>> nathanael greene and the american revolution" describes how general greene reversed a series of losses and eventually defeated the british in the southern theater of the war for independence. next, author and historian john buchanan discusses his new book at the american revolution institute of the society of the cincinnati in washington, d.c.

>> good evening and welcome. i am kelsey atwood, tour and public program manager for the american revolution institute for the society of the cincinnati and i welcome you to anderson house. the american revolution institution of the society of the cincinnati promotes knowledge and appreciation of the achievement of a american independence by providing resources for advanced studies, exhibitions, and public programs, preservation and providing resources to classrooms. since 1938, the society of the cincinnati has done this work from its headquarters anderson house, a national historic landmark finished in 1905 as a winter resident of lars and isabel anderson. tonight's talk brings the dramatic story of the south to its conclusion. nathanael greene's southern campaign was the most difficult of the war. with supply lines stretching

hundreds of miles northward, it revealed much about the crucial military art of provision and transport. insufficient manpower, constant problem, greene intended to incorporate black regiments into his army, a plan rejected by the south carolina legislature. a bloody civil war between rebels and tories was working havoc on the south, forcing greene to address a vigilante terror and restore civilian government. correspondence between greene and thomas jefferson during the campaign shows green was also bedeviled by conflict between war and the rights of people on the question of how to -- under which a free society wages war. when they british evacuated charleston in the spring of 1792. greene and h is ragged but faithful continental army entered the city in triumph. marking the ends of one of the punishing campaigns in the revolution as one of its greatest victories.

let me tell you about our speaker this evening. john buchanan is a native of new york, who grew up in new york, michigan and ohio. following his service in they are, me mr. buchanan graduated from saint lawrence university with highest honors in history and was elected to phi beta kappa. he would go on to serve at the high school teacher in elliott new york and leader and archivist at cornell university. in 1966, he joined the staff of the metropolitan museum of art first as archivist of the museum and for 22 years, chief registrar in charge of worldwide art movements. in that capacity, he traveled widely in the u.s., canada, mexico and europe and the former ussr, the middle east, india, china, japan and australia. upon retirement he resumed a writing career that had begun in the 1960's. john buchanan is the author of "the road to valley forge how

washington built the army that led to the revolution, the road to guilford courthouse." and our book this evening. please join me in welcoming john buchanan. [applause] >> i should start really by thanking the society for letting me speak in this historic venue. and kelsey atwood for her impeccable arrangements. thank you, kelsey. [applause] so, what to do about the south? the last major engagement in the north was the battle of monm outh courthouse new jersey 28th of june 1778. after that, stalemate in the

north. but the british had been thinking of a southern campaign since 1776 and for various reasons decided to turn south. now, at the tail end of 1778, the british assault force went ashore in between sun up and sundown became masters of savannah. and in the new year, they marched about 1000 british and provincial regulars marched up country all the way to augustine. fraud tear ultra poll of a custom. 178 miles. now, the british commander-in-chief in east florida and georgia, major general augustine prebo wrote that the object of the expedition was to open the but country to put to the test the

professions of loyalty of its inhabitants. those loyal tory inhabitants failed the test. of the promise 6000 fighters, only 1100 showed, and their zeal disappointed and the expected indian allies, not one appeared. for those and other reasons, the british withdrew to savannah and the low countries. but the following year, may, 1780, the richest city in america, charleston, south carolina, and inside the city the only american army and the south surrendered to a strong british expeditionary force. and from there, from charleston -- the british regulars and provincial regulars marched up the santee river and established bases of communication and supply. also a major base of camden in the backcountry.

down here in orangeburg and all the way out to the far back country and 96 where they established a very strong base and across the savannah river and augusta. to understand to what worked in the south is to be aware of what the americans and the key to success to control of the backcountry where at least 2/3 of the white population lived. lord cornwallis it took over the command of the south after the fall of charleston put pen to p aper on this issue. "keeping possession of the backcountry is of the utmost importance. indeed, the success of the war in the south depends totally upon it. in london, however, the king

and his ministers l labored under the delusion that the loyalist comprise the majority of the backcountry in georgia. and the carolinas. on the contrary, the rebels were in the majority. there are two caveats to that statement. rebels and tories were about even in the 96 district. tories may have been in the majority right here in the mid back country in what was called the orangeburg district, but overall, the rebels comprise the majority throughout south carolina. which was the main theater of the war. we have, who have lived through one misleading after another by government that does not understand should not be surprised by this. 18th century misreading by the british government. as brigadier general charles o'hara, a british general serving in america, put it. "fatal infatuation." of course,

we have to realize, too, there were also people like solom his neighbors as -- half wig, half tory, as occasion required. now, following the british occupation of the backcountry, and an expected triumphant sweep northward, the unexpected happened. the majority rebels in the backcountry rose in revolt and mounted their horses and waged as sweeping guerilla war of movement and stymied the british classification. pacification. the lord, commanding british forces in the field, wrote of the rebel militia "their mobility was the reason we were never able to bring them to a decisive action." the rising was fundamental. it changed the course of the war.

had the pack of beggars -- that is what they call the crackers of the backcountry -- had those pack of beggars accepted the british occupation, had they not risen -- under a brilliant commander, the southern campaign indeed, the war itself, would've taken on an entirely different hue. the british failed to put down the rising, but the backcountry rebels could not drive the british from the carolinas and georgia. so the result? stalemate in the south. the four continental generals had commanded the seven department. one left early before his abilities and theater of command were seriously tested. the other three failed in spectacular fashion. so, what to do about the south? the precocious 25 year old alexander hamilton had the

answer to. "for god's sake, send -- " which george washington did. his instructions to general greene. " uninformed as i am of the enemies force, or of the resources which will be in our power to command for carrying on the war, i can give you no particular instructions, but must leave to you to govern yourself according to your own prudence and judgment and the circumstances in which you find yourself." washington in other words gave greene carte blanch. good luck, nathaniel, you are on your own. >> 38-year-old nathanael greene. i got the wrong card here. here we go. there he is. nathanael greene of rhode island, a novice in 1775 when

he reported to george washington outside boston. now, however, educated on the job, hardened by five years of war he had distinct distinguished himself and combat command and in a staff position he hated. quartermaster general. charged with supplying the army with the wherewithal of war. yet, there is work in the latter washington wrote he found the quartermaster department "in a most confused state but he has given the most general satisfaction in his affairs carry much the face of method ndand system." method and system, yes, but green,th most cerebral of washington's lieutenants was one of the hard men, the type necessary to win wars. forrage the country naked, he ordered one of his officers at valley forge. to washington he e, inhabitants beset me from all quarters. but like pharaoh i harden my

heart." greene took command of the southern department on 3 december 1780 at charlotte, north carolina. just north of the south of the north carolina line. now, if nathanael greene had proved himself a master of supplying transport or logistics, why during his command and the south, with was his army chronically short of supplies to the point toward the end of the campaign his soldiers were so ill-supplied with clothing many use blankets to cover their nakedness. the answer lies in the divisive between the regions. the north had a larger population. mostly rural and agricultural with well-established artisans and manufacturers. there greene had been post to -- close to his sources of supply in the front supplies. as well as to the indispensable french supplies.

the southern armies, most of the southern army's supplies had to come from the north. in the 18th means and time. supplies on wagons drawn by horses at a walk. one example. green sent a request to the board of war in april 4 april 1781 for clothing from william washington's third continental degrees as theirs was in a state of " decay." third continental dragons. the clothing arrived five months later, 31 august at charlotte and by 10 september still had not reached colonel washington's dragoons. it was the ever present problem of supplies being hijacked on the way by local officials and militia leaders throughout the campaign, greene struggled mightily to supply his soldiers and spent an inordinate amount of time on that problem with enough success to keep the army in the field. the importance of logistics is

driven home by the fifth century spartan mercenary commander who wrote " without supplies, neither a general nor a soldier is good for anything. " without supplies, neither a general nor a soldier is good for anything. 2500 years later general omar bradley, general eisenhower's ground commander in world war ii, famously said " amatures discuss tactics. professionals discuss logistics."---amateurs discuss tactics." in addition there was political turmoil and the nightmare of civil war. the war in the rear of the revolution war was a civil war between the americans terror always a part of revolutions rain was especially vicious of the south. the germans call civil war " brothers war" for not only

friends and neighbors but family split. in the spring of 1780, a 16-year-old witnessed a tragic event. he was serving under a captain love who attacked a party of torres. mrs. stallions was the captain sister. thomas young wrote that she begged her brother not to fire up on the house. their only chance for safety was to surrender. ran back the house, the house was attacked in the rear by other rebels. in a ball shot to the opposite door killed her. soon after, the tories surrendered. thomas wrote that they met and shed bitter tears. he was dismissed on parole to bury his wife. the greens faithful life wife,

bag to join her husband just as she had followed him, camped a camp in the northern campaign. shared a hut with him at valley forge. but he refused to travel south because nothing but blood and slaughter prevails here. and the wilderness for a delicate woman is rarely seen. she persisted. he wrote again, my dear you can have no idea of the horrors of the southern war. murders here are as frequent as petty disputes to the north where. now they probably never met, green had in mind men like charleston brown. who left a vivid description of his reaction when hearing the british tories and indians had murdered our father, and 16 of our neighbors, burning to ashes his house and all within it. our mothers and sisters escaping to the woods, little to depend upon.

no male friend to help them. my blood boiled within my veins. my soul thirst for vengeance. now browns did not reveal if you ever caught up with his father's killers. yet other scores to settle. in april 1780, crossing the river we fell in with a man who insisted in hanging the five great felons at wigwams hill. we gave him his due, left his body at the disposal of the birds and beasts. what's acts of range, restricted to the backcountry. in an age where status of gentlemen raised one up. he was also a captain of british provincial regulates. he married a beautiful 15 year old savannah girl, elizabeth

mccann stein. i there is elizabeth. william's favorite brother jack was taken by rebels and hanged. many decades after the war, a window in an exile in nova scotia, elizabeth johnson wrote recollections of a georgia loyalist. she told the following tale. after jack was hanged, william was absent for sundays. upon returning said to her, i expect some friends here tonight and would like supper at 11:00. tell the knee grows to have food for their horses. i expect about 20 men. the men appeared and elizabeth wrote, some of them were gentlemen i knew, friends of your grandfather. others were hard looking men, not gentlemen. after supper, as the man relieving she has william when he would be back. she said if i would return at

all i'd be back in 24 hours. i slept little and spend the next day in prayer their safe return. he wrote in about 2:00 at afternoon. he embraced elizabeth, and through his sword and pistol on the table, both of which i could see had been used. and i said to him william waited where have you've been, and he replied bed never asked me where i have been in what i have done. but we don't owe the rebels anything project. two examples of upon hundreds, called upon the partisan leaders to do all they could to stop murders. to little avail. in may june 1781, following greens orders, the combined operation of light horse heavy lead continental's and andrew pickens in militia, they took the british base of augusta and its garrison as prisoners. after the surrender, a shot and

murdered in cold blood a tory officer, as some said in front of his children. matt the reason was, it was said for the ill treatment of alexander's father by the british. alexander then just wrote away, he was furious. you have heard 100 guineas to anyone that could discover the perpetrator of this crime. the backwoods version of america, settled like a thick haze over the affair. the reward was never claimed, the murder never brought to justice. there was a term used for such cold murders. it was nicknamed giving a georgia parole. when a community of tories in south carolina begged green for relief for the great distress

from the savage conduct mask, -- the idea of exterminating the tories is not less barbarous than in politics, they will keep this country in the greatest confusion in distress, in a finally rod sentence he challenged pecans which was an honorable man, to share the responsibility for putting an end to the barbarism in the backcountry. they pulled a disaffected cry for mercy, i hope you would exert yourself to allow interest and check the -- and punishing in plundering. his attempts to bring law in order to ravage land and was largely unsuccessful.

majored and bitterness was too deeply embedded for quick relief. andrew pecans expressed in terms that stand-alone in stark relief, and once again labeled the conflict within the regular war a bitter civil war. it's impossible, for us and them to inhabit one country. and live together in peace. the impact of the civil war made the lives of non combatants, the horror and having a greater impact on societies than the regular war. the contemporary south carolina historian said, there were 1400 windows interference in the 96 district alone. we will show you i showed you where it is you know where that is. late in the war, the rebel militia leader engaged in the orange brick district in the down and dirty work of what we call insurgency.

the number and wretchedness of the women and children could not be conceived. utterly out of the power to many to move or to subsist much longer where they are. in his memoirs, the rebel general wrote the civil war quote destroyed more property and shed more american blood than the whole british army. meanwhile, the regular war went on. to backtrack a little, in march of 1781, at the battle of guilford courthouse in northern north carolina, green lost the tactical battle but one of the strategic victory when lord cornwallis abandon the carolinas for the siren song of virginia and more on that later. green and a small army of continental's would fightthe major battles and conduct siege, he lost all four.

but as with guilford courthouse, tactical defeat strategic victory. matt have courage still, it's right up there. just north of the british base, they're in april, may face the anglo-irish man. lieutenant colonel lord roland. he attacked and surprise the rebel army. green denies the surprise in an official report, but would generals going to admit that he was caught flat-footed. the rebel army retired from the field in good order. his famous comment on a second defeat in battle to the letter

to the french minister of the united states. we fight, we rise and we fight again. green then marched his army south west. across the water river into rugged hill country. rotten followed, want to fight again. but his defensive position on commanding heights was too strong to assault. a driven of that hill country, he made the right decision. lord roth in, the tactical victor now found a beaten but on doubtful behind him and a countryside in revolt. he wrote to the lord, the revolt was universal. two days before have kirk hill, in a combined operation

lieutenant colonel and his elite continental legion of horse and foot, and the brigade of the swat fox, for watson in the 70 river followed. this was part of greens general plan of operations. in which you find that phrase throughout his writings, in which his regular army would operate in tandem, with a partisan militia. militia concentration on random raids in plunder, in the best of possible words would seize. he wrote to the lord, the situation affairs in this province has made me judge unnecessary for a time, to withdraw my force in the backcountry, and to assemble what troops i could collect at this point. they're now followed a sad affair that even i would recognize. we will have watched similar 21st century scenes on a television sets of people far

away, civilians evacuating hearth and home, refugees in their own land. lord rotten explains, marching for the low country with his troops, we got off not only the militia that have been with us, but also all the wall affecting neighbors on our route to get it with wives, children need grows in baggage of almost all of them. and those tories who joined the column left because they had good reason to fear what the rebel militias would do to them." if they stayed in their homes. in europe, at the end of world war ii refugees were concentrated in dp camps, displaced persons camps. the american tories would end up just outside charleston in the 18th century version of a dp cap. this general described their fate.

" after their arrival in charlestown, they built huts without the lines. which was called rotten town. in many of the unfortunate women and children who lived comfortable in their own homes near camden died for want in those miserable huts." meanwhile, the regular war continued. as greene did come off his defeat at guilford courthouse to reveal he remained a fighting general by marching for south carolina and seeking battle. to he persuade a green to go on the offensive. he told his head of commissary william richardson davie, a fascinating character. we don't have time to go into he became the founder of one of our great state universities, the university of north carolina. he told david, "camden was the key to the enemy's line. they will all soon be anne

evacuated overall go well. in general he was right. he evacuated camden on 10 may. the following day thomas sumter took the british post at orange burg. 15 may, lee took fort granby. all of those british this is an ascension calgary reverse, guarding the lines of communication and supply, gone. greene then sent light horse harry lee and his legion to georgia to command -- need my glasses here. to command, along with andrew pickens, in the siege of augusta. greene march west. four days later, beseeched the last british post in south carolina's backcountry, 96th. right here. we call that, it was supposed to be 96 miles from 96 to the

first cherokee village, which is right near the campus of clemson university now. it actually was 78 miles. but anyway. [laughter] >> then, oh, and 96 was commanded by that tough and they will new yorker lieutenant general john eris cruger. 96 was greene's only siege and he and his chief military engineer a polish colonel today as the shoes go brought let's see here -- there we go. 96. here you have the siege trenches.

the star fort. communication trench to the town. and another base right over here. this is the key to taking 96. the water supply, the spring branch. but greene and his aide believes that they had to dig within their works to find water and yet when the garrison went down 25 feet and so before they come up empty. spring branch was the key. meanwhile in charleston, they'd receive reinforcement from british regiments. 7 june began his march of up country, 175 miles to relieve 96. he had about 1800 infantry. almost 750 of greene's more than his regulars. green ordered thomas sumter and

francis marion to hary broaden's advance. he marched onward in the heat of the carolina summer. his reinforcements dressed and willing uniforms. -- woolen uniforms. fort cornwallis at augusta surrendered on 5 june. lee and his hundred 50 man legion joined green outside 96, aware that brodaden was drawing nye, greene decided on an assault. an 18 g.o.a.t. 1791, fixed bayonets and attacked the star fort. it was met by delancey's new your brigade and the new jersey volunteers in savage hand-to-hand combat. the assault failed and all of america fights. one example -- we don't have time for that, i'm sorry. anyway, greene and his army defeated once more, marched away the day after the failed attack. two days later to the cheers of the townspeople, lord broaden

marched in. greene the tactical loser was the strategic winner. he road to cornwallis that 96 was almost out of provisions and he thought impossible to furnish it with the necessary supplies. i, therefore resolved, to disso lve the garrison. if they would unite in defendant's are, he would leave a small party to assist them and send attachments now and then if greene moved forces into the district. families who chose to leave to take up residence on abandoned plantations of the low country. on20 june, he marched off with part of his force. other way in the march down country, 50 of his soldiers in those woolen uniforms collapsed and died. broaden left the tories to make up their minds, but their morale had bottomed out, despite the temporary

deliverance over many months, rebel partisan militia had proven superior to the total militia--tory militia. they chose to leave not long after escorted by colonel cruger and his battalions they made their own side tracked down country. the last british post in the backcountry. the rebels are in control. greene and his army would fight one more major battle. but not against the lord roden. there he is. colonel francis lord rawden. this had been a bravura performance. but he was ill. he suffered with malaria throughout the events just described. took leave of america. laster first marquess of hastings. second earl of moira. a player in the loss of the first british empire in the

early 19th century in india as governor general and commander-in-chief. became one of the builders of the second british empire. and, while the fighting and dying went on, greene never lost sight of the political side of the struggle. he urged governor john rutledge south carolina and rutledge did and the two work closer together to restore government. greene also wrote to the governor thomas burke of north carolina. "while the war lasts, the civil and military are mutually dependent on each other and the most perfectly understanding is essential to both and i beg your excellent see to be persuaded that it will be my constant endeavor to deserve the confidence and good opinion of those in power." those final words bear repeating. "the confidence and good opinion of those in power."

they placed green as one with his chief george washington in recognizing and supporting the primacy of the civil power, a critical concept of governance, to expand the new nation -- spare the new nation the ambitions of military adventures. throughout his command green championed establishment of civil government. for example sending to georgia his personal representative joseph clay and urging them to convene an assembly which they did. he also revealed a gift for a droit m manvevering and politicl affairs. in 1781, the georgia delegation to congress appointed a physician, dr. nathan bronson, to the rank of brigadier general in command of the georgia militia. greene must have been appalled. what would be the reaction of veteran militia leaders who had proven their dedication and their leadership, their courage? colonel elijah clark and

colonel john twigs, colonel james jackson. how to do deal with this delicate situation. greene wrote to the delegates "i am apprehensive that the military characters in that state will not readily subscribe to the propriety of doctor brunson's appointment. that was putting it mildly. he then wrote to the georgia colonels and handled the problem. this ought to be. your own feelings was determined and we can be sure that green new but their feelings had to be. there fams s were any he had the letter delivered to the colonels by dr. nathan bronson. he wrote to joseph clay mr. bronson is coming to georgia with an appointment of brigadier's which would be

likely to produce discontent. i would oppose it would be laid aside." a. compromise was reached john twiggs was appointed brigadier general. of the georgia militia and the assembly elected as governor, dr. nathan bronson. it would not be the last time that bronson gave greene trouble. anyway. meanwhile, the war went on. let's see. the british have been driven from the backcountry. now it was time to dry them from the mid backcountry, close to the seacoast. it was vitally important to establish civil government in south carolina and georgia and confined british forces to charleston and savannah showing the world that the rebels were a civil as well as military control and thus avoiding the threat on the horizon. european mediation of the

conflict, which carried with it the danger of the application of the principle of international law. rudy posted at us, latin for "as you possess, " meaning if european mediation occurred, a cease-fire agreed upon, a truce established, each side would remain where they were in peace negotiations. and this could mean that each side could end up with the territory possessed when the cease-fire went into effect. the american side was dead set against any such proposal. against mediation itself. strove mightily to prevent it if not expelling the british, at least at driving them to the coast. greene and his ragged, unpaid, long-suffering continentals once more prepared for battle. the battle of utah springs, 8 september 1781. right here. see how close we are to

charleston. now they're this close to charleston. 8 september 1781, the bloodiest battle of the southern campaign. highly hotly contested. it ended as greene's other set piece battle -- he directed an orderly withdrawal from the field, leaving lieutenant colonel alexander stewart who had succeeded in field command the technical factor. greene took 23% casualty but stewart suffered crippling losses of 38%. the day after the battle, stewart began withdraw back. in the months following, eventually ended inside the british lines of charleston. the army unfit to remain in the field for major combat, nevermore to reappear except as seeking food and forage.

the british were back where they had started. about 15 months before, pinned to the coast. some 233 years ago, colonel williams who commanded the continentals at utah springs summed it all up. the best criterion of victory is to be found in the consequences. the following month, 19 october, 1781, a world shaking event occurred in the little tobacco port in virginia called yorktown. it was the carolina campaign. first waged solely by backcountry cracker militia, then taken over by greene who led cornwallis on the merry chase to north carolina. his victory at guilford courthouse that drove cornwallis from the carolinas to virginia and the end of his american adventure. the debilitating march and the savage battle crippled cornwallis's army.

sergeant koch of the hessian regiment summed up his lordship's dilemma in a few well chosen words. "the situation was now very bad for us. we had won. but we had no foodstuffs. no shoes on our feet, no shirts on our bodies. it was decided to begin the return march to the sea." cornwallis wrote to colonel william phillips, i'm quite tired of marching about the country in search of adventures. he decided the clear of it--the key of victory late in virginia. we then have a state to fight for and if a successful battle may give us america. well, as we all know his lordship found his battle against a franco-american force and lost his army and with that america. cornwallis's surrender at new

york town broke the will of the british establishment to continue the war. five months later, 20 march 1782, in london, the ruling ministry fell. and three days later the opposition formed a new ministry whose policy was to conduct no offensive operations in america and to withdraw the army from the mainland. this took a while, because of the extreme shortage of shipping to not only withdraw troops but some 60,000 to 70,000 loyalist refugees in savannah, charleston, new york. americans all who wanted no part of life among the rebels and though politically the war was over for several months, skirmish-ing and killing was now in south carolina, the british were reading parties

sought food and forage. greene did not trust the british. did not believe until the late summer of 1782 that they really meant to leave. he wrote " distrust is the mother of security in war." but he finally came around. by late that year, negotiations produced a orderly, peaceful withdrawal from charleston. what a grand day. 14 december, 1782, when the final contingents of british shoulders embarked on long boats and rode out to a waiting to keep transports and in the harbor. 200 yards behind them, the american advance of malaria ridden continentals. marched to the citadel of the rice -- behind the events nathanael greene -- behind the advance escorting the new governor john maxwell and other dignitaries. governor maxwell and his fellow dignitaries were there because of greene. they would've not have been

there without him. nathanael green was the maestro, little known today for he died three years after the war. war and revolution bring to the fore men and women who otherwise said alexander hamilton in his eulogy of greene might have language in of security -- in obscurity. such a man was nathanael greene. called upon, hamilton added, to act the part on a more splendid and ample theater. of all washington's lieutenants, greene was the only one who possessed the skill, the judgment, and the character to undergo the extreme vicissitudes of the southern campaign and an emerge, he

rests now in the pantheon of heroes of the revolution. and a founder of a new nation. thank you so much for listening. [applause] thank you. to think that's a good

understanding of what it was like? >> i thought it was good. i thought it was a terrible movie, and i was told that the producer that movie gave gibson a copy of my first book on the southern campaign. i don't think anybody read it. . yes or >> >> could you comment on carleton? >> charleston, i don't even think i mentioned him in this book but he was prominent in the first book. when he was in hot pursuit of an enemy, and this was especially shown in the waxed odds when he caught up with two firsts continental's earlier in

the war after the fall of charleston. two very good effect, but when and he was worthless, there's no doubt about it ruthless. a late revered don higginbotham said he was probably more by the standards of warfare in his day more ruthless and more most. but of course he met a master iin daniel morgan and proved himself, really that was all his only set piece. am i right? . yes i think so. his only set piece battle. and he absolutely failed. he took retired, hungry force

into major combat after a night long march and and was defeated by a master. he was not a very nice man at all. and he also prove that after the war in england when he betrayed the man who had made him, lord cornwallis in his memoir. he could've gone to india with cornwallis if he hadn't ridden that book. cornwall succeeded -- he probably could've gone with him but not after he wrote that book, criticizing cornwallis. >> of those who lived, what became of the tories of georgia and south carolin >> except for the ones who left,

thousands stayed. i don't think we really have an accurate count of how many stayed but i have some figures. the british lieutenant general of east florida wrote, he estimated about 5000 when over the mountains to the states. thousand stayed. james potter collins who wrote most valuable ottawa biography of the revolution, he divided tories -- who is really the rabid tories, a hard-core tories who went after him who he drove away, he told him to leave and never coming back. but they didn't get to the

coast, so they went over the mountains into what became tennessee, kentucky, some down to the spanish -- >> how many went to great britain and how many went to canada? >> 30,000 white and black loyalists, including 3000 blocks servants to the maritimes, new brunswick in nova scotia. where elizabeth looks inside johnson and it up. i take these figures from a wonderful book by maya jackson half, americans abroad in the revolutionary world. i think it's just excellent. 6000, including 500 mohawks went to go back. 5000 to east florida who had to leave when the spanish got florida back.

about 8000, mostly white loyalists, about 5000 black loyalist flee to britain. others white lawless go i went to the bahamas, taking slaves. jamaica there were 3000 white loyalist and up to 8000 slaves. she believes the total integration, 60,000 with possibly increased by 10%. it's also safe to conclude that the white loyalists took -- >> time for one more one more question. you barely mentioned native americans. could you say more? >> yes.

the american indians in the southeast didn't play and him as important role as the iroquois did on the new york frontier. early in the war, 1776, the cherokee rose, powerful militia columns from carolina and virginia martian over the mountains. there was no major battles, mostly skirmishes. the cherokee could not withstand them, their towns were ravaged, their fields were destd,hey re in agricultural people. they were left to face, and they had warehouses where they would store food for the winter. those were destroyed, what's food the rebels didn't take with them to go home with. so that knocked the cherokee

out of the war for the next five years. it also discouraged decrease to the south of them. later in 1780, one to charities rose again and were quickly defeated by andrew pickens. i do cover that in the book. >> thank you so much for coming. please join us for book sales and signing in the rear garden.