create the ability to build that rich and solve the problem that she needed to have. that is really the essence of what we need to practice doing. and that brings me to the third thing i think we need to do in terms of modernizing a liberal arts education. we need to practice what we learned. we need to embrace the idea of practice. we mean -- we need students to practice the skills that they learned in the classrooms and evaluate the effectiveness of our teaching by having students go out and use those messages in different ways. but sometimes this type of experience is frowned upon a liberal arts education. i feel that to the extent that ideas can survive the real-world test of experience, the more

these ideas become a concrete part of one's own intellectual being and not just something that a person has written a textbook. . -- has read in a textbook. . we needed both to maintain what we have done well, the traditional liberal arts curriculum, enter --

interdisciplinary approaches to those ideas. we needed team approach for the types of learning we do. and we need to practice what we learn. i think those are the lessons for upgrading our liberal arts education. but i want to talk just a moment more about leadership, and i think that is very important. how do liberal arts colleges prepares students for leadership? i want to begin saying we do this well at wellesley college. i can point to a great example over here. [laughter] i think the example of leadership skills start in the classroom. i used to think, gee, students could take executive leadership training and become a great leader. you can put a smart person in executive leadership training, and they will never become a leader. i think classroom experience is

incredibly important. that is where engagement comes in. a student must have the confidence that comes from mastering the subjects, the inside that comes from thoroughly grounded knowledge, the ability to think creatively, analytically, and the skills to bring this way of thinking to others. that is what innovation is all about. if you do this and in the classroom, students can learn by trial and error and they can practice those ideas. you learn those ideas, you learn good ideas, and they continually evolve. this fosters a sense of confidence in students that is important for their own development of leadership skills. having done that, we must also expand traditions outside the traditional curriculum. we need to be able to send

students out into the world, study abroad, internships, said the contest the things they have learned in the classroom -- so they can test the things they have learned in the classroom. for all these reasons, we created the madeleine korbel albright institute for global affairs. it is an innovative way to educate students to become global leaders. we use the principles i just talked about in order to do that. we designed a curriculum using extensive expertise and a faculty who bring different perspectives to their students. it is interesting to think about the faculty that are part of this intensive course. many different disciplines have been represented. economics, biology, computer science, religion, sociology, women and gender studies, philosophy, east asian languages and literature.

and the practitioners to come in -- who come in, they come from many different disciplines, ngo's and institutes. so the institute fellows have a rich experience of listening to many different perspectives. they themselves offer a great difference variety of perspectives. they come from 26 different nations. they are very international. this experience also provides the practice i was talking about. the students have to tackle united nations millennium development goals. these are major goals for the united nations. they have to figure out how to meet these goals. turning the process, they need to do research, discuss their ideas, present their best

thinking on this to secretary albright herself for discussion and critique. the students then go out to practice again. what have i learned? how can i use it in a different setting? this is something we take for granted. they bond over this intense experience. we have students who have been living with each other and have been four weeks. this is a deep immersion experience. they have a network of expertise, if you will. if you can imagine, 10 years from now, there will be 400 women in the world who will have this expertise. most importantly, the students have had to practice this using a team approach. i think this is interesting. uc students attacking an important development -- uc students attacking -- you see

students attacking an important development goal. yet they have to come to consensus in presenting to secretary of all right. they have to get towards consensus. i think this is an innovative way to think about our liberal arts education. it is a powerful example of what higher education can do to increase and improved its goal in global education, and i think, to expand its role in world's problems. thank you. [applause] >> i am delighted to welcome our next speaker, dr. beverly tatum. she is the author of several

acclaimed works on the role of race in the classroom and racial development. before her position as president of spelman, she was a faculty member, dean, and acting president of our sister institution. she earned advanced degrees at the university of michigan. >> thank you. let me begin by saying how honored i am to be here, certainly with secretary albright, and what a wonderful opportunity this is. congratulations to you. i am delighted to be back at wellesley. i spent a year here earlier in my career as a visiting scholar. i am delighted to be here again today. this issue of global engagement and what it means for our students and our campuses is

important to us. i want to begin by telling a story which may seem not directly connected. i think in important ways it is. i want to start by saying spelman is located in atlanta, as you all probably know, and yesterday was the celebration of martin luther king day, which is a big event in atlanta, the birthplace of martin luther king, and so i was ebenezer baptist church, commemorating what would have been his 81st birthday yesterday morning. many of the speakers were national and international figures. they were talking about the degree of change that our society has experienced over the time of what would have been at dr. king's lifetime, our lifetime, and i was reflecting on that because spelman, being located in atlantic, was very

much involved in that civil rights era. i was thinking that in atlantic, today's students, at spelman and other places in the city, take for granted the changes that have taken place. the fact that students can travel anywhere they want, go to any store, each at any restaurant -- it was not always that way, of course. i want to share with you an editorial that was written in 1960 by students, students in the land set university center, the president of the student government -- students in the atlanta university center, the president of the student government. they got together and wrote an editorial that appeared in the "atlanta constitution" in 1960 and inspired a series of protests. many think of the student

activism in the atlanta region as being led by dr. king, but it was initially triggered by students. he supported them in their activism. i want to share with you briefly, because it was quite a remarkable statement -- "an appeal for human-rights." "week the students of -- week the students of the six institutions forming the atlanta university center have joined our hearts, minds, and bodies and the cause of getting those rights which are inherently hours as the members of the human race and citizens of the united states. we pledge our unqualified support to the students in this nation who have recently been engaged an insignificant movements to secure certain long awaited rights and privileges. this has shocked many people throughout the world.

why? because they have not realized the unanimity of spirit and purpose which motivates the thinking and actions of the great majority of the negro people. the students to and seagate -- who instigate these proceedings are not only dissatisfied with these positions, but the snail- like speed with which they are being understood. every human being wants to walk the world in dignity. in essence, this is the meaning of the sit-down protest. we do not intend to wait placidly for those rights that are legally and morally hours to be doled out to us one at a time. we will not continue to set by pessimistically lobbying denied our privileges and the joys -- to sit by while being denied our privileges and the joys of life.

the discriminatory conditions under which the negro's live in atlanta georgia -- supposedly one of the most progressive cities in the south. -- in the south." it went on to challenge segregation in hospitals, challenge the absence of black police and firefighters, spoke about inequities in school funding, and more about the issues that were important to them in 1960, even at a time when they were being denied the right to vote. it was a very powerful and courageous statement, and many people believed it could not possibly be written by students because it was such a bold and courageous statement. so how did the students give up the nerve to write this essay and take his public position? i had an opportunity to have that conversation with two of

those former students, one of whom is the name very familiar to you -- mary wright edelman, who was involved in the riding of this, and -- writing of this. there were both on campus a few months ago and we were having a chat about their experience in the 1960's, and what they talked about was their motivation was spurred by their experience as students abroad. it was their travel abroad that made clear to them that they did not need to put up with what they had experienced in the united states. as study abroad students, they spent time in france in paris and they talked about how liberating it was for them to be able to come and go as they wanted to, to be able to shop wherever they wanted to, to travel without the burdens of

desegregation that they were experiencing in the south, where they were going to school and where they had grown up. it gives me a new insight into the importance of helping students have global engagement, so that we often talk about what it means in terms of developing leadership. that is quite important. i think we overlook the fact that these experiences not only change them, but it changes to us as a society. this is a very concrete example. those students were inspired by the freedoms they experienced in europe to come back and advocate for the same freedoms in the united states. so with that as the context, i think it is really important for us to create the kind of interdisciplinary opportunities for global engagement, and that is something we have been quite focused on at spelman during my tenure as president since 2002. certainly, with the things we

know is that a united states, -- one of the things we know is that in the united states, most students do not travel abroad. it is still a relatively small number. it is probably a very high percentage of students to study abroad. at spelman, we find there are many students who want to travel abroad but are not able to primarily for financial reasons. it is not that they do not have the financial money to travel with them, but they are working their way to school, buit is had to leave their employment behind and fund a college education. we've been trying to create opportunities for students, not only to offer financial support, to be able to have that kind of transformative experience as

mary wright edelman did back in the 1960's. but we also want to create the kind of experiences that would help students expand their understanding of the world in which we live, this increasingly flat world, but also have meaning, that may or may not include study abroad. for example, for two or three years, we have had a series of alternate spring break projects. in particular, there have been a group of young women who established a connection with an ngo known as 10,000 girls. is the program focused on the creation of educational opportunities. one of our students studying abroad learned about this project, came back to spelman, and talked with her colleagues in the student government's

association about an initiative to raise money for the project and then to travel back during spring break to deliver the funds and to help with this project. it has been quite exciting for the students, many of whom have never been out of the country before, to be able to engage with young people around this particular project, and realize the girls in our country where access to education is quite limited for girls -- as i am talking about this project, in thinking that it does incorporate the kind of -- i am thinking that it does incorporate the kind of programs that president obama terms may be more involved. in the most recent trip, there were helping to build a library. they were working correctly,

working outside one's area of expertise, but making an impact. for many of the students, who are in some cases first- generation or coming from low- income backgrounds, to recognize that no matter how economically disadvantaged one mayfield, it comes nowhere near the kind of limited resources and access of the sengalese students with whom they are working. it shifts their perspective. we are also thinking about how to engage our students, not just as they travel abroad, whether it is senate all -- senegal for the more traditional countries -- or thinking about how we can expand our sense of global

connection right on the campus every day. we do not have the kind of international student population that one finds here at wellesley at spelman, but we do have the application of atlanta, which is an increasingly international city. ñiwe have been visiting dignitaries who can come to campus to engage with us, and to use technology so that students may have the opportunity to engage. that has also been a very important part of our thinking about global problem solving. for example, not long ago, we had students who were looking at environmentalñixd issues, sustainability, and we were invited to participate with a group of students atñi dubai women's college. being able to do that, toñr have students in atlanta -- this is

of course something that the 21st century are allowed to do. when i was in college, even bu+t a few years ago. these are some of the ways in which we think about helping students of color, students who are economically disadvantaged, so they can think more globally. this is a problem that i think all of us value, and liberal education gives us the tools to do this. i will stop there and i hope we can have some dialogue. [applause] >> i am delighted to introduce our final speaker, the 19th

president of columbia university in 2002 after serving as president of the university of michigan. is a leading first amendment scholar who has published widely on issues including freedom of the speech -- freedom of speech and freedom of the press. president bollinger graduated from the university of oregon. >> thank you. let me begin by saying i think this is an ideal new educational venture. a think it symbolizes exactly what needs to be done in the american higher education. i think that's you can have a better -- you cannot have a better symbol for that then secretary all right. i say that not only as one of

her presidents -- [laughter] because she has many presidents. [laughter] but because i think this is where the world is going. each of us, i think, is saying more less the same thing. i will try to put it in my own words and say, we have been thinking about this at columbia and trying it very quickly. first, congratulations on this wonderful achievement. i start from a sense that the university'ies and colleges are great achievements of american society. they are vital, vigorous, doing extremely well. and of course, many -- very

international in many ways. a lot of international students come to our colleges. many of our faculty of projects here and abroad, our experts about parts of the world. we have networks throughout the world. american higher education in many senses is already very global. however, we also live in a society that has serious limitations. when it comes to thinking about international and global matters. in some ways, our society is very provincial and very protective against what is going on in the world. that partly comes from the success of the united states.

its isolation because of its borders, culture, tradition, and the like. it is especially concerning to someone like me who thinks about the first amendment, freedom of the press, freedom of speech, that we are getting less and less international news. it is astonishing and of great concern, and we know the amount of international news that is reaching the american public is less today than it was a few years ago. so we live in a society that in many ways is leading the world, and yet we have provincialism and there are real concerns that we are getting less and less engaged. the second major point is --

when we talk about globalization in the world, i think we have to be clear about what it is that is really going on. i think it is oversimplified, but it is right for this occasion to say globalization today is primarily driven by markets. business, financial forces. there are many other activities that are shaping the world, but i think there is nothing that is more powerful in reshaping our world today them business and finance. it is astonishing, the embrace of free markets around the world. in countries that had been authoritarian and totalitarian, with different forms of economic organizations, that have

embraced the system of capitalism, and it is transforming the world. one thing about markets -- they moved very rapidly. all one has to do is go to china every once -- once every six months. and you can see right before your eyes the manifestations of what markets can do in honduras. a lot of people have been lifted out of extreme poverty. and for bad -- climate change, financial systems that new regulation and the like. there are many, many ways for which the good and bad our world is being reshaped. globalization, therefore, oversimplified is primarily an economic phenomenon with massive cultural, social, political implications.

the third major point is because all of this is happening so rapidly, and because that is the nature of globalization, the driving force, universities and colleges are not in the game to the extent we should be. our role is to understand what is happening in the world. to interpret its deeper forces. to look at it objectively. to critique what is happening. to offer solutions to problems, to relate to the academic enterprise. we simply are not doing that. we are not keen not sufficiently because we do not have the expertise. all you have to do is ask

yourself -- how much expertise to we have on our american campuses? -- do we have on our american campuses? and how much general knowledge do we have about china today? is painfully, embarrassingly then. that is only china. the rest of the world is out there, and we have far too little work that is being done on what's happening. said the big question is -- what do you do in the face of this? three options have presented themselves. many things can be done. we're building a school of international affairs. i think that is not sufficient. we need to get out into the world and to build the expertise that we need and the general knowledge we need to confront this new world that has been created in the past 10 to 20 years. there are three different ways

to do it. one is to take what we already do, that i mentioned at the beginning. students study abroad, etc., etc.. just do more of that. perfectly reasonable response. a second option is a series of branch campuses around the world. many in a burst -- many universities are doing that. the problem with that starts from a fundamental fact about universities and colleges, which is we lose money at whatever we do. we are extremely good at losing money. therefore, we need money to do what we do, and the only places where we have a set of branch campuses tend to be the emirates and singapore. therefore, it is no surprise that much this -- that most of

the branch campuses are in cotter, abu dhabi, singapore -- quatar, of dobby, singapore. that is just not enough. we are setting up global research centers. we milk -- we open one up in the middle east and beijing. this coming march, we will open up one, rededicate one in paris for europe. mumbai for india and southeast asia, and then in africa. and the idea is very simple. it is to provide opportunities for students and faculty to work on series projects -- serious projects that are defined by the local, regional institutions, including government.

grounded with working with local institutions, i universities, etc., to make a contribution to the extent that we can, and more importantly to build up the experiential level that will then need to the expertise level that will also generate the general knowledge levels that we need to deal with the world as it is. so that is our strategy. that is how we are thinking about it. thank you. [applause] >> thank you to all our panelists. at this moment, we will send it over to all of you. before we start the question and answers section, i should say that the acoustics in this room -- they are fine appear. i think they will be challenging. if you could stand to answer your question, i think there'll be microphone's going around. it may be good and fat to wait

for the microphone to arrive. please. >> [unintelligible] who had been summoned to the kremlin by potent and to ask help couldn't -- by putin and to be asked how he could marshalling in the new world? he said why don't you give me four of your brightest girls, and i will bring them home to wellesley? i think this is the kind of experience he might been thinking. your ultimately thinking 10 or 15 years, said they will eventually be in a seat like dr. albright is sitting? >> [unintelligible] [laughter] >> you should have an answer for this. >> you have to go to wellesley to be secretary of state.

[laughter] >> yes. >> so i am it actually thinking of becoming an academic. not secretary of state, but who knows? my question -- you all mentioned the role of academia and facilitating global engagement among students and engaging other academics and cooperation. do you think the current system of tenure in the united states is hampering or enhancing the possibility academics to do that? >> good question. [laughter] >> no president appear is going to say -- [laughter] >> we could talk to you privately afterwards. >> i > >bollinger -- i think

president bollinger is right. your question is an interesting one from the point of view of a college president or professor. one of the benefits of tenure is that it allows for a kind of freedom. one can reach out and do innovative things without worrying about jobs security. in that sense, i think tenure might enhance experimentation. on the other hand, some might stop coming experimental and rest on their laurels. but i would not make that argument. from the point of view, i think tenure is beneficial in terms of creating the security one needs to be adventurists. >> i think institutions of

higher education -- it is absolutely critical. it is one of the few places where faculty members, students can speak their mind, and be protected for the ideas that normally bubble up. in a society that might not approve of those ideas. i think it is critical to had institutions of higher education protecting -- to have institutions of higher education protecting the rights to speak up. i think tenure is an integral part of that. >> i would approach it from a different direction. i agree with what has just been said. one of the criticisms or the stereotypes of the system of tenure and what it produces is i think somewhat fair in that we all become very self-realized.

that tends to put pressure on us to take smaller and smaller areas and that means the less we are able to communicate, and so on. all of that is important. it is a fact that people in universities are amusingly motivated. to teach well, to learn mall. the main job we have in universities is to make it possible for faculty and to have that freedom. one of the goals of globalization is if i want to learn, if i want to change direction, how do i do that? if you provide opportunities to go, see and talk to people and the like, that can change things. it is our job to provide the opportunities. >> i think also -- i hate to have you say you want to be an

academic and not secretary of state, because you can be both. i think what is a very important part in terms of discussing a global institute and the kind of role people can have in terms of global issues is be going back and forth. and bringing the experience of one to the other. especially given the fact that a lot of these subjects have to do with governance or various aspects of society. it requires some contacts between the academy and the practitioner. i think that is what is so enriching. i am actually not a tenured professor. it does give you a certain amount of freedom to know you can come back and teach, and what you bring from having had a practitioners experience. the spot things, i think, would go together. >> -- those two things, i think,

would go together. >> hello. i question because you all addressed the importance of studying abroad, traveling abroad, in turning a broad, yet no one emphasize the importance of learning a foreign language. and now you can easily placed out of learning a foreign language. so i am wondering if you all believe that there's a problem with this kind of education system where we can easily choose to speak english and not really worry about another foreign language and whether or not this needs to be changed and how can be changed. >> i personally believe that need to learn a foreign language. it does not even matter which one. i do think it is highly important. what just happened -- and i can testify to this -- normal people speak english and there's a tendency to think you do not

need to learn another language, but i found my knowledge of other languages helped me in a whole series of ways. even though you have an interpreter, because not everybody speaks the language, it does give you time to actually listen twice and figure out what they are saying so you can ask. it also gives you an understanding of the history and culture of the country that you can never get if you do not speak the language. i think it is unfortunate if you can opt out of a language. i think, obviously, one i do not speak chinese, but i think it would be very important. and arabic. different languages have a different amount of popularity. i do think it is very, very, very important. i come from a big meeting of nato people. everyone speaks english except for the french. [laughter]

so there are games being played. but do think it is important. >> to add to those comments, we continue to have a language requirement at spelman, and we just added chinese, i am happy to say. for all the reasons secretary albright has mentioned, i studied a language. i cannot say i am fluent. i studied french, and i also studied spanish. when i have travelled, just being able to use it even a little bit makes a difference in terms of your ability to connect the people. i think it is very important. >> and up in the back here. mary? right ahead. right ahead. >> i am phoebe weil, an art

conservator. my field was inspired when i studied at wellesley doing practical art in the art history course. i have had a wonderful career that has been an international career because of all of my wonderful colleagues around the world to our involved with saving cultural heritage. -- around the world who are involved with saving cultural heritage. with the great gifts of the liberal arts education is music -- one of the great gifts of the liberal arts education is music and the arts. i've not heard anyone speak of the great value of art and music as an international language and the preservation of this for the culture of the world. >> well, i have to tell you i have made it a great point to

have pro-growth policy. what was your stating -- what was irritating, when i would travel to museums -- the press, you're press, would criticize me for being a tourist. yet i do think you can learn a great deal. as far as music is concerned, i have come from the 20th anniversary of the velvet revolution in czechoslovakian. jazz played a huge role in dissident movements, liberal movements throughout central and eastern europe, and it was the language of america that was really the way people learned a great deal about our culture and used it to express their own desire for freedom. i just came from a concert with

joan baez and who has great hair, and lou reed, who looks a bit older -- who looks a bit older. music is very much an international language that people truly do understand. >> i would agree strongly with that. from a very wellesley perspective, we are very strong with ours. we have a new director who is interested in international connections. it seems like a natural to think how we can connect with other institutions, whether they be museums or museum is associated with other institutions. >> yes? four rows back. cox i think this is a great forum -- >> i think this is a great forum. i would like to suggest two

points. one is -- the internet and the related technology is revolutionizing the world as rapidly as the spread of markets. that is an important tool for universities to embrace globalization. the other point i would make or suggest is that institutes of higher education are fundamentally conservative. you have mentioned that in the context of tenure. i think the university leaders -- that university leaders can overcome that conservatism by the appointments to make within their faculty and the kinds of " -- programs that this represents, choosing the promotions of the faculty

members who are kind of the most it ventris, the most interdisciplinary. i think that is a charge for you presidents. >> i guess i would agree completely. certainly with the first point. technology, sebelius, internet -- satellites, internet are transformative forces. bair increasing the economic integration of the world, but they are doing other things. i have just written about this as well. the thing about university presidents appointing people is an interesting one because all of us here would say "if only that were true." [laughter] we would be much happier than we are.

we are notoriously decentralize, and one of the things that means is that departments and faculty are self-governing in some many ways, including especially by appointments, and yet, going to the point about -- we underestimate the importance of reason and discussion in university governance. one of the things we can do is talk and persuade people to set up something like the albright institute, which i am sure is a way of bringing in people to the institution who otherwise would not want or perhaps received a standard traditional appointment. we've done that -- just to take an example -- he could bring in a member of the columbia

community, even though he does not want i tenure -- want a tenured position. but that is an example of where you can help persuade people this is a good way to go. >> yes. i agree with the technology part, absolutely. one thing i was thinking about what you said, lee, a bigger global research centers. imagine if all universities had these research centers in different parts of the world, and that technology would allow them all to be connected up, so you do not have to rely on the expertise of one institution no communication between all institutions. financial markets are driving things quickly and the institutes of higher education are slow, but if we were not worked, we would be pretty fast. >> i think we will, very shortly, that is all of us -- we

will have class is where people are plugged in from beijing and africa. and it will be taking class together. > hi. i did not present this morning, but i did have the opportunity to what secretary albright grill the group on universal education -- to watch secretary of right guerrilla group and universal education. one of the question she asked them -- should the group be allocating resources to domestic problems? to track back on you, i am curious to what the role of higher education is in solving

these problems. that sounds like a really great idea. how can universities and colleges deal with local problems? i think all the money and development goals have problems in america as well. >> [unintelligible] spelman college is seen to be 129 years old, and it was founded to address access to education in atlanta, georgia. defenders rarely saw the opportunity to educate women -- the founders of really saw the opportunity to educate women in those communities, and of course, how we think about communities these days is much broader. it is still the case certainly for spelman, which is located in

an economically disadvantaged area of atlantic, to think about how we can impact that community. both in improving educational opportunities, to resources we can provide, whether that is human capital resources or faculty, but also in terms of economic development, and we are working and all of those issues in concert with other colleges in our region. so the idea that we should make things better where we are is certainly an important part of the institutional mission. at the same time, we recognize we are everywhere. our students do not just graduate and live in the neighborhood. you enter to learn, you exit to serve. the question is how do you infuse that commitment to make that choice to change the world, to make a positive impact for

ever you are? the thing that is part of the philosophical underpinning that is rooted in many institutions. it is a core value you hope your students will take when they graduate, but at the same time, if you have not practiced it, if you've not done the community service, if you've not been her -- if you've not been involved, if you do not think about understanding the economics of homelessness or mental health policy that might contribute to homelessness, or thinking about the big picture as you're acting locally, that is very important. >> right here in front. >> so we have measured the will languages play in global affairs. i'd like to talk about

distribution requirements for a quick second. it is not because i am a senior in my last semester. because distribution requirements seem to be the core of the liberal arts education, the next four areas, we normally wouldn't. this can be seen as restrictive. i was wondering what your opinion was, how we can achieve this compromise of having this policy in place? >> [unintelligible] >> [unintelligible] [laughter] >> i am not a president. [laughter] >> be were having this conversation over lunch, what he would to in terms of requirements for students. -- what you would to happen in terms of requirements for

students. we do not have all this group. we will lot of requirements. we will core curriculum. what are the advantages and disadvantages. you can probably all way in. -- weigh in. is a hard thing to think about. if you have a completely open -- create your own major -- that appeals to some students, but not all. figuring out the right balance between too much rigidity and a enough flexibility is a hard one. that is probably one of the areas that is the slowest to move. the students' desire to have an educational experience that reflects more of what they need to do in the world. the requirements live behind that. it is a complicated problem. >> i agree completely. we have this uneasy

relationship in universities between internal sort of sense of what is important knowledge, and external reality about what is important for humanity. so i went to law school in the late 1960's, and that was a period in which american law was the lens through which a lot of america was being reshaped. whether it was freedom of speech, criminal procedure, and electoral reform, civil rights. that was a place in which people were framing questions about the world. they talked about energy in law schools. by 1970, when i was a law professor, there were now 10 courses on constitutional law,

and no courses on oil and gas. american constitutional law is still very, very important, but i would say it is not as important as it was 30 or 40 years ago, and oil and gas happen to be very important right now. that is just one example -- one tiny example -- of where the outside world shifts, and we need them to adjust well we think are important subject. that takes time. >> i would simply add to that to say that when i was going to my own undergraduate experience, and is going to university at the time when it was much like brown. i appreciated that. that was one of the things that drew me there. there were essentially no requirements. at the same time, i am working and in an environment where there are requirements today, and i think that is a good thing. i do think it is very important

and incumbent upon us as educators to make clear why we have the requirements at that we have. it is a worst-case scenario for students to check off the box and move on. they have to have some integration or understanding as to what is the value being communicated. if we have identified constitutional law -- why? or being able to articulate that. so students can at least understand the rationale and it is not just a rote exercise. >> i see a number of hands still up. if we can get a few rapid-fire questions, and maybe just one answer from up here. we can take three or four more. right by the corner of the wall. right there.

>> good afternoon. i was interested in what dr. tatum said, the letter that you read. i did not hear anything from the other presidents about supporting the role of activism in grass-roots movements within your student body or bring that into curriculum. the other quick thing was in terms of experiential learning, i was wondering if you were thinking at all about opportunities that are not necessarily ethnocentric? looking at ecological terms in world affairs? >> [unintelligible] >> are we going to take a bunch of them? >> that is the question on the table. maybe we have others. mary, can we -- >> hi. and here with my colleagues from the harvard higher education school. i was wondering if you could

speak briefly on the role of women's college in higher education when most developed countries have not only near the gender gap between men and women receiving college degrees, but also reversed it? i also have a question. i was a graduate student -- i was a graduate student and a wellesley alum. my question is selfish. what advice can you give administrative officers on how to lead? >> that was my question as well. thank you. [laughter] >> all right. one more over here, and then we have to get some answers, i think. i think this is the agenda for the next hour and a half. >> hello. i am from afghanistan. i'm going to make a short comment on how the comments you

made regarding how international education can have an impact on people. for me, i am thankful wellesley has given me scholarships and grants to wellesley to. it is almost -- in the 1960's, i can have an experienced here. really i cannot have this in afghanistan. having come here, i know what it is like here. i am hoping to bring this back home with me someday. i do not know if i am prepared for a yet. i am a senior. i am graduating. i need more experience to be able to do that, although i do have a lot of leadership skills. my question is for the albright

fellows who are finding solutions for the problems, what would be the advice on how they can put these skills they're learning into action in the real world? thank you. . .

>> there is a great need for leaders to go out and think about issues for women and develop their own leadership skills along the way. be interested in helping women in the world. provide an education that is dedicated for women and recognizes the importance of being able to be in a classroom with all women and be able to build confidence, mastery of material, in a way that will lead to success or that person's life. women's colleges do this particularly well. there is a lot of evidence out there for it. i think that the whole thing about looking around at the united states, not being an equal playing field -- just look at government for example. how many women hold just group -- how manyñi women hold

government jobs? how many women are involved in decision making situations in the world? i would argue that women's education is particularly important. i would -- >> i would like to speak to the issue of activism. i was a professor and i taught a course for many years on the psychology of racism. one thing i used to say about that class was that it was divided into three parts. what, so what, and now what. whatever we are teaching, we ought to be asking whether we are addressing those questions. a lot of times we talk about the disciplinary content and sometimes we talk about the implications of that information, but we do not necessarily talk about the now what. how do we use that to solve real problems? that is an important part of the educational experience. what we have heard described here about the albright institute speaks to and now what

component. -- a now what component. we should always ask the question for what purpose? i thinkñr it is important. i think many of my colleagues would agree with me, but we are not always consistent in encouraging that kind of component as we could be. >> i might also want to say something about activism. i am very struck by the example -- it is a very powerful anecdote about the ways in which one comes to understand one's own in justices by going out into the world -- in justices -- injustices by going out into the world. i think we would say that it is

not the role of the university to create activists in the sense of political activism. it is to help create citizens. it is to help us and students understand what the world is like, and to raise every possible question about it. is it just? is it moral? is it ethical? is this the right way to achieve these things and have these goals? we have to be very careful that we draw that line, ultimately and successfully, between creating political activism and, let's just call it, citizen activism. i am in favor of universitie creeds in an environment in which we can -- universities

creating an environment in which we can understand the world better. i am committed to the principle that we are not driving a political agenda. i am not saying you said this by using the term "activism," but it is an important distinction. >> several last questions came up. i think the activism issue is very interesting. when i was here and did this, there was a very small group of democrats here at the time. going in and campaigning for adlai stevenson -- we were very active and it made us feel that we were part of changing a variety of things. i think you are right in terms of being part of it. i had the opposite experience at columbia.

i was doing my comprehensive in 1968 when i was a young mother, trying to get through it all. there was rioting at columbia and you could not study. it was interesting to see -- clearly, a lot of things were going on in 1968 that were worse students expressing themselves about, but it disrupted a lot of issues. it is an interesting point as to how far you go with it. i can now see activism -- you were talking about new orleans. a lot of students at tulane have gotten very involved in trying to repair new orleans. i think that is a very appropriate kind of community service. at georgetown, a lot of students were the moving force behind doing something about darfur.

there are networks and linkages that are very important. it leads to the question about -- i do think that universities can do a lot about promoting ecology and worrying about the environment in a lot of different ways, to teaching about it and encouraging people to do something about it. in terms of leadership, i think that -- and women's colleges, i fully believe in the importance of having an education that teaches you to express yourself. i was thrilled that i went to wellesley and that i went to columbia. i think you have to operate within both environments. i teach in a coeducational university. i think there are different skills required to make it in a coeducational world. i have mentioned this to people. my class as are a bit of a zoo,

because i think that women have to learn to interrupt. you are less likely to have to do that in a woman's class. women's colleges teach leadership in a way that you do not get anywhere else. it is interesting that we have -- this goes to your point about afghanistan -- we have certain characterization's of women in muslim societies that do not always match up with truth. what clearly, the situation is terrible and afghanistan, i have to tell you the most feminist group short of wellesley that i have ever addressed was at the university of dubai. the women were covered and it tested me like i have never been tested. i said that the middle east was a terrible mess. and one woman stood up and said, it was not until you got

here. there was a lot of push back and very interesting points. women at that university are known to express themselves and the activists with parent -- within their own societies. we have to be careful about making judgments about one place been better than another. i think that the most important part about leadership is that you cannot lead alone. i still believe in that networking and developing a group around me, which is why i am so thrilled with this institute. as you pointed out, this will be a network of people that will work together over a very long time and develop those particular roots. leaders need to have support groups and work with each other. you have all heard me say this, but this is the place to say it

more than anyplace else -- women have to help each other. there is a special place in for women who do not -- in hell for women who do not. [laughter] [applause] >> i very much regret having to draw this conversation to a conclusion. it has been really fascinating and a far ranging conversation. i want to thank our panelists and all of you for being here today. [applause] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2010]

>> tonight, at 8:00 eastern, the future of what -- the future of guantanamo. legal as works discusse -- legal experts discussed this bridge later on -- to discuss this. brad smith is on the "communicators," at 8:00 eastern on c-span 2. former president clinton joined several members of congress and attending a funeral service of congressman john murtha who died last week at age 77. he was chairman of the house defense appropriations subcommittee, which allocates defense spending. we will have live coverage of around 10:30 a.m. eastern. >> it is the only collection of american presidential portraits painted by one artist.

see the entire collection on line at the website. >> all look at some behind-the- scenes white house pictures by photographers who worked for u.s. presidents from lyndon johnson to george w. bush. the offer their perks -- they offer their perspectives on working from the white house. this was sponsored by the lyndon b. johnson library and museum. >> good evening. i am mark updegrove, the director of the lbj library. on behalf of my friend don carleton, i want to welcome you to behind the lens -- white house photography from lbj to obama. he will be on stage later this evening to moderate a panel of discussion with our speakers. this will be the debut of an

alliance we have struck up. in the spring, we will team up for some events and programming and a temporary exhibit around the life and legacy of walter cronkite. we hope you will come back for that. [applause] we hope you'll come back for that and some of the other wonderful things going on here. back in 1860, abraham lincoln chalked up his white house victory to two good things. the speech that he made at cooper union -- the famous "house divided" speech. since that time, the photography of our presidents as become no less powerful. tonight, on the anniversary of barack obama's historic

inauguration, four chief white house photographers reunite for the first time to share their thoughts, stories, and work related to our modern presidents. as it happens, we also have a fifth white house photographer here tonight. he served as lyndon johnson's white house photographer. he came here after words to the lbj library where he worked for 20 years and helped establish this great institution. as you came in tonight, you saw some of the wonderful work that he did during his tenure, both in the white house and with the library. please join me in welcoming him who will in turn welcome our panelists. [applause] >> thank you, mark. it is wonderful to be among

friends. when you called me about this, he told me he was organizing a group of former white house prefers to show their work and participate in a panel. i told them i had done that in a few times and i did not find myself comfortable in that role. he said i was a senior white house photographer, how about introducing this? wherever you are, thank you for pointing out my seniority. [laughter] i have been keenly aware of it ever since. 50 years ago, dwight eisenhower was president and a headline in the washington post read "cadillacs and concubines." i had no idea what the next 10 years had in store. during those years, we undertook comprehensive a photographic documentation.

no one had ever tried anything like it. it took perseverance and creativity and lyndon johnson's sense of history, appreciation for voter journal of das photojournalism, and his trust -- appreciation for photojournalism, and his trust. it was more than just vanity on the part of lbj that made it work. white house photography would never go back to the previous administrations. it is my understanding that we will see some of his work later on in the presentation. tonight, we are privileged to welcomed for world class photographers to the stage -- welcome four world-class photographers to this day. they have spent thousands of hours alongside the most powerful men in america. they have captured the daily

moments of presidency and it is my pleasure to introduce them. david hume kennerly @ been shooting on the frontlines of history for more than 40 years. he took arresting photography of vietnam. he returned stateside in 1973 and covered the political drama playing out in washington for "time magazine." he was the chief white house photographer during the ford administration. david bell does begin the personal photographer for -- david valez became the personal photographer george h. w. bush. he founded a photography consulting group based in maryland.

robert mcneely bought his first camera while serving in the army in 1968. in 1972, he joined a campaign staff in washington, d.c. where he made his base for 30 years. he worked in the white house and in 1982 was asked to become the clinton campaign photographer and later the personal photographer of the president. he worked there until 1998 when he left to publish his book "the clinton years." one year ago tonight, he photographed the inauguration of barack obama with david hume kennerly. eric draper was the white house photographer for george w. bush, directing the conversion of the white house photo office from film to digital. prior to joining the white

house, he was an associated press photographer covering presidential campaigns, the summer olympics, the close of zero conflict in the 19 -- the kosovo conflict, and the world cup in france. gentlemen, i turned the stage to you. [applause]

>> i am really happy to be here with my colleagues and i thank you for the introduction. we're going to social pictures das -- shows some pictures. i'm going to open it up by going back and giving you a quick mystery tour of presidential photography. this first picture i did not take. [laughter] although i was the assistant -- but this is the total he took a president lincoln, referred to just prior to the cooper union speech. he took it in a studio in new york city. abraham lincoln was the first

president who understood the power of photography. you have to go quite a bit later run to find another person -- a bit later on to find another person who understood it. jfk knew that his family and image was a very attractive thing to photographers. he had a lot of outside photographers coming in. this was a campaign picture as the senator was widely published. you know the situation, but you probably have not seen this picture. i love the shot. you can see john kennedy jr.'s shoes. that is the picture you have all

seen, a very famous picture. the kennedys had a remarkably good affinity with still photography, particularly. both the president and mrs. kennedy let these guys came in. the official duties of the white house photographer or for military people. this is lyndon johnson, kennedy, and some of you would know the other guy. i also showed a picture of marched off martha mitchell to a class to the other day and only three people knew who it was. [laughter] these are really beautiful photos. it is a very famous picture. this transitions into a moment -- this was after jfk was

assassinated on air force one, a very memorable photo, one of the top 10 pictures you would remember that you have seen in your life. johnson was not satisfied with theçó pictures from the militar. in their defense, the military photographers were not given access and did not have a fluid relationship. president johnson brought in someone that my colleagues and i really feel is the godfather of modern presidential photography. i have visited the archives here and it is an astonishing set of photos. he really laid down the gauntlet for the rest of us, in terms of how he would do this. [laughter] i never photographed lyndon

johnson, which is unfortunate. everybody who did said he was one of their favorite subjects. a very dramatic fellow. [laughter] with his dog. you can see he was getting in close and personal with martin luther king or at any big meeting. you can notice the other things like the grandchild in the oval office. this picture was taken by the photostat, listening to a tape from vietnam. it is a very famous picture. he and his wife were killed in a car wreck a few weeks ago. he worked with me on the white house staff with president for. this was one of the most famous

pictures of nixon. somebody called it a pair of kings. [laughter] this was the best-selling photographed in the nixon library and you can see why. toward the end of the nixon administration, all the asked -- this looks like a happy moment, but it was not. it was right after he told his family that he was resigning the presidency on august 7, 1974. this is in the solarium on the third floor of the white house. this picture really got a lot of play, but he was never given much access. these photographs of nixon -- even cropped, i looked at the archive and on the left, it is

almost like he did not want to show the emotion of the moment. unfortunately, i was never able to talk to him about these. everything was taken at arm's length over this couple of day period. again, kind of from the back of the room. you can see the distance here. he had a tough go of it and a very difficult boss. this was right before nixon was resigning on august 8, 1974. it is shot through the oval office window through the window. this video taken just prior to nixon going on the air and announcing that he was leaving really sums up what he had to deal with during this time. >> only the cbs crew is to be in this room during this period

only the crew. there will be no picture. no. after the broadcast. if you have taken a picture. did you not just take one? that is it. the press is going to take one. you have taken it. just take it right now. do you got it? come on. [applause] -- [laughter] >> i am sympathetic and i have worked with him. it was scary. he worked for president nixon. this was last shot that he took from the helicopter and this is where i come into the picture. these are my photos of nixon taking off from the helicopter, a series of photos -- i was brought into the press pool.

this is a close-up of one of the flames. -- frames. eisenhower would become president -- ford would become president just minutes later. i did a book about my history in the ford white house. what happened with me was -- i will go back one. when he became president, ford and i had a conversation at his house. i knew what had happened to my predecessor -- he was the poster out for what i did not want to have happened to me if i was going to work in the white house. the president asked me how i saw this stuff. i said, if i were to do it, i would need total access and i would only work for you directly, not for the press secretary or anybody. you do not want air force one on the weekends, he said to me.

[laughter] we arrived at the conclusion and i had remarkable access, it was not as dramatic figure, but a wonderful person. early on, you can see the knicks and stuff being taken down -- the nixon stuff being taken out of the oval office. this was george bush, one of the early meetings with president ford. right after he pardoned nixon, this is down the hall and the nixon picture is still on the wall. i showed this picture to alan greenspan and he said, as usual, i had no idea what was going on. [laughter] he's certainly carry that forward in his later career.

[laughter] next to the president is donald reinfeldt, stubbing out a cigarette as dick cheney -- donald rumsfeld, stubbing out a cigarette, next to dick cheney. the '70s -- the 1970's was a really bad time for a tire. this was just after he got off -- she got out of the hospital after her mastectomy. ñiwe had a wonderful relationsh. i could go equally between the east and west wings. this is the same room where çónixon was seen resigning. on the left is terry o'donnell, a close aide to the president. we spend moreñr time with him tn anybody probably. this is a rare photograph of henry kissinger listening to somebody.

[laughter] this is your power and go, if you are a photographer. a very ironic moment with teddy roosevelt. this was the national security council. there is the deputy secretary at the time. the head of the cia -- this was an extremely top-secret meeting about americans who had been captured in cambodia. it showed the island assault by the marines. this was the kind of access i had. military people at the lab all had top-secret clearances to process these photos. during that moment, this was president for. george bush was appointed the cia director by president ford

and there is dick cheney in the broom, during the -- in the room, during the evacuation of lebanon, another top-secret meeting. one of my friends call this a meeting of the godfathers. reagan said that nancy and he would take everything west of the mississippi. this was when he was governor of the california and later ran against ford. this picture was what kept ford of the best dressed list -- off the best-dressed list. [laughter] this was a " given to president ford -- ball will " -- a coat that was given to president ford, a wool coat. that is an morse adopted -- anwar sadat.

there is a little explaining. this was a state dinner in kyoto, the kind of state dinner clinton was built for, no doubt. this geisha. [laughter] mcneely knows that is true. [laughter] henry kissinger. [laughter] this is not his favorite political photo. backstage at the convention where court had just beaten reagan for the republican nomination -- this is what i saw outside. bob dole was his running mate. this was a very sad moment after mrs. ford -- she is being a cheerleader in the moment

where jimmy carter was congratulated. he was the president elect. mrs. ford always like this picture looking out toward the oval office from the west wing. she did not know i was in the room. the day before they left office, mr. ford made a tour of the west wing and was shaking the hands of the people. we went by the cabinet room which is a male-dominated place. she was a dancer and a mischievous person. she says i have always wanted to dance on the cabinet-room table. this was pre-photoshop. [laughter] the moment where carter became the president and chief justice -- this was board looking out over the capital where he had spent all those years. he had been a member of congress

since 1948. at the funeral, i was the official family photographer going into the house of representatives side of the capital. the picture i took from the top of the dome. it was the first time five presidents have been together -- the reagan library opening in 1991. the last time was this one where president-elect obama with carter, bush, the senior bush, and clinton. thank you. [applause] >> david valdez, the first george bush's photographer. >> it is always fun to be with you. it is rare that i get to be around younger guys -- be the

younger guy. [laughter] i spent almost 10 years with the bush family. i am a texan. [applause] when george bush was vice president, i heard there was an opening and i said, i can do that. i was chief photographer of a magazine at the time. let me see what i can do. i think i can do this job. i knew the photographer for the vice-president. i went in and wrote a letter to the press secretary at the time. she called me in and i made the short staffed. she said, another texan.

and so it was a pretty easy interview. i got called back and interviewed with admiral murphy, the chief of staff, a stern, retired admiral. he just beat me up in this interview. i thought there was no way i would get the job. then i got a call back to meet an interview the vice president bush. i went back and he was very gracious. itxd is the theme of my whole experience with the bush family. he was telling me, you are here so get some pictures of barbara bush and some grandchildren. you'll spend a lot of time with me. i said, this is really great, but no one has yet said what the salary is. [laughter] do you know what the salary is? he said, i have no idea.

let me call admiral murphy. his office was next door. he picked up along and asked -- the phone to ask. he wants to know what the salary is. through the wall, i could hear the screening. i thought, oh, jeez. i knew some of the photographers were classic and i was always inspired by it. i knew that is what i wanted to have -- that same ability. i will never forget my first day on the job. we went down in miami. his son, jeb, and his son's wife had just had a baby.

he met the baby for the first time. we were at a hotel in miami beach. jeb brought in the grandson, anthony had to leave for some reason. they left the baby with vice- president bush and myself in his hotel room. [laughter] i was looking around -- it was my first day on the job. i was looking around, like, now what? he went back into the bedroom and there was no one to say, no, do not do that. i took some pictures. two weeks later, i got a note from barbara bush saying, i love the photos you took of little jeb and george. as long as you take pictures of my grandchildren, you can go anywhere and photograph anything. [laughter]

that was my opening and i kept that note. [laughter] when david was talking about the five presidents in the photo he took, i actually took this photo inside the reagan library. it was a mockup of the oval office. george bush was the president at the time. they were waiting to go out and do the full opportunity for the media. there were just standing there. i said to george bush, mr. president, turn around for a quick shot. when i said, mr. president, they all turned and i got this shot. [laughter] we went to -- that was the

opening of the reagan library. we went to the opening of the nixon library. on the left is the press secretary to president reagan and the only one to be press secretary to george bush. he uses this photo quite a bit to promote himself. [laughter] it was one of those neat little moments. working for vice-president bush was great and i had a chance to be around president reagan in the oval office a little bit. this was actually former president reagan leading the newly sworn-in president bush in the back with dan quayle. they are departing and leaving. here is nancy reagan gissing barbara bush goodbye --

kissing barbara bush goodbye and president reagan going out into history. when vice president bush was elected president, we were in houston. it was interesting for me. you have been with them for so many years. do not worry. you will become the president paused photographer. i said, -- president's photographer. i said, the offer has not come, and until it does, i have to assume that i am going to leave. this was in houston on inauguration day -- on election day. a few months later, we were at an event in washington, d.c. and the president elect invited me to ride back with him. as we were doing that, he said, i would like you to be my

photographer in the white house photo office. i said, this is a great honor, but i was holding out for an ambassadorship. [laughter] the secret service agents -- i thought it would die right there. -- they would die right there. this was on election day with some of the grandchildren over at the blair house. this was on the inaugural walking up pennsylvania avenue. this was gen up and barbara bush -- jenna and barbara bush who later became part of the george w. white house, they are at one of the inaugural balls. that is a shot of barbara bush at one of the inaugural balls.

this was the bush family in maine. i took a family photo every year. it was just a lot of fun. you can see on the left. jeb and his family, laura and george. now when you go there, they have a sign that says, morning, -- warning, preisden -- president on segue. this was at the president's house and then with the grandchildren at the oval office. one of the key things to the bush family is family, faith,

and friends. i saw that over and over again over the many years. george bush was an integral part of the federal government as cia director, congressman, vice president, president. the mass of people that he got to know and be loyal to -- we were walking down the hall. there was one guy standing on the side and the president stopped to go over and greet the janitor who used to clean his office when he was at the un. that is what we always saw in him. [laughter]

this is the bush family in their bed in kennebunkport. "life"magazine wanted to send a photographer up to take some photos and he said, we are on vacation. we do not want to do anything. have dave valdez dixon pictures and the underway. it went -- take some pictures and beat on your way. i shot this photo and it ran on to google pages -- on two full pages in the magazine. on the left side of the photo, there is a picture of george w. with jeb. who would have known that it would be the next president. vice president traveled to

poland. he said, someday, you will be president of the united states. and someday poland will be free. we went back a few years later with president bush and met with him. it was an interesting experience to work with him and see some of the things he was working on, and then go back as president. of course, iraw invaded kuwait. -- iraq invaded kuwait. the foreign minister from iraq was at a press conference. he said there were not pulling out of kuwait. this was in a room just off the oval office -- we have all been in it many times. it was interesting to watch that moment happen. it was the moment where they

said, i guess we have to go do something. this was upstairs and the residence of the white house. colin powell and brent scowcroft. bob gates is in the foreground. george bush was the navy -- youngest navy fighter pilot in world war ii and as commander in chief, he was making a decision to send young folks off to war. this was on the south lawn, just a couple hours before he pulled the trigger on this. it did not take that long to get iraq out of kuwait. here was colin powell talking norman schwarzkopf -- talking to

norman schwarzkopf at the end of the gulf war. president clinton congratulating former president bush. at that moment, i was unemployed. i wish i had not taken the picture. [laughter] i was fortunate to have the opportunity to take a similar picture. family was such an important part of -- and always has been since day one, if you read any of the books on the bush family. he was so proud of his son. this is jeb being sworn in as the governor of florida and i was given the opportunity to photograph that. george w. and his dad, down in houston, texas. george w. aand barb at their

first inaugural. out of the clear blue sky, i got a call to photograph this. you can see president bush, president clinton, president bush, and president carter were all at the service. it was quite a day for me. [laughter] you have all heard about the president's sky jumpings. that was one of the last botas i have taken of him -- photos i have taken of him. [applause] >> good evening, i am robert mcneely. i had the opportunity to follow david and a couple of other

great photographers. i want to thank don carleton and mark updegrove for this opportunity to be at a place where photography is appreciated. when we worked there, our work is not seen immediately. occasionally, a few images if there was something where the press could not be brought in. a lot -- a lot of our imagery is made for history. these kinds of opportunities to show the work and go back -- it has been an enjoyable thing for me to go back and do a couple of shows. i looked at some historical imaging for this. i understood it would be the right audience to see the history and what we were doing and how, later, just like in the pictures that were such an inspiration, you're always going

to try to work harder. years later, these pictures really start to reflect. when you are there, you can get a sense from us, stuff goes by very quickly. you're not listening to it all and trying to sort of all-out. but we'll have this opportunity to make his imagery and then go threat, or historians or great- grandchildren will go through at -- and then go through it, or historians, or great grandchildren, they will go through it. my work is mostly black and white. i shot mostly black and white. this was the first picture i took a bill clinton during the campaign in 1991. i was photographed in this debate -- photographing this debate. i did not know who he was. he was adjusting his tie. at that point, there was

something about his sense of organization and approach to his political career. this was the cover of my book. one thing i like to do and was able to do -- everyone has talked about how they were offered the job. i worked on the campaign and when he went into the white house, i was offered the job from being the campaign photographer. they did not know what to expect. no one knew what it meant to have someone like myself following him around with a bunch of cameras all day, sticking them in his face. on the second day, we had a big talk about what i was going to do when i had not left his side. every time he turned his head, i would click another frame. you're on top of me all the time. how long will this go on? i said, well, sir, it is a real

historical responsibility. this is the presidency. we're doing this for history. i worry about missing something. i would like to work this way, but if i get too close or it gets too much, or you feel it is infringing on you in some way, please say something. there was a pause and he said, ok, that is fair. in the six years i photographed him, there were only two times where his sense of his ability to focus where he asked me to back off. he asked me twice and had someone else asked me once. [laughter] i will go through these quickly and talk about the themes here. this was clinton very close. i did not stay this close to him all the time. this was with a 28 millimeter, he was walking into the oval

office and had turned to say something to someone. i was able to get the camera up and frame the shot and it all came together. this was early in the presidency when it was as chaotic as you have heard. this was before his first address to the nation. in the back corner, you can see the white house stored with president bush. clinton was very comfortable with that. this was a meeting on somalia during the crisis that became the movie "black hawk down." once again, alan greenspan. still one of the masters of the

universe at this point, a little bit older than in earlier picture. this was in the oval office. you think everybody has been talking about you as you come through the door. [laughter] listening to the david's, obviously there is a lot of enjoyment and humor in this work. there is serious business and you do make it serious and historical. occasionally, i have a couple in here that are funny. this is an economic meeting. the president is always the center of attention which is one of the things that gets mixed in some of the ideas about the presidency -- missed in some of the ideas about -- about the presidency. someone once asked me about the show "the west wing," and they

have all these peripheral stories. everything revolves around the president. this was up in the residence. the vote is on the tv screen. you can see the first chief of staff and how they are keying off the president's moves. this is the vice president pointing out that they can get 3 50 inch monitors for everyone in the white house and in the federal government. it was all very serious about the monitors. [laughter] this is the second chief of staff, leon panetta. he was an extraordinary chief of staff and has gone on to be barack obama's head of the cia. you see people start in the government and grow. as you photograph this sense of

making these pictures and why you are doing it -- a lot of times they become an elimination for later things they do. the wonderful pictures of rooms filled and cheney -- rumsfeld and cheney have gone on to a little more acclaim. i have always liked this picture -- the three stooges and reading the president -- greeting the president. [laughter] this was a moment when he was listening to george stephanopoulos and this is when he was listening to the president. [laughter] i am standing there and president clinton at a very volatile temper. he would get worked up quickly and cool off quickly. how do you photograph that? i would have to be standing there when he got himself worked

up about something in the press that day. i would be standing there thinking, i really want to take his picture. it pcs me do it, i am in real trouble. -- if he sees me do it, i am in real trouble. i brought it up very slowly and took just one shot. i apologize for cutting off his arm. i think i caught the emotion. there is george again. [laughter] when this started, he may have been sitting up in the chair. he slowly started sliding down in the seat. this is the thing that i think about what we do that will eventually be bad -- eventually be valuable. desert storm, everything. the understanding of who they

were as people and their interaction. this is a sequence with ron emmanuel, now the white house chief of staff -- rahm emanuel, the white house chief of staff. this was after he got the first gun bill passed. .

and then the next hour, adams came in, and they sat there, but it was an opportunity to talk, and they literally were in the

same share within hours of each other, but they would not appear together -- they were literally in the same chair. it is one of the things that i think clinton is probably the most proud of. this is a picture of milosevich. of course, we would send air strikes against serbia, and he was tried as a war criminal. this is a picture of the president of china. does he not know about $400 haircuts? [laughter] and this is a photographer from the 1920's. they would then she was then 35 millimeter movie film, and he was an aristocrat in europe. there was the ascent of nazism,

and his pictures, one of the reasons i like this picture, i felt the connection to him. this is a g-8 meeting in denver. of course, helmut kohl, the prime minister of canada. richard nixon visited the white house in the early days of the clinton presidency. he wanted to talk about foreign policy, and he passed away not too long after this. this is my five presidents picture at the white house. this is one of those kind of funny moments. you are in the room with him, and you do not know what to say. you do not know what to do. president bush in the back. "what did i have in that

corner?" this was the relationship that shaped his middle years, of course, with the republican congress. newt gingrich, a couple of southern boys here, eating a little barbecue, talking. it was interesting. a shutdown, and they were back and forth, and, of course, all of the things. each time they would come down to the government, clinton would weave that spell and then go back up to the hill. "you are crazy? we are not going to deal with that guy." and then they shut down. listening to newt gingrich. you can see that bob thinks that is a good idea. these are two pictures i made on air force one. sometimes, as i said, we make these historical images. this was after the prime

minister was assassinated. we flew over for the funeral. it was a very august group. president carter. the speaker of the house. bob dole, the majority leader of the senate, and this is on the way over, and then, later on, there was a meeting to go over the details of what the funeral would be like, but, anyway, here is newt gingrich, and after we returned from this trip, all of these other gentlemen can tell you some of the presidential travels, you fly to israel for the date for a funeral and a quick series of meetings, and then you get back on the airplane and fly home -- you fly for the day. they were saying that newt gingrich had said that the reason he had shut down the government -- this must have and a couple of days later, -- he had shut down the government --

this must have been a couple of days later -- he had shut down the government. i went in and saw mike and said that i had these pictures of the president talking to bob dole and newt gingrich, and he was a very cagey guy, and he said, "why did you not make a few prints and see if anyone would want them?" i walked in with these stack -- this stack of prints, and pretty soon, they were flying in every direction. wolf blitzer was on the white house lawn, holding up these pictures. about two weeks after that, i am in the oval office at the end of a meeting, and i see this scene here, not knowing what it is. --i knew what was coming next, o i sort of flu or around the

other side and made this picture. the next day, i am coming back into work -- i sort of flew around. it had fallen through. the republicans were not going to do it now. the deal was not sufficient or something. so i went to mike and said, "mike, i have a picture of them making the deal." the word came out from the president's office that the republicans will not come if we take any more pictures of them. [laughter] this is the president walking in to see the christmas tree. each year, they decorate a big tree in the blue room. it is unveiled the night of the kennedy center honors, and the president and the fourth lady walking in, -- and the first lady walking in. he is looking at his trade.

behind him, the first lady walks in, started rearranging it -- he is looking at history -- at his tree. mrs. clinton, obviously a very important person. an interesting lady. i like her a lot. very bright, but she had her own attitudes towards things. this is during health care. this is on the way up to the health-care speech, which she was obviously very involved in. the big attempts at health care which did not go very well. -- the big attempt. this was after his first state of the union. the next, this picture is on the way to his state of union three weeks after the monica lewinsky scandal had started to unfold. there is a thing in the

military, a thousand yard staia, and i starerahm has the same thing -- 8,000 yard stare -- a thousand yard stare, and i think rahm has the same thing. in this picture is vince foster, who i think afterwards killed himself. no sense of -- i do not know what is going to come out of it. one of the interesting sort of things at this point is the president of leaving the rome. he is -- leaving the room. he is, like, "this is your

problem." this is the summer of 1998, when the monica lewinsky affair was about to come to a head, and at the same time, this is a moment in the oval office. very unusual. the first lady, i never ever saw her sitting in the chair is. it was for the vice president and the president -- i never saw her sitting in the chairs. the president after the last campaign in 1996. thank you very much. [applause] i actually push this button. i do not know if i should have. ok -- i actually pushed this button. >> well, thank you. i want to thank everyone from the lbj library for inviting me

here. nine years ago, here in austin, i interviewed for the white house job -- here in austin, texas. i will never forget what the chief of staff and the car -- andy carr told me. he said it was like drinking water through a fire hose, and he was right. so let me throw some events at you. 9/11, the war in afghanistan, the war in iraq, the columbia shuttle disaster, funerals for two presidents and when pope -- one pope, largest national disaster in u.s. history, the worst economic crisis since the

great depression. i travelled to nearly 70 countries with president bush, 49 states. during my eight years, i made nearly 1 million images, and for all of you technical people out there, the storage for the entire digital data base came in about 50 terabytes. i relished capturing the moments that you just cannot plan for it. [laughter] sometimes, you get lucky. this is at the ranch at crawford, texas. and i did have moments where i took to prepare for.

for example accommodate one of the administration. this is president bush a riding as the 43rd president, and this was also my very first time at the oval office -- president bush arriving. the for a signature as president. -- for example, day one of the administration. inauguration evening 2001, it just so there is the context to the picture, this is at the end of the knights, and the president and mrs. bush attended nearly 22 inaugural balls -- this is at the end of the night. this is on the south lawn. but nothing could prepare me for september 11, 2001.

i was with the president at the elementary school in sarasota, florida. and at approximately 9:14, when this photograph was taken, this was just minutes after andy carr whispered in the presidency years that a second airplane had hit and that america was under attack -- whispered in the president's ear. he was riding on a notepad, and i was waiting for him to look up -- he was writing on a notepad. he never did. it wasn't until 9:17 that the president was notified by the communications director who alerted everyone to the television screen, and the presidency's for the very first

time the images -- and the president sees for the very first and the images hitting the south tower. we do for the very first time the images hitting the south tower. -- and the president sees for the very first time the images of the plane hitting the south tower. approximately 10:00 a.m., the president had been evacuated from the west wing to a secure location. flight 77 had crashed into the pentagon. the flight had been hijacked. the entire u.s. aerospace had been shut down. the discussion aboard the plane turned to the president's safety. the president really wanted to go back to washington at this time, but he was advised against it. and my experience on the plane, and remember this one moment -- i remember this one moment, when

there were a lot of false reports flying around the plane, like a fast-moving object heading towards the president's ranch at crawford, and at one moment, the president came out of the cabin and said, to the i just turned back -- the president came out of the cabin and said, "i just heard that angel was the next target," and that was the coding for air force one. -- that was the code name for air force one. approximately 10:30 -- actually, there is a slight missing there, unfortunately. our first stop was an air force base, and air force one was quickly surrounded by personnel, and the staff and the press, we were all ushered to buses while the president boarded an armed

vehicle. this is also where the president received his first briefing on the status. we were there at the air force base for about two hours, and the president did another address, a taped statement, which was later sent out to the media. later that afternoon, our second stop was at an air force base in nebraska, where the president received a top-secret briefing from his military commanders inside of this room. back aboard the plane, after we left nebraska, we learned that we were finally heading back home to washington, and this image shows the air force one group trying to get some information about what was happening back home, and this

was a time before air force one was equipped with satellite tv, and in order for them to receive reception, we had to fly over a major city, so it made the day even more sour real -- surreal as the images would fade in and out. the president on the telephone. the president comforting harriett myers, who was the staff secretary at the time. and on our approach, to andrews air force base, the president and the staff noticed the f-16 fighter jets escorting us back to washington. this scene made me feel like we were truly at war. back at the white house, inside

the presidential emergency operations center, discussing the situation with vice president cheney. the next morning, september 12, national security adviser condoleezza rice watches the sun rise as the president speaks to prime minister tony rice and the telephone -- watches the sunrise as the president speaks to pry minister tony blair on the telephone. -- prime minister tony blair on the telephone. september 14, the day of national prayer. this was the moment right after the president's address. he delivered his remarks at the national cathedral, and his father reached out to grab his hand. also, on september 14, the president traveled to new york city to visit ground zero.

this is the image that was made aboard marine one as we flew of the pentagon on the way to andrews air force base for the trip, and the president is looking out at the damage of the pentagon, and also, you may notice that this is the first day that the president started wearing his flag pin. ground zero, new york city. for weeks after i made this photo, i never realized that they were actually standing on a fire truck that was crushed. the president spent nearly three hours meeting with families of the world trade center victims. this was probably the toughest situation i've ever had to photograph in my eight years at the white house. -- i ever had to photograph. there was intense sadness. the families carried photos of

the missing. they also carried signs of their names. of their loved ones. signs that said, "have you seen my mother and?" "have you seen my aunt?" -- " have you seen my mother?" september 20, the first face-to- face meeting with prime minister tony blair, which was also the evening that the president addressed the nation during a joint session of congress about the 9/11 attacks. the first week in october, a cia briefing led by cia director george tenet, and this is at camp david. october 7, the president collects his thoughts before addressing the nation about the

start of the war in afghanistan. the president holds the badge of a fallen officer george howard, given to him by his mother. the president carried this batch everywhere in the days and weeks that followed 9/11 -- the president carried this badge, and i thought it extremely important to show this badge and to show it in his hand, so i want it asked the president if i could photograph it, and he said simply yes, and he pulled it out of his pocket, and i made my picture. thank you. [applause] >> well, i am the director of the brisco center, don carletonl

, and i want to give these guys and other hand. i also want to set and what my friends said -- i want to give these guys and other hand -- another hand. mark and i have been friends -- i also want to second what my friend said. there was what marx said about the walter cronkite program -- what mark said. we hope all of your able to come back and join us. -- i hope all of you are able to come back.

this is one of the reasons that market and i thought it would be very timely to have this kind of a program -- that mark and i thought it would be very timely to have this kind of a program. we have two photographers who are with us right now, dave kinnerly and another, who worked to photograph the inauguration. i am going to ask bob mcneely and dave kinnerly to talk about the inauguration. do you guys want to talk about this? >> mcneally and i work on the project. i think there were 20 photographers -- and i worked on

the project. i chose to stay down at the white house. we had a photographer up in the head on position. we did the book for the presidential inaugural committee, so we had excellent access to the event, but my favorite pictures -- you someone in the elevator, which the clintons. the clintons. with the obama's -- with the clintons. the clintons. with the obamas. leading the white house, he never looked back, and it was one of the incredible moments -- leaving the white house. he has had it. this is enough of this. he never looked back.

obama is coming around. that is the last time he will ever do it as president, because normally the president gets right into the car, and there is the young man who is taking over the reins, and i have been to five of those transitions, in one of the great things about our country is the transfer of power, and this particular transition was really smith -- smooth. president george w. bush mandated that the doors be open to the obama people, and those two photographs did it for me. in the elevator, and another we saw up there was obama coming into the white house at the end of the inaugural ball to spend their first night as the first family.

>> one of the things that i have talked a little bit about, i have lived in washington for about 30 years, from 1972 until about 2000, and for me, i spent the inaugural day, while david was nice and warm inside the white house, i was not on the mall, and it was about 10 degrees, -- i was out on the mall. i wanted to be part of the celebration. that city, the people who live there day in and day out as opposed to the transitory, the media, politicians, the people who come and go, the people who call washington home, they had gone through a transition. it has gotten a lot better, but for a long time, it was under the direction of some of these old congressional chairman of these committees. it was sort of a second thought. there is no real caring.

schools were bad. an african american community, i should say, as well, a large african-american community, so this inaugural washington was an extraordinary moment, and some of the pictures i made on the mall and interaction with the people there that day, despite being 10 degrees, people out there at 5:00 in the morning, when the sun was coming up, and all of the older ladies and their dress shoes. i was out there in eight layers of thermal wear and insulated boots, and i was freezing. there was a photograph of a father standing there with his young child wrapped in a blanket, and he had been out there for hours, and he wanted to be there. it has not made his job any easier. he does not get a pass on been president in any way, but in terms of what it meant -- he

does not get a pass on being president. >> bob, thanks. you'll notice, mr. kinnerly, taking your picture. >> they will be available for $10 apiece. [laughter] >> ok, we want to take some questions from you, and we have some microphones in the aisles here, so we need for you to go to the mic, make your way to the microphones so we can get your questions and so that everyone can hear them and that we can also record them, and i think we have got some coming up here now to ask a question. henry? >> we thank you and mark for a fantastic evening, and we really

appreciate what you have done for us. [applause] and, don, my question has to do with the fact that to me, our newest president, president obama, and his wife seemed to have such a very close relationship -- seem to have such a very close relationship, and i wonder if any of you have anything to say about the relationship of the president's with their individual wife -- of the president's with their individual wife? >> that is probably as complicated a relationship, the clinton relationship, as anything i have seen in my life. they are both so hard working. i have people tell me that is really just a partnership, is it not? no, it is not. there is an extraordinary amount

of affection there but also an extraordinary amount of disappointment. bill clinton, part of his charm, is referred to as today boyish charm -- referred to as "and boyish charm -- to "boyish charm," there are a lot of mistakes. how did he get away with that? he did not get away with it. ultimately, he did not. that is right. and i will let the other gentleman talk about what they observed. -- let the other gentlemen talk. >> the entire bush family. it was one of those things that

once you got on the inside, you were on the inside. faith, family, and friendship, and loyalty, and it started at the core, with george and barbara bush, but if you go back further to george bush sr.'s parents and how they raised him, i saw that from his childhood. he would come home from playing soccer as a little boy and say, "hey, we won the game," and his mother would say, "how did the other team do? how were they?" so it was about not bragging on yourself. when the berlin wall came down, people were telling george bush that he should go and stand on the wall and waved the flag, --

wave the flag, but he would say that was for the germans to celebrate. when you take the family aspect and apply to public policy, -- and applied it to public policy, there was a never-ending ease on the part of george bush, and one of the big successes that he always claimed is that his children always came home and having the love and respect of his children was the most important thing he accomplished in his great career. >> i would like to follow up on what date mentioned on george w. bush -- what david mentioned. every year that i was at the white house, every christmas,

the president would have his family at camp david, without hesitation, and that was very, very important for him, and to me, as a photojournalist, as a visual storyteller, it just create another layer of a very important part of history, to have two presidents together, father and son, to me, any time the family was together -- take, for example, his brother jeb, who was the governor of florida during that crucial time. another way to look at the presidency, because of that legacy, because of the generational part of that story. it is very, very fascinating. >> david, you were almost a member of the family.

>> well, the fords were extremely close. the day that mrs. ford went to the hospital, they did not tell anybody at all about what was going on. mrs. johnson and the two daughters visited mrs. ford that day and took a tour of the white house. actually, it is one of the pictures and the book --ñi in te book, an extraordinary circumstances, ñrand mrs. ford d not say anything about it -- is when the pictures in the book, extraordinary circumstances. -- it is one of the pictures in the book. i found this picture, and in the fourtrds' bedroom, -- there

was the suitcase, and that was the suitcase she took to the hospital with her, and i will never forget, as i was very close. they treated me as a member of the family. when president ford got the word that she had to have this operation, he cried, and i did not photograph that. it was a really private moments, but they were extremely close. -- it was a really private moment. i was brought up by a mom and a dad who were together. i learned a lot from them as a couple and as family people. i think a lot of the photographs really reflect that. certainly the clintons with their daughter, that is pretty

much the mix. >> right over here. >> what was security like? what about secret -- the secret service? and did they ever want to crop the photographs? >> no, we worked with them a lot. we have not talked about this, but we would go through training with sen. we were close. they wanted us to be aware of what they were doing, but at the same time, they helped us do our job. at times, we could be helpful. if there was any kind of research than when it wanted to go back into a crowd pictures, they knew -- when they wanted to go back into a crowd pictures -- into crowd pictures, they knew that we had pictures of the rope

lines. >> i went to take a second to recognize somebody who should be recognized -- i want to take a second to recognize somebody. that is lucy. [applause] >> i just want to tell you the other side of this story. >> mrs. ford had asked us to come to tea. she had not been for the dedication that day, and there was nothing particularly unusual about that. the president had come. she asked us to come later on that afternoon. it was a divide and conquer story that affects first family's always, and we had a delicious time -- that affects first families alwyas. -- always.

mrs. ford was letting us see our rooms, something i had not done since i left, and it was thrilling we ran home, i confess, to turn on the tv media -- and it was thrilling. we ran home. to see how it had played out for the dedication of the grove, and there were no pictures of the dedication of the growtve. there was simply the picture of mrs. ford's leaving the white house with that suitcase in hand -- of mrs. ford leaving. and betty ford had been close friends all of the way through their congressional time together, and mrs. ford did not

need to make any excuses. they could have called and simply said there has been a change in schedule, and we would have understood, and that was an afternoon where you would have fairly respected a need for the first lady to be with just her husband or just for children or just alone or doing anything but entertaining us, and i think it tells the story, for is, obviously, about the extraordinary caliber of president and mrs. ford, but it also tells the story of first families, because whether you are a republican or democrat, a sense of appreciation to celebrate and comfort each other regardless of what perspective you come from, that sense of fraternity, that only us can

understand what each other are going through. it was really quite extraordinary, and that photograph hangs on my wall of what a reminder -- of a remark -- as a reminder of what it was to be a part of that accidental birds, to watch that extraordinary parade of history -- a part of that accidental birth. we have been talking about the history of the president's. -- presidents. i know that harry shares my feelings. all of you tonight are making one of lady bird johnson's fondest dreams come true. you have packed the house. [laughter] [applause]

and, oh, how much i wish that my mother had lived to see this wonderful collaboration. during the last five years of mamma's life, here is this extraordinary woman. she used to say, "i am 25-year- old woman trapped in a 95-year- old body." and she was legally blind, and she could not walk, but she had this vibrant, vibrant mind, so it was, what to do? how to keep her from being on the sidelines of life, and she got two degrees from the university of texas, and one was in history, and the other was in journalism, and what better preparation there could have been for the life that she had,

and one day, i decided i knew what we could do. we will take a field trip over to the american history center over at the university, and was that not one of the most delicious afternoons that you and i have ever had? it really was special. so i just want to let you know, mark, that maybe i can speak for harry to say that how thrilling it is tonight to see the two of you collaborating, to see all of you out here, to see the lbj library cell alive -- so a lot with the appreciation of history and country and learning -- to see the lbj library so alive. not just a place to focus on the past, but to focus on the future and focus on each other coming together to appreciate it

all, says thank you. >> thank you. thank you. -- so thank you. [applause] >> that was not a setup, i promise you. thank you so much. we have time for just a couple of questions. let me just add that there is one of the more renowned photographer is in the united states who covered the presidency for "time" magazine. what is your question? >> what happens when the circus leaves town? i know that you all had this incredible assignment, 24/7, for a whole administration, and i know what that constitutes as

far as your personal life. there were the telephones that went directly to the white house. so i do know that after president ford left the white house, and you came back, and ordinary photographer, i know that was a bit of a wrenching stop, and i would like to ask all of you, what happens when you head been in the center of all of this for so long, and all of a sudden, it stops -- what happens when you have been in the center of all of this for so long? >> having been on the street the longest, it was one of the most difficult things ever for me, and lucy knows, having been in the family, it is all of a sudden, the motorcade screeches to a stop, and you are thrown

out, and you are standing there, and the motorcade takes off, and you are not in it, and all of a sudden, you have to pay for your phone bill. you have to stop at red lights. no more rides on air force one. it was a magical trip for me as a young guy for a small guy in oregon. i had no background in the news business or in the photography business, and to be sitting there, photograph and the president of the united states, is one -- photograph in the president of the united states. -- photographing the president of united states. anyone who knows me knows i am not a depressed person. i was sent off to the middle east for three months. some people might say that is

not really a good news assignment, but i went out and capitalized on many of the contacts i had, and i went to saudi arabia. it totally got me back in the mainstream, and it was one of the best things ever happened. >> you saw the picture in the helicopter. we flew down on what was a special air mission, whatever, and there were some former staff on the plane, and they said goodbye and got in the car and drove off, and i got on the

plane and flew back to andrews air force base, and there were not that many people on the plane, and i had to go back to the white house because the camera's eye had belonged to the cameras -- i had to go back to the white house because the cameras belong to their. -- blonde -- belonged there. the next morning, i was going to do an interview on the "today" show, ancd katie couric was going to do it, but at the last second, it was brian.

i had done a few other interviews on that show. so i thought that brian may do a little digging. i thought i can say whatever i want to say, so i went in very relaxed, but in the green room, before i went out, a cameraman from florida called the green room and said, you are going to beyond. what are you going to do? i said i did not know. i was kind of negotiating with the walt disney company, and brian over heard of it -- over heard that. -- overheard that.

but bryant said, just before we but on the air, it -- brian said, just before we went on the air, he did a golf tournament down in florida, and if i needed any help, he would help me. and i was a photographer for the what disney company for several years. -- for the walt disney company. i actually photographed a birthday, so i was the photographer at a girl's birthday party. it was an experience. but, you know, then going to the

walt disney company was just an incredible experience. when i was at the white house, digital photography was just coming along. kodak photo cd's and all of that technology, and i was thinking, wow wow, if we get reelected, i will go digital -- and i was thinking, wow, if we get reelected, i will go digital. they were advertising publicity photography, and actually skewered them into creating a department -- i actually steered them into creating the department. that was a real change. it took me awhile to switch over from.

documentary photography -- switch over from pure documentary photography to -- >> you came up with the "avatar" idea, right? [laughter] >> when disney was starting to partner with pixar and doing debate toy story -- and doing "toy story," there was some of that going on, so it was interesting. i went back to the federal government and and they're right there -- and a.m. there right now. -- and a.m. there right now -- and am there right now.

>> they swing you through the gate. you get your parking space, and you walk into the oval office, and you start shooting film, and people are waiting to take it and developed it -- develope it, and the next day, that is all gone. it is a great job for people who like to shoot lots of pictures and who likes to have a front- row seat in history. there is really no way to prepare for it other than being interested in history and being at the right place at the right time, and then, when it is over, it cannot be relived. you have to move on fairly quickly, and i think that is what we all tried to do. you go back to taking pictures and making good ones and

enjoying what you do. i want to thank everyone. there is 1 million images there. i am amazed by eric's story. it is just amazing. the gentleman who is doing it now is doing a wonderful job. with the obama material. >> exactly one year. >> 13 hours. >> i can truly say, david said, in terms of difficulties, -- as david said, in terms of difficulties, one of the things

i wanted to do was get my head and my body completely out of washington, so i went back to another place. i am open to the best opportunity i can find. [laughter] [applause] i am waiting for that. you cannot really compare the white house job to anything. it is such a unique experience. certainly, it is the best job for a photographer in the world. >> we are wrapping up, because we want to give you plenty of time to enjoy what we have in the great hall of this building, and as you leave the room, we would appreciate it if you would go out the rear to be we're here, and i would like to again thank these fine guys for being

here and for sharing these stories with us -- if you would go out to the rear, to the rear here. [applause] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2010] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] >> coming up, the future of the guantanamo detention facility. from the army intelligence corps, there are also members from families.

and tonight, a representative from microsoft on what is called cloud computing. "the communicators" coming up at our companion network, c-span2. >> "american presidents" online, at the c-span website,. >> updated and re-released just in time for presidents day, "who is buried in grant's tomb?" contributor richard norton smith. >> it is a wonderful way to personalize the past, to take

movements that otherwise might seem impossibly remote. we are all one day going to be on our deathbed. we are all going to face growing old. we all have to wrestle with mortality, and, i mean, those are some of the themes. but it is also -- there are lots of stories, lots of anecdotes. >> available now at your favorite bookseller, or ordered directly from the publisher. >> a live look at the u.s. capitol here where a light snow is falling and flags are flying at half staff in honor of john murtha, who