oh, well, let me by thanking all of you that attended. appreciate it. without your, all of this wouldn't mean anything. so thank you very much. thank you very.

this man tried to fly for 5000 years before he finally hit on the idea of the balloon and it took him only a short time after that to discover that ballooning. four primary problems. first, the problem of keeping balloon itself in the air, which involves the question of fabric and something lighter than air with which to fill it. second, the problem of lifting something besides the balloon into the air. this led developing the net load ring and basket third the

problem of navigating vertically of getting up and down this has done by using a valve appendix and ballast and for the problem of landing and emptying the balloon rip panel drag rope and in bygone days anchor now am taking up those problems. let's consider how they relate to present day ballooning. here's a navy balloon being prepared for inflation hydrogen gas most often used in balloons because is released after each flight. helium is generally reserved for airships where it can be used over and over again. however, in the early days. i world's balloon the hot air

amazing of two frenchmen, the great brothers, the world's first passenger flight from paris, france, november 11, 1783. hey, something's look card. how much hot air i think forgot about that sensation sensational. or is it. professor charles famous french scientist when attempting ascension using a newly gas called inflammable air the world's first hydrogen balloon seven 1883 and now the stupendous feat of combining the two types of balloon will be attempting. we invite your attention to. russia, france is a strange name

and is forefoot hydrogen balloon with a ten foot hot air balloon beneath to pair. that could have warned him he rises quickly, however, to about 3000 feet and the world's first martyr to aircraft experiment. the russian did not know enough about hydrogen professor charles could have shot in this first the pure hydrogen burns with an almost invisible flame, and second, when mixed with oxygen or air, hydrogen is highly explosive. in the early days, hydrogen was prepared by pouring sulfuric over scraps of iron. here is a simplified, modern method of doing the same thing caustic soda and water used instead of sulfuric acid and

various silicon. a kind of air is used instead of scrap iron. the bubbles you see are hydrogen. the navy today uses methanol. another name for what alcohol? oil and water instead of sulfuric and copper, zinc oxide items that of scrapper. now then, just exactly why hydrogen lift the balloon. the answer is that it does not hydrogen is used merely to hold the sides of the balloon apart, using as little weight as possible possible. here's the way it works. consider an extended balloon with air inside and out. natural air not go up because the air inside is just as heavy as they are outside. but as we take the air out of it, the lifting force of the air outside increases. archimedes put it this way. the loss weight of a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. so the total lifting on our

balloon is exactly equal to the weight of the air displaced. no more, no less. obviously if we left it a vacuum, we the most possible lift but any container light enough to serve the purpose collapses from the outside pressure. it seems to be to have more pressure on the inside than you have on the outside. that's why hydrogen fills the bill so well. you can release enough hydrogen into a balloon to overcome that outside pressure, keep the sides of the balloon apart and still not add very weight. hydrogen is only about 1/14 as heavy as air. now, if the balloon is tied off so the gas cannot escape it expands as it rises simply because the air thins out as the altitude increases, thus lowering the outside pressure another factor is sunlight direct rays of the sun, heat the

gas and cause to expand a balloon, it must be on the most intimate terms with both charles law and, boyle's law, charles, the volume of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. boyle's law. the pressure exerted by gas is inversely proportional. its volume. if these laws are ignored, the balloon. warning watch the pressure inside your balloon. and that goes for ordinary cold gas to just take out the stove first tested, prove charles greene's famous. english scientist in 1821. it is cheaper. it is handier but heavier than hydrogen. first portable hydrogen plan invented during the civil war by abraham lincoln. all parmi invented by professor.

l0we lo the first official aeronaut of the us government. note the small box is boyle's washing machines to get rid of the sulfuric acid. here is world war one no gas generator. the hydrogen is forced under high pressure into cylinders which can then be stored or carried anywhere the same system is used today. now we come to the second half of the first problem. the question fabric to hold the gas. curiously enough, the best balloon material is a kind of tissue. it is called gold, beta skin found in cattle just after the appendix called beta skin is cemented. the balloon clasp is a lining. it is very light thin, tough and almost completely impermeable to

hydrogen. but it is hard to get in sufficient quantity and expensive. so it's not surprising the next best fabric, namely silk, took an early lead, remained a favorite up through civil war time. one of the most colorful incidents in the war was the use of a so-called petticoat balloon made of the beautiful gowns of southern bell. through a fortunate combination economics and science. cotton forged end of the lead during eighties and has stayed there ever since. cotton even stronger than silk when created rubber, real or synthetic it wears better, it is almost as light and it won't generate a spark. the way itself when rubbed lots, it's far cheaper new material that are constantly being tested and developed. cellophane, for example, holds gas very well and. it's light and flexible. however, it does not last, and

it tears too easily. maybe it is difficult, will be overcome. in any case, it appears certain that synthetic materials will become increasingly in the preparation of balloon fabrics. the second problem that of lifting something besides the balloon itself into the air involves the of the left. the laundering and the basket. they a famous child's balloon of 1783. kindly note load bearing at the equator and the net strung only over top half of the balloon. 1793 the net now covers the entire balloon. the long drain has dropped below balloon. this magnificent craft made first flight in america and ascension in philadelphia by

pierre blanchard, better known as jean pierre blanchard, the prominent french airliner. 1830. back to the half net, but the yellow ring remains below the balloon. charles durand, owner and pilot was the first native born american aeronaut scientist, philosopher and daredevil. in 1859. this balloon set a world distance record that stood for 40 years. and missouri to new york, 809 air miles in about 20 hours. john wise was the owner and pilot famous, an early american aviation firm. looks like he's got a boat there. that's something new.

professor in the civil war used a double ring, allowed ring and a basket ring one on his finger for luck. and the basket itself is fairly small when having didn't need to carry supplies and navigating instruments, he was not going anyplace, just and looking. world. one brought a balloon of radically different a captive balloon called the kite. balloon. this was developed to overcome the balloons tendency to swing in a circle and held captive tail cups were used to stabilize air filled lobes of the same purpose. on a later time, not the lack of a net lines were secured by so-called finger patches and the lord ring was a horizontal bar. one of the great american of the 20th was ward van orman.

he improved on wires as precautions against water landing by using pontoons and carrying a rubber life raft. this was the forerunner of the rubber boats carried in today's combat planes planes. fires are better than finger patches. stick around. the boys. and you see john wise went up one day. his was hit by lightning and the fabric parachute dragged into the net. to make sure it wasn't just even aloft and did it again. worked exactly the same and has ever seen the next problem. the third deals with a navigation of the balloon vertically. this is taken care of by means of the valve appendix and ballast. that first hydrogen balloon way back in 1783 had all three of

these elements in. the first place an open appendix gas to escape naturally as pressure increased. then when professor charles wanted to release more to descend, he opened a at the top and let more of it up of course. when the balloon came down some air came in at the open appendix and you couldn't call that good. but we'll consider that in a more more. professor charles learned about ballast the hard way when he landed after his very first trip. he politely helped his passenger out. silly by moreover released ballast in small quantities. the balloon appendix out as little more than a hole in the of the balloon, but that was unharmed in a deal with and so gradually a tube was extended from the opening until in 1793. it was long enough to drape over

the side of the basket. possibly. this was an effort. keep the gas from seeping down onto the head, the balloonist. but course hydrogen drifts up, not so. there was a gradual retreat until many experiments finally fixed the appendix its present day length. as we have already seen a balloon that's descending always has a tendency to parachute. and if the appendix open air goes into it. but air mixing with hydrogen creates a highly explosive. so is kept out nowadays by twisting appendix closed during descent and parachuting is prevented by securing the appendix to the laundry from the very beginning most balloon valves have worked in a trapdoor or fashion. the valve is pulled down against the spring, which i'm releasing the valve back into position about 1880. the double trap type came into

use. it proves more efficient that it still being used to this day. various instruments have been devised to help in the navigation of balloons for ordinary flights. an altimeter rate of climb indicator and a pocket are usually all the instruments that are needed. alan alda graph or paragraph is also if an accurate record of the flight is what the earliest instrument used in a balloon was a plane. mercury barometer. this was replaced by the android barometer about 1880. it handy calibrated and fit it becomes an altimeter. the bar graph sometimes called out a graph appeared about 1912 in any attempt at a record. an officially sealed paragraph is always carry. the barometer didn't work quickly enough, so this data scope was developed to show a change of altitude and of change. these are indicated by the position of the bubble in the the instrument on the left is

american and the one on the right british. a further development is the rate of climb indicator or vertue meter. this device also stems from the first world war today. it is used either in the liquid type or shown here for a mechanical time. in addition to these instruments, balloonists have also usually carried a compass and watch a clock. we take up the fourth major problem and ballooning. now the landing. this involves rip panel drag rope and anchor. the drag rope invented in 1836 by charles green, a coal gas man remember very useful in navigating at low altitudes and to prevent a rough landing a sort of automatic, you might say, weight of the rope on the

ground, the balloon which rises and lifts more rope down. you can also down. down, monotonous, isn't there? look out for fences houses and high tension wires. and medicine. in old days before the invention of wheel breaks on the panel, a balloonist had to throw out the anchor and pray a landing was a cross between the commander of fight and a rodeo. the balloonist did not always win poor fellow. since john invented the raft panel in 1850, various styles have developed, of which these three are typical. the appealing type cemented in

place. this can be difficult to pull. it's left in place to long. a variation the very long time sometimes used on stratosphere in raising balloons and the cheese cutter type. the fabric is torn. either the envelope itself or a fabric strip. the navy today uses the first mentioned method. the panel lightly cemented not too long before this affords gas tight closure. that can be handily ripped out and easily replaced. now let's have a look at some of the uses of balloons first balloon race probably the greatest single factor in creating public interest in lighter than air flight has been the balloon race, notably the big national and international events every year from 1960 1935, except during world war one, an international race was held for the james gordon venable trophy. american entrants were selected

by a national race for the p.w. litchfield, and the contest were open to. all army, navy or civilian. the first international race starting from paris in 1906, was won by an american pilot. fellow. he covered 402 miles to the northern part of county, england, probably the most spectacular of the big races was the 1910 event starting saint louis, missouri. the winner, air hawley, representing the united states, sailed 1171 miles to saint john's, quebec. it was last for almost two weeks in the canadian wilderness wilderness. two years later, starting from stuttgart, germany, the french pilot, bieniemy won the race with a record smashing 1288 miles. flight to moscow. but balloon racing did more than prove the great distances that could be covered and sustained. lighter than air flight. one of america's leading

balloonist, ralph upton, in preparation for the 1922 national race, organized the first system of aviation radio weather reports an invaluable to the progress of aviation. the fact is, many of the men interested in balloon racing have proved to be leaders in aeronautical development. it weren't vietnam. it is one of the outstanding figures three times an international race winner, van orman as pioneer in several important ballooning improvements. it was commander rosendahl and this taken at a national balloon race in 1927. today, admiral rosendahl as chief of the navy airship training experimental command, directs the entire field of military lighter than air development for the united states. the winner of the national race from pittsburgh in 1929 was lieutenant colonel, an ardent balloon race pilot, a scientist as well. but the name settle.

became much better known for a considerable different aspect of ballooning the stratosphere flight in 1933, settle went aloft 12 miles, yet sensational as that record was, it stood only two years. the reason was that stratosphere flight during the 1930s became almost an international in 34, three army men, stevens kepner anderson, tried unsuccessfully for a record. and then a year later, two of them, anderson and stevens, brilliantly, with an ascension of almost miles. what did they hope to find? why they go up? well, the main purpose was to study cosmic rays, a mysterious shaft of energy that constantly rained down on the earth. also to collect samples of air dust, bacteria and make other scientific studies. their findings were valuable and could have been obtained in no other way. such flights date back to 1862, when two english scientists

coxwell and glacier ascended 37,000 feet. the outstanding modern flights have been those of mr. and mrs. picard,. 1934 57,579 feet. settle. 4d 1933 61,237 feet and stevens and anderson,. 1935 72,395 feet. this is the greatest altitude ever reached by man, but balloons carrying only equipment reached even higher. radio sand balloons equipped to send constant reports back to earth by radio have climbed as high as 86,000 feet. and at this point should be mentioned the fact that air ologist use small volumes determine wind direction and velocity. here is the operation of sounding as it's called being performed aboard a which serves to remind us of still another

use of balloon balloon balloons in war. the first water balloon was used by the french at the battle of fleurus. in 1794. the might have shut it down, but figuring the balloon is taking enough risk just up in such a full contraption contraption. the civil war telegram for they used to shout, wait, why i throw rocks at each other to messages were sometimes tied. this was the first step on the road to radio. recognized. this it is the grandpa of all aircraft carriers the first one in history the agw park custer's used by the federal troops on the old potomac. it had no motors was pulled by a

tug. sometimes the boys had to help out by rowing. you may believe this during. the siege of paris. the french not only established the first airmail service, but even published a newspaper that was sent by balloon posts to the provinces. over 3 million letters were carried airmail. the world's first air battle, an attempt to hijack the french air mail. all five of miss. thank a lot of future trouble was touched on then and there during world war one both observation and barrage were widely used observers, artillery spotting, mapmaking photography and tracking of enemy troop movements. they have contained 23 balloon companies, each with two

balloons, one for service, one for air. we last eight balloons during the war, 47 due to enemy action and one blown away. the present war shows an advancement in barrage balloon protection. the armed here is the way one such little device works. instead of the cable remaining taut and possibly breaking or slipping off the wing, the plane it pulls free and a parachute system. the above right under the plane with interest results. the barrage balloon today is important and effective in helping to protect your installations cities, ships and personnel from low altitude bombing and strafing attacks. observation balloons are no longer used. planes can do the work much better and faster, but the free balloon, far from being a happy no experience, is more valuable to a lighter than air pilot. then his training and handling a free balloon after all, an is

basically a powered steerable. it reacts to the same laws of gases when it is power plan. stop, stop the airship becomes a free balloon. the airship pilot first be a competent balloon pilot and the balloonist can look back on over 150 years of proud tradition shared by many great and courageous men. he can look forward to a challenging future in the airship. lusty child of, the free balloon.