any semblance of black power, so that those whispers, those opportunities to salvage something would not exist again and so little bit until roosevelt would play this role. that is new. that is not up his time. there were black democrats who contacted him. he could have appointed them immediately. he did not want to. see this as particularly important, because african-americans were not a part of his specific nationalism. sonian as muchon as it is american. >> watch the entire talk sunday night at 8:00 p.m. and midnight eastern on "the presidency." you are watching american history tv, only on c-span3. >> in 1943, the u.s. supreme decisioned in a 6-3 that public school students

could not be forced to salute the american flag after several jehovah's witnesses challenged their expulsion from a west virginia public school. tv, an american history daylong event hosted by the robert h jackson center to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the west virginia board of education being barnette -- west virginia board of education v. barnette court case. they talk about the struggle jehovah's witnesses and her advance human and civil rights globally. >> i am privileged to introduce our speaker. bromley will be presenting the topic, jehovah's

in the coalanaried mine of human rights. ladies and gentlemen, phil bromley. [applause] privilege is a real to be here at the jackson center to commemorate the anniversary of west virginia v. barnette. we want to thank mr. peterson, mr. loftis for what they have done in collaborating with the jackson center. as mentioned, the title of our consideration is jehovah's witnesses, canary in the home lin coal mine of human rights. is a dangerous job. you hear of collapses all the time. miners face another danger. is was is gases. as recently as 1980, coal miners had the custom of caring

canaries -- carrying canaries with them deep into earth. anatomy,f their canaries receive one dose of austin with a brief and and another dose of oxygen when they breathe out and as a result, they get a double dose of air. that means canaries are more susceptible to toxic gases like carbon monoxide detector i. and methane. it showeders knew if signs of distress, they had to get out, and if they did not get out, it could cost them their life. even as those miners depended on canaries to save their lives, when it comes to human rights, as i am going to explain in a few minutes, jehovah's witnesses are the canaries in the coal mine of human rights. in the following minutes, i would like to discuss four questions with you and respond to them. first, are jehovah's witnesses social activist? if not, then why are they

engaged in so much litigation? and why are the legal struggles of jehovah's witnesses canaries in the coal mine of human rights, of interest to you and to me? finally, how how what they have advanced here helped not just in the united states but worldwide? a small time ago, a small group of jehovah's witnesses were gathered together to study the bible. there were relatively few, so they were not meeting in a kingdom hall that in a private home. this evening, something unusual happened. three men knocked on the door and asked if they could join the small group. of course they were surprised, but they invited the men in, they gave him a bible. with the man did not know if these men were government agents. they had come to spy on this small group.

later at trial, they testified against the small group, and as a result, four of the witnesses were convicted of sedition and sentenced to three years in prison. as i told you that story, what country comes to your mind? would that be russia, maybe china? saudi arabia? no, this happened in 1918 in san bernardino, california. the ones arrested were edward hamm, ej convert, mr. stevens, -- and emmartin. martin. doesn't she look like a criminal? [laughter] philip: what was their crime? they were using a copy of a finish mystery in connection with their study. the leadership of the international bible's association, as a hopeless witnesses were known then, were

convicted of espionage for having written and distribute the finnish mystery. these men were sentenced to 20 years in the federal print injury for having produced that book. with remarkable clarity, that publication documented the failings of the catholic church. political used in influence to invest federal authorities that jehovah's witnesses were nothing more than governmenthe german helping germany win the first world war. it was not just the catholic church that when after jehovah's witnesses. protestant leaders went after them as well. one reverend wrote this in the daily telegram, a newspaper that used to be published in brooklyn, "one of your patriotic duties that confronts u.s. citizens is the suppression of

the international bible students association, with headquarters in brooklyn. ofy have, under the guise religion, been carrying on german propaganda." ludicrous. ludicrousness of the conviction was seen to all, and the leadership of jehovah's witnesses were released and set free. 19 20, but what are witnesses i talked to you about earlier went to prison. even after the leadership had been released, they went to 1920. on may 17, they were sentenced to three years, as i mentioned. back then, california did not penitentiary for martin was sent to san quentin, state penitentiary. on june 28, sunday evening, across the united states, jehovah's witnesses sent

telegrams to president wilson, condemning what happened. the very next morning, monday, june 21, wilson pardoned all four, and they were immediately released from prison. what i just described to you this morning are the first two legal battles of jehovah's witnesses, but they are certainly not the last. the last time we were in front of the supreme court of the united states was in 2002. do with litigation between jehovah's witnesses and the town of stratton, ohio. during the 1990's, the municipal authorities of stratton had insisted that jehovah's witnesses obtain written permission -- written permission -- from the municipal authorities before they could go door-to-door. efforts were made to try to resolve the conflict but to no avail. the matter was taken to court. jehovah's witnesses actually lost in the district court and in the circuit court as well and then took the case to the supreme court.

2002, the supreme court ruled in favor of jehovah's witnesses 8-1. rehnquist was at the center. ensuing dates, legal scholars praised the supreme court for what it had done. let me just share with you one quote. this is from the senior scholar of the first amendment center. , "jehovah's witnesses have done it again. they chopped up the supreme court victory," he missed two. "an extraordinary line of cases that have significantly protecte increase protections fl americans," and notice what he added. we all owe jehovah's witnesses a debt of gratitude. no matter how many times they

are assaulted, ran out of town, attacked, our freedom of religion, and when they win, we all went. history of legal jehovah's witnesses, from 1918 to 2002. that leads us to our first question. are jehovah's witnesses social activists? the numbers suggest so. jehovah's witnesses worldwide have obtained 371 supreme court .ictories in 63 countries that includes 50 degrees here in the united states and 62 favorable decisions before the european court of human rights. that leads us to the second question. why are jehovah's witnesses involved in so much litigation? to answer this question, we have to go to the vital to understanding little bit about the beliefs of jehovah's witnesses. just as a foundation, jehovah's witnesses believe that the bible

is the word of god, and you have to obey what is written in the bible. one of the standards in the bible is found in romans 13:1. it says the following -- "let every person be in subjection to authority, for there is no authority except by god. stand placehorities in their relative positions by god," so you get the point. a general standard followed by jehovah's witnesses is to have god's approval, you should be a loyal, honest citizen. lillian waswhen asked at trial, her attorney asked, "do you believe in vienna loyal to your country?" "yes." the rules of minersville in general?" "yes." " is a fluting --

"is saluting the flag the only issue you have with the school?" "yes." remember the bible uses the word "relative authority," so there , wheneption to this law with divinenterferes mandate. this is after resurrection of jesus, and he approaches his disciples. the verses read like this "jesus approached and said to them, all authority," and i will cause -- "all authority," that myth, according to jesus, all authority on heaven and on earth -- "all authority has been given me in heaven and on the earth. go, therefore, and make disciples of people of all the

nations, teaching them to observe all the things i have commanded you are co- the early christians did just that. not months after the ascension of jesus to heaven, the apostles were sent to the high cour in jerusalem because they had been talking about jesus. "we strictly order you not to keep teaching on the basis of his name, and yet look, you still are teaching." what would be the apostles' response? these are famous works, asked peter and the other apostles said "we must obey god as ruler rather than men." so you may not agree with the jehovah's witnesses, and you may not understand all of the police of -- beliefs of jehovah's it is to beut law-abiding as much as possible, to be loyal citizens, but when

and comes to set u shop secular authorities conflict with what the bible teaches, there is no discussion, there is no debate, jehovah's witnesses have to follow what is written in the bible. so let me answer those first two questions. are jehovah's witnesses social activists? no. jehovah's witnesses view litigation as a last resort. then why are they before the court so often? jehovah's witnesses resort to litigation only on the few occasions when subjection to secular law would bring them into conflict with divine mandate. now, ladies and gentlemen, i get down to the question you are interested in. why should this matter to you? many of you are not jehovah's witnesses. most of you. what relevance will this have for your life? you woke up yesterday, the younger ones, you went to school.

others went to work. maybe you had household chores to take care of, or maybe yesterday was a day of leisure. you could relax and take it easy. as he went around your life yesterday, you did whatever you did without even thinking, most about the fundamental freedoms, the fundamental rights you enjoy. for example, it never crossed your mind that if you wanted to go talk to your neighbors, let's say here in jamestown, you would have to first go downtown and get written permission from some municipal authority to go talk to your neighbors. that would not even come into your mind. it never came into your mind if youu could be forced, went to a school, to say something you did not believe, or if you children in school, that your children could be thatd to say something they did not believe, it is certainly did not come into your mind yesterday that if you happened to talk to somebody about your faith, or if you are an atheist and you want to talk

about the fact that you are atheist and others should be atheist as well, that you could go to jail just for saying those things. well, here is the point. a crucial turning point in the history of the united states, groups of people, notably jehovah's witnesses, stood up and challenged the authorities when those rights were challenged or threatened. it comes to human rights, jehovah's witnesses are the canaries. history and credit has confirmed that worldwide jehovah's witnesses are one of the first groups to be threatened with the loss of fundamental and civil rights. second point, history and current events also confirmed that when the rights of jehovah's witnesses are threatened, the rights of others will be soon threatened as well. conversely, history and current events confirmed that when jehovah's witnesses our successful in defending their

rights, the rights of the majority are similarly defendant. know jehovah's witnesses go door-to-door to talk to people about their faith. maybe on saturday morning they ran your doorbell, and you wonder "who is bothering me at this hour?" maybe it was even a little irritating that they came and talked to you. why do you jehovah's witnesses go door-to-door? what do the courts have to say about this? theng the 1920's and 1930's, a real effort was made to talk to others about their faith. as a result of this, it was not uncommon for jehovah's witnesses to be arrested. this is just one example. the journalists had a little fun with the letter "j." jehovites jailed in joliet." [laughter] philip: witnesses would come to

town, authorities would round them up and arrest them as quickly as they could. the case is made the rounds through the court. frankly, ladies and gentlemen, the supreme court started drowning in jehovah's witnesses' appeals. the supreme court had rendered five decisions, all confirming freedom of speech, freedom of religion, that witnesses could do just what they were doing. rulings,of these five witness s they were still being arrested, and the supreme court thought, "what can we do to stem this tide us jehovah's witnesses appeals?" in new haven, connecticut, they were arrested. the case found its way to the supreme court. may 20, 1940, unanimously, the supreme court held in favor of the cantwell family. let me read you one

sentence that shows you a turning point in the progression of american jurisprudence. the court said this, the first amendment declares that congress respecting theaw establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." up to cantwell, the spring court had determined the first amendment as protecting the people of the united states from the wrongs committed by federal authorities. who was arresting jehovah's witnesses? not the federal authorities. in with the municipal authorities. in a landmark turnaround, the supreme court added a sentence, "the 14th amendment has rendered the legislatures of the states" -- meaning connecticut -- "as incompetent as congress to enact such laws." ares an american today, you

protected under the first amendment not just by wrongs committed by federal authorities but wrongs committed by state and municipal authority. the one that right for you? jehovah's witnesses. weeks after this unanimous decision in cantwell, the supreme court handed down the crushing defeat that we inked about this morning minersville school district v. gobitis. in the school enforce something that in doing so would violate the students' religious beliefs? in their brief to the supreme court, the state said this, "such a demonstration of disrespect to our government will influence and affect other people in the school, and the

respectivehe communities, and ultimately of the nation itself, will be shaken and demoralized." do you get what they are saying? if we allow students of jehovah's witnesses not salute the flag, that could affect other students, then could in turn affect the parents, and we might very well lose the war. by a 8-1 margin, the gobitis court agreed with the state. they said "a society that is dedicated to the preservation of itself may in protection," do you get the point? to protect our very survival, we will obligate these students to say something they do not believe. when the case came down, as you heard from the fine ladies who spoke this morning, it was not

just an esoteric decision about whether or not to salute the flag. the message received in the united states as a result of the gobitis decision was jehovah's witnesses are bad. they are a threat to the survival of the united states, and is unleashed a wave of persecution during the early 1940's, the likes of which have never been seen since. noticed this short video clip describing what happened. [video clip] >> on june 3, 1940, the supreme court ruled 8-1 against jehovah's witnesses. a ruling that would rock the country. [gavel] within days of the gobitis decision, the kingdom helall in torched.nebunk, maine was a mobinois,

attacked witnesses as they were preaching, turning over car and destroying their literature. mob wasboro, texas, a determined to make them salute the flag. >> by now, they had the flag that they wanted me to salute. i let my hand drop. >> the model through the rope pulled ipe and then pillars up.

he woke up in jail and near death. >> the next thing i knew, a doctor was bringing me to. marshall said, and this put great courage into me, the marshall said open he is the most stubborn devil i have ever thenin my life," so i knew that i had not compromised. >> some were tarred and feathered, others run out of town, some were castrated. this was not one or two communities, this was from maine to california to washington to georgia. butip: not just this clip, as you heard from the professor last night and the program this morning, as a result of the mob violence against you as witnesses, the country started to take notice of what was happening. one historian, john noonan, set this. legal," meeting

e, "help and illegal," meeting police and not intervene . jehovah's witnesses in the united states grew by an average 48,000per year from to 17,000 over the same three years. the safest to west virginia v. barnette. as so capably demonstrated this morning, the mistreatment of jehovah's witnesses hit the conscience of every honest hearted american, and the supreme court also had a conscience. and realized it made a big mistake with gobitis, so much so that when walter barnette brought his case to court, the supreme court ruled in favor of the barnette family, and of

course this went all the way to the supreme court, and we are commemorating it to this day, 75 years later. said those inurt dissent soon find themselves exterminating dissenters. achieves only the magnanimity of the graveyard. ladies and gentlemen, i want you to take a step back, put the flag salute issue on the back step for a moment. this is very different from just the flag salute issue. in the gobitis decision, justice had argued strenuously that government have the right to compel the flag salute, and when government obligated people to do something, people should obey. this washt was that required in order to save the , butmity of the government

as was said in the barnette decision, the very purpose of the bill of rights is to withdraw a subject from political controversy. that the point being court did stand in the place to protect individual rights, so the shift was, under frankfurter, if you do not like what the law is, vote in a new legislature, because the legislature should change things. to barnette said, way minute, minorities will never be able to win an election, will never be able to protect themselves in the legislature. it is up to the court to protect religious freedom. this is what phil donahue said earlier this morning. the reaction to the barnette decision, as you know, was uniformly positive. the christian century said this, this court had cleared of a whole range of cases involving freedom of conscience. all of them an outgrowth of the activities of jehovah's witnesses. the constitutional guarantees of

religious liberty have been affirmed. you know when you have an occasion like this, you tend to overstate things, and you might programnk well, this was really excellent, but really, didn't they kind of go over the top with what they were saying? let me tell you categorically, the legal scholars recognize barnette as the single most important decision of the supreme court. for example, professor sun stain of harper said that -- harvard said this. select theosed to five most important supreme court decisions, and of the five, he said if we had to preserve just one supreme court decision to show what american constitutional laws are about, i would pick the barnette case. he was not alone. percival -- hertzel would deem it

without question the most important case in supreme court history. let me go back to my third question. what does all of this have to do with you, particularly if you are not jehovah's witnesses? without any kind of pride, to up,what history brings jehovah's witnesses have stood up at important times in the history of the united states to fight for their rights in and in so doing, they guaranteed rights for all americans, but before concluding, i want to make two sobering points. i really hope you take this to heart. the point is that fundamental freedoms can be won, and fundamental freedoms can be lost. the second point, the battle continues. and i underline that? the battle continues. for example, when barnette was decided, a wonderful case, as a result of barnette, the supreme court's in argentina, canada,

costa rica, ghana, the philippines, and rwanda all followed barnette, and all ruled in favor of schoolchildren in those countries. 1945,ample, in canada in witness children before the canada supreme court ruled in favor of them had been sent to foster homes, and some witness parents were sentenced to jail. in argentina in 1979, the supreme court handed down a decision exonerating in favor of jehovah's witnesses further refusal totheir salute the flag. you know what is interesting? at the time the supreme court handed down the decision, the worst was under ban, so even though it was illegal to be jehovah's witnesses, if you happen to be one of the jehovah's witnesses, state cannot obligate you to salute a flag. that case not only resulted in a favorable ruling for alejandro

wilma but over 1000 other jehovah's witnesses who were facing trial in argentina because of their beliefs. i will wrap up, and i really hope you listen to me. there are 8.5 million jehovah's witnesses around the world, and it is not easy being one of the jehovah's witnesses. there are 230 jehovah's witnesses in prison right now. eritrea, threein of them for over 25 years. but there are also jehovah's 117, and in jail, south korea, nine in singapore, over 40 in russia, and 11 in turkmenistan. i want to wrap up and tell you about jehovah's witnesses in russia, because this is what i am talking about when i say the battle continues. there are 175,000 jehovah's witnesses in russia. many are third and fourth generation witnesses. records confirm that jehovah's

witnesses started worshiping in russia in 1891. they had legal status for a wild until the russian revolution in 1917, and they were under ba n. from then on, 1917 until 1991, to be one of jehovah's witnesses you could go to a communist gulags like this. literally tens of thousands of jehovah's witnesses lives in siberia because they refuse to relent in their faith. in 19 91 with the collapse of the soviet union, jehovah's witnesses gaines legal status again. during this period, there was a peaceful era for a while for jehovah's witnesses. but the orthodox church when after jehovah's witnesses, and the soviet authorities back to the orthodox church. 2017, jehovah's

witnesses were once again banned. for a moment. the russian constitution guarantees freedom of religion, so how do you plan 170,000 people? it starts with this, the literature they have is extremist, because it says you have to obey the bible, and some of the things in the bible the government does not agree with. does that sound familiar? the finnish mystery? what happened in the united states is the same thing happening in russia today. those who would distribute the literature were declared extremist. by the way, when i say extremist, on that list is al qaeda. so the russian authorities equate being one of jehovah's witnesses two being a member of al qaeda. then a few happened to meet and gather to read this literature, you are also extremist. so what is happening to jehovah's witnesses in russia today? let me show you.

barking] ♪ >> jehovah's witnesses were persecuted in the fascist era, but quite curiously, they were not persecuted for being extremists, they were persecuted notbeing pacifists and what cooperate in the military rhetoric and the military exercise of society, so in a way

they were persecuted for not being extremists. so when i hear we are persecuted in russia for being extremists, it impresses me as something quite ridiculous for jehovah's witnesses. >> many of these impressive mechanisms are invented not for a specific group but for some other threat, not religious but political. and often later they are applied in quite unexpected ways. >> i never met one single expert that is not agree with what russia is doing to jehovah's witnesses is illegal on the basis of the international convention of russia subscribed. ksandr: so that means that all of us, at least the adult jehovah's witnesses, may potentially be criminally prosecuted. single democratic country with this kind of mechanism. [applause]

philip: so this is sobering. you wake up thinking that fundamental freedoms exist and always will. this is happening to the largest religious minority in russia as we speak, so when we get back to that point, jehovah's witnesses, canaries, and the coal mine of human rights, if the global community does not stand up for jehovah's witnesses in russia, what will happen to the rights of others in russia? if the rights of jehovah's witnesses our undermined in russia, what about the rights of others? think about what you have heard today, the wonderful decision of barnette, please do not put this down as an interesting historic fact, something that does not have a lot of relevance in your

life. it actually has quite a lot of relevance in your life. because as we mentioned, the battle continues. [applause] [bellringing] ell.here is the quorum bat its ringing demands the attention of every legislature. >> sunday at 4:00 p.m. eastern on "real america," the 80th congress. >> they must ring th dealt with strategy they have learned through decades of experience to stop the majority fell in the house during the constant struggle between the majority in the minority, the two parties in congress, the republicans and democrats, the very essence of lawmaking, it ensures that every bill that is made into a law shall be subjected to the most vigorous examination and debate.

atwatch "reel america sunday 4:00 p.m. eastern on american history tv on c-span3. today on "the civil war," historian edward ayres discussed how civilians experience the battle and the lone confederate withdrawal back to virginia. here is a preview. edouard: the consequences of the whene had not been settled a quarter of the casualties, a quarter of lee's army, had been dragged into dirt, late into bloodsoaked marshes, or prison camps. when they escaped from pennsylvania or been caught and destroyed here. we must return to virginia as many of our poor wounded as possible need to be taken home.

this still amazes me, at 17 miles long, the wagon train of wounded men. 17 miles long wagon train. rimns with wooden wheels, mules,iron, pulled by no spring, no straw, not ambulances, just cargo wagons, down steep mountain passes in the middle of the night. he would have artillery but would be a slow moving target. if he could move committee could not move the trains fast enough, then all that the confederates had fought for would be lost. manou lose all of his -- he could lose all of his men as well as all of his livestock. you do not think of all the livestock, the cattle they drive with them, the pigs. it is what they do say this is military history.

logistics is military history. logistics is not just all the things that happen on the battlefield, it is all the things that happen outside of it. >> watch the entire top by historian edward ayers on the battle of gettysburg and it's a story consequences today on "the civil war," only on c-span3. ♪ >> c-span, where history unfolds daily. in 1979, c-span was created as a public service by america's cable television companies. today, we continue to bring you unfiltered coverage of congress, the white house, the supreme court, and public policy events in washington, d.c. and around the country. c-span is brought to you by your cable or satellite provider. ♪

>> constructed in 1909, the santa monica pier was the first concrete pier on the west coast. today it hosts millions of visitors. pier historian jim harris is the author of "santa monica pier: a century on the last great pleasure pier." he gives us a tour of this iconic landmark. jim: we see almost 9 million people year come to this peer. -- pier. that is people from all walks of life, all income levels, and all interests. there are almost as many different reasons come here on any given day many people, if you ask them what brought them