clinic is an american institution. it is a part of our country. it is the first and largest multispecialty group practice of medicine. it is a big, formal term but it means specialists working together in a highly organized way to voting -- the way devoting stuff for a purpose of serving the names of each individual patient. this is a model the family developed with the franciscan sisters here that has expanded and grown to other medical centers and has welcomed patients from around the world for more than 150 years. this is heritage hall, the museum that was established with a generous gift from john and william matthews. they are loyal patients, and they had a unique vision. they wanted to add voices to the

choir. they tell the stories of mayo through contemporary museum exhibits, designs, films. today we will explore the history and more importantly the living legacy of mayo clinic. every patient has a history. the first thing you do is you give your history as a patient, but -- what your illnesses are, family background. that history informs the care you received today with your hope of a healthier future as you would as a patient have a astory, so too does organization. our history is a living dynamic, part of who we are. informs who we are today and sets the stage for where we are going in the future. if you travel around here at heritage hall, history is present with us. people talk about it in an immediate sense. i will show you some really fun and interesting things that

bring that to life. a lot of people wonder how a large, prominent medical center got started in a small, remote area light rochester. it is an amazing area of factors. mayo is the family name. the family, dr. william mayo was born near manchester, england. he grew up in the industrial revolution and developed a strong social conscious of giving back to others. he sought a better future and came to america in the 1840's, worked west and in indiana married louise right and she was his -- louise abigail right. -- wright. partner.s malaria was, and dr. mayo sought a healthier climate. he came as a patient. he came to minnesota in the

territory days, worked cities around the state. in 1864 he opened the practice and moved his family to rochester when the lincoln administration named him to be a union army examining doctor during the civil war. his role was to see which young men were fit for military duty. we were one of the newest states in the nation. his job was to see who was fit for service. the family stayed here because mrs. mayo said we are not moving. abraham lincoln brought us here, mrs. mayo kept us here. dr. mayo set up his practice per the sons will and charlie -- practice. the sons grew up in medicine like farm boys on a farm. they would deliver babies, absorb his ideals and values and it was natural they would go into medicine as their time game. the family had been here since

the 1860's. now it is 1883. he is now the senior physician in town. his oldest son just graduated medical school that spring, charlie still in high school here at home. august, the midwest, terrible cyclone comes. humidity, storms, hail, devastating storm struck the city causing death and destruction. the doctor and his sons were in charge of helping survivors. the needed nurses. -- they needed nurses. dr. mayo went down the street to the academy of our lady of the lord founded by the franciscan sisters. the mother superior sent her sisters to be his nurses. iny were in a dance hall various makeshift facilities. not long after the disaster, mother alfred came to dr. mayo with a true vision. she said we the franciscans will build a hospital for this city

if you and your sons will staff it. dr. mayo resisted. hospitals are exist -- are expensive, risky, he was elderly, small town. the mother persisted. with faith, hope and energy, it will succeed. they shook hands. contract. a bond of trust. from that st. mary's hospital opened in 1889. in this tableau, men and women did not work together as professional counterparts. dr. mayo was a man, a man of science, who admired charles darwin. mother alfred, a woman of faith, named her order for the virgin mary. they found common ground. you get this, you get all the rest because you have different people, skills, points of view, but they come together for that, and purpose. each one brought something unique to the equation.

dr. mayo and louise raised their family in rochester, in this house across the street from where we are now with the stevens building. iswhere the stevens building located. they decided they would mortgage this house and with that mortgage funding, purchase a microscope to help care for dr. mayo's patients. this is an example of a 19th century microscope they would have used. , 45boys were maybe 8, 9 years old, two of them. they remember their -- four or five years old, two of them. they remember their parents sacrifice your you serve other people -- parents' sacrifice. you serve other people. here we see william and charles as adults, they were the most successful doctors in america by the late 1910s, 1920's.

remembering their parents' sacrifice and the franciscan sisters, in 1919 the brothers and their wives donated all the assets of mayo clinic, the land, buildings and equipment and a majority of their life savings to transform mayo from a private partnership into a not-for-profit organization. that is a structure we have today. it is here today because of their sacrifice and generosity. we have talked about the origins of the mayo clinic here but it is worthwhile to visit the plumber building, third floor archival suite two of feeling for how this grew and -- to get a feeling for how this grew and flourished. >> we are in the plumber building. it is the sweet where the last offices of dr. will and dr. charlie mayo are located. this space is used as a museum, and our patients and visitors are able to learn more about our

history. how the mayo's practiced edison was different from today. father was the physician who would go out into the country, get on his buggy and horses and take it out to the farms and visit the patient's. surgeries were performed on in operatings, not room settings. instruments and medicine were knowcrude and not as we today. what you are looking at here are some medicines that were carried in a physician's back, and you you see -- bag, and there is not many to select from. there was a lot known about what would to her -- what would cure different ailments. they would administer one dose and hope it would work area they practiced out of their home -- y hoped it would work.

they practiced out of their home. they rented space in downtown rochester and here are locations they rented. the masonic temple was newly built and they rented space on the second floor for patients to be seen. they worked in the masonic temple until 1914. and this building represents the very first mayo clinic that was built by the family. it housed an innovative group practice in medicine. the father instilled in the boys they needed to have others joined the practice. he quoted "no one is big enough to be independent of others." they realized they needed to hire other individuals with talents and interests to provide the best care. wereill and dr. charlie surgeons but they needed interests, people in the -- ternists andin

others. here is the first clinic being 1912 withstarted in construction. in 1914 it opened. it was five floors and it housed all the different specialties. we were anticipating 14,000 patients on an annual basis but 26,000 were coming to rochester. we quickly outgrew this space and ended up building the next building that we will be talking mer buildinglum currently but it was the second mayo clinic. it was 15 floors and encompassed all of the departments the patients would need to be seen in. it was an integrative group practice. here is a model of an examining room that would have been in the 1914 mayo clinic welding.

it is similar to our exam rooms today. you will see a couch or patient where the family member since, exam table, physicians desk, scale and sink. very simple. cork floors were in the 1914 building along with the mayo building because cork was easier on the legs. provided less stress. you could stand for longer times. also in the clinical practice, they realized that the rooms, many of the insurance used needed to be cleaned. betting ander the that type of thing needed to be changed frequently. the idea in antiseptic techniques were developed in england. they had seen practiced ♪ -- the practices over there and brought them back to the mayo clinic. will's last in dr.

office. this would have been used during his administrative years after he had retired from surgery, 1928 is when he would have moved into this area. you will see his desk. his model, he loved the truth and sought to know it. dr. will is described as the businessman, administrative type. he sometimes was known to be more stern but had a great sense of humor. and he married his high school sweetheart. the bookcase.n her name was hattie damon, the daughter of a local jeweler. they had five children but only to lived through infancy, -- two lived through infancy. they married prominent male surgeons, dr. ball four and dr. walters so medicine stayed in the family even though the daughters didn't go into medicine.

will moved inr. here, he was no longer practicing as a surgeon but he was involved in the mayo clinic administratively. he also sat on the board of governors until 1935 when he stepped down and let the younger individuals take over running the clinic. he still was instantly involved knowing our patients were being taken care of. this is my favorite room we are standing in, the board of governors room. it was started because dr. will and dr. charlie in 1915 started the proceedings to start the mayo clinic as a nonprofit. that involves setting up a board and we are still run by a board today. this is the board room, the honors and awards on the wall are abduct her will and dr. charlie from around the world -- the wall are abduct her will and

dr. charlie -- the awards on the wall are of dr. will and dr. charlie. they would travel. one would stay back at the mayo to attend to business. they would present and visit other hospitals and became known to other physicians. dr. will really felt jealousy amongst the medical profession would be a detriment and sharing of knowledge was critical for the profession. you can tell by the honors and rewards they were well-respected. dr. will was asked to give an address at rush at a coal college in 1910 -- medical college in 1910 and he articulated the needs of the patient come first, our primary value here. all we do is for our patients. the mayo family realized you needed education and research to be able to provide that great care for our patients. we still practice with that in

our forethought. in our education we have five schools, and we also have many research labs so we can advance medicine and science. the history of mayo clinic is integral to the history of rochester. the city has grown and expanded along with the mayo clinic to provide different services and amenities for our patients. we are in a place called the treasures gallery. we have a number of copies built presentes that different treasures and facets of their contribution to medicine and society. here is an iconic artifact, a aseball signed by lou gary, ace ballplayer, when he was a patient here. the black and white photo shows him as a patient and he gave back in many ways.

he befriended local youth including a fellow named bob .ierney he gave batting clinics, worked out as soldiers field. he asked mr. garrick to sign his lucky ball and he did we think on his birthday in june 1939, the day he was diagnosed with als, a poignant time. he signed the ball for bob. bob kept the ball for 75 years and the color photo shows bob still treasuring the baseball. at the end of his life he sold the ball to andy, a local business executive in rochester. andy bought the ball for the sole purpose that he and his daughter taylor would give it to mayo clinic to display to inspire our patients. you have generosity across many generations coming together with this one baseball signed by a great american athlete. other examples would be a

replica of the nobel prize mayo clinic received in 1950. staff members, edward kendall, a laboratory scientist and philip hench, a rheumatologist, worked together on the invention and clinical use of cortisone, which many of us know now. they received this prize, the classic example of a bridge from discovering something in the lab to applying it for the care of patients. the word came to mayo clinic i-8 a textssage, not -- by message not like what you would do but a western union telegram. they were team based in their philosophy, the use part of her -- they were team based in their false if he that they used part of the prize money towards clinical assistants. one of those was a franciscan

sister. with her bow of poverty, she couldn't take it. they said that is fine, we will send you on a trip to europe to meet the pope. he always found ways to contribute and give back to others. an early telephone. we have always loved technology here. dr. william mayo had the first telephone in this region. it connected his farmhouse with his office. so the idea of patient convenience, you can walk in to the local area and call dr. mayo at his home. this was transformative, disruptive technology. the local newspaper had to print an article of how to place a telephone call. people didn't know what to do. the paper told that your voice had dr. mayo's voice will be as clear a mile apart as if you are in the same room. they went on a long, elaborate direction. you would talk into this and

listen for that and various things, a new way of communicating for medical care. 1919 when the family, the brothers and their wives made the joint decision to donate the assets of the clinic and their life savings to our nonprofit mission. here is the deed of gift, the legal document and the inkwell they used. this deed of gift is a legal document, but it is a statement of their philosophy. if you read through all of the legalese and terminology, where a couple ofis powerful sentences that stands out. one of them, the males wrote -- mayo's wrote to the clinic's purpose past, present and future must be measured by its contributions to the good of humanity. they didn't say cure this disease or open this lab. they said the good of humanity.

other examples, on the eve of world war ii, mayo began working in aviation. crews can fly higher but were crashing because they were blacking out, not having sufficient oxygen. they were getting killed. he understood blood circulation. we began working in ways, top-secret during those war years, but we discovered the g suit with pressurized chambers to keep the blood pressure up to allow the pilot and crew to remain conscious at higher altitudes. we also developed an oxygen mask and other innovations of error medicine. -- aero medicine. this is still used today. it helped launch the jet age and space travel. they have roots in his aviation research. we charged the government $1 a year for wartime services, the

whole philosophy of giving back area the knowledge of blood circulation opened up the era of open-heart surgery. you are seeing a large photograph of the early heart-lung bypass machine. there was a doctor in philadelphia who created this bypass machine. the heart would stop beating but the machine would take over giving oxygen to keep the patient alive. had one patient survive and four passed away and go on.dn't mayo that there was some merit in dr. given's technology -- gibbons' technology. his machine,ed surgeons and nurses working together to create the heart-lung bypass machine. if you know anybody who has had open-heart surgery or transplant, it began with a

machinelike this. our first patient at the mayo ,linic over here, linda stout she was a five-year-old girl from bismarck, north dakota. she was dying of a heart defect. she had a short time to live. her parents brought her here with no other hope. her life was saved on a machine like this. that is her sixth birthday party. she has had a wonderful life, interviewed her a number of times. clinicame back to mayo on the 50th anniversary of her heart surgery as a guest of that a surgical congress. she gave us her autograph book herher get well cards mother had saved for her. we tell our employees when they come in on their tour behind every invention that mayo clinic there is always a winner. it was always sweet. typical autograph book, she has

her world-famous surgeon's autograph, the cleaning lady's autograph, the kid in the bed next to her all jumbled together and you see her childish scrawl here. she had an innocent way of all these good people who were all around her. she tells the story, she described this vividly, she was young, five years old. the night before her surgery, what she remembers are these tall young men in white jackets. they got on their knees and talked to her eye to eye and said tomorrow you will fall asleep. when you wake up, you will feel a lot better. she said i had no idea how nervous i must have been because she was the first patient. -- they must have been because she was the first patient.

[beeping] medicine is undergoing vast changes even in my career. i have seen tremendous advances in medicine. the pace is only accelerating. looking at the exciting future and this dynamic potential what medicine can do for better health and people all over the world, we come back to the unchanging things. ofre is this yin and yang values and innovation. the value, the innovation, it is this firm foundation. it doesn't hold us back but empowers us to go forward. we have to understand that history and evaluate it and interpret it, and that will keep us grounded and give us that propulsion to go forward. the future is exciting. >> the rochester tour company,

thank you for a does agreeing to show us around. >> my pleasure. >> we are doing something different, we are in an actual trolley. tell us a little bit about what we are writing in. -- we are riding in. >> it is a replica vintage trolley. this one was built in 1997, 1 of five we have. five are uniquely named after the founders of the mayo the neck -- mayo clinic. we will go to downtown rochester which is comprised largely of the mayo clinic campus. >> let's go. >> let's go. ♪ >> right now you are on

broadway. this is rochester's oldest, first original road or street. it was created by our founder, george had. he came here in 1854 from the rochester, new york area and now you know how rochester, minnesota got its name. we are coming into downtown. you're seeing some of the tallest buildings in the country in a city with a population of under 200,000. on south broadway you will see some of our older buildings both left and right that date back to the 1800s and showcase what the rest of broadway used to look like with its main street architecture. >> how has the architecture changed? has the mayo landscape affected the architecture? >> definitely the mayo clinic and the growth of its campus

over the decades has changed downtown rochester in dramatic ways. the mayo clinic now owns over 40 buildings in the city of rochester, occupies 40 buildings. this will give you an idea how much downtown has changed. the massey building on the corner, there is a plaque that talks about this building once being the early medical offices founder, whoo, the started this, and his sons and their partners. in 1891 they occupied a very small office building in downtown rochester. when we go around the corner you will see it has grown substantially into the largest clinic of its kind in the world. this is what i like to call the epicenter of the mayo clinic because in this turnaround outside of the mayo clinic to your right is where everything started.

as far back as dr. will and charlie's boyhood home which stood ahead of us where the building now stands. once upon a time in the 1870's, will and charlie would have been ds playing with their friends downtown, walking the dog. they grew up here and in 1914 the first modern fanuc building of its time in 1914 -- monitored clinic building of its time in 1914 filled their boy for -- their boyhood home. they outgrew very quickly. 13 years later they broke ground on the plumbing -- the second incarnation of the mayo clinic. today it is the plummer building. when the economy recovered, the 1954 built in 1953, the new incarnation of the mayo clinic. today it is the mayo building.

that is definitely a mid century liken masterpiece, shaped a greek cross. and then at the turn-of-the-century in about the was 2000, the mayo clinic just more than doubled its space when they attached this building to the left to the mayo building with the glass atrium. it takes up more than half a city block. it is considered the largest clinic of its kind in the world. we are in rochester, minnesota where c-span is learning about the city's history. we will go to a cc heights to learn about how the -- asisi heights to learn about differences can sisters. -- franciscan sisters. >> when they came to rochester, their mission included education

and health care and social work. the wonderful thing about the franciscan sisters is to respond to the needs of the area. what were the needs that were needed and their hearts responded to those needs. so they did not imagine in the beginning they would be nursing and rochester. with the building of the hospital, we will extend ourselves to become those persons that best provide health care and teach nurses and keep the expanding needs being cared for. si heights,ing at asi the administration center of all of the sisters of st. francis. they were really the getting of what we know as the mayo clinic. a familyas practitioner. his sons were home for vacation in 1883. there was a tornado that tore through and killed numbers of people. the injured needed a place to be

cared for. came to our mother alfred and said could the sisters help? there was a provision for them to be brought into the academy. the sisters helped care for the injured. mother alfred realized we needed a hospital in rochester. this as well documented dr. mayo of athis is just too small town. no one would go to a hospital. she insisted. she had this dream inside of her, a sense of conviction we needed a hospital and he and his two sons would be great staff. with a handshake they developed this relationship. the sisters established st. mary's hospital, and that was the origin of the mayo clinic. tois very fascinating imagine the respected dr. ww mayo have her mother alfred.

she was well-traveled and educated. so was he. he would recognize the leadership quality in this woman and i would say as educational peers in a small town here on the prairie, there was some attraction to that quality. the partnership between the other -- the doctor and mother grew into a relationship they were interdependent because the sisters were the ones who took care of the needs of the patients in the hospital but the doctors were experimenting with new types of surgical practices and there was a great interdependence in that relationship because the doctors thrived on the goodness happening in the postoperative stages of the patients. they relied on each other for the ongoing health care that was established here in rochester. st. mary's hospital today as part of the one hospital of mayo clinic in rochester. in 1914 saint --

mary's hospital surrendered its catholic hospital licensed to become a mayo clinic hospital. the continued legacy of the beings and mayo clinic is carried out by mayo clinic values counsel. the sisters have given mayo clinic and endowment to carry on -- and entitlement -- en endowment to carry on and those values are respect and value the patient, put those needs first. it is important for people outside rochester and mayo clinic to know the importance atthe sisters' connection the beginning. the spirit that was there at the beginning in st. mary's hospital came from the lives of the sisters that carried on the franciscan heart through the centuries. that is at the core of what continues to go on and be shared has the spirit of the place. it is a culture thing. >> this is where the city gives

way to the country. you can actually see as we make the turn one of the eight working farms dr. charlie owned when his estate reached its peak of 300 acres. we are on mayo road turning towards his former house. charlie wouldhat bring his family to live out here in the early 20th century. he would live out here in the summertime, loved nature, lived at the lodge. under a family picnic an oak tree, he got the inspiration, took a ball of twine and laid out the dimensions for the grand mayo mansion which he constructed from 1910 to 1911 when the family moved in. it is owned or the mayo clinic.

they host private events and dinners out here. it is still open to the public for tours three days a week. >> today we are at mayo wood. this was dr. charles' home. they would treat three generations in this home, built in 1910 and 11. dr. charlie and his family lived here until 1940. william and his wife the ways had three children, dr. charlie, dr. will and a daughter named gertrude. both of the big -- the boys were intrigued with medicine and watched their father do surgeries. they got involved in a young age. dr. will and dr. charley lived in large victorian homes on what .as called college street

they lived next door to each other and wanted to build a library across the back and connect the homes or their wives -- their homes. the brothers were already involved in the clinic and their wives said no. you work all day together, share a checkbook, you don't need to .ive together too the family was having a picnic under a tree and decided this is where they would build a big house. they brought wine and sticks and and sticks and laid the home out. there is no specific architectural style. it is described as dr. charlie architectural style. dr. charlie and edith moved in in 1911. they lived here -- dr. will and dr. shiley -- charlie both died in 1939. edith moved out and second-generation moved in with dr. chuck and alice at that point in time. in the late 1950's the third to

narration turned the home into a duplex. chuck and alice lived here with dr. charlie, young dr. charlie. there were many people who came here are both famous and not so famous. there are a lot of stories about all of that. president roosevelt, the king and queen of nepal, helen keller, jack benny. a great many of these people who were friends of the mayo's and had been to rochester as patients, they would stay in the home. there were really fun stories. there was a great story of this couple who showed up on the property. this is when the second generation was here here this couple showed up on the property, a town 40 miles from here. time to goand it was into dinner and they invited them and set down at the table. when they finished dinner and were leaving and said thank you,

they said do you always invite perfect strangers into your home? the family said we try to entertain anyone who is around. they said we have another couple we think would enjoy to meet you. could they come along? we are in the living room. when the mayo emily built the home there was this -- family built the home there was this grand staircase. guests would be dropped off at the bottom and make their way up. the living room was the entertaining part. they started out the evening, oftentimes stop in here to have d'oeuvres, have hors have a drink. that is what this room was about. find me is a portrait of dr. charles mayo. he and his wife were the people who had the room built. the portraits on the side are the daughter-in-law's. -- daughters in law. this one was married to dr.

chuck. and the red dress was moved -- married to their other son. sixcharlie and edith had children. there were a lot of people who lived with them over the years. if there was a family that had a need, oftentimes children would live in the house. this house has stories of circuses that took place, producers, in and do theater with -- producers coming in and do theater's with the kids. -- theaters with the kids. there were eight farms the family operated. hired the laborers to work on these farms. it would have been the greatest place to grow up because the river is just down the hill and there were hills to the stables. it is a great place. we are leaving the living room. originally the wall that is

right here separated the dining room from the front terrace. where you are standing as part of the front terrace. the mayo family entertained a lot. it was not unusual to have large parties of 100 or more. the family would entertain formally. they decided to expand the dining room into this other one as well. dr. charlie was notorious for bringing home special guests and people he didn't necessarily expect to see but showed up. places were always set at the dining room table for them. the children were expected to be knowledgeable of the times of what was going on in news from around the world. these were often the dinner topics. one of my favorite stories told daughter is doing on the middle -- getting up in the middle of the night and getting out their horses. they rode off to the girl scout

camp a mile and a half away from here and went through the girl scout camp in the middle of the night and cut the ropes on the tents where the girls were sleeping. dropped all the tents, the girls screaming and yelling. back up to theme house. that sunday then at dinner, they were always in sunday brunch is, so dr. chuck, second-generation was at the table and he is asking the children if they knew anything about this. they were like, no. he said it was in the newspaper. he said the interesting part of the prints from the horses came back to our barns. he said you sure you don't know anything about this? he said if i found it out i would drag them down behind a horse. mayowood isfeel of

family oriented. don't take life seriously. foundation house is much more formal, english tudor style . very reflective of personalities of the brothers. of theinto the gallery home, this has changed a lot from when the family who lived niches were built into the wall, there were other entrances. there are these great mirrors and you will see 13 of these originally, the mayos went to mexico and brought these back. they were shipped up the mississippi river and picked up about 35 miles away from here and brought to the home. when the home was built, the walls were all wood panel and it was dark. it was like a gallery. here,huck and alice lived

their son was married to rita. the home was changed greatly again because of the window looking out onto the courtyard. 50's.was in the mid- in the courtyard you see the trees, the white oak trees the home was built around. andhome is like a squatty u goes around the tree. we are in the library of the home now. this room has a lot of really interesting features. most notably the double rocking chair. porchat on dr. charlie's when the brothers lived next door to each other on college avenue in rochester. it has been brought out tomato -- to mayowood. the brothers would discuss who they treated and what the result had been of their work. this happened most every day between the two. they were very, very close.

both of the brothers read and both ofvolumes the homes have hundreds and hundreds of books in them. big libraries in both of them. we would have between the two homes thousands of books. card catalogs, they were all listed by the card catalogs and had boxes all the cards went into. one of the things you have to figure out is to get a picture of the family's growth chart. you look at this wall, you can see all the kids wrote on the wall, what year it was and how they were growing up. i don't know how many male family names are on the wall, but there is a name that we see here grew up on the wall. is in play at the mayo

clinic today. going upstairs from the main onel up to the second floor, the wall are the six portraits children,nd alice's dr. charlie the oldest who is still living and alex the youngest with the red hair. on the second floor we are in the master bedroom. when dr. charlie and edith lived here, they basically owned every piece of property they could see with their 3000 acres. dr. charlie was very involved and really wanted -- when he left the mayo clinic at the end of the day, he wanted to become a farmer. he was very in touch with nature and what was going on in the environment and things and still very involved in recycling. areaof tamed this whole and channeled the water, there was a series of eight ponds on

the grounds. he had a drought pond and really made it all work for the family. some of the children telling their stories told us the fastest ways out of the house at night and i think the children spent more time outside than inside. hope people will see the mayo family was a real family. they got in to trouble like all we hope wheno and people leave after going through, that is what they will take with them is that his family lived in this wonderful home.

announcer 1: our look at rochester, minnesota continues. supreme court justice harry blackmun spent nearly a decade working in rochester. we learn about his ties to the area and his role in roe v. wade. with theas to do rather controversial case of roe against wade. that case landed on my desk early in my years here. in june 1970.d was decided in 1873. >> most people associate justice blackmun with the fact he wrote the majority opinion in roe v. wade.hen -- when the supreme court decided,

they were in the majority and there were seven who decided roe cannoli two dissents -- and only two dissents. then the court seemed to shift as to why it, what the extent of the constitutional right to an abortion was, justice blackmun became a forcible advocate for his original position. when he retired from the supreme people'se -- by most still standst today even though there have been a number of cases that have chipped away at the expense of rights of the justice -- just as blackmun's ties to minnesota are that he was a native son. he was born in st. paul. he was educated in st. paul. he went to college at harvard, graduate -- graduated from the harvard law school and returned

to minnesota to serve as a federal circuit court judge. he later than was hired by a prominent minneapolis law firm where he was a partner for 10 came to rochester to be the resident consul. he operated in that role in rochester for about 10 or 11 years when he was then dominated by -- nominated by president eisenhower to become a judge. the area which included minnesota and others surrounding the states. circuit judges didn't -- do not have to live in a particular place except within the geographic area where they serve . when justice blackmun was nominated, he was able to remain in rochester. he had his offices there. he would travel periodically to hear arguments at other places

like st. paul, st. louis and little rock, places in the area, but he lived his life for the next 10 years as a federal judge in town here. then was nominated in 1970 by president nixon to be on the united states supreme court. fromrved in that capacity 1970 to19 gender for -- 1994 when he retired. he was very dedicated. he replaced the man on the eighth circuit, judge sanborn, who he had worked for originally out of law school as a clerk 20 years earlier. judgehe judge retired, sanborn had his chambers in st. paul. i recall a story that just as blackmun asked to have judge

sent down to his office here. judge sanborn was the old school type person in terms of things. he would stand at the desk and write standing up, which was a practice 100 years ago from people. liked to alsoun write some of his stuff out longhand. now those who practice law have computers and things like that that will replicate things almost instantaneously but that the style justice blackmun had and he was very particular about his opinions. he was also a man who kept everything. his archiverecently in the library of congress is the largest single judicial archive the art -- library has in terms of its volume.

except for william o douglas who served a longer time. man who was meticulous, had everything, kept good records, careful about the way he wrote things and it shows when you read his opinions. the case was argued. the term prior to its release. other words it was one of those rare cases where the supreme court after hearing the original argument decided at the end of their term, and the supreme end in may or june of a year. if a case is in decided by then, it is carried over to the next term of court and reargue. roe is what happened in during that summer. justice blackmun came back to rochester to visit.

he spent time in the library of the mayo clinic doing research on issues that interested him in terms of viability and things of that sort. he perhaps may have talked to folks in the rochester community who were physicians and had knowledge of these things. i don't know if harry blackmun was considered to be a person with medical knowledge but certainly working for the clinic a number of years. circuit court judge, he would have been exposed to a lot of information. that claimse story he came back and spent some time researching medical issues that bothered him that were on his mind prior to the case being argued. the principal argument and role -- whether there is some form of that atutional right

person has that basically for fromthe government interfering with a decision by that individual to terminate a pregnancy. decision,ginal roe the majority of the court decided that there was a constitutional right to privacy which basically for bade -- forbade the state from regulating a decision to terminate a pregnancy. roe decided that the person who has the right based on a right of privacy to make that decision without interference from the government , andrtain circumstances the framework was basically that the state's interest in that was well restricted in the first trimester of the pregnancy.

as the pregnancy advanced, the state's interest in protecting the health of the mother or the more justified more and intrusion or restrictions. in terms of the first early stages, the court decided the government had very little if anything to do with that. it was something that was the involvedby the person and the treating physician. as the years went by, legal underpinning of that, the institutional right to privacy became less important to a such to of the court the point within 10 or 15 years justice blackmun was complaining the way the court was deciding these cases involving abortion rights or abortion restrictions or whatever that they had kind of jettisoned the original underpinning of the decision, a

person's right to privacy. the court was starting to find the government had interests that overrode the constitutional rights of the persons who wished to terminate their pregnancy. the way the decision was written calls into question the constitutionality of the laws of 46 of the 50 states that regulated pregnancies or abortions. there had to be some adjustments made in some cases because a state law might have made it a criminal offense. in some cases because a state law may have forbade a medical proof -- medical provider from the service. so that laws of a number of states, the social impact of roe v. wade is probably greater than the so-called legal impact.

some people will probably look a watershedde as moment in terms of this whole issue of whether or not the so-called divide in some places between folks who consider themselves to be pro-choice in quotes and those who consider them selves to be pro-life. at this time in our history we have a lot of divisive issues that come before the public, but if you go back to roe v. wade, that might have been the start of that sort of political upheaval. input people in some cases two very different camps and had not so much to do with one's politics but had a lot to do with one's conscious, i would suspect. that issue. legally i think the criticism was and i think became the fact

that justice blackmun's recognition of this right to privacy have a constitutional right in the context of this medical procedure was probably an overextension of the right to privacy. in subsequent decisions as the court took up issues involving the regulation of this procedure, or other judges would basically find fault with the justice's expensive view in a constitutional sense. i think the most recent jurisprudence in the court over the years would suggest a majority of the judges at this point would not find a right of privacy as expensive as jerry did. life,k later on in his not afraidckmun was

to tell people he was not popular in some places. i attended a couple of programs justice blackmun gave after hisons at retirement or around that time. he would sometimes delight in telling people in the audience, he would read them letters he had gotten from people, and he sort of delighted in reading these letters and some of these letters, they were awfully nasty. , they made threats to him that probably would have been a criminal offense in some cases. supposedly read all of those letters. in some cases, i don't know what his reaction to them was that he seemed to be somewhat proud of the fact that some people disagreed with him. this man served on the supreme court for almost 20 years.

he would have been involved in hundreds of decisions. number of opinions, in some cases, his opinions in his later life were somewhat at odds with his earlier view of certain things. but for better or worse, he will always be remembered for this decision. i daresay that rarely, at this point, it is hard to remember anyone else who was involved in the writing of roe v. wade. the other dayck and remind myself who was on the bench at that time. and who were the majority. again, it was a decision where seven justices decided roe v. , andwas the right decision yet i don't think anybody remembers who else joined in the majority.

i think there are some people justicet remember the -- justice rehnquist before he was chief justice. the rest of the members of the court were joined in the opinion and nobody ever tax those folks at this point as being the ones that created the right to have an abortion. justman blackmun, for better or worse, basically, becomes the historical figure in this case. >> i think in any case, it only stands a chance of getting overturned. i cannot forecast that one way or another. it may well be overruled. that will depend primarily on the person of the court, i think. it has stood, for 14 years now,

i think it is a landmark decision along the road that we must take toward the emancipation of women. >> minnesota has selected a democrat in the past four presidential elections. we speak with senior reporter katherine richard about the state's changing electorate and what recent elections could me for 2020. >> of what we have really seen in minnesota that has been interesting to watch as a state that has been reliably democratic especially when you votedt how the state has for presidential candidates come starting to become more purple. hillary clinton barely one minnesota in 2016 and it has become a strong battleground for republican candidates. i think we will see it play out in 2020 as well. i think you really need to look at a couple of congressional districts in minnesota to see

where the changes happening. the first is the eighth district up north of here in the area that became a more progressive city. the rest of the iron range, where iron mining has been a begin the street for so long. that has become increasingly red hair they recently elected their first republican candidate to the house of representatives for the first time in a long time. in the first congressional district, over the last decade, tohave elected democrat tim office. he decided he was not going to run anymore. runreason he decided not to is the district voted for donald nrump and 2016 and he barely wo his reelection campaign. 2018, the district fairly elected 2018 candidate. >> congressional relations office. >> i think the results of its i-16 presidential election in terms of how they resonated in

minnesota depends on who you're asking. drivearea down here, you 20 minutes in any direction and you will still see trump signs in people's yards. what i think is interesting is because of this strong cultural community in minnesota, a lot of these farmers have been hit hard by some of the trade fights the trump administration has been involved in it when you talk to the farmers, they will still stay -- still say we will take some pain in the short term for what is hopefully a long-term game. it is an interesting policy to see how people are feeling about the trump presidency. my sense is if they voted for him in 26 in, chances are good they will vote for him again even if they are frustrated with some of the policies that has affected their everyday lives. i think the impact of the 26 election on how things played out really came down to race. you saw an minnesota, solidly blue district in the area go for a republican for the first time in a very long time.

here was the same dynamic. in the twin cities, you saw people elect very progressive members of congress. omar being one of them, who sort of aligned herself with this group of young, very progressive members of congress, supporting things like the green new deal and that sort of thing. two existed that stood out to me when i looked at the election. first, we see democrats in minnesota electing someone of congress -- to congress on the extreme end of progressive. i would also say it represents a watershed moment in what minnesota looks like and how diverse we are becoming the twin cities is a hub for refugees. we have a lot of somali-american's living in the country. i think it fact that she was elected speaks to how we are

becoming a more diverse state. people in those committees have a voice in politics for the first time. minnesotans are notoriously dedicated to civic life. we have voter turnout that exceeds many states in the nation, even in primaries. my recollection is that the 2018 primary was extraordinarily high . i think that we will see that especially when one of our own will be on the ballot. i think that will motivate people to get out on to the polls. the stand before you is first woman elected to the united states senate from the state of minnesota. to announce my candidacy for president of the united states. >> things to know about senator amy klobuchar is that she has been popular in minnesota essentially since she and her office. her approval ratings have always been very high. that has not changed since she decided to run for president.

a lot of democrats in minnesota are very supportive of her love -- running because she is well-liked. is whether her career so far representing minnesota is something that appeals to demo that's more widely. the criticism locally of her is that she has in to face, that she hasn't taken on big challenging issues, and that she has been dismissive of some of the big ideas you hear democrats talking about. you talk to other democrats, they might say she is the perfect candidate who can bridge the divide between the coasts and middle america. she can play well with the color voters. she might be the perfect candidate to bridge the gap. but it will depend on who shows up on primary day and what they're looking for. is march 3.primary i think having an on march 3 puts minnesota at the front end of deciding who the democratic candidate will be.

it certainly bumps thinks up earlier in the process, whereas we were having long drawnout caucuses later the summer previously and i think that may have created some party partyons between who the would support. it also motivates people to get out a little earlier as well. sense about minnesota's interests in the presidential campaign is that it would be high even if amy klobuchar would not be on the ticket because they're interested in how president donald trump will fair, how he will have another four years or not, and minnesotans love to vote. i'm sure they will be out in droves. the issue i hear most about from minnesotans is health care. one reason for that is we have a very robust health care system in minnesota. both from private insurance, we have major hospitals, not just the mayo clinic but others, but

we also have a pretty strong health care safety net. we expanded medicaid under obamacare. we also have a third program that is a step below commercial health insurance but a step above medicaid. so at that has also created is a fair amount of angst and questioning around how much it costs to get health care, especially in southern minnesota where you have the mayo clinic driving a lot of prices. people see they are higher premiums. i think that has created a fair amount of frustration. the thing i will watch more closely is the thing happening in my district, the southern district of minnesota. the reason is we rarely elected a republican in 2018 of the year before that, we rarely elected let -- a democrat. who wins here will win on the margins. it is a good indicator of how the rest of this will go. i think the reason why people living in other states would be

interested in watching minnesota, is actually during the primary season, is i think it could be bellwether for how other midwestern states will express their vote. if minnesota votes for someone in the primary who is a little more moderate, i think that would be an indicator that other midwestern states are feeling the same way. acause minnesota gained reputation for being more of a battleground, i would be watching closely if i were still voters go see how here. >> this weekend, american history tv is turning spectrum cable partners to showcase the history of rochester, minnesota. to see more on this, visit c-span.org. we continue with our look at the history of rochester. >> the first district of minnesota is the i 90 district. it starts at the south dakota

border, coast wisconsin, and then i will up 80 mile spirit of rochester minnesota was part of the first district, the home of the preeminent is -- the mayo clinic. our district economically is three sectors. it is medical care, small business manufacturing, and agriculture. we are a farmer community. number two in the whole country for congressional districts. andre known for livestock crops pear we want to make sure we sustain our farmers one-time -- times are tough and keep generational farmers in business year farm bill very critical. i have a to serve on the agricultural committee. ofwill see those types policies, we are excited to participate into all we can to sustain agriculture and our way of life. many farmers have been in recession for five or six years and have had local commodity prices. that is hurt smaller communities and ministry -- made us

struggle. some people have unfortunately left. jobs tiedmost 100,000 to rochester, the mayo clinic, and they don't want to see anything happen to our economic output in the area. >> our look at -- look at rochester, minnesota, continues. up next, we see the recently launched -- recently launched traveling while black exhibit. >> the history center looks at information to help people have a better understanding of the environment, circumstances, and we can learn an awful lot by

looking at our history. then we do not have to repeat the same thing. i we often hear about modern travel, but you do not hear about travel in the 1950's, especially the story of african-americans during this time. and the additional hardships they faced along with hardships of traveling in cars at the time. >> i lived in st. louis. i had grandparents who lived in .ississippi my dad would take us down to the south to visit our relatives. when i was 11, my mother died. the next year, a gentleman was killed. he was a year younger than i was . he had traveled to the south with his grandparents. told that there were certain things you should not to like i was told there are

certain things that i should not to. i learned that the color of your skin could make a difference in whether or not you were killed. >> green book is a travel guide. he thing about them nowadays come you think about maps, green book goes a little further and shows african-americans where they could get service, where they could not get service. this was important under the 1950 jim crow laws was prevented african-americans from going to certain places. so the green book offered a guide to give people a vice of where they could go. start off in new york city. victor green is the publisher of the green book and founder. he got the idea of traveling the new york city area trying to figure out the best locations he could have, and realized african-americans

were already in the places they would go. so this just became a more laid down version of that. differentbook lists places that african-americans could get service. anywhere from hotels to get stations to restaurants. different services you would need when traveling. the green book would just list them by state in the area. most people use it in advance of their trip and plan out a route where they could go to certain gas stations, pre-travel planning. they could make adjustments to their trip. >> it is a matter of survival. you were told you didn't go certain places. a white place, you did not go anyway. they'd make sure you didn't appear there were signs on the door, saying white only. they tried to prepare you because they know people were

about violence. this was mississippi. you were told it is not a good idea to do it and you did not do it. 1950's, into the early traveling america took off and nationwide travel became the real thing that most americans could do. up until this point, the only type of travel you could do is either by train or boat across america. but in the 1950's, you started having airplanes in cars and cars became the major way to travel. the new highway system allows .mericans to travel anywhere cars ran a little slower back challengesere were with cars. they often overheated. you could get flat tires. the roads themselves usually had potholes which cause more flat tires. cars were not that reliable. this was for all americans.

but african-american also had different challenges in that they were not welcome in many places in jim crow laws. and african-americans were not allowed in at certain times. >> when i was growing up, my father was working two or three jobs. said to him, dad, why are white people so mad at us. he said that's just the way it is. i thought wow. until you do something to me, i am not upset enough to hurt you or do bad things. i did not understand that. way it that is just the is. that was society at the time. it was the way things happened. he said you have to learn to do what is required.

i still ask the question. don't know why people are so upset that they could see you walk by and want to hurt or kill you. >> african-americans often had difficult times in their travels and not just in the south. it was also in the north. many times they would be pulled over and questioned about a vehicle or why they were traveling or if it was even their vehicle. these were by police officers and not just random civilians, asking them, is this your car, did you steal it, why do you have it, and they would be pushed out of town and not welcome, or just refuse service. a lot of people -- places would and up and ask for service they would say no, we don't offer service to your kind. green book showed a lot of types of businesses open to african-americans.

a majority of the hotels and bytaurants were often owned african-americans. they would allow other african-americans to stay there. a lot of hotels were also sometimes just homes and a lot of people stayed there. along with that, gas stations would sometimes african-americans service. included two of the more friendly african-american gas stations. when you usually think about racism, it is often tied to southern states during this time. this is often because northern andsm was much more subtle less open. you did not necessarily see the whites only sign hanging in northern traps, the people behind the counter would say they cannot serve african-americans. >> when i first came to rochester, there was a personnel manager at ibm.

he asked me if i would speak to his church and let him know what it was like to be a black person in this community. and perhaps recruit me to the church. not say it but at any rate, i spoke to the church and explained what it is like to bring your family into a community where there were not very many people who looked like , butwhere they smiled after i finished explaining, about bringing products and to theester, haircuts and importance of that, finding things for your family to do, they dispersed and the lady came up to me and said, i do not know why you folks are coming in and you are taking a job from well deserving man who is trying to and care of his family educate his kids. you folks are always on welfare.

i don't understand why you feel it is ok to do that. so i was shocked. thought, i also went to school to get an education to bring my family here and take care of them. i said i thought i needed an opportunity that a job. they said you folks get 10% and why you takestand it away from other people who deserve it. at any rate, i did not have anything else to say. againnot speak to people in that environment for another 20 years. >> green book extended into the north and this included minnesota and even rochester. this hotel is the first place in rochester included in the green book.

they started as the northwestern hotel, bought by manning. wheneded to purchase it his wife came to rochester to be treated at the mayo clinic. he could not get a room at any of the hotels in rochester. he needed this place to stay and needed a hotel. allowing all african-americans to stay there. change very significantly since i had been there. it started small. it now had a very diverse population. not only of african-americans, but somalis, people from africa, peoplefrom mexico, many have come. chinese and japanese. the mayo clinic is probably responsible for a lot of and bringingk people in. they also work with the

diversity council. started to help to create an environment everyone would want to come, or that people would want to come. stopped book publication in the lead up to the civil rights act. businesses could no longer refuse services to and so thericans green book necessarily was not needed at this time. letter ofto the true the law. >> i hope you will come to the exhibit to learn a little about each other, to learn about what it was like then, and to learn how we could all work together so we do not ever need a green book. >> ibm has been in rochester since the 1950's. we will talk of it the innovations that have happened here that have had an impact on your lives every day.

>> in 1956, rochester was a city of 30,000 people. business leaders in town put to look at howp we can attract new business to rochester. at the same time, ibm was looking for their newest location for expansion. >> i think we picked the site. it is within 300 miles of the center market and our people think it is the nicest town within that 300 mile radius for the location of an ibm plant. educationale facilities, and i think unusually fine people. ground for this in 1956. we manufactured punch card products and tabulators. the company began to grow really

after about five years of andfacturing, we started development lab in rochester in 1961 and started developing ibm products in addition to manufacturing. that was a big step forward. brought in talents to help aid growth here locally. it is not always as visible to people. on much of the world runs ibm. ibm mainframes. ibm power systems. they run much of the world's business. carden you make a credit transaction, it is more than likely a 90% chance or higher that it is running on an ibm system and a lot of the infrastructure of the world runs on ibm. so ibm is a 108-year-old company, an amazing feat in this industry that not only we have survived but we have thrive.

-- thrived. ♪ was our founder of ibm back in 1911. ibm stands for international business machine. it is all about supporting business and making business more productive. back when ibm was founded, we , simpleing meat scales tabulating machines, clocks. we would come along way. ibm's expansion over time, a lot of our business was customers on the east coast of the united states. watson'sne of thomas toly visions, was he wanted be a global company. that is expanding within the u.s. but also around the globe. i think that was different for a lot of companies back then. system gentleman is

three. the computer for the businessman who never thought he could afford one. then 1969, we introduced first fully developed system for ibm. >> system three can give you the answers in minutes. any information that provides his answers begins right here in one place on these new system three punch cards. completely done here in rochester. that was meant for small business and was part of the marketplace that ibm was not supported at the time. made computers available to smaller businesses that could not afford a big mainframe.r an ibm that has been our legacy, midrange computer -- computing 38.ems starting 32, 34, these wascement for one of the biggest and ibm

rochester history. it was the largest simultaneous announcement in the computer industry. we have business partners that announced on the same day, 1000 applications that could run. that is an important part of the success, this integrated system that was ready to run customer applications. event is when we won the award in 1990. >> let me start ibm in rochester, which proves quality coupled with employee training and education is simply good business. that reallyon helped lead to us win that award. proud to represent the ibm as a whole and win that award in 1990. history. has a strong

in next 97, the world chess locally and to, have two, we started partnering with ibm research in the u.s. department of energy on a system and started development on that and the intent was to make a system 10 times faster than the latest supercomputer, which was a japanese machine at that time. in 2004, we cannot with blue jean. that legacy continues today. in fact, last year in 2018, teams in rochester helped develop and deliver and help continue to support summits here , number one and number two computers in the world with the department of energy. those 200 quadrillion the second is really hard to comprehend. if you compare that back to the

first product we were manufacturing, one of the machines that did four cards per second. technology has come a long way. supercomputing is a way for us -- to advance the technology. it is technical work our team loves to do. we are proud of having number one and number two supercomputers in the world right now. our legacy here in ibm rochester is hardware development and manufacturing. it has transformed and we are now a cloud company, and ai a security company. while hardware is still important, the company has evolved into other areas. our site has evolved and reinvented itself many times over the years. have a hybrid cloud team, a health team, a finance center.

we still do hardware development which is important for us. a diverse site. we are proud of may factory and film in history. we are strategic for ibm in the future. we have evolved as a location. >> rochester, minnesota, is one of many cities we have explored. about rochester and other cities across the country, go to c-span.org/cities tour. you're watching american history weekend, every weekend, on c-span3. >> american history tv is on c-span3 every weekend featuring archival films and programs on the presidency. the civil war and more. here is a clip from her recent program. >> among the most successful lobbyists and the most well-funded lobbyists of the time where physicians.

physicians had the ear of the state legislators. thisis interesting about is who had led the campaign to criminalize abortions in the 19th century? physicians. now once again, physicians are leading the campaign to decriminalize abortion in the 20th century. they were so very aware of the acute public health crisis, they were the ones treating 15-year-old girl -- girls coming in with abortions. made isment that they and thews interfered jurisdiction to interfere with the care they ought to provide. the most successful and powerful lobbying group was not feminists

talking to their state legislators or them being particularly interested in the feminist movement. for the most part, it was these physicians. >> you can watch this and other american history programs on her website where all of our video is archived. that is c-span.org/history. next, history professor at the talkshool, claire potter about the 1969 stonewall riots and the rise of the gay-rights movement. she reflects on the legacy of stonewall inn, a national monument in new york city. we recorded this 18 minute interview in chicago at the annual american sort -- historical association meeting. >> claire potter is someone who studies and teaches history at the new school. let's talk about the stonewall riots. what happened?