>> good evening and welcome. i'm kelsey atwood, the program manager in the institute and society of cincinnati. i'm delighted to welcome you to the anderson house. the american revolution institute of the society of cincinnati has the knowledge and appreciation of the achievement of american independence by providing resources and advanced study, exhibitions and public programs, preservation and the resources to classes. since 1938, a society of cincinnati has done work from its headquarters and the anderson house. the historical landmark in 1905 has been through residents of isabelle anderson. tonight's top prince the dramatic story of the south to its conclusion. nathanael greene southern

campaign was the most difficult of the war and structuring hundreds of miles north where it had much about military art and transport. insufficient man power and a constant problem and attempted to appropriate black regiments in the army. the plan aggregate rejected by the south carolina register. this oval war between rebels and tories was wreaking havoc. forcing green to have a civilian government. correspondence between men greene and thomas jefferson during the campaign was also bedeviled by conflict and the right of people and the question of how set constraints managed a free society in more. when the british finally evacuated charleston in, december of 1880 to, him in his ragged faithful continental army enter the city of triumph. marking the end of one of the

most punishing campaigns of the revolution as well as one of its greatest victories. let me tell you about our speaker this evening. john buchanan as a native of new york corrupt and new york michigan and ohio, following the service in the army mr. buchanan graduated from st. lawrence university with the highest honors in history and elected to cap a. he would go on to serve as a high school teacher in new york valley in new york and at cornell university. and 1966, he joined the staff of the metropolitan museum of art as the activists of the museum and the 22 years chief in charge of world wise art movement. in that capacity, he traveled in canada, mexico, europe and a former u.s. or the, middle east, india, china, japan and australia. upon retirement, he

received a writing career in the 1960s. john buchanan is an author of the road to how washington built an army. and the road to the courthouse the, american revolution of the carolinas and our book this evening. please join me in welcoming john buchanan. (applause) >> i should start by thanking the society for letting me speak in this historic venue and calcium atwood and thank you chelsea. (applause) so, wow what to do about the south? the last major

engagement of the north was a battle of mount men and 1778. after that, they still may with the british and the thinking of the southern campaign in 1976 and for various reasons decided to turn self. at the tail end of 1778, a british assault force went between sun up and sundown became masters of savannah. and the new year, they marched about 1000 british and provincial regulars who marched a country all the way to augustine of 170 miles. now, they british commander in chief and he's florida and georgia and major general augustine prevail had an expedition to

open the back country that made loyalty and those loyal moratory who failed the test. these 6000 loyalist fighting, 1100 to 1500 showed and they were disappointed. they expected allies and not one appeared. for those another reasons, the british were in savannah in the military. the following year, in 1780, the richest city in america, charleston south carolina inside the city of only american army in the south surrendered to a strong exhibition airy force and from there, from charleston the british regulars marched up the river and established the

communications of supply which is also a major campaign and down here all the way out besides that country and 96 where they established a very strong base and across the savannah river. you now, to understand the war in the south is to be aware of what the american and british new. the keys to success was controlled where at least two thirds of perhaps three quarters of the white population lived. lowered corn wallace was in charleston on this issue and keeping possession of that country is of the utmost importance and the success of the wall and the southern district. and in london however,

he and his ministers were under the disillusion and the back of the carolinas and the rebels in the majority. the two caveats with rebels and tory clear in the 96 district and the tories many of them right here in the mid backcountry of the orange bird district. overall, they comprised the majority throughout south carolina. which was the main dieter of the war. we have lived have one misreading after a lot another from government and understand that they should not be surprised by this 18th century misreading of the british government as general charles,

was a british general serving in america and was fatal infatuation. of course, we have to realize to that people like solomon be seen or halfway again have to hurry and following the british documentation in north would what expected happened the majority of the backcountry roads rounded their horses where they scraping guerrilla and stymied of the effort. lord martin what the british forces in the field and the militia. but their mobility was the reason to bring them to a decisive action. it was

fundamental and it changed the course of the war. at the pack of beggars which had the crackers of the backcountry. those beggars accepted the british occupation had they not risen and had the time necessary for operations from refurbish continental army and great command of the southern campaign from the war itself after taking on a different view. the british failed to put down but, the backcountry rebels could not bribe the british from the carolinas. the result? stalemate in the south. the four continental generals were in the department and all night 34 the theater command which was tested. the other three failed in spectacular fashion. so, what to do about

the south. there was a 25-year-old alexander hamilton and saying what george washington did. and his instructions to general green was an informed as i am with the force of our own or of the resources which is in our power and command of war. i can give you know particular restructure and to govern yourself with more prudence and in the circumstances in which you find yourself. in other words, they had carte blanche or in other terms, good luck in a fan you know you're, on your own. 38 year old no fan you'll greene. i've got the wrong clicker here.

there is. nathanael greene of rhode island and a novelist in 1775 were he was outside of boston and was educated on the job and hardened by five years of distinguishing himself then a staff position that he hated and the master general. supplying the army with the wherewithal and yet of his work he wrote that he quartermaster the department and the general satisfaction in his affairs which is the method and system in the most cerebral which was also one of the necessary wars between dealing one of his officers in washington he wrote

that the evidence will cry out in these quarters but i hardened my heart. it's the southern department of 1780 in north carolina and look at the south carolina line. they proved himself a master supply which we say today. why? during his demand in the south was it chronically short of surprised under the campaign which was supplied with clothing which will cover their nakedness. the answer lies the difference between the north which i love much larger population and well established manufacturers and they agreed to be close and as far as the indispensable french

supply. the armies supplies has come from the new york. and surprise and wagons and one example, the senate request in philadelphia and acres in 1781 here in william washington as there was in the state of the clothing arrived five years later and in charlotte but had not reached the washington's goons hunted a presence of supply and local officials and leaders throughout the campaign and struggled mightily to supply but in norman around of time with enough success to keep the army. the importance

of logistics is that is driven home by the fifth century commander who wrote. without supplies., neither the general or the soldier is good for anything. in 2500 years later, omar bradley was the ground commander in europe and ward war two famously said, they don't discuss tactics and professionals discuss logistics. in addition, to the terrible logistical situation and the political turmoil in the nightmare of civil war. the revolutionary war between americans throughout the country was always part of the revolutions rain and especially vicious in the south. what they called the brothers war. their

family was split on the issue and in the spring of 1780, 16 year old witnessed a tragedy. he was serving captain love could tacked a party of tories with stallions. this is stalin was captain and thomas young wrote that they went out and begged her not to fire upon the house and said he was too late now and for us to run back to the house and spraying on the doorstep and the house was attacked by other rebels and shot through the opposite door. soon after, they surrendered and thomas young wrote that captain love and his brother shed a tear in stallions with parole with his wife. it's a

lovely and faithful life and begged to join her husband and had followed him in the campaign to share valley forge and allow her to travel south with blood and slaughter prevails here. and a little short whether scarcely known or seen. they were persistent and they said again, my dear they had no idea of the horrors of the southern war. they were as frequent as disputes to the north would. now, i'll though they clearly never met that. in mind that they left us in a vivid description of his reaction. here are the british tories and indians and 16 of his neighbors, burning to ashes and

his house and although is in it and our mothers and sisters escaping to be intended upon and my blood boiled and my soul food was furious. they do not reveal whether they were cut up in this and the scores were to settle. they were with south carolina and georgia partisans and we fell in when you assisted and hanging the fellows at the hill. they left his body at the disposal but there were no acts of revenge in the way of that country. in an age where they went well above the potential regulars.

they married a beautiful 15-year-old savannah girl. there you go, there is elizabeth. we williams favored bother, jack, was taken by the rebels at hand and they were an exile in nova scotia. they wrote for a grandson the reactions of a georgia loyalist it. after jack was there, william was asked if they said to her, i have some friends here tonight at 11:00. but tell them that i will have about 20. elizabeth wrote, some gentlemen i new friends of their grandfather but others were not men they, were gentlemen. as a

man or leaving, she asked when he would be back and i will be back in 24 hours. i slept little that night in slept the next night in anxious prayer about 2:00 that afternoon and drew his pistol to see that he had used and i said, wherever you been and he said never asked me where i've been what i've done. we don't know the rebels anything. two examples some of the private murders and called upon to do all they could to stop them and to little avail. 1781 from, the combined operation of the continental's are part of the partisan and -- garrison as

prisoners. the rebel militia and james alexander shot and murdered in cold blood and james and careers in and the reason it was said, for the treatment of alan sanders father and rolled away in plain view and offered him to anybody that discovered and secured this forward crime and a backwards version of america when. the reward was never claimed and there was a term being used of clothes but murderers. it was very prettily and a georgia parole. when a

committee of tories in south carolina had the great discretion from the conduct of colonel lee roy hem and they wrote to that outstanding militia. the idea of exterminating tories he's not less populous than in politics. they persisted again, that they went through to greatest confusion in distress of the sentence and challenged the man. they share the responsibility of the country and poke the eyes of the people that disinfected cry for mercy and i hope you will exert yourself to our interest and check the enormity in which are among the wigs of pondering this bloody disposition.

green's attempts to bring law in order for largely unsuccessful. the bitterness was too deeply embedded. they expressed the terms that stand alone will once again labeled the conflict of a bitter civil war. it's impossible for us in them to inhabit one country and live together in peace. the impact of the civil war made the lives of non combatants horrible and had a greater impact on society than the greater war. they contemporary south carolina's point wrote that there were 1400 windows in orphans in the 96 district of ohio. i showed you are the 96 district is, you know where that is. the militia leader was

in orange bergh in the down and dirty work in counter insurgency. they were in the edginess of the women and children they cannot be conceived. can you persist much longer where they are and they wrote that the civil war destroyed more property and shed more american blood than the whole british army. meanwhile, regular war plea to -- backtrack a little, in march, 1781 at the courthouse in north carolina, they lost the tactical battle of the strategic victory and recklessly abandon the carolinas and virginia and a little bit more on that later.

they would fight three major battles and he lost all four. as for the courthouse of defeat, there was a strategic victory. hop kirk's hill you. up kirk hill. the hill was in 1781 and 26-year-old lieutenant colonel francis who cornwall is had left in the field and attacked the rebel army. there was a surprise in the report and they would admit that they were clot flat-footed and or left in good

order. they face to comment on the second defeat of battle if you don't state and green had the army across the river and hill country. right in here. they want to fight again, but greene in his position was too strong to resolve and in the hill country they were making the right decision. the tactical victor found a beaten in front of him and was at the countryside of revolt. he worked for lord corn wallace

which was universal. two days before the hill he defined operations and on the legion of horse and foot in francis marion and the plan of operations and find that phrase which is regulars army with the partisan militia and its concentration of working in the best possible way to see. they both cooperated and the situation of affairs in this spot made the judgment necessary and to say what the troops had collected at this point i had a sad affair which

will recognize and 24 century seems that people are foray. civilians are activating hard and though let them explain it to us. watch out for the low country and they have been with us which have the well affected neighbors who have obliged and children of almost all of them and what bans could do and in europe at the, at the end of world war ii, refugees or in camps in personal camps and the american tories were just outside charleston in the 18th century version and genuine

general william after arrival in charles town which was called many of these the women and children who are in their own homes and they died in those miserable huts meanwhile the regular war came off as defeated and remained a fighting general from south carolina and seeking battle. they said to green to go on the offensive. he told his friend that william richardson we don't have time to go into left the war what one of our great state universities of north carolina and he told david that he was the key that they would

soon be evacuated and in general they evacuated on the 10th of may and the british post in orange bergh and 15 took in grand b and all those british bases. guarding the line of communication and supply. harry lee sent them to georgia and to command and along with andrew pickens and the stage of augusta. the rest of the army and four days later was seen the last british post in that country and 96, right

here and i'm supposed to be 96 miles from the first cherokee village and he tapper's which was 70 miles. and in 96 that you don't you tenant colonel john and their only see each and chief military engineer which -- (inaudible) there you go. 86, here you have the star

fort in transit of the town and in the base right over here at the key to taking 96 in the branch. but, greene really believed that they had to deal with in the works and yet when the garrison went down 25 feet inside the star fort they came out empty. when spring branch was the key. lowered abroad and i received they 7th of june began as march and 75 miles and 96. and 1800 and full tree. almost 750 were regulars. green order thomas to slow in advance. he marched

steadily form when a terrible heat and his reinforcement addressed and heavy uniform suitable for the british aisle. wallace at augusta was in the 5th of june and the 50 men legion which was outside 96. he was growing of an assault. in 1781 lauren hope from hamilton west virginia attacked the start fort. it was then, they wielding a federal americans and they were in combat. and all american. one example that we don't have time for. in his

army they marched away the day after the attack and two days later when they're townspeople or in the relief force and once again putting in the tactical loser and they wrote to cornwall us who was almost out of stores and thought it impossible and the necessary supplies. he was there for resolved and gave the tories a choice. to defend the district and a small party which if we move forces, families who choose to leave can take up residence and the plantations. on 20 june, it was part of his force. which in the down country the soldiers know heavy that they collapsed and died.

they left the tories and their morale had bottomed out. despite the deliverance over the rebel partisan of the superior dementia they, chose to leave not after by colonel crude or, they made their own sidetracked down country and 30 last british post with the rebels in control. green and his little army fought one more major battle. do tenant colonel francis had been a performance but was ill. and suffered in the event to survive. francis

lord in of hastings was a player and a loss of the first british empire and the governor general became one of the builders and while the fighting of green never lost sight of the struggle and the courage in philadelphia and in south carolina and the to work closely together and green low to thomas burke that this civil and military and the perfect good understanding and i beg are excellent to be persuaded and it's in my constant endeavor and those in power.

those bear repeating and the good committee of those in power. this chief and george washington recognized supporting the privacy of the civil power of the concept of governors and the nation and ambitions of the military adventures. throughout these commands, the champion had the establishment of the civil government and standing to georgia as personal resident george clay to convene an assembly where he revealed a gift for maneuvering in political affairs. in 1781. because congress wanted a physician to the rank of brigadier general of militia. he must have been appalled, what would be the reaction of

veteran leaders who had proven their dedication and their courage and colonel james jackson. they wrote to the delegates, i'm a little apprehensive that the military characters well not subscribe to doctor johnson. (laughs) they wrote to the georgia colonels and indicated the problem to them. ahead of all these businesses are necessary that your own feelings must determine that they knew exactly what their feelings were. they have the letter delivered by doctor branson. he is coming to georgia and shouldn't be likely to produce

and will be laid aside. and a compromise and was appointed in the georgia militia any governor of dr. nathan branson. it wouldn't be the last time that he gave green trouble. meanwhile, the war went on and were going to go back -- the british have been driven announced time to bring them back from the country. and it was vitally important in south carolina and in georgia and couldn't find british forces who were showing the world that the rebels or as part of

military control and a threat on the horizon and european mediation was getting the danger of principle and international law and is latin for as you possess. meaning, if european mediation occurred and cease-fire is agreed upon, each size will remain where they were. this could mean that each side could end up with a territory possess into effect. the american side was dead set in a such proposal and mediation themself was struggling mightily to prevent expelling from driving them to the coast. that was ragged and long suffering continental and prepared for battle and they

battle of utah strings. we see how close we are to charleston. nic with the southern campaign and alexander stewart and field command and green took casualties and at losses and a day after the battle they began a withdrawal of the most following and the inside of the british army was unfit with major combat except israeli

parties and in the back where they started and were pinned to the coast and 233 years with williams who reprimanded which summed up the result. it's to be found it to have consequences. the following month, 19th of october, it world shaking event of little in virginia got knocked down and it was the campaign which was solely by that country of cracker militia and taken over by green which chase the breath of north carolina and the courthouse and had the

carolinas to virginia and the american adventure. debilitating march of the battle crippled cornwall us and (inaudible) of the regiment summed up is lordship with a few well chosen words. the situation was not very bad for us we, had one but we had no shoes on our feet and no shirts on our body. it was decided to begin the return march. they wrote to general william phillips. i'm quite tired of marching around the country and he decided the key to victory will be laid in virginia and will bring our home force i don't have a successful battle. we all know is lordship found

was in the american force and with it was, america. their surrender in your town and will continue the war. five months later, 1782, the north ministry fell and three days later, the opposition whose policy to conduct the withdrawal of the army in the mainland. this took a while because of the extreme sorted of the troops and 60,000 and 70,000 loyalist in savannah and charleston, new york and americans wanted no part of life of the rebels and politically the war was over for seven months scrimmage-ing in south carolina and they thought food and they did not

trust the british. they do not believe into the late summer of 1782 that they would distrust the security in war. but he finally came around. by late that year, negotiations produced a peaceful withdrawal from charleston. what a grand day, 14th of december 1782, where the final contingent of soldiers at gathered in a war from a rating troop transfers 72 yards behind them in malaria ridden continental's. behind the advance and discording the new governor is around

dignitaries. we will is there because of green and going there without him was the maestro. it was the day before he died and the war and revolution rang to the men and women in his eulogy of green might had obscurity and shot fourth a few scattered and rate such a man. they called upon hamilton in the park on the more splendid theater. of all washington's lieutenants, the green was the only one adjusted of skill, judgment and the character to undergo the extreme southern campaign and triumphant plumped from a provincial neighborhood. he rests now but the caveat of

heroes in the revolution and the founder of the illumination. thank you so much for listening. (applause) thank you so much, thank you. >> we have time for a few questions. >> and you have a mic. yes sir. >> to mueller gibson's move it the patriot disregarding the story and history and fiction was just the atmosphere of the

civil war and you think that's a good betrayal of the understanding of his life? >> no (laughs) (applause) i, thought it was a terrible movie and the president who gave the southern campaign was in the courthouse. i don't think anybody read it (laughs) yes sir. >> could you comment on carlton? >> charlton, i don't think i went gentlemen this one but he was in the first book and when he was in hot pursuit of the enemy -- this was especially shown when he caught up with

the continental's earlier in the war and was set up in the country. it's a very good effect but when he -- he was a ruthless but i think the late most revered said that he was probably by the standards of warfare more ruthless than most but he met a master in daniel morgan and proved himself and really that was his only set piece battle. am i right? yeah i, think so. it was only set piece battle and it failed and

he took a tired, hungry force into major combat after a night long march and was he defeated by a master. he was not a very nice man. he also prove that after the war in england where he betrayed the man who had made it cornwall us and that but he had gone to cornwall us who succeeded the commander in chief and the public could have gone with them and not after he wrote that book and criticizing cornwall us. >> of those who lived, what became of the tories of georgia

and south carolina? >> except for the ones who left, thousands stayed and don't think we have an accurate count of how many stayed. i have some figures back here and some of the british detention general of florida wrote that he estimated about 5000 when over the mountains to the states. 1000 stayed, james potter collins had an autobiography divided the pad tories and didn't bother too much after the war. it was the hard-core tories that went after and drove away and told them to

leave and a lot of people in the country went to the coast so they went over the mountains into what became tennessee, kentucky, alabama and there were thousands of them. you >> how many went to great britain and how many went to canada? >> 30,000 white and black loyalist and 3003 free black servants went to the maritimes. where hillary went. i take these figures from a wonderful book of liberties exile clear it was a revolutionary world. i think it's just excellent. there were 6000 including 500 mohawks and 5000 who were

eventually with the spanish got florida back and about 8000 of white loyalist and three black loyalists and 2500 my loyalists to the bahamas and some 4000 slaves in jamaica. 3000 white loyalist an 8000 where. she believes that the total immigration is 60,000 which would be increased by 10%. it's also safe to conclude that the white loyalist was where 50,000 slaves were. yes sir. >> we have time for one more, if anyone has time for one more question. >> you barely mentioned native

americans. you barely mention native americans. can you say more? >> the american indians in the southeast play an important role as the new iraq law did a knee york segment. in 1876 pre-cherokee rose and colorful militia carolina that marched over the mountains and there's no major battle and a cherokee could not withstand them and their towns were destroyed and there are agricultural people and they were left the face they warehouses where they were store food for the winter. those would be destroyed of what food when the rebels didn't take to go home and flow

that knocked the cherokee out of the war for the next five years. it also discourage the south of them and later in 1781, they rose again and was andrew pickens back and i do cover that in the book. >> thank you so much for coming. >> thank you. (applause) >> please join us for book sales and signings in the garden, thank you.