the meaning of this note was clear. berlin would be no second meaning. berlin would stay berlin. ♪ monday, columbus day, on american history tv, at noon, supreme court justices ruth bader ginsburg and sonia sotomayor discuss the judicial impact of the first woman on the u.s. supreme court. sandra day o'connor. >> let sandra, if you read between the lines, what she is saying is, if you want to improve the status of women in the nursing profession, the best way to do it is to get men to want to do the job because the pay inevitably will go up. [laughter] announcer: explore our nation's past on american history tv every weekend on c-span3.

our visit to rapid city continues as we explore the discovery of gold in the black hills and the impact it had on control of the sacred native american lands. ♪ >> the black hills of south dakota is a very sacred area as a whole. in the black hills, i believe

at one time or another, there ie at one time or another, there is a piece of the rest of the world here somewhere. >> as long sacred land for many of -- many native americans, it has also the center of tensions between the two cultures since the 1960's. -- the 19th century. coming up, a look at the history of the black hills. >> thinking of where rapid city is at, we are positioned at the gateway to the black hills, where it is kind of how we have always billed ourselves, even to the earliest founders. black hills because of the rich greenness of the pine trees and elevations we have that surround all of that. while the black hills are very important to the native american community members, it is referred to as the heart. itself isck hills just a sacred area, because it

is a supplier for food and shelter and everything that people know was provided by the creator. ♪ >> i am done within sprague. my tribal affiliation from cheyenne river sewer reservation, which is about 100 miles east of where i stand right now. that is the sacred bear butte, a very spiritual place where not

only lakota, but people of many american indian tribes and nationality -- nationalities visit. people will come here and get a -- give tobacco offerings and prayers. they will leave with tobacco and cloth for maybe a loved one or someone they are praying for, but it shows all the prayers that are left here and are well received. it is a very significant spiritual -- you know, about the time period of 1800, we will say up to the 1870's is the time period when lakota and cheyenne dominated this whole area. >> so when looking at the custer

expedition of 1874, the big take away is that as the game changer. walking you up to the custer expedition, that was a game changer in terms of what happened in these spaces here. taking you back a few years to the fort laramie treaty that was signed in 1868, all of what we know as western south dakota today in the black hills was for our-- treaty land native american community members. just a few years later, in 1874, the custer expedition cut through the black hills on official orders of seeking a passageway for immigrants into the montana area. in their way through the black hills, they discovered gold, ok? what is going on in the united states is we have recently come out of the civil war, there are some significant unemployment

issues, 27% type unemployment numbers. the information of a gold mine in the black hills gave people the energy to say, i do not really care if it is legal or not if i had to the black hills. -- head to the black hills. i'm not making it in these streets in these cities, i am willing to take the risk to go find gold for my family. that is what really led to the gold rush here in the black hills. it is the turning point in the event. from there, the spaces go through a bunch of different treaty reorganizations, land allotment act's, things of that nature. had that gold not been discovered, i think it might be a different story. we can only conjecture. that is what happened.

>> right now we are at a campsite for the lakota. here is also ironically where the remnants of custer's seventh calvary ended up. this was their patrol area. they would be involved in later years, you know, 1876 was little bighorn, but by 1890 was the wounded knee massacre. so that was their job, and they patrolled an area to go clear down there, it was probably 140 miles from wounded knee. the black hills have always been a big issue, you know? the u.s. court of claims was formed in the 1940's to take claims to land, and that is when the lakota filed for loss of the black hills, you know.

so there is a whole history of that, with unsettled case of that, you know? it continues to this day because the tribes did not accept money, they wanted land and, you know, all that continues to this day. announcer: our cities tour staff travel to rapid city, south dakota to learn about its rich history. to watch more video from rapid city and other stops on our tour, visit c-span.org/citiestour. you're watching american history tv all weekend, every weekend, on c-span3. tonight at 9:00 eastern on afterwards, and her latest book obama love" former administration national security advisor and u.n. ambassador rice susan rice talks about her life and career in american diplomacy and foreign policy. she's interviewed by robin

wright, author and columnist for the new yorker. >> port were you worried about in terms of russian intervention in the 2020 election? >> i think it is important for the american people to understand that it has not stopped. this has been constant. they were very actively involved in any 16 as we saw through stealing and hacking and stealing emails from the dnc from john podesta and others. they tried to infiltrate our electoral system. they put out false information. and then they were very active on social media trying to pit americans against each other over domestic issues of contention whether it is race or immigration organs or what have you. their whole thing is to discredit our democracy, to cause people in this country to hate one another and turn against one another. and to try to weaken us from within. announcer: watch afterwards tonight at 9:00 eastern on book tv on c-span two.

announcer: next on the presidency, rebecca vaughn talks about her father rufus youngblood in the 20 years he served as a secret service agent during the administrations of harry truman, dwight eisenhower, john f. kennedy, lyndon b. johnson and richard nixon. among the stories she tells is her father's actions on november 22, 1963 when he was protecting vice president johnson and jfk's dallas motorcade. the jimmy carter presidential library and museum hosted this event. evening. i'm tony clark from the carter library. we are really glad you all are here. i have really been looking forward to this talk tonight rufus youngblood, i've known the name, i've known who long time. very and i'm just delighted that we can