former vice al gore joined leaders in the space industry to talk about the future of space exploration and research. the hour-long discussion was part of the world economic forum. >> hello and, welcome to this very special devils agenda session during which we will explore how space research, space investment and the space economy affects our life on this planet. i'm rebecca plummets dean, a deputy managing editor at the new york times. rebecca blumenstein the global

space economy will reach 4.3 trillion dollars by 2030, and over half of the impacts from climate change are only visible from space there. forms global risks report in 2022 warns of crowding and competition and the risks that result from a more accessible space it. seems that no more, than ever, establishing common rules between governments, business and civil society on the use of space is an urgent challenge. to discuss these trends we have a very, very special array of panelists. in a half hour, for the very first time at the world economic forum, connect life to european space agency astronaut matthias maurer who, is currently orbiting the earth about the international space station. we are also joined now by a unique panel of experts and industry leaders. first is al gore the, former vice president of the united states, who's been at the four current of bringing climate change to public attention for decades, and mr. goers also at the forefront of establishing the international space station,

which will hear about in a few minutes. josef aschbacher, director of the european space agency tree, which has one of the astronaut we'll be talking to in a few minutes, sarah al-amiri, minister of state for advanced technology for the united arab emirates, and chair of the uae space agency with last year launched a space card spacecraft much. she also has a team that's comprised 80% of women in the uae, and chris kemp, founder, chair and chief executive officer of astra, which is one of the eight states space starts at that right now in an absolute frenzy that's happening on the space right. vice president gore, i'd love to start with you. you recently launched something called climate trace, which is uses ai in space to bring accountability to climate change. could you please explain how that actually works? >> yes, well thank you for having the, rebecca, and it's such an honor to join this distinguished panel.

climate trace traces stands for tracking realtime atmosphere carbon emissions. and it is one of the new possibilities opened up by artificial intelligence and machine learning. we take that data. it's a nonprofit coalition, international, that relies on artificial intelligence to process data from 300 different existing satellites, coupling it with more than 11,100 ground, sea and air based sensors and multiple internet data streams to create unique algorithms that can give us a highly accurate, precise quantification of every significant emitter of greenhouse gas pollution. we released our first national interest terry last fall, and now for cop26, and this calendar year we will have an

acid level inventory. you will see for example, at least the 500 largest emissions in every single sector of the economy of oil and gas, transportation, every ship, every refinery, every power plant, every factory, etc. and the purpose of this -- to get realtime or near realtime measurement of where all this greenhouse gas pollution is coming from. there are more than 100 countries that do not have any inventory at present. the inventories even off the large countries are at least, in most cases, five years out of date. but now, with artificial intelligence, are some things you can see directly from space, the methane for example, there are a number of new satellite that will pinpoint where they. but the noise to signal ratio, the difficulty of measuring co2 emissions against highly varied cod background on the earth, makes it necessary to use

artificial intelligence to get the precision that we need. you've heard the old cliché, you can only manage what you measure. we haven't had until now the measurements necessary to really manage greenhouse gas pollution. we're not the climate carbs, we are kind of neighborhood watch, except our neighborhood is the entire world. and we're hoping that this decision will be of value -- i know it will be of value to investors who are trying to green their supply chains and reach net zero as so many country companies are now, and the world economic form has been one of the leaders in this [inaudible] . but also governments that in many cases do not have accurate information about whether in emotions are coming from. and industry itself. many of the companies that would lead to reach make a commitment to net zero don't presently feel comfortable with

their -- measure their own emissions. we're going to do it for them and every company will be accurately measured in near realtime and governments will be able to identify precisely the best strategies for quickly reducing greenhouse emissions. we've got to reduce 50% by 2030 as a way station toward net zero by 2050. >> and until now we've only had really had self reporting, and in says this is bringing radical transparency to emissions. and when is that report going to be out? >> it'll be out in, at the end of the third quarter of this year. and yes, all of the emissions data at president derives from one single source, and that is the self-reports by some countries -- and the so-called alex one countries, the developed countries -- to the united nations. they are out of, gate they're inaccurate. we have already reported oil and gas operation emerges are at least double what they have

reported. [inaudible] emissions from some countries are three times what they have reported. there are other really fascinating findings that have emerged already, and more than 100 countries have no reporting at all. they will soon have an obligation because of the ipcc and the united nations process, to join this reporting. we will be able to do it for many of these countries that don't have the capacity to do it on the up on -- their own. but so unique about the space resources we can see and measure and identify things from space that are extremely difficult to measure at ground level. >> joseph, could you please josef, could you please tell me, how does the european space agency plan to use this sort of effort in terms of space and one entering climate change you?

>> well thank you, rebecca, and also, thank you for having me on this panel. i'm very impressed, also to listen to vice president our core. what he's saying is absolutely vital. we have an enormous need for information, we need independent information, we need information from satellites, and what we are doing in europe, as you know, in europe we have a very, very green agenda in many countries. the queen parties are winning votes and really are defining the new politics in europe. we have the european union's great deal. we have been almost all the countries in very clear goal of reaching carbon neutrality by mid of this century. so what we do from space is, and we call it sometimes, we are taking the pulse of our planet from space with our satellites, and we do exactly what vice president al gore was just saying. we monitor, we measure the various parameters. this was of course in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide and many other elements of

greenhouse gases, but one has to never forget that the carbon cycle is a cycle which has, of course, the co2 in the atmosphere, but also on the land service and on the oceans. and this is a whole carbon cycle. so you need to measure, of course, the co2 in the atmosphere but also what happens on the ground, the deforestation, aquaculture that was matched by present vice president al gore that rice fields are emitting anonymous amounts of methane. [inaudible] sewing, some call it a ticking time bomb. there is a lot happening there. so, we have for some of the world's leading [inaudible] programs also called company coast but also with the u.s. explorers, and they really all bring these data to the people of the [inaudible] . i think it's better fair to say without satellites we would know at least a about climate change, at least to the extent we know today. because they feed the models, they feed the information we have, and we really create great information, and we avoid creating fake news because the facts are, these folks are

really giving the status as it is so yes, we are very active in this. we have a large program in europe that looks at the various segments that we are very happy to work very closely with many partners on the various aspects of climate, with the united states in particular, but also many other countries in the world. >> excellent. sarah, i'd like to go to you. along with the surge in private investment, national players alike the uae are also becoming very ambitious about space. could you talk about what you see, how this plays out? is this a uae effort? how shall we think about global cooperation as well? >> thank you, rebecca. overall, the uae space program came on the back of international cooperation. new countries that are entering into space cannot do it without leveraging on noah and experiences that are there around the world. and the purpose of it is to a fault. one, it reduces risk significantly than starting something from scratch.

but the other end of it is that collaboration and cooperation is part of new space and part of enabling new space as our understanding and utilization of space as a technological resource and data resource becomes more and more vital across a different key sectors. so we heard from vice president al gore, from josef as well, the impact and implication that we have and a better understanding that we have due to having space assets in space. currently, we will look at having better connectivity around the world, utilizing the satellites that are now at a lower cost than current space crafts that are currently in or get and providing communications. as we move forward, space exploration becomes important because what it does is it gives us the scarcity. and scarcity, when it comes to technology and high-risk platform, your able to create high impact science that we can realize that the potential of it today, but more importantly, feeds into our development and

understanding for decades to come, just from an initial investment. when we are talking now, also, in an international fund, the dialogue needs to continue with the sustainability of access to space. ensuring that nations around the world to have the necessary access to have their assets in space. secondly, to ensure that we are not cluttering space and creating another, another issue in space as we have today in long-term sustainability here on earth. that means global dialogue to ensure that we are doing it. and the mechanism that's supportive to space development. and thirdly, something that was mentioned with across the board, access to data. access to the analysis that comes out of it. if we keep space at the platform of only to those that get access to the data's are the countries that on a satellite in space, we deprive a large proportion of the world from the ability to get the necessary knowledge, the necessary, the necessary evidence to action policymaking

across the board, to get better crop yields, to get a better understanding on how do you sustain your protection processes, and what the real numbers are. and this is something that's happening across the board, and why we are focusing on the emirates on enabling earth observation from a downstream perspective, enabling entities to be able to analyze data from the satellites that are available around the world, and be able to create the necessary solutions that touch on other sectors. overall, rebecca, we need to continue our dialogue internationally on how to transform space for policymaking and how to transform space into one of technological tools for advancements across different sectors. >> >> chris,, i have to go to you. investment and space itself is soaring. a reach seven trillion dollars last year doubling in just two years. what is behind this? we are hearing about billionaires going to space and space tourism. but is there an inherent danger?

is this almost too much of a frenzy right now? >> i think that space is essential, as you heard from alan, to monitor the earth and understand the impacts that we are having on it. and combination with all of these companies deploying various new sensors in space combined with a i will help us really understand the impacts that we're having and also give us the ability to take action including our climate, for example big, our astros partner in sufferance glass now watched over 200 satellites and their entire purpose is to help us keep track of the environment to monitor the planet, which helped the climate trace, the consortium about the al gore truck emissions, there's been projects like carbon mapping project and pro atlas, astros

launching, three satellites for nasa the summer out of cape canaveral as part of the tropics program to better help understand tropical storms. all these companies are doing different things and the value of the overall space economies predicted to grow over a trillion dollars in just a few years and we've seen this year alone this past year over a dozen companies that have become public companies. we were the first space tech company to go public on nasdaq this last july, but since then we've had almost a dozen companies go public like the new york stock exchange and many others. we've never seen this level of investment. we've never seen this level of opportunity for the diversity of satellites and the diversity of sensors to supply us with new tools to help us manage and understand our climate. >> so if i were climate change activists and listening to all this surge of interest in space and for very good reason, especially in terms of

accountability and measurement, is there some concern that this is a question, chris, starting with you, but all of you, is there a risk that all of this interest and space detracts from all the works that needs to happen on earth to combat climate change? do you see the most oppositional or the could they be mutually beneficial. >> i see the majority of investment in space in earth. if you look at companies like spacex, the capital being invested in these companies are largely being invested to creating more connective planet and a healthier planet. and the planet where we can better and more efficiently consumer resources and operate as a species. and if you look at all the satellites that we've launched, they're largely satellites that help us connect underserved populations and help us provide new tools to manage the resources here on earth. >> joseph, is there a risk of -- i know the regulators with elon

musk, and you recorded recently just being concerned about keeping pace with some of the scale of private investments, that europe and other parts of the world would be left behind and there could be overcrowding in terms of satellite. how concerned are you about that? >> my concern is on one side, but let me start from the good part of it the good part being that you really do see khan as mentioned by chris, a new race in space. we had the race in the 60s and 70s during the time of the cold war and now we have a completely different race between countries between say the u.s. and china as to extremes, but also between the public and private sector, which i think is a very good example of what he has done and what he is doing, very successfully, going from the commercial side. this is something which is happening very strongly. we should never forget that the two richest people in the world are investing massively in

space. i think it's all great, but it's something that creates an new environment, new opportunities with a lot of technology advancements, which we all need. on the other side, and this is exactly what you have just been mentioning, because we do launch so many satellites into space, which is great, because we do depend every single day, every single minute on those satellites, for medication, for communication, climate research, so many domains where we depend on them. but if there are more satellites in needs to be regulated and we need to make sure they are clean and sustainable in the same way as we look at the sustainability of our planet. yes, there is a need for regulation. there is a need to make sure that the satellites are traveling. it's not only the satellites themselves, because once they are operating, fine,, it's not the issue. the issue is when they become, when they get to the end of

life, it becomes debris and therefore dangers to other satellites in the orbit. today we have a huge amount of debris in the orbit. we have something in the order of 30,000 pieces, which are the size of a tennis ball or larger. this is a lot. we are constantly avoiding this debris and flying what we call maneuvers to avoid collisions with one of these debris. we will speak in a couple of minutes to an astronaut, after they came into the space station a couple of days afterwards they had to take shelter big because of debris which was coming towards us at the space station. yes, on one side it's good that we have all this activity big. on the other side yes, of course we have to regulate to make sure that this is used in a safe way.

>> sarah, how do you look at this tension between governments and private industries and investment? you obviously are working for the government. how are you hoping to tack the centrist in terms of investment dollars as well? >> so in terms of the investments themselves it's not about keeping tabs, it's like joseph was saying, it's having a better understanding of how you manage this debris so it does not impact the critical infrastructure that we have in space, because unbeknownst to everyone on a daily basis, we are using a form of satellite technology to just get on with your daily life. that is something that needs to be managed from an international perspective without inhibiting investments in space, without inhibiting development and space. now the realm of investment allows for nations to bring in, that is why it is embraced by governments around the world, it's the diversity and technological developments. it's giving you access to

different sensors at a lower cost that you would typically expect, because there's healthy competition when it comes to design and development. it's natural to happen in any industry, but eventually evolves into having a form of relationship between governments and the private sector. now the roles are evolving. the role of the government continues to alleviate risks and development. space is very risky and will continue to remain that way. alleviate risks for businesses and therefore make investment in space more attractive, and at the same time developing capabilities that capacity in areas that continuously need evolving. that goes for technological invents mints, but also basic science exploration that gives us a better understanding in at the world that our world lives in. these two factors, factored in together, i don't think we have a global answer on how to continue the healthy investment we have seen from space, advancing technology at a much faster rate than we have ever seen it before.

at the same time ensuring that the access to space remains open and remains on challenging to access, and again and challenging to operate in. >> vice president, you were at the forefront of creating the international space station, which has led to a continuing effort on the behalf of many nations to cooperate when it comes to space. could you talk about those early days? and looking back on how it resonates today in the politically polarized world that we find ourselves in? >> with the tensions between the united states and russia right now, in part because of the dangers big, moves by russia vis-à-vis ukraine. it's useful to think back to a time when we were able to cooperate very smoothly together. in 1993 we began a so-called big -- the former premier of the russian federation --

handled that binational relationship on behalf of our respective presidents for quite a long time. in one of our first ventures, was to establish the international space station. it has been a resounding success. we invited our european partners to join other nations. other nations have participated. it's an ongoing international cooperative effort. wouldn't makes possible, along with the use of the space resorts, i want to emphasize the combination of the space resource with artificial intelligence. one of our partners that climate trace for example, can use artificial intelligence to examine 45 years worth of land sat data and can tell you the inherent -- of every field on every farm on the entire planet. chris mentioned a lot of the

private companies, one of them he mentioned planted big. planet labs gives us a complete picture of the entire earth's surface every 24 hours. it's kind of a line skin. you have to realize that cloud cover obscures some areas on some days, of course, but there are a multiple of other companies that give us not only visual photographs, but in multiple wave lengths so that we can measure big gas emissions as i talked about earlier, but also a variety of other opportunities to cut down on chemical use that is a necessary or synthetic nitrogen fertilizer that is used and wasted in so many cases. nor many examples. we do have this problem with the debris and space. there needs to be international condemnation if any further satellite experiments and space. some of the debris comes from

recklessness and that realm, and big, but the resources amazing. years ago we also declassified what we called the gps system. we take that for granted today. but it is incredibly valuable for all of us to be able to locate things on the earth's surface, which was impossible until we began to develop space science. >> chris, could you talk about -- you've been involved in space for an impressively long time dog, the blue marble, such an iconic image for so many of us. did you talk to us about your company big astra and how you're trying to do more frequent launches to space, but where you hope you will be, where will we be just looking out into the future here if all goes well? >> the company khan was the first in now hundreds of organizations --

space agencies, to have the idea that you could take a device the size of a loaf of bread and fly it fairly close to earth and take high resolution pictures, provide connectivity, put other kinds of sensors to help us understand the co2 in the atmosphere and there's been a revolution and space, not just an evolution where satellites like dog the discover satellite now mentioned earlier would cost over $100 million and it would launch on platforms like the space shuttle which would cost over a billion dollars to launch. at cape canaveral astra has its first flight in a week or so where that flight was purchased by nasa for less than $5 million. i think it is by far, by maybe a factor of ten the least expensive flight out of cape canaveral in history. so the access to space has enabled a whole new generation of entrepreneurs to build companies, to take these companies public, to provide new capabilities and so this

innovation is something that is akin to the internet. in fact, 2030 years ago, the internet was another one of these things where there was a time where he had to be university or government to be on the internet. and now you see tech companies spin up resources on a credit card, innovate and change the world, and i think we are seeing this kind of thing happen again, and to the point of managing resources, we did it with airspace. we have millions of planes flying around, not colliding with each other. we did it with the internet where we can't have coalitions of names and addresses, and so i think we need to do and we really pull together some of the thought leaders behind the internet and behind some of the most pioneering companies, and we've started to ask those questions. what can we apply to how we've made this more successfully in other domains to space? these folks are coming together and we're presenting some of these ideas at the meeting in april.

i think we are just getting started here and these are all solve-able problems. we have a lot of incentive to figure the stuff out. >> does space tourism run the risk of sending mostly very wealthy people into space of a kind of besmirching or taking away from some of these broader ideals and goals you're speaking of? >> i think it's important to recognize that most of the investment in space like and not tourism, but space tech. it's and providing the tools that we need to help manage our planet, to connect our planet. this tourism business, there's only a few companies that are investing in this and it's a small sliver of the overall value of the space economy and overall investment in the space economy. >> two or five years, you won a lot of accolades for launching the spacecraft to mars, being only the fifth country to do so.

what is next? where are you focusing on? >> two different aspects at the moment. one, on developing capable teams across the private sector in the uae. as we keanu as a's diverse [inaudible] economy the aerospace industry is one of the [inaudible] that we are focusing on. on the other hand, with with expire because exploration, right continue with our exploration main mission on the back of the emirates mars mission because [inaudible] so our next mission is one going to the asteroid l belt with a fly by to venus. that's due for a launch in 2028. that's going to look at the history of the evolution of parts of the asteroid belt and more interestingly looking at the evolution of the asteroid belt as a result as a resource for space exploration. now, when we talk about why we are moving towards two different angles. so there's expiration, there's also investment to the private sector here in the uae and the development of capabilities in the private sector. the reason for that is it

provides us with the necessary capabilities and drive to turn to science and technology becomes the basis of the's economy in the coming ticket. and increase in development is one of the drivers. that the beauty of spaces that it [inaudible] is to get sent instills incited deep understanding because of its aspirational nature. and if understanding on the benefits of science and technology for society at large and also for the economy. and through that, you are able to tap into the development at the adoption of technology across existing industry, ensuring sustainability also across existing industries, and you are able to catapult that forward. we wouldn't have been able to do this even five years ago without the mars mission being in orbit. for us it was a monumental shift in mindset, especially with regards to the appetite for risk, and this is what, what suicidally, having a space program does. it increases your appetite for risk because you know, the because of the programs, the chances of success are lower,

and therefore your appetite for getting into endeavors that are riskier becomes higher. >> i must say i was fascinated to read that over 80% of the scientists in your program are women. it's space becoming an area where women are focusing more? >> yes, we started about 14 or 15 years ago with our development part of our space program. and that meant that early on, we were a very young team. when we first started on the mars mission, i think the average age was about 27. out of the team, and what that how is a truer reflection of the outcomes of the higher education process where in the sciences and in stem at large, at that time, 30% of graduates were women. right now, we're about at 40%. so the number of 80% of the sides team being women, 34% of the overall emirates mars mission team being women, it's not really surprising. it was a natural reflection of where we were as a space

program. and it was really interesting to understand that that wasn't the norm as we went into the program and became more and more connected with the global science community. and for me, the agenda of women in stem is a very important from a global perspective, and diversity and stem is very important from a global perspective. that's how you ensure that you have innovation across the board and development happening without bias across the board. >> and vice president, very quickly, before we go to josef, who is going to shepherdess for the link to the international space station, where do you see this heading to in five years, if all goes well? >> well, i think we're going to see a tremendous expansion in the use of the space resource, and in addition to what chris was talking about in these light payload's, elon musk has revolutionized the ability to launch heavier palin's with the

reusability of the first stage. that's really a dramatic advance. and along with all these other developments, you're going to see a great expansion. but let me say, rebecca, briefly, just to put this in perspective. the orbit of the space station is up above 250 miles. if you are going to drive a car straight up in the air at autobahn speeds, it would take you most of the day to get. there but if you are going to drive to the top of the sky it would take you about five minutes. and below you would be all of the greenhouse gas pollution. it's a very thin shell surrounding our planet. and we are currently feeling it up with 162 million tons of man-made global warming pollution every single day. we are using that thin shell as an open sewer. and that's what's causing the crazy and dangerous weather extremes and threatening the future of human civilization. we have to stop it. and the space resource will give us the ability to measure where it's coming from and to give us the tools to manage the

short reduction in this greenhouse gas pollution, and save the future. >> and with that, we are going to -- thank you for the panel -- to the panelists, and please hang on, because after the interview with our astronaut, we will come back to you for your observations. and i'd like not to turn to josef, who is helping to organize the live stream with your astronaut in the u.s. video feed from houston should be shown on this screen now as the connection is being made. josef, could you please explain what's going on here as we [inaudible] [noise]. >> yeah, so what's going on. so we are actually [inaudible] vice president gore was [noise] >> space agency, this is mission control to houston [laughs] 's [inaudible] space station right now is somewhere over the pacific. it's somewhere halfway towards latin america, which will be the next land mass it will hit. and i just heard some sound.

i think we are connected to houston. it >> and josef, the european space station director in davos, i can hear relating to. this is on matthias the space station. [inaudible] . >> very good. hello,, nigeria nice to see. you as always, you are in good shape. you have a green t-shirt, which is the color of our discussion today had the panel. so we really appreciate. so, how are you doing? and where are you? and what have you been doing just now? >> yes, so i'm doing fine. i'm doing well, and this morning i was actually involved in a lot of cargo operations. we filled our vehicle that we sent back. i think cargo is the wrong term, i should say it's our harvest vehicle. because it's full of scientific experiments. besides with signs, we worked hard in the last weeks and months and now we are bringing

this harvest back to our planet with for the scientists to analyze all the samples that we have produced up here in space and to produce science and knowledge for humanity out of it. and right after my cargo activities, i also did some sports, and that's why you see me probably like clean and in good shape now because i just had my kind of wet towel shower. >> fantastic,. as you know, we are here connected through the world's world economic forum's virtual space session, and i would like to hand over to rebecca blumenstein, and new york times deputy managing area editor, and she will moderate this session with you. so rebecca, over to you. >> thank you josef, and hello matthias. it's so good to see you. >> hello, rebecca. it's wonderful to have the opportunity to talk to you from space and hopefully to have a very nice exchange also about the [inaudible] topic. >> i must say we were debating

whether we should say good day, good evening, goodnight, because the orbit the earth every 90 minutes. it's a bit of a realtime call. but i'd love to start out by asking, how have your views of the planet changed since you have been aboard the international space station? >> yeah, so your right. we circle our planet like every 90 minutes, 16 times a day. and we work according to the uk time, so granted meantime. so we are only one hour offset with you. and yes, i traveled the planet once before, like it was a round the world trip, and it was always my big dream, and it was like seeing the world changed my life and it gave me a lot of different attitudes, like how we should work with our planet and the people on our planet. but now being in space, and especially this morning when i did my sports activity and [inaudible] sports, weightlifting sports, and i look out the window days

see my our planet climbing by. i saw latin america, south america, gliding by. and a few minutes later, less than ten minutes ago, africa. and it crossed my mind that christopher columbus took this journey just in the opposite direction, like 500 years ago, and for him it was a really tough adventure, and he had his three ships and his crew and every one needed to work hard to make this one challenge possible. and nowadays, i look at from space down there, and for me, nick space, is like our planet earth, it's one big spaceship. and i think, like, the tribulation, the crew offers spaceship earth, is like the queen of the ship of christopher columbus at that time. we all need to work together, in order to meet the challenges of our day, like check climate change, for example. so, i've been here in space now and i fall in love with our planned ev even more than before. >> and how does the work that you do help the environment?

and what would you say to some people who say we are focusing a bit too much on space and not enough on the earth? >> yes, i think, like space cannot be the only solution to have a solution for climate change. but space is definitely a very, very important aspect. and i see three different layers today. for example, like we have the personal they are, like every individual needs to contribute, and space is a big motivator when i talk to the kids. it can motivate them. and i can describe what i see. and we also have the technological ear, for example, that we need to improve our technology to create less co2, just more efficient machinery, more efficient transport, and here on the space station we do a lot of research to produce these new and innovative materials. and there's also the political level. and i think you are today though at the political level discussing such problems i think you, the political

decision-makers, they need to have the data, and the good data comes from satellites, and it also comes from the science that we do in space. for example, we look at the earth with satellite data that we provide you, but we also prepare exploration and exploring space, also looking at different planets, like planet mars for example, who used to have an atmosphere and a lot of water, but now the water is gone. so obviously, there was an extreme climate change over there. and so, space can bring in a lot of knowledge and feed all this information into the decision-makers so you can take the right decisions. >> vice president gore is on our panel, and he had clayton includes instrumental role in creating the international space station. could you please talk about just what cutting edge research you are doing. you mentioned your cargo work before. but just, what is your goal for this week or not up there? >> or months up there.

>> so i am working here during six months official and i say like i've been 100 and 150 experiments. i am participating in. it's a large spectrum for example. it involves a lot of life sciences. you will know that humans in space with zero gravity, that it has a lot of changes. the muscles and the bones, like, dissolve and get weaker, and that's much, much faster than on planet earth. so actually, like the loss of bonus happens up to 30 times faster than on the ground. and so, astronauts are kind of in a [inaudible] because steady in a very controlled environment in a very fast way, very fast process, like how to fight such diseases. it can buy nutrition, buy medication, but also by doing sports. and i have a very interesting experiment, which is called

myotones and with this experiment i can measure the strength of several models in my body and then we see that information back to the scientists who prescribe us countermeasures, for example i have a suit that provides small electroshocks and it also comes from rehabilitation, and just all the feedback and help of people who have problems with their body, like muscle problems, bone problems, to, like, remain a longer time fit and healthy and once they are in hospital maybe to get out quicker from hospital. by also have a very interesting experiments that are correlated to, like in, the pandemic for example, like corona pandemic. we all know transmission of diseases is very important topic, and i have here metals, new allies that are brought to a space that i modified on the surface and that i killed material. and especially here in space, with the space radiation, imitation [inaudible] of material the mutation rate

of material are microbes is faster and such as a scientist we learn how these two surfaces behavior in space in this controlled environment we. can analyze it and hopefully we can choose for this knowledge into everyday life for example in hospitals, where surfaces that everyone touches and that is like a surface that's prone to transmit these microbes from one infected person to the next healthy person, infected that we can stop this strain and cut this strain. so it's very important. then we have simon, which is artificial intelligence. once we fly further were or away from the earth, i will not have my houston ground control team around and munich and the grand control team who looks around my shoulders and stepson if i do a small error or i have a question. so artificial intelligence is really important for exploration in space. but all on the ground is very important, also, to increase efficiency in all, like, ways of transport or other space transport management.

then we have experiments that are also related to reduction of co2. you have concrete hardening, avery interesting experiment that looks into a seemingly very old material, concrete, which we have everywhere around us. but in space, usually, but in doing the production of concrete, we produced a lot of co2. so if we can improve this process by a better understanding of the process, we can actually cut down on a lot of the co2 emissions and. >> you sound very busy. i would love to hear your views about space tourism. do you think it's a good idea for more people to have the experience you're having now and i would also love to know what do you do for sport up there for, sports? >> yeah, for sports, we're not playing here football for sports. but we have three different devices. one is like running, it's like

a treadmill, so i'm running but actually i'm chained down to this machine that puts be possibly with a certain force on their. and so the force that i have here for, like, almost like the gravity force of mass. so i'm always having my mask job here on the space station. then we also have a bicycle. a bicycle with a d saddle because we don't get we, just look there. and we do a lot of the work just with the legs, like pulling and pushing. that for, like, like cardio activity. but then we also need to do sports that tells a lie to our body and then we look telling you need your votes, and you need your muscles. so we need to do weightlifting, and obviously in zero gravity, you don't lift any weight, we push against a pressure that has the same effect like weightlifting on the ground. and that is very, very important, since we have this big machine like a head status or health status of astronauts

in space has become much much better. and you have a question, remind me please again? >> space tourism. do you think it's a good idea for more people to have the experience of looking at the earth the way that you get to every day? >> yes. obviously like space tourism is like it's a two sided, like enough. it has one positive side like, the more people fly to space the more ambassadors we have. that hopefully come back to our beautiful planet and so worth and say, like, we need to take care of our planet, we need to reduce the emissions. we also need to stop everything that i see here from space and that makes my heart bleed like the burning, rain forest or like the melting of the glaciers. i call these phenomena we can see her from the space, also the flooding last week in [inaudible] we could see from space. i think it's evident. i think everybody who's been only a few days in space will

become a really avid ambassador for our planet earth and to protect in the future. on the other hand, the more people we fly up here the more rocket launchers we will also have and so, we create also waste and space to be. and here that's a very important topic because on our planet earth we ignored for way too long that the openly sees, the oceans that don't be going to any company, country, are still important. so we should put all -- our governor there because in the end it will end up in the fujian and we have to learn this. and the same happens now in space. we fly to space like or we have been flying to space from [inaudible] and now we see that every time we launch into space relief space degree and that piles up. and in the end, how will we actively green space, or we will have the same problem that we have on the ground with too much garbage.

and like, people get annoyed by it here [inaudible] that's a safety issue, and so we need to take measures to make sure that space is clean and accessible also in the future for everyone. because you will not want to live in a world where space is not longer accessible. our economy and our daily lives depends way too much on everything that we have here in space. >> with all the new satellite into space and the space debris you mentioned, is it becoming dangerous to already everything the international space station? josef was saying earlier that there was an incident recently where you actually had to take shelter. >> yes, so we had always had like space degree issues. it comes from early rocket lunches but also we have [inaudible] specifically because there is also, like, stuff coming from the universe and entering the atmosphere, and that's passing also our orbits. and so, space flight is risky. but if we take the right measures, i wouldn't say it's

dangerous. for the international space station, we have a lot of ground control teams that like, merger the area in the space that we are flying, in and if there's any object coming close to us, we will take measures. so. , one measure could be that we do need to be avoidance maneuver, which usually means that we start-up our engines that we lift the space station a little bit. sometimes you also need to slow down and lower the orbit of it, just to touch away from the object. if the object comes at a very short notice, and then we need to go to shelter, which means that we hygienists spacecraft and close all the hatches [inaudible] models just in case that something happens. but i think that so far everything went well and the flight controllers have a very good situational awareness. but the more rockets we launch and the more stuff we bring up the space, i think we need to have rules, strict rules who need to do avoidance maneuver, for example, if we have a

collision upcoming between two satellites that can be actively controlled. because everyone [inaudible] to decide burnt energy, and uses their lifetime. so basically it has often an economic impact to do so. and [inaudible] is in a very good position and we have, like, people and experts who are working the space situation situational awareness programs and i think the [inaudible] program [inaudible] the director general of esa who have mentioned already and raise awareness again because it effects everyone, not only and nasa, but everyone who is in space. >> we've talked a lot about cooperation. just to wrap up, how do you think, if you're talking to people, we have a very global panel, there's people tuning in from around the world, how can we ensure cooperation on comment rules for everyone north for the beneficial use of space? >> well i think we can look at

space -- the international space station is really inspiring. i mean, we launched this project 21 years ago and people have been living here ever since. people from a lot of different nations, different languages, different cultures, and it works. we all work together? we are one team. and i wish we could extend this cooperation, the success on to many more projects and also to the very important projects like fighting climate change. so i think the -- we can expire peoples, like look at what we have achieved with the international space station and that's going additional step also in other topics. >> and finally, climate change is obviously such an urgent issue here on earth. do you, do you think that you -- you mentioned the fires and sometimes the flooding that you see. you feel like you can actually just with your i see the impact of climate change from space? >> yes. i mean, when we fly around the

earth, 16 times a day, we cross over areas that are very arit, very dry, and i can see scars on our planet with where people dig deep into our planet just to extract resources. so we are actively reshaping our planet, we are cutting down trees, we are burning down rainforest, and i see the flames, and i see huge areas of agriculture where, like generations of astronauts before, had seen the nice, intact rainforest. so, also the glaciers are getting smaller and smaller. but i mean, satellite photos provide here much better imagery for this one, because we need to look into the long term and by six months here in space is probably a little bit to show. but also see areas of flooding. and so we astronauts here, we can be communicators and communicators to the people. because data is one aspect, but having an ambassador who tells it is another aspect. and we are actually also

contributing here in producing technology that hopefully is helpful against climate change. for example, we are preparing the exploration of the moon and mars, and in order for this exploration, we need new technology. we need to have close look chains, for example to water. we recycle all the water that we have here on the space station up to roughly 91, 92%, i believe. but in order to be successful in exploration, we need to come up to 98%. so, in all this technology that we use and develop for space, we then spin off to the ground, and then help to produce clean water on the ground, and have more efficient, like, closed loop systems. and i think that's a very important aspect and also, like, looking at energy production, we use solar energy here in the space station and solar energy has been, like, developed in the past quite a bit for space

applications, and now it's a game changing technology also on the ground to fight climate change. >> well, i want to thank you so much for your time. we've learned so much talking to you, and best of luck up there. you're doing a very impressive, important work. take care. >> well thank you very much for giving me the judge, also to communicate about this very important work. and please keep on going, discussing the very important topic of climate change, and we all need to contribute. all the best for your very important work. >> thank you so much,. take care. >> by, matthias. >> station, this is houston [inaudible] . >> [inaudible] -- here from our panelists what your impressions are listening to him [inaudible] he's very vocal about the need for international cooperation, concerned about space degree, josef, let's start with.

>> you know, i mean, it's always fascinating. of course, we do [inaudible] our astronauts occasionally. but every time i hear in astronaut speaking it's just so fascinating because they are ambassadors, as you say. so we are also using satellites and with the vice president, we spoke before about the use of satellites to measure climate change. more than half of the barometers to understand climate come from satellite data. but is not comparable with the [inaudible] of a device of an astronaut or human being who looks so, his impression of seeing the deforestation, of the fires that they see. not only [inaudible] the tropical areas, but also in the northern parts. but this is also amazing and i'm so happy to hear this voice, because it keeps gives us the perspective had to see our planet. because we all know it, and really so happy that we have vice president gore with us, who has been telling us an inconvenient truth. and we have to [inaudible] that, we have to look into this, and i think the combination of

technology from satellites and astronauts is fantastic. >> chris, what were your thoughts as you were listening to him? >> well, i think there's a moment we have now that has not ever existed in human history, where space is now accessible to entrepreneurs, to the private sector, anyway that has it has never been before. and we can now invest in these companies and public markets for the first time in history. we now have an opportunity to build sensors and put them in space to help us see our planted for the first time. so we are been getting an era of innovation like we've never seen before. and so, i'm incredibly excited and honored to be a part of that and to enable all these entrepreneurs through astral astra to get their new satellite into space and then to make it easier to operate in space. i'm excited about what elon's doing, the potential to take us beyond customize.

i'm excited about the space toys and stuff that jeff and others are working on. this is truly a moment in time. if we embrace this, we tackle the hard problems in how we manage space debris, how we manage the spectrum, this precious spectrum that we need to use efficiently, we can make humanity far more efficient in our resource, use of resources here on earth. we can reduce the carbon emissions in the atmosphere, we can hold people accountable that don't help us with these objectives. so we're just getting started. >> sarah, do you. >> i fall on chris. we are just getting started. space is opening up to even more and more innovators and a better understanding on how to connect it across different sectors so that you're creating, you're moving in from the realm of being something that is highly specialized to a small group of nations and a small group of individuals to a tool that is accessible to the masses. and it through that that you are able to increase investment and be able to get them right,

the right answers to complex questions, utilizing space, be it through the international space station, using satellites, getting a deeper understanding on our universe at large. space is here to be both impactful, to the economy, and will be he continue to be a major driver of scientific knowledge, and it will continue to be an area by which we need to convene continuously invest in and continue it from the perspective of international cooperation. >> and vice president, if you could please close us out with some final words on your observations. >> well thank you, rebecca. i love your interview with matthias, and as josef said, seeing through his eyes the views that are only available from space reminds me that actually the first time we human beings saw our planet hole in space was in december of 1968, before the moon

landing, when the first mission went that far out into space or around the moon, and in many ways, that the modern environmental movement began when we were able to see our climate floating in the the same telescope is unfolding right now and will give us a chance to see into the first moments of the emergence but we have to use our moral imagination to see the future of the humanities and to see the great danger that is posed by all of the global warming pollution that we are putting into the atmosphere every day. it's trapping is much extra heat every 24 hours as would be released by 600,000 600,001st gn atomic bombs exploding every single day. that's what is threatening our future and by using the space

resource we will be able with other initiatives to be able to get a very precise in finding out exactly where this pollution is coming from and then encouraging by whatever means possible of the short reduction of the global warming pollution that's threatening the humanities future. >> we look forward to that report and so much to her, and i'd like to offer a special thanks to all of our panelists for the most memorable and hi voting

systems. >> congress can be a tough place to get things done but we've proven it's possible. to date the committee's passed a total of 142 recommendations to make congress more efficient and effective, over 60% of the 97 recommendations passed in the 116th congress have been implemented or have seen meaningful action toward implementation. kism kism 24 have -- mr. kilmer: 24