of this crying as it was happening have a lot of information, that information didn't translate to clear understanding. today, with the benefit of hindsight, we have that clear understanding, but the sixth contrast so hard to push against hindsight, and say what do americans understand at the time? how do they understand their roles and responsibilities as american citizens to fight against nazism as it was happening? >> this was part two of a two-part american artifacts. you can view part one and all other american history tv programs online at c-span.org/history. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] takesspan cities tour american history tv on the road to feature the history of cities across america. here's a recent program. in woodlawn cemetary here in the central part of the city of toledo. this is a perfect example of the

rural cemetery movement, built a toledo's elite and filled with wonderful memorials. the one that's behind us right now was built by john gunkel. john was a ticket agent ben had -- agent. he had an office downtown and saunders was working the streets and he felt sorry for their plight. they were mostly looked at as street urgency. -- street urchins. 1982, they formed the newsboys association, the idea of uttering themselves and really stepping up. and this became a national model that was used all over the country. the newsboys were a unique group back then. we think about it, 1880's, 1890's, newspapers had no other way to distribute their papers. so they were an important part of that whole process.

some say he was put onto this keep the kids active and working. there had been a strike in new york that had brought some newspapers down to their knees, hearst in particular. but i like to think of him as more of a bighearted guy who just wanted to help these kids. what he found became a boys club and eventually a boys and girls today and today, i think toledo is the third boys and girls club in the country and still very active today, doing great work in toledo thanks to john gunckel. and to this day, the boys and girls club and the news association gets together every august and pays tribute to gunckel. >> you can watch this and other programs on the history of communities across the country at c-span.org/citiestour. this is american history tv, only on c-span3. ♪

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>> this is american history tv on c-span3, were each we, we feature 48 hours of programs exploring our nation's past. >> next on the presidency, while the country confronts the coronavirus, we look back at presidents who faced crises while in the white house. in this 2003 program from c-span's book notes series, they talk by james k polk, who

conducted the 1846-1848 war against mexico. this interview was included in c-span's 2019 book, the presidents, with historians. her polk ranked 14th in presidential leadership. >> john seigenthaler, author of "james k. polk," how'd they talk you into doing a biography on this president? >> arthur schlesinger called me on the phone and said, you're a tennessean. james k. polk was a tennessean. why don't you write a biography for this series that times books is doing on the presidents? and i said, arthur, i don't have time. i'm retired.