that was the last thing she wanted. she was very upset to think they might need to go back down to washington. she was happy in her life as it was and did not really want to change, but she realized that pierce would always answer the

call if the country asked, so she agreed that he should go ahead and run as a democratic candidate. pierce went home. it was ungentlemanly for the candidate to campaign at that presidenthis vice alongut and campaigned, with a lot of his friends. they won the election in 1852, and king was ill so he went off to cuba. when it came time for the inauguration, congress had to pass an act for him to take the oath of office on foreign soil, which he did. he returned to washington two months later and died two or three days after that. so p's never had a vice president, and there was nothing in ways -- pierce never had a vice president, and there was nothing in place to put someone in that position.

that was a lonely time for him. inrce himself had a tragedy 1853. in january, they were returning from a funeral in andover , massachusetts, and when they arrived and turned on the track, an axle broke and he was the only fatality and he was killed in front of both his parents, right before they were due to go down to washington. so this was devastating for both of them and particularly to jane . she never really recovered from that. pierce was left with trying to handle his own grief and try to shore his wife up, and then faced with going down to washington to run the country. so it was a very stressful and difficult time in their lives. pierce's presidency did have quite a few successes.

he reduced the national debt by something like 60%. he has traded agreements with ,anada on fishing treaties things like that. actually, the trade with japan opened up. admiral perry came back, so we began our trade agreements with japan at that point. the southern border of the tates was defined by the gadsden purchase that happened during pierce's time. the army and the navy was modernized under the secretary of war, jefferson davis, who went on to be the president of the confederacy during the civil war. pierce was a lawyer, and he felt that slavery should be handled with an act of congress. there should be legislation that

would prohibit it. he was not in favor of it, but he was very afraid that the country would split over that. so his whole focus when he was president was just to try to keep the country together. he understood what the hardships of the men fighting in the revolution were to create the country, so he was trying very hard to keep the country together, and it did split after lincoln was elected. franklin pierce had one term in office, and the democratic party did not want him to run again. he had quite a few good accomplishments. we know a lot about those, because the kansas-nebraska act at the end of this presidency turned into bloody kansas and was a disaster, rather than trying to achieve what it hoped to achieve. so they nominated buchanan to be the candidate in the next

election cycle. -- once rep.pierce pearce: pierce left the presidency, they came back to -- once franklin pierce left the presidency, they came back to new hampshire. health, and she was probably suffering from depression anyways. --e passed away in 1863, and passed away in 1869. franklin pierce, unfortunately, was not well liked in new hampshire after he left the presidency over the kansas-nebraska act, and it state a long time before they erected a statue on the statehouse grounds. it was in the early 1900s that they finally did the statue to franklin pierce. so his mark, i do not think, is

that much in the state, actually, because of the way his cy ended. we hope when people visit the house they will have a better understanding of friend with peers. we hope they learn some of the as to understand but he was like as a person. i think there is a lot of credit for things he did accomplish as president. springwood has stayed in hyde park, new york. fdrted on the hudson river, visited springwood's times during his presidency. coming up, we will tour this unique home, hearing the private stories of a very public man. >> this was home. this was where his heart always

was and he once said to his friends and neighbors, my heart is always here and it always will be. franklin delano roosevelt, the 32nd president of the united states was born and raised in this house and he was buried here as well. roosevelt had a different state down the road from this property in the house burned to and thend in 1865 fdr's father purchased the property. fdr's parents or jane in several delano or roosevelt.

mr. james roosevelt was 52 years 26, so she was only was half his age. james and sarah only had the one child. when mr. james bought the were 17 in 1867, there rooms at the farmhouse. will -- -- the house was in large in 1915 because by then he had a inwing family and he decided he wanted a grander home

for the future president. once it became active in politics, quite often events with the healthier. -- would be held here. bring cash, he would he felt it was a place he could get away from the pressures of wartime in europe. many times, his political associates would come here and they would talk about political strategies and so forth. you thelike to show that fdr added when the house was enlarged. people cant up so

see the actual ramp that fdr used. ramp, hehe original would use it to get to one of his favorite rooms. waslibrary living room something he added in 1815. one day, if he did change the house, he would have a room that so much when the king and queen of great britain were serve inere, he would this room.

themother would serve in room. the -- te wasas the propera drink. the king said my mother would have said the same thing and said i will have a cocktail. back then, it was a two-year term. he would always said on the over the mantle is a

portrait of fdr's great great grandmother. a member of congress that ratified the constitution of the united states, so very , there was a roosevelt and public service. you'll notice the wheelchair hair -- here as well. chair --this will wheelchair. sit in it forto long periods of time. he use it to get from room to room.

fdr contracted polio at the age of 39. they think several children that attended the boys scout camp contracted polio. the rooseveltto summer home near the back, maine. arriving, heter did not feel well. early.ded to go to bed he walked up the second floor. last time he would

walk on edited -- unaided again. he did not know if it was a permanent condition. for the first time in his life, he knew what fear and despair time,rious up until that he really had the charmed life. after that, he would understand what people during the great like afterwould feel they lost everything. it is only one someone who has gone to the kind of suffering a house and as that and relate to the problem of mankind and after

polio, fdr could certainly understand that. home, hopingto his if he did not -- enough therapy, he could get back the use of his legs. to watch using the braces on his likes and crutches root --wn to root in -- route nine. in later years in warm springs, georgia, someone told him about mineral waters that perhaps would help him and so he tried years, for a number of

he used to go regularly to warm springs. he had always hoped that would help him. he was always trying to find a cure. it was during his presidency that the march of dimes started have fdris why you spaceon the dime -- fdr's ce on the dime.

here.is a lot of history meet with heads of .tate here the hyde park would talk about the atomic bomb, the future uses, possible use against the keeping the also development secret from the russians. room because fun haveis where fdr loved to dinner.s before

he's tall cocktail hour -- he used to call cocktail hour children's hour. he would next big cocktails and cocktailskes the himself. polio, certainly this was a bit of a challenge for franklin roosevelt. we talked about the ramp going down to the living room, but there is a big set of stairs into get a these stairs would be difficult unless he was crawling up the steps on a regular basis.

.his had been put in prior they would go off on trips to europe. it was very difficult, so that is why they installed this and lift. a hand operated when fdr contracted polio, it would have been a great way for him to get to florida for. the suggestion was perhaps he should have it motorized, but fdr did not want to have it because he had a fear of fire and he was worried if , hee was a motorized lift could die trying to escape, so

he fell this would be a much safer way to operate. fdr's fear of fire came early on wasis life because when he a little boy, he and his mother estatee to the family for a party and while they were his and was getting ready for the party and she was using a curling iron. she knocked it over. the flames caught her close on she died as a result of the fire on her close and so he remembered that growing up.

it was a small fire here that , so it wast something that remains. he and his mother were very close. his mother became the main person in his life. they had an interesting relationship your when they were first married, eleanor looked at sarah as the mother that she never had so i would say they were pretty close in the beginning and sarah helped with and sarah was very good at that.

over in whenook she became more independent, she wanted to take over the running of her own household comes of there were two women trying to it led to someo winches and their relationship. a lovingoosevelt had ,elationship with her father but she did not have a good relationship with her mother. her mother was a very beautiful woman and felt that eleanor roosevelt wasn't pretty enough. she made fun of her. she was pretty much alienated from her mother. really did not have a

credible of being a good mom, so that is why when she had her own children, it was difficult for her to adjust to motherhood. they had six children. one children -- one child died .t the months -- eight month is thehe right-hand side iny room in they had to put an action long hallway. swingdded a swing in this meant to be for them to use.

i want one, his mother sarah came to that section with them. we are in the bedroom of franklin and eleanor roosevelt. when he contracted polio, she .oved into the room next door because he needed a manservant to get him out of bed and rest and so forth and for privacy reasons c said she needed to move next door. that shes speculate moved into the next room after she discovered that fdr had a secretaryip with her and she did not want to be in

the same room. you'll notice that next event, ande are a couple of phones then there is the one on the wall. is ane on the wall important phone because that was the direct line to the white house, so fdr could pick up that phone and he would get the white house phone toll road -- operator. it was right within reach of him and in this room, there was a .hair it was -- he spent some time in any from his staff

that they needed to. this room has a wonderful view hudson river.e he learned toe sail about, he could sail above on the hudson river, so any time spent was wonderful to him. say his favorite job was when he was the assistant secretary to the navy, he got a lot of opportunity to spend on ships. in this room, he has something that is naval related.

the commission making is the doorway which led into eleanor roosevelt's bedroom. it is very small. there is not much in here. eleanor roosevelt eventually had which was aeat her andat fdr built for , she began to use that more and more often whenever she came to hyde park, she would spend the days and nights there. her, that was her own home

and she really never felt at home in this house. she used to say she was just a visitor, so she loved that cottage which he basically on, she had aer building she had originally converted into a retreat herself. that was a place she loves to the more than any other. is ae end of the hallway little boy. he had long hair until he was about five years old. hairother loved his long on him. it is the cutest thing that a

lot of visitors see. in this wing of the house, there the veterans that are connected i doors so they could walk into any of the rooms when they wanted by just opening the door. when sarah roosevelt built a townhouse for franklin and eleanor roosevelt as a christmas , that place had connecting doors from one apartment to the next. sarah roosevelt the fed building as a duplex. there was connecting doors on various levels so sarah tip pop into the section whenever she

wanted to. she wrote about this townhouse and you could read between the lines where she just mentioned it wasn't a great thing or sarah was living right next to them. was notimagine that she happy to be in a wing of this house for sarah could also open the way from her bedroom to .leanor's letter when she moved into this section she moved all of wereurniture from the room franklin was born into this room.

this became the master bedroom to the house and after sarah died, she left a note that she wanted to have furniture kobach into the room were fdr was born. this then they came more of the guest bedroom after that point. away andsevelt passed they say after she died, a giant oak tree fell over on the property. that is kind of the end of the important part of the story. hard sir died, it was because his mom would always be greeting him.

him.s devastating for for him, something really important went out of his life. here, he feltack the emptiness of the house had a very strong presence in it. lincoln and -- franklin roosevelt -- mostas really around for of his life. it was a terrific boston she passed away. home.ve his he loved it so much that he wanted the american people and people throughout the world to come here and understand what it meant for him to the born and raised here and what influenced .im when he was growing up

that house to the american public. he may be arrangement for it to be given to the national park service eventually. it was his hope and dream that you would come here to learn about him. >> americans -- america's 33rd president escape life in washington, d.c. by visiting what he called the little white house. how president truman spent his time at this historic retreat. house gottle white

its name partly through an accident, partly through the had that franklin roosevelt in 1947,white house the press corps started yelling to the president is he going to return to florida? , i have af course little white house. took this as him

returning and painting the house all white. welcome you to the little white house and it has been used by seven american presidents. it was built as a navy commanders home back in 1890. commanders number of , but it was slightly taft,upted by president dwight eisenhower, john kennedy, jimmy carter and bill clinton. to have a continuum through american history. this building was the largest building on the naval base, 9000

square feet. it was originally built as the commanders home. at that time, key west was the and admiralquarters nimitz is here inspecting the base and he finds that the base commander has moved to smaller quarters. this large home sitting vacant. he sees the large house and impress with all the top-secret so, he gives home to washington to learn he cannot

seem to shake and says i have the perfect vacation venue. the president came. he is here relaxing. they are really soaking up the is writing resident to his wife saying what a fabulous waste it turned off of the. as he leaves key west, a promised our city commissioner whenever i get tired, i will be back. december, theand president what take up residence and the little white house encompasses the united states.

first location -- vacation he is invited to see a german sub. sub is ain of the missouri native, so they felt confident he would look after submerged 450 feet -- andsub springs a leak the sub springs a leak. it was a very hazardous job. the instruments

reengaged in they slowly go to .he surface and sees them with soaking wet chargers -- trousers. present truman started coming here in 1946 and the navy had not put any money into fixing the place up. by 1949, the president had already been here four times. they hired the interior mr. lassiter made no [indiscernible] with the president for it he wanted to create a timeless menu, something that would be

acceptable to the guests coming to see the president. the house had 20 years of admirals of unit in so many of the that have been done were discarded. restore theask to house as it was. what washe records of bought, it did not tell us who it was from, so we found this beric and it turned out to waverley. we found 200 yards of fabric and needed 187 to complete the task. the paintings on the wall i

weieve were stolen until found a notation that they have been loaned by the naval academy. the navy academy have no idea what i was talking about. ms. schott high-resolution scans and so all of the paintings are thetly as they are, so little white house is a very few purerestoration -- very restoration. every evening, the game a movie -- they became a movie

theater. became aevening, it movie theater. his piano is in the corner. -- to the the piano president had the piano in key west. on occasion, it could be brought into the house and that was the way it was. was an extremely talented musician. he enrolled in music lessons for 10 years. expected him to become a concert .ianist

he regularly plays the piano and so he is an extremely fine pianist. the uss williamsburg was decommissioned. all the artifacts on the ship were scattered. about 10 years later, the base commander put out these andctives, i want the piano get what, admirals -- get what they want. this is worthy president came to

relax. the president told everyone he was on vacation. all a lie.t, it was his president and staff were lying to each other. 7:00 in thet up at morning, read a newspaper, have a glass of orange juice with a shot of bourbon and go out and then takecks up his position at this desk. they would contain correspondence, sometime books the president asked and he would .un the country from this desk

this staff were working behind his back to making sure the president was relaxing and the president was doing the same thing. it finally came to a head when he wrote a letter and he messes that the vacation is a farce, i'm signing my name 200 times a day. it kind of brings back this iconic symbol. harry truman made it famous because he believed that the only person the president could pass responsibility to his god.

it comes from the onewest. west.d harry truman, and being a poker player would know that. of multiple copies the president received. the original is at his library in missouri. the one thing that people rarely get to see this feedback of the sun. says i'mof the sign from missouri. why is that important question -- important? think youd him don't are better than the people that elect to do because one of these days you will be going back home.

was.ver forgot who he are in thent, we harry s truman white house. presidentere the relaxed after hours. probably one of the most iconic things is the poker table. the president had already been here for four other vacations. cars -- cards until about 8:00 at night. two of the staff are still living.

trips.e eight of the 11 when they boarded the plane, threw $60 per pot. it was all about teambuilding in camaraderie. present truman regarded the big white house as a jail. let staff grows their beard for a few days. they certainly had a glass of bourbon and visited back-and-forth and forth without

the press. we know present truman shared his decision not to run to the election with his closest staff sitting at this table and for the next six months, not one story.leak the .e had great fun with his staff he would go out fishing with his staff. casertswear company said a of hawaiian shirts with the thought if the president is wearing our shirts, we would sell a lot of shirts. he organized what they called

contest.shirt seenresident was often wearing these loud shirts. even formed a little group with the president referred to as the one more club. simple.e is very go when we were allowed to go to the big white house, the white house is very normal and very presidential. remindsle white house any of our visitors of their mom's house, grandmother's house. humbly andfurnished

a subtle elegance about it. the number one thing people just .o, i could live there it is really the people's house in many ways. harry truman was one of us in it -- the it would be -- it would be inconceivable for harry truman to have anything like that. in 1975, bill and hillary clinton were married inside their home or of next, visit to learn how this house helped

career ofthe america's 41st president. this house was built in 1931 in the middle of the ozarks. this would have seems like a pretty fancy house. the clintons while this house in 1975 and did a little bit of remodeling. for the most part, the house is original from 1931. the street became clinton avenue in 2010. wheres the living room they were married in 1975.

house whilethe hillary was out of town and surprised her with it. house youbought that thought was pretty and she said yes. windows, all of those things a big room. the clintons only had 10 guest here for the wedding. modest. one of our visitors ever things to see is the wedding dress. replica andithful a was designed and made by little rock designer who is a longtime friend. the night the dress

before at her mother's insistence. this off the rack for $53. one of the interesting things to note, hillary decided to keep her name and be called hillary , which would be unique. hoped sher mother's would had changed it to clinton. they were just a young couple like so many others. they do not have any money, any furniture, they were just getting started in life.

they also traveled a lot, so they do not have a lot of money, but they spent a lot of time --lding for an shirts building friendships. dress made quite a national splash. it was fairly radical and she --t on to yell law school yell law school -- thectually met present in -- president kennedy in 1963. ofwas involved in a lot democratic initiatives, lots of

campaigns. knew this was going to be the past -- the past that he was going to take. therefore the clintons were -- he decidedll he would run for congress and he talked it over with the dean of the law school. he asked several other people to run against him in the third district. it andelse wanted to do he finally decided maybe it should be him. he says he did not think it could hurt his future chances and he was correct.

he lost in 1974 by only 6000 votes. he says losing that congressional election enabled him to go to the white house. his decision to stay here in arkansas eventually led to his bed in the white house. is thethe fun things clintons you'd -- use this as campaign headquarters. he had two primary contenders handily theuite primary race in did not have a

contender in the general election. because it'd have a general election opponent, he was able to work on behalf of jimmy carter. carter went on to win 65% of the vote. during the time that phil is running, you will went to indiana and randy campaign there. their lives were very much about legal campaigns and working on behalf of democrats across the country. generalame the attorney in 1976 and two years later would become the country's youngest governor. when bill and hillary were married, hillary kept her name

which would have been unusual. and shely kept her look wore glasses and no makeup and natural hair. term bill lost his second as governor in 1980, the two of -- regrouped. into whatormation they consider an appropriate first later -- first lady. very apparent in the early 80's and then an 82, clinton ran for governor again and he won at that time.

the clinton house museum is really a great american story. it is a great example of the best of american ideals. when you get a chance to spend time were other people have absorb some ofto that energy and think about how people got started in their lives. placeike standing in this where these people spent their early days. >> you can watch this and other programs at c-span.org.

tv onlyamerican history on c-span3. c-span's washington journal live everyday with news and policy issues that impact you. , theirup monday morning latest stories on the future of the internet and then matthew hennessey. sure to watch c-span's washington journal live at 7:00 eastern. the 70thear marks anniversary of president -- 1948 19th 48 executive order. here's a preview. these are college educated

african-americans, mainly from new york. they went and fought with the french. they taught them how to use weapons and became very close. >> the french had a very different attitude. he writes this to the french station with the american army. important for the french army to exercise command over the troops. --have the exact occupation

the last man is regarded by the white americans as an interior being. beingack is constantly censured. have toces of the nigro repress them sternly. we must prevent the rise of any and to missy between french officers and black officers. in to highlyome like american troops, particularly in the presence of america. you can -- not >> you can watch the entire program monday at 6:30 eastern only on c-span3. afterwards, a

retired marine corps general sits with military times -- rter todd self -- self how does that affect the rest of the career? because theem is marine corps does not want to change at that foundational those stereotypes persist. perceptionnto the and then they are not respected. all the time, you hear male recruits told women that they -word.e key word -- p

dilemma,ort of the that that is the culture that they are brought into. >> watch tonight on c-span twos book tv. the war department produced seven thumbs between 1942 and 1945 to explain the causes and course of the war to u.s. army troops are at the academy award-winning director frank capra supervise the -- supervised the production. conquer, theand third film in the series.

using animated maps created that disney, newsreels, dramatize scenes, divide and conquer covers the german invasions of denmark, ♪