her performance in public life was profoundly culturally effective. and unselfish. to quitt, we are going 36 seconds early. [laughter] [applause] >> good job. >> this is american history tv, covering history with lectures, interviews, and discussions with authors, historians, and teachers. all weekend, every weekend, only on c-span3. >> we are on board the schoonmaker. when she was launched in 1911, she was called the queen of the

lakes. she was the largest ship on the great lakes at the time. we will take you around and show you just how much cargo this great ship could carry. mr. gillcrist: we like to think of it as two football fields of education and entertainment. it is a great hook for us to get people appreciating and understanding more of the great lakes. we are on the pilothouse deck. is the national museum of the great lakes. the schoonmaker was a commercial freighter from when it was built in 1911 to the 1980's.

it became a museum when the city of toledo purchased it in 1987. her main purpose was to deliver iron ore from lake superior down to lake erie to places like ohio where it was unloaded and put in railroad cars and taken to for a company to support its business. at its time, it was the largest carrier. it could carry more bulk material than any other from 1911 to 1927. which was a very long time when every year a new boat came out that was a little bit longer. soause this boat was built wide, it could carry more cargo for 16 years than any other boat constructed between that time. pilothouse.n the often called the wheelhouse.

it is where command's decisions were made to operate a commercial vessel. a captain, a first mate would be in here. as well as some other junior officers who would assist the captain with navigation, withing, communication respect to how fast they wanted the boat to go. here we have your standard wheel , which will steer the boat. the schoonmaker has two wheels. a compass. basic navigation required. as technology improved, sometimes the old technology was kept. so not only will you have a simple compass but a gyro repeating compass. radar is introduced after world

war ii. the improves the ability of boat to see what is coming in its direction. as well as the most iconic piece of equipment which everybody seems to recognize from the movie titanic, the engine telegraph, which is the system of communication between the pilothouse and the engine room. tfeet -- 618 fee long and 62 feet wide which was just perfect to fit through the locks up it saw st. mary. we are now in the cargo hold number two. uponis where thousands thousands of tons of cargo, probably millions over the course of 70 years, of bulk

cargo like iron ore or coal or have beenwould transported across the great lakes. the schoonmaker has ballast tanks on either side of its cargo hold to help in the by beingn of the boat able to sit low in the water or raise up in the water. it has arched girder construction, which was developed in the first decade of the 20th century. this allowed more and more cargo to be placed in the cargo hold. to make the boats more efficient. there are three cargo holds roughly holding about 4800 tons of cargo per trip. by the time the schoonmaker was built in 1911, the cargo would unloaders.with

arms thatmechanized were attached to massive dockside infrastructure which would reach down through the cargo holds of the vessel. with these scoop up to tons to three tons of cargo each time. take them out of the cargo hold and deposit them in railroad cars waiting at dockside. -10oat like this could take 7 hours to unload, which was a vast improvement over earlier systems of unloading which could take up to two days. boats on the great lakes are always looking for as many cargoes as they can possibly carry. they generally have a principally cargo. for many years, all freighters try to carry iron ore, which is

the main cargo. but there is also coal, which is still shipped on the great lakes. limestone. construction material stone. salt. they carry a variety of products. there are still boats on the great lakes that carry grain. grain silos on riverside's across the great lakes place grain in the cargo hold of a boat and it will be shipped off the great lakes to the st. lawrence seaway. a you took a photograph of lake like toledo or cleveland or milwaukee in 1911, the port would look chaotic. there would be hundreds of vessels operating out of that port on any given day. it would be different because

they would be a wide variety of styles of vessels. in 1911, you still had hundreds of sailing vessels. versus a boat like the schoonmaker, which was operated with steam. we are now in the engine room. that iswhere the power created to move the boat through the water comes from. hadinally, the schoonmaker an expansion steam engine. technology became supplanted by steam turbines. out andengine was taken the new steam turbine system was placed in it. all of this equipment is based on steam turbine technology. except for the engine room telegraph, which stayed the same. judge gregory: it is now the other end of the communication system with the pilothouse.

once the boatin to go full ahead, he sends a signal back to the engine room. they acknowledge it and put it into full ahead steam power. the major control system here for this steam turbine allows the chief engineer to ensure there is enough steam to turn the turbine, which then in course turns the shaft of the propeller, which turns the propeller. all of the things that go into the production of steam, the amount of heat and water and boilers. pressure that creates, is all controlled through a mechanical systems here that are more sophisticated than when the boat was built in 1911. behind us are the two major boilers on the schoonmaker. before its conversion to a steam turbine, you would've had men with shovels from the cold men's taking coal and heating the

water to create steam. the ultimate end of the commercial career for the schoonmaker was more about demand for steel and industrial products like coal and limestone and salt than it was for the condition of the boat. in the late 1980's, the city of idea toeveloped an bring an attraction to the downtown area. the boat was here and it had not been used in eight years. the company is waiting for some condition to change that might justify it being brought out again. it city of toledo purchased for a couple hundred thousand dollars and began the process of turning it into a museum. it is a great way to get people to think, i will get to go on one of those ships that i saw our my father saw when he lived up here on the great lakes.

to get them involved in history. they come to the museum and they are amazed about what happens over the last 300 years on the great lakes. it is a great hook for us to get people appreciating the history. >> continuing our special look at toledo, we visit the fallen timber battlefield. a turning marked point in the indian wars. >> the battle of fallen timbers takes place on august 20, 1794. it is the convergence of a legion of the u.s. and the western confederacy of native americans who are here protecting their tribal homeland. last battle in

president washington's indian wars. the effectively stopped native american and american settlers confrontations in the northwest territory. settlement.area for after the american revolution and the signing of the treaty of paris in 1783, the u.s. again sovereignty. what we are standing and now is the northwest territory. this is what the americans gained from the treaty of paris. the native americans who had been living in this land were not in the negotiations. they had been here farming, hunting, fishing for 100s of years. when you have people moving into what you believe is your land, you're about to have problems with what you see as invaders. in this point in time, we have treaties that are taking place through the ohio river and coming toward where we are standing right now. but these treaties were never

properly enforced. nor were they properly negotiated. you will start to also have native americans who are not viewing the americans as just or bargaining appropriately. major anthony wayne was a revolutionary war hero. he is chosen to lead the legion of the united states of america. we have trade routes established. you follow the ohio river and come up to get to the server. this land that is very suitable for folks to start moving into. for anthonymportant wayne to come up and provide for the safety of these newly established fortes as he pushes more into the northwest territory. wayne begins his travels 18 months after he is commissioned as the new major

general of the united states legion. as he marches up, it takes them to travel the length. he gets it to fort recovery. he is attacked. as this unfolds, he realizes that this army is different than the other two armies that he had previously faced. he goes back to the grind council and says this army is different. i am not sure the british are actually going to involve themselves in our fight. we may need to consider negotiating. and they sayotes they do want to continue with military action. little turtle hands over the reins to blue jacket. he is of the shawnee. he is warrior minded and ready

to take the fight to the u.s. legion. the native americans have built their village right behind this fort, which is a fully constructed fort. it is garrisoned with the british under general campbell. anthony wayne has made it here. outside oftle bit our battlefield. he will stage there. .nd built camp deposit he finds some volunteers. they come to this area where we are at right now. they do that, they are captured. they bring them back to their village and they find out what anthony wayne's battle plans are. he is marching with a line that is two to four miles long. will come to this area of the fallen timbers. as he does, he will meet native

american resistance. he will send out an advance guard. they will start to engage in a firefight that will eventually lead to a fall in battle. this gives time for them to deploy. they are sustaining firepower. it will out match the native americans. that forces them to retreat. we can't be sure, but two years before this battle there were records written by settlers who talked about great, swirling winds coming to this town, uprooting trees and felling timbers. when anthony wainwright's home to secretary of war henry knox, he says we have fought the native americans at the location of the fallen timbers. marching, wayne is

the native americans have reached the fort first. they expect to be able to go into the fort or to have reinforcements sent out from the fort. campbell has been given specific instructions that he is not to intervene militarily. what that would be doing is declaring war on the united states. at this point in time, great britain had no intention of declaring war unless they could win and really win big. they were not going to make the decision to do that. the native americans now see that the british were not going to fight with them. they leave very disheartened and betrayed. forced themhas been to reevaluate their alliances with the british and how they are going to withstand the onslaught of the settlers who are going to continue to push

into their land. the battle of fallen timbers lasted approximately two hours. the heaviest losses took place in 45 minutes. between 30 and 50 were lost on each side. although the losses were a little bit lower than we would expect to see when we say that the americans definitively won the battle, what we are seeing happen is this disillusionment taking place with the native americans with the british. they are starting to see that the british are not going to step in and help them keep their homelands. the u.s. can fight. the army is different. it is run by different general. there different people fighting. thes starting to look like native americans only have one option left. that option is to be able to negotiate as their own tribes with the u.s. government. the u.s. since its

delegates to meet with the representatives of every tribe who held lands in this valley. they come together in greenville and signed the first treaty in american history to accurately deal with the native americans who owned and lived on this land. representative a and the appropriate rinses of the -- representative. this opens up for indian removal which removes the native americans all the way out west. which opens up the united states for manifest destiny and the push further west than the treaty line. are city tours staff recently went to toledo, ohio, to learn about its rich history. toledo, visitfrom our website. you are watching american

history tv, all weekend, every weekend, on c-span3. >> >> next on history bookshelf, co-authors talk about their book "to end a presidency: the power of impeachment." they explore the history of impeachment and its potential role in the 21st century. this was recorded at politics and prose bookstore in washington, d.c., in 2018. >> i'm pleased to welcome lawrence tribe and joshua matz. tribe is the carl in loeb university professor and professor of constitutional law at harvard. graduate of harvard law school and constitutional lawyer. in their new