either voted for him. >> sunday, 3 p.m. eastern on american history tv. on c-span 3. >> 75 years ago, in january the soviet union army liberated auschwitz, largest nazi death camp. in november of that year, war nrg,s trials began in germany. germany.mberg, next, on reel america, a u.s. of thecumentary nuremberg trials, first screened in jamie germany. using nazi and allied film, nuremberg chronicles the rise of germany, it's annexation of countries, military invasions and death camps. this version contains many scenes of war and death that

some viewers may find disturbing. ♪[music] >> it was 1945. the war was over. camey, painfully, life

europe.the ruins of ♪[music] the war was over. but there was no peace. despair crouched over the countenance. hopelessness circled europe like a bird of prey. why? what were the forces? a warere the issues in that turns nations into rubble heaps? populations into beggars? the answers.nted they wanted to know what happened and why.

inthe palace of justice nuremberg, the people of the world came together, for there, that the international military tribunal, to judge the war criminals. ♪[music]

♪[music] jackson,e robert h. the chief american prosecutor, makes the opening statement for prosecution. >> the privilege of opening the in history for crimes against the peace of the imposes a grave responsibility. the wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated, so mag lig nant and so devastating that civilization there beingate ignored because it cannot repeated.eir being that four great nations stay the and of vengeance voluntarily submit their captive

enemies to the judgment of the mosts one of the significant tributes that power has ever paid to reason. represents the practical effort of four of the utilizet nations, to international law to meet the greatest menace of our times, aggressive war. the commonsense of mankind shall not stopw with the punishment of petty crimes by little people. must also reach men who possess themselves of great deliberateho make and concerted use of it to set leave no evils which thing in the world untouched. the prison docks, 20-odd broken men, reproached by the of those they have led, almost as bitterly as by those theyion of have attacked, their personal forever for evil is

past. merely as individuals, their fate is of little consequence to the world. what makes this inquest significant is that these sinister represent influences that will lurk in the world long after their bodies returned to dust. they are living symbols of the arrogance and cruelty of power, hatreds, of terrorism and violence. of fierceymbols militarism, and of of intrigue. war making, which have imbroiled europe generation after generation, crushing its manhood, destroying its homes and impoverishing its life.

they have so identified themselves with the forces they that any tenderness to them is a victory and encouragement to all the evils to their attached names. what these men stand for, we patiently and temperately disclose. we will give you undenial proof of incredible events. the catalog of crimes will omit nothing. it may be that these men of conscience do not regard a trial as a favor. but they do have a fair defendnity to themselves. a favor which they rarely extended to their fellow countrymen. we will not ask you to convict these men on the testimony of their foes. no count of the indictment that cannot be proved

by books and records. we will show you the defendants' own films. you will see their own conduct and hear their own voices as they reenact for you from the screen some of the events in the conspiracy.e havects of the defendants bathed the world in blood. back a civilization century. subjected their european neighbors to every spoliation and deprivation. the germanrought people to the lowest ebb of wretchedness.

and have stirred hatreds insighted domestic violence on every continent. these are the things that stand in the dark shoulder to shoulder with these prisoners. the real complaining party at civilization. of americaed states present count one of the indictment, that all the participated as organizers or accomplices in a common plan or conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. >> the aims of this conspiracy were open and notorious. from anyr different other conspiracy ever unfolded before a court of justice. ♪[music]

>> its history is a history of fromazi party, which grew the brawling streets of munich in the 20's. the beginning, adolf hitler and his followers were anyitted to the use of means, whether or not they were legal or honorable. their aim was the highest degree control over the german community. intentions were blatantly in mein kampf and the party program. and they preached their favorite doctrine, up and down the land. persons of at so-called german blood were a entitled to

exterminate even other races. they said that the germans should rule under the leadership principle by which each unconditional oa obedience to his leader. they said that war was a noble necessary activity of germany. and they said that the nazi had the right to rule germany and the right to destroy the party's enemies. ♪[music] >> their rise to power was based on fraud, deceit, intimidation and coercion. culminating finally in terror.

into that flame went the democratic constitution of the the freedom of the german people. for the fires set by the nazis very reich.the who formerly held a berlinsition in the police tells of his investigation into the fire. >> to speak briefly and to state the facts, first of all, we quite generally, it was a large scale propaganda campaign. he took on the job of making the necessary proposals and it was goebbels who first thought of

setting the rice stack on fire. a group of 10 reliable was made ready. and he was informed about every of the plan. it was expected from him and he hee his assurances that should do so that the police be -- they would take up a false trail. a pretexthe fire as nazieizing power, the conspirators lost no time in tearing germany away from a policy of peace. >> late in 1933, they led their disarmamentf the conference, embarked on a course of secret rearmament. by 1934, the new armaments

by defendantsned göring, and funk, was going full blast. german industry was again turning out the tools of war. one year later, göring could announce, from the strong of the national socialist ideology, today rises again the german armed forces. days later, the general for cum fore new law compulsory military service. signed by defendants frick. hess, frank,

training began. finally, in spring of 1936, the nazis sent their new troops marching into the land. soldiers of7, 1936, the army which was created by crossed the furor, sacred river of german history. furor, whatever decisions he may make, and obedienceith and they vowed to follow him and to prove their sincerity by never-ending love for germany. ♪[music]

of boots grew louder on the streets of nuremberg. but hitler said -- [speaking foreign language] >> the german people is not a welcomes a war today, tomorrow or the day after tomorrow. character ofthe the germans. by nature, not only peaceful and peace-loving but above all conciliatory. want to bringhey oftheir -- the millions workers. they want to perform their work. [speaking foreign language] the nazi conspirators plot new to aggressions against peace. calledmber 1937, hitler a special meeting with

raider,ts göring, and and generals frick. was secret but hitler'st colonel, personal agitant, faithfully recorded hitler's words. german question can be solved only by way of force, for of our military political position, it must be of first aim, in every case entanglement by war, to conquer and austria simultaneously. the annexation of the two states militarily and politically, would constitute a considerable relief. >> this meeting set the stage nazi expansion and act one later,ly three months where defendant von papen engineered a meeting between the austrian chancellor

hitler. schmidt, who was austrian foreign minister at the time, attended the meeting. and now he takes the witness stand. demand that he be made minister of security? >> that was one of the demands on their program. >> were there also demands made with regard to currency exchange and customs? >> it was of a economic nature kind.ry >> hitler total you that you had until -- told you that you had until february 15 to accept his terms, didn't he? and he told you that if you didn't do so, he would use force? >> the ultimatum was that he intended, as early as february, to march into austria and that, for the last time, he was to postpone it. >> faced by these threats, the out alls carried hitler's demands. ♪[music] >> but the nazi conspirators

weren't satisfied. a month later, when he announced an attack on austrian independence, hitler demanded cancelled. another ultimatum demanded that he resign within three hours. fearing invasion, he resigned and finally someone else was appointed the new chancellor of austria. day, göring in berlin called kepler of the german in vienna. the conversation was transcribed. kepler spoke first. >> we represent the government now. >> yes. you're the government. listen carefully. the following should be sent here. take the notes. the provisional austrian government sends to the german government the urgent request to support it in its task to help

bloodshed. for this purpose, it asks the german government to send german possible.soon as >> i'm watching through street. everything collapsed. he's the only one who stirs power in austria. troops across the border today. ♪[music] written.t was joining austria to german and defendant, göring, frick, and hess. had said --ourse, >> germany neither intends nor thees to interfere in internal affairs of austria, to annex austria. may, 1935, adolf hitler. >> the curtain fell on act one. nazilready the conspirators prepared for act

two. 38 memorandum from hitler to his high command. unalterable decision to smash czechia by military future.n the near it is the job of the political leaders to bring about the politically and militarily moment. >> conrad hennlime was designated political leader. labeled operation green and the defendant issued another memorandum, reading -- be set inon will motion by means of an incident -- the fixing for the exact time of this incident is of the utmost important. germany months later, signed the munich pact with england, france and italy. involved the transfer of the land to germany. it theirirators called last territorial demand.

but before the ink was dry, they plans.king other for hitler's goal was the absorption of czechoslovakia. czech president was called to a meeting with hitler göring, andts kettel. the ultimatum. they would be incorporated or czechoslovakia would be invaded and prague air.oyed from the he was helpless. the decree,igned bohemai a german protectorate. >> hitler had said -- >> i have promise and repeated that there will be no more

germanyial problems for and europe. more of hisrding to notes, hitler reviewed the nazi and treacheryce from 1934 to 1939. read --s >> first, in 1935, the introduction of compulsory service. after that, militarization of the land. austria.later, brought about a considerable reinforcement of the reich. bohemia andp was arabia. and with that, the basis for against poland was laid. basically i did not organize the armed forces. the decision to strike was always in me. >> the name of the united

kingdom of great britain and ireland, we present count two, crimes against peace. all the defendants participated in the planning and waging of wars of aggression, wars in violation of international treaties, agreements and assurances. >> the first step, the next step. >> the land is occupied, austria and czechoslovakia are seized by germany. now the nazi conspirators turned to the next problem. the conquest of poland. agitant transcribed hitler's word. is impossible. questiontherefore no of sparing poland and we are left with the decision to attack suitable the first opportunity. we cannot expect a repetition of the czech affair. there will be war.

>> meanwhile, the conspirators stirred up the issue to furnish frontier incidents which could justify an attack on poland. august, the nazis signed their nonaggression pact with russia. he told his high command -- is in the position in which i want them. i'm only afraid that at the last moment -- >> appeals were made. pope.by the and by president roosevelt. >> finally, he asks, that assurance be given him that the forces will not attack and above all not invade possession ofand the following independent nations.

those coming into question. belgium, portugal -- all -- ♪[music] 1 september 1939, the nazis sent it smashing into poland. and to a new world war, for england, faithful to their mutual assistance pact with poland, immediately on germany. attacks on mass polish towns and cities.

hitler, according to the notes, said -- >> destruction of poland in the foreground. i shall give a propaganda score, starting the war. never mind will it be plausible or not. have no pity. take a brutal attitude. >> but, as usual, before the poland, hitler told the world -- >> during the troubled months of year, the friendship between poland and german has been one of the reassuring factors in the political life of europe. 1939, adolf hitler. >> the path of destruction started in poland. but soon it led north and south across all europe. and each new aggression was based on hitler's principle that war, victory, not right, is what matters. >> nonaggression treaty. is firmly resolved to maintain peace between denmark under ally circumstances. 3 # 1st of may, 1939.

on 9 april 1940, german troops invaded denmark. >> the german reich government is determined, in view of the relations which exist between norway and germany, under no circumstances should prejudice, the invilability and the of the norwegian state. on 9 april 1940, german

troops invaded norway. >> aassure the governments of holland and luxembourg, germany will not violate their neutrality. adolf hitler. >> but on may 10, 1940, german belgium, holland and luxembourg.

♪[music] establish reliable relationship of german to yugoslavia will represent an element of calm to our continent.ed first of june 1939, ad a.d. adolf hitler. >> but on 6 april 1941, german troops invaded yugoslavia.

♪[music] >> these criminal methods of the nazi conspirators brought them early success. 1941, they had most of europe under their heels. now an evil ambition for power them on.power drove but two of the world's mightiest states ande united soviet russia, remained to block for worldrive supremacy. they had to be dealt with, firmly, immediately. now germany asked for cooperation from her full partner in aggression to the juniornd from her partner to the south.

the axis, they drew up pact, the blueprint of a new order, and parceled out the the world for access domination. italy was to get the mediterranean sphere. japan was to get the orient. and to german would go the rest of the world. ♪[music] >> in june 1941, in violation of their nonaggression pact, the

sovietere sent deep into territory, according to military plan long made. as usual, there was no declaration of war. ♪[music] >> hitler had said, today world., tomorrow the and this was tomorrow. planned warfare in the east, air in the west. it was hurled with full force against the people and cities of britain. itler, after all, had said, will blot out their cities. ♪[music]

♪[music] >> and then, on 7 december 1941, japanese, keeping their end of an infamous bargain, struck alsoe united states, without declaration of war. japanese bombs rained on pearl harbor, spreading war finally to the pacific. march. order was on the world war ii flamed around the globe.

name of the union of soviet socialist republics, the general presents counts three and four, charging that all the crimesnts committed war in germany and in all those germany. occupied by [speaking foreign language] >> the nazi conspirators committed crimes against enemy prisoners ofst war, against the civilians of occupied lands. barbariceved in the doctrine of total war and considered themselves freed from of international law or the established customs of war. their ruthless policies were ordered in directives like this of theom the general high command. the bolshevik soldier has lost claim to treatment as an honorable opponent. active or passive resistance immediately by force of arms.

prisoners of war attempting to onape are to be fired without previous challenge. no warning shot must be fired. of this savage nazi comes to the affidavit of the former gestapo officer. existed in the prisoner of war camps, small screening teams. duty of these teams to segregate the prisoners of war who were candidates for execution, according to the orders that had been given, and to report them to the office of the gestapo. letter from defendant roseburg to the defendant in stated clearly. >> a large part of the soviet orsoners of war have starved died because of the hazards of the weather. in many cases, prisoners of war up on theonger keep march because of hunger and exhaustion. numerous camps, no shelter for the prisoners was provided

at all. madetools were not available to dig holes or caves. objected thatme this treatment violated the convention, the defendant answered with this memorandum. >> we are concerned with the ideology.n of an therefore i approve and back the measures. >> this is proved by the of the general, who admiral.der the the general attended conferences where crimes against whole were plotted in advance by the nazi conspirators. explain exactly what took place at this conference? all, he had a short talk. particularly as regards to polish region. secondly, he spoke vehemently

he had the measures that found out about, to wit, the projected shooting and extermination measures that were being directed against the intelligentsia. >> he said at the time, more or less, verbatim, that the world make the armedme forces under whose eye these events have occurred, also events.ble for these

>> defendant frank, nazi governor of poland, was another conspirators guilty of directing mass murder. diary, he speaks of -- >> taking advantage of the focus on the western front by caring out wholesale liquidation of thousands of pols. >> these atrocities were not east.cted to the here is the proof, in the of france. >> here is the proof, in the

town of belgium. the proof, in the 350s of italy, where hostages were carefully listed. murdered.ically here is czechoslovakia. retaliation for the assassination of ss man nazis murdered all

the men and sent their women and slavery into germany. but this was not enough. they were ordered to level the village to the ground. nazi's examplee to all occupied people. ♪[music] >> but more terrible still were the concentration camps, which been thebeginning had coconspirator's chief weapon of everypposition

kind. german anti-nazis were the first victims. but with the war, their numbers swelled to include citizens of all the nations of europe. their fate is described. auschwitz on the 1st of december 1943 and 2.5mate that at least million victims were executed and exterminated there by gassing and burning. at least another half million starvation and disease, making the total dead about three million. executed andg the approximately -- the remainder of the total number germand about 100,000 jews and great numbers of citizens from holland, france,

hungary,poland, czechoslovakia, greece and other countries. >> medical experiments too were manyard procedure at concentration camps. these included lowering the body degreesure to 28 centigrade, high altitude tests smermtsure chambers, with poison -- experiments with and evenseases sterilization experiments. this was genocide, the destruction of entire people. genocide, the direct result of nazi's claim that they had the right to destroy the party's opposition. world.w the dead or alive. >> in the fame of the french

republic, count three and four, the final charges of the indictment. >> all the defendants committed crimes against humanity. including the murder and persecution of all people nazi party and exploitationnt, and deportation of civilian population. policy was the responsibility of the defendant, who admitted in 1944 -- the five million workers who arrived in germany, not even 200,000 came voluntarily. >> forced labor often meant treatment.degrading he himself suggested -- >> all the men must be fed, sheltered and treated in such a way to exploit them to the highest possible extend, at the lowest possible expenditure. added --fendant borman

>> the slafs are to work for us do not need we them, they may do. >> slavery was only one aspect of nazi exploitation. talk withant, in a german occupation authorities in 1942, discussed another. plunder. >> god knows you are not sent welfare of for the the people in your charge but to get the utmost out of them so live.he german people can this everlasting concern about foreign people must cease now, once and forever. i have here before me reports in what you are expected to deliver. it makes no difference if you say that your people will starve. >> but nazi crimes against humanity were not limited to foreign peoples. defendant frick, as minister of a programdirected

aimed at aged, insane or incurable germans. the so-called useless eaters. committed toe special institutions. few ever returned. evidence proves they were they werebecause useless to the plans of the nazi conspirators. but perhaps the greatest crime against humanity the nazis committed against the jews. the campaign of hate and murder goes to the heart of the nazi movement. [chanting]

[yelling] [speaking foreign language] >> german citizens are only those of german or related blood, willing to serve the german reich and people. jews and between citizens of german or related bloods are prohibited. ♪[music]

brigadier general stroop, in charge of the warsaw ghetto in 1943 had learned his nazi lessons well. in a secret report he said -- >> the reich, ordered on the 23 of april 1943, the cleaning out ghetto with utter ruthlessness. decided to destroy and burn down the entire ghetto. left theirntly hideouts but occasionally remained in the burning buildings and jumped out of the only when the heat became unbearable. pleasant.ot bombs were thrown into the manholes and the jews were driven out and captured.

countless numbers of jews were sewers and bunkers through blasting. the longer the resistance becameed, the tougher the members. discharged their duties in an excellent manner. by little, the nazis were reaching what they called the final solution, the total jews ination of the europe. >> we had two ss doctors on duty at auschwitz to examine incoming transports of prisoners. the prisoners would be passed by the doctors. were who were fit for work sent into the camp. others were sent immediately to the extermination plot. of tender years were invariably exterminated, since for reasons of their youth they were unable to work. >> we endeavored to fool them to gohinking they were through a de-lousing process.

it took from three to 15 minutes to kill the people in the death chamber, depending upon climatic conditions. you knew when the people were their screaming stopped. waited about one half hour before we opened the doors and removed the bodies. removed, bodies were our special commanders took off extracted the gold from the teeth of the corpses. >> much of this loot was then transferred to secret vaults of mine.ich at the lye knew thatbert six million jews died in the solution.l in his will, he said --

>> anti-semitism we violated a basic command of god's creation. mistakes, to admit but the whole existence of our people is in question. we must have the courage to rid ourselves of anti-semitism. god has taught me that. >> defendant frank himself said this court -- [speaking foreign language] have allowed ourselves to make utterances which are terrible. thousand years will past and this guilt of germany will still not be erased. >> the prosecution rests. >> the defense begins. witnesses and

introduce 38,000 affidavits on the defendants' behalf. submit 136,000 affidavits, 7,000 on behalf of vsd, 3,000 on general staff and okw. gestapo.behalf of the these attorneys were personally selected by the defendants. are well-known german lawyers. and each now rises to plead his client.r some make blanket denials of all guilt. [speaking foreign language] defendants had, without doubt, a great influence nothose spheres which did interest hitler. they had no powers whatsoever in the great decisions concerning and peace, armistice, et cetera.

>> other attorneys lead their clients through a carefully defense. here striker is examined. [speaking foreign language] >> and i will continue. been stated by the prosecution that they would have had no one to carry out their kill if you haven't made that propaganda and if you hadn't conducted the education people in that sense. [speaking foreign language] >> i don't believe that those been given the order by the furor to carry out the an order toto pass kill, that those people would have been made to do this by my periodical. mein kampf existed and the of that book were the real authority, the cause. >> next comes... [speaking foreign language]

>> you are accused of place, ofng this inspecting and visiting this camp regularly. the witness testified having camp andin this further testified having seen you at the inspection of gas while these gas chambers were in operation. [speaking foreign language] >> the testimony is wrong. every concentration camp in the reich of which i know anything established by himmler. >> later the prosecution is to cross-examine the defendants. roseburg is questioned. >> did your ministry force homes, toleave their go to germany, to work for the german state?

>> it is true that force was used. it is not denied that some occurred.ncroachments may, in the of reich, hitler said he would give on theindoctrination political situation. he said, we are left with a decision to attack poland at the first opportunity. did you still think that he had no aggressive intentions? [speaking foreign language] >> i believed that for a long time. just as the general said, after hitler had solved the czech problem purely politically, it he would also be able to solve the polish question without bloodshed. the lastd that until moment, until the 22nd of august. >> kitel is cross-examined. >> yesterday your counsel showed dated 16order

september 1941. it said that it is necessary to immediate cruel measures and that human life in the east is absolutely worthless. the basic idea of the order, that human life costs absolutely nothing? please answer the question. thisigned this order with statement? >> ya. yodel., >> do you remember any other reason for such great mortality among soviet prisoners of war? >> i don't know the reasons for this mass murder but they seemed completely wrong. that i do know. >> now, von ribbenrop. you knewu saying nothing about the effect of military pressure on austria?

>> i wish to ex from es again again knew -- express that i knew nothing about military measures and if i something, i wouldn't see any reason not to say so. andduring the days before after the meeting, i was so busy taking over the foreign office i could give only slight attention to the austrian problem. >> then göring is doctors cross-examined. >> at the end of the meeting, words,d the following didn't you? german jewelry, must as a penalty, forfeit one billion marcs. pigs won't commit any more crimes. say that neither hitler nor you knew of the policy to exterminate the jews?

not already have said that even approximately did i know to what degree this thing took place. to whatid not know degree, but you knew there was a policy that aimed at the liquidation of the jews? liquidation of the jews. i only knew that certain place.ations had taken >> spare takes the stand. present on april 231945 when hitler received the from göring suggesting that he take over power. what did hitler say on that occasion? >> hitler was most excited about contents of the telegram and he expressed himself in a very manner about göring.

he said he knew for some time that göring had failed, that he a drugrupt, that he was addict. it was typical of hitler's attitude toward the entire problem, however, that he followed this statement up by can nevertheless negotiate the cap pit laition. he -- capitulation. he said, it doesn't really matter who does it. for the german nation was expressed in the way he said this. >> after months of examination cross-examination, several defendants make final statements to the tribunal. frank is first. >> i myself, speaking from the sentiments,of my and from the experience of five months of this trial, want to say this. now that i have gained the last insight into all that which has to the way of dreadful atrocities, i feel a terrible guilt within me.

>> funk declares. >> when these measures of terror and violence against jews were me, i suffered a nervous breakdown, because at mind,ment it came to my with full clearness that from here on, the catastrophe took up to the all the way terrible and atrocious things about which we have only in part at imprisonment. i felt ashamed and guilty at that moment, and i feel the same today. murder.en committed

[speaking german] >> everything he promised to the german people he did not afterwards keep. he promised equal rights for all citizens, and without regard to their capabilities, his adherence cut privileges for all citizens. he promised to fight against political lying, and together with his minister, he never did anything but disseminate political allies and political fraud. he relieves criminals and put them into his service. he did everything in the way of not keeping his promises. he deceived the world, germany, and me. the tremendous danger contained in this totalitarian system only became really clear the moment we were approaching the end. everything that has happened during this trial, everything you have seen in the way of orders, carried out without any

--itation, that after all, that is why this trial must contribute to the prevention of such wars in the future, and the establishment, principles for human cooperation. [speaking german] iheard -- i heard. i was not able to prevent what happened. that is my guilt. i can only wish of the disastrous methods and terrible consequences of this work, there will arise for the german people a new hope for a better future in the community of nations. now frank.

[speaking german] >> recall on the german people, whose representatives we were, doomed to failure in the will and justice of god, which is doomed for everyone who may try to follow it anywhere in the world. defendant to speak is preacher. german]king >> view of the prosecution did not speak anything good on about hiller. the addict -- hitler. i am one of these betrayed. finally, both defense and prosecution some of their arguments for the tribunal -- sum up their arguments for the tribunal. it must have not only real,

but moral authority. the judgment must be looked upon with confidence. it's not above the contesting parties. >> in the name of the united states of america, justice jackson delivers his summation. >> according to the testimony of each defendant, these men saw no evil, spoke none, and none was uttered in the presence. if we combined only the stories from the front bench, this is the ridiculous composite picture of hitler's government that emerges. it was composed of a number two man, who never suspected the jewish extermination program, although he signed over a score of anti-semitic increase -- decrease. a number three man was merely a middleman, transmitting hitler's orders without reading them, like a postman or delivery boy. the foreign minister, who knew

little of foreign affairs and nothing of foreign policy. marshal, who issued orders to the armed forces, but had no idea of the results they would have in practice. chief, who was of the impression that the policing functions of his gestapo and st were somewhat on the lines of directing traffic. philosopher who had no idea of the violence for which his philosophy was inciting in the 20th century. poland,or general of rule.igned but did not pourhose occupation was to filthy writing about the jews, but who had no idea anybody would read the. -- read them.

whonistry of the interior knew not even what went on in his own office, much less the department,his own and nothing at all about the interior of germany. a big president who was totally ignorant -- bank president who is totally ignorant of what went in and out of the vault of his bank. to say of these men that they are not guilty, it would be as true to say is there has been no war, there are slain, there has been no crime. >> in the name of the united kingdom and great britain and ireland, the summation. >> this trial must form a milestone in the history of civilization, not only marking that right shall, in the end, triumph over evil, but also that ordinary people of the world, and i make no distinction between friend and foe, are now determined that the individual must transcend the state.

the state and law are made for man. through them, he may achieve a fuller life, a higher purpose, and a greater dignity. >> in the name of the union of soviet social republics, general road tangoe delivers his -- rodenko delivers his summation. >> when we ask if the charges have been proved, after the defendants been convicted of their guilt, there is only one answer. their crimes have been proved. neither the statements of the defendants nor the arguments of the defense who were able to accusations.ave it has been possible to cast out on events which actually took place. the truth cannot be challenged. that is the real meaning of this trial. that is the lasting result of our long and strenuous effort. >> in the name of the french republic, he delivers his summation.

>> when this international trail is closed and the principal were criminal's sentenced, we shall go back to our own countries. the fate of these men now lies entirely with their conscience. this is beyond our competence. our task is finished. now it is for you, in the silence of your deliberations, to listen to innocent blood crying for justice. >> lord justice lawrence, great britain. mr. francis biddle, united states. miss you to father, france. and major general nikki tangoe, ussr, and their alternates prepare the verdicts. there will be based on the

opinion of the majority. ♪ >> on october 1, 1946, the verdict is delivered by lord justice lawrence, president of the tribunal. ss,f the organizations, the sd, gestapo, and leadership core are found guilty. and rightommand, sa command not guilty. ,s for the individual, wilhem guilty of conspiracy, crimes

against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. death by hanging. rudolph hess, guilty of conspiracy and crimes against peace. life imprisonment. guilty of conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against him entity. death by hanging -- against humanity. death by hanging. cargill -- keuchel, death by hanging. of war crimes and crimes against humanity. death by hanging. rosenberg, guilty of conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes

against humanity. death by hanging. frank, guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity. death by hanging. frick, guilty of crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. death by hanging. julia stryker, guilty of crimes against him entity. death by hanging -- humanity. death by hanging. walter, guilty of crimes against humanity. life imprisonment. indictment,n this released. karl, guilty of crimes against peace and war crimes. 10 years imprisonment. eric, guilty of conspiracy,

crimes against peace, and war crime. life imprisonment. baldor, guilty of crimes against humanity. 20 years in his and. -- imprisonment. fritz, guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity. death by hanging. yodel, guilty of conspiracy, crimes against peace, fewer crimes, and crimes -- war crimes, and crimes against humanity. death by hanging. franz, not guilty on this indictment. released. crimes andlty of war crimes against humanity. 20 years imprisonment.

constantine, guilty of conspiracy,, crimes against peace war crimes, and crimes against him entity. 15 years imprisonment. arthur, guilty of crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. death by hanging. guilty on this indictment. released. -- triedman, triton in absent or, -- accenture, guilty.- absentia, death by hanging. >> the trial is over. ♪

>> seven begin their prison sentences. during chooses to died by his own hand. the other 10 wait for the gallows. in nuremberg, the people of the world found out and why. but nuremberg is more than just an answer to a question. as justice jackson said, this trial is part of the great effort to make the piece more secure., kindnstitutes action of a to ensure that those who start a war will pay for it personally.

warning totands as a all those who plan and wage aggressive war. ♪ [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] >> you can watch archival films in their entirety our weekly series, real america, saturday at 10 p.m. and sunday at 4:00 p.m. eastern here on american history tv. next, on american history tv, u.s. naval academy superintendent sean buck talks about the life and career of stephen decatur, a war of 1812 war hero. a war of 1812 hero later killed in a duel with disgraced fellow naval officer, james perrin. two naval officers