survival than it is a base for subverting the survival of other free nations throughout the hemisphere. it is not primarily for our security, but there's. which is now today in great peril. it is for their sake, as well as our own, that we must show our will. the evidence is clear in the hours late. we and our latin friends will have to face the facts that we cannot postponed postpone any longer the real issue of survival and freedom in this hemisphere itself. on that issue, unlike some others, there can be no middle ground. together we must build a hemisphere where freedom can flourish. and where any free nation under outside attack of any kind, can be assured that all of our

resources stand ready to respond to any request for assistance. third and finally it is clear than ever that we face a relentless struggle, in every corner of the globe, that goes far beyond the clash of armies, or even nuclear armament. the army's affair, in large number. the nuclear armaments are there. but they serve primarily as the shield behind which subversion and infiltration and a host of other tactics steadily advance. picking off vulnerable areas one by one, in situations which do not permit our own armed invention. power is the hallmark of this in of this offensive. power and discipline and deceit. a legitimate discontent of

people is exploited. the legitimate trappings of self determination are employed. but once in power, all talk ric and all self determination disappears. why the promise of a revolution of hope. as in cuba, into a reign of terror. those who want instruction, staged automatic rights. in the streets a free nation, over the efforts of a small group of young humans, to regain their freedom. you could recall the long roll call of refugees who cannot now go back. from hungry, to north korea, to north yet now, to east germany or to poland. or to any of the other lens from which a steady stream of refugees march 4th. in eloquent testimony.

of the cruel oppression, now holding its way in their homeland. we cannot feel to see, the insidious nature of this new and deeper struggle, and we dare not have new concepts, new tools a new sense of urgency to be combative. whether cuba, or self yet not. and we dare not fail to realize, that the struggle is taking place every day without fanfare, thousands of villages and markets day and night. and in classrooms all over the globe. the message of cuba, laos, the rising communist voices in asia and latin america, these messages are all the same. they are complacent, self indulgent, and the soft side are about to be swept away,

with the debris of history. only the strong, only the industrious, only the determined and only the courageous, and only the visionary who is determined the real nature of our struggle, can possibly survive. no greater task faces this country, or this administration. noah the challenge is more deserving of our every effort. too long we have fixed our eyes on traditional military needs, on armies prepared to cross borders. on missiles poised for flight. now it should be clear, that this is no longer enough. that our security may be lost, piece by piece, country by country, but without the firing of a single missile. or the crossing of a single border. we intend to profit from this lesson. we intend to reexamine and reorient our forces of all

kind. our tactics, and our institutions here and in this community. and in many ways, we will struggle in this most difficult war. i am convinced, that we in this country and in the free world, possess the necessary resources and the skill and the added strength that comes from a belief in the freedom of man. and i'm equally convinced, that history will record the facts, that this bitter struggle, reached its climax in the late 19 fifties and the early 1960s. let me then make clear, that the president of the united states, that i am determined to put our survival regardless of the cost, and regardless of the peril.

divorce is really probably the thing that put reno on the map first. it had been known for being a railroad junction, it was a nice town they started out as a

crossroads and railroad stop. saying in 1905, when the first big divorce came that got national attention or international attention, even. and so the media really started to focus on reno for that reason. and that was the kind of publicity that they didn't have to try to get. you know people were just fascinated by this little western town where all of these cosmopolitan people were coming and getting divorces so that was really the beginning of a kind of tourist trade for reno. the state of nevada legalized gambling in 1931, and it had been some -- forms have gambling have been on the books before that but that was when they absolutely said, gambling is legal, we minute, and open your clubs and

casinos and get licensed. and that then kind of became the heart of the tourist industry here, really through the seventies, eighties, until just recently, when it started to diversify a bit more. so it was really the combination of being the divorce capital of the world and then being this place where wide open gambling was possible that made reno an international tourist destination. reno's fame as a divorce center was sort of inadvertence. nevada had a couple of laws on the books that actually made it very easy and quick to get to force this year, but it wasn't intentional. nevada had a lot of transient talk of people coming through there. we're working in whining or they were working the railroad. and they wanted to become a resident as fast of possible, and then at the same time, nevada had a lot of grounds for divorce. there was no irreconcilable irreconcilable differences at that time, in the 19th century's. you had to sue on the grounds of something to get the of divorce. and a lot of states had very few grunt. new york state, for example, they had adultery. it was the only ground you could get sued for divorce. well, nevada had seven grounds for device. and they

included adultery but also things like cruelty and desertion, and lack of support. so it offered a lot more possibilities for people to come and sue on the grounds of divorce and it only took six months, which was unbelievably short. well the first really celebrated case of a reno divorce happened in 1905. a woman named laura kaori arrived, and she was the wife of the president of u.s. steel. and at first she denied that she was here for divorce, but then it became clear that she was. and she was a very wealthy socialite. after she came here for her divorce, a lot of other wealthy people from other eastern states began to come here for divorce too, and they came to reno because it was the largest city in the state, it was right on the railroad which is how most or people got here. divorce was an incredible economic boon to the state of nevada, people had to find a place to stay, and it could be anywhere from a rented room to a luxurious hotel or even the guest ranches that were springing up all over the place, where the more well-to do would

go when they wanted to get the divorce in private. so they needed to have clothes, they needed to go out and eat them, needed to buy things. so economically, divorce was incredibly lucrative for the state of nevada and reno in particular. so legislature tried to pursue even shorter residency period to make that time that we had to live here to get the divorce shorter and shorter. they were successful in 1927. they reduced the waiting time from six months to three months, and then in 1931, they reduced it to six weeks, which was the fastest divorce that had happened anywhere. after that, after 1931, that's really when it began to pick up. and so it really had an enormous number of people coming from all over the country. it was really a who's who. really name a famous family of someone here, got divorced in reno. the vanderbilts, the roosevelts, the rockefellers. a lot of

celebrities, caroline burke. we did hear. a lot of rioters got divorced here. so it was really something where people from every walk of life, from the most famous to people who just really needed to get a divorce and get out of the marriage came here. the process for divorce was very formal. it was taken very seriously here. because they knew that people were counting on this divorce being final and being recognized in other states. so the process was very straightforward. someone would arrive and they would meet with their attorney right away. they'd have to hire an attorney. the spouse who did not come would have to have an attorney in their stead, appearing on their behalf. but the person who was staying here and establishing residency would then have to stay in a place where he witnessed could testify that they had seen them every single day of that period, that they hadn't left the state, you know, they had been here the whole duration. and then when that period was up, which you know, when it was at its fastest its fastest was six weeks, they would come to this

courthouse -- the washington county courthouse -- often in this room that we're in. they would stand before a judge. they would testify, that they were here for time. they would explain their reasons that they were getting a divorce. and then they would hit the gavel and they would have their divorce and they were off. the device industry he is such a unique part of reno's heritage. and having the ability for people to come and get divorced at the time early in the 20th century when it wasn't as easy in other places was something that really was an important contribution to american culture. a lot of other states started to loosen their divorce laws, kind of understanding that women's rights was demanding that there be more ways for women to get out of marriages that weren't healthy for them. and so that's an important cultural role that reno played. and the divorce industry also influenced the landscape of reno so much that we owe a lot of what's here to that very unexpected and unique trade.

sunday on c-span 3 next historian david petruzza describes the 1919 world series fix by members of the chicago white sox which came to be known as the black sox scandal. he talks about how book and film portrayals of the fix shaped public perceptions at what happened david petrusa is the author of two books on the subject rothstein the lifetimes and murder of the criminal genius who fixed the 1919 world series and judge and jury about baseball's first commissioner. okay. i like to welcome you all to the village library of cooperstown on the director here david kent