there are better ways to control costs. we could use health i.t. and get more efficiency that way. we could get doctors to manage care better and talk to each other a little bit more so that we're not ordering tests that have already been performed or encouraging people to see more specialists than they need to see. so there are ways to manage care without denying care. .

>> there is a tremendous amount of misinformation that's been circulated on the web and other avenues. i am not the person to say that this law is perfect or that it doesn't need to be fixed here and there, but i do think that the system we have had up to date has been broken. it doesn't work for many millions of people. there are now 52 million, or 51 million people who do not have health insurance. as a society we need to help each other out. this law's a step towards

helping people access the care that they need, more affordably, and i hope it's allowed to work. host: i think i can get in one real quick question. joe, are you there? you have a quick question for us? caller: i was curious, there is a lack of information. i was wondering how the common person who doesn't have health insurance would go about signing up for this new health plan? and if there are going to be any repercussions from this plan may be revoked or something? host: are you talking about the limited benefits plan? caller: yes. host: can people still sign up? guest: they could. one source you might try is healthcare.gov, type in your zip code and it will ask you information about yourself and you may be able to find a plan in your area. if you are interested in the limited benefit plan, i would be

very careful to look very closely at your policy, find out what exactly it does cover, what it doesn't cover, and what the caps might be on your policy. you need to go into these things with your eyes opened. host: that's it for our discussion. thank you very much for being here this morning. thank you for taking our viewers' questions. we have a lot coming up i want to talk about. this afternoon, 1:00 eastern time former secretary of state condoleezza rice will be at the national press club. she's out on a book tour talking about her new memoir. i'm sure she'll be addressing that and taking questions from the audience at the national press club. can you see it live on c-span at 1:00 p.m. eastern. also the urban institute has been meeting. that's on c-span2 today, c-span3 at noon the hudson institute, u.s.-japanese relations. this weekend we'll be at the texas book festival. you can see live coverage of current nonfiction books on booktv over the weekend.

let me tell you what's next. we'll take you to an interesting discussion not like anything we have been talking about today. it's the year ahead in space. and this is hosted by the center for strategic and international studies. it has panelists which include the european space agency, the japanese aerospace exploration agency, germans, and also the french along with the americans, of course. [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2010] >> the national space policy extends the operation of the international space station likely to 2020 or beyond, refocuses exploration, and stresses earth science missions. few if any of these are things the u.s. does alone. nor is the u.s. alone in facing important questions about the future of its space activities. so we have invited representatives of other space agencies here today to talk about what the year ahead holds

for them. what are the missions they are undertaking and the decisions they are facing? as i introduce, the director of the washington office of the japan aerospace exploration agency, jaxa, andreas diekmann, juergen drescher who heads the washington office for the german aerospace center. and emmanuel di lipkowski, space attache and representative at the french embassy. i have asked each of them to give short remarks and we'll open up the floor for discussion. i'd first like to turn to mr. kamimori for his remarks. >> thank you. my name is norimitsu kamimori. i am at jaxa with the

washington, d.c. office. i have appreciated today for csis to give me such a nice opportunity to introduce how our organization is. today i speak about jaxa. some changes in schedule. i tried to speak about from the u.s. national space policy. generally in fact right now jaxa is changing. because jaxa is implementing the r&d organization and we have to wait the government and political decision. that usually takes much time, slowly. so now i speak about the jaxa activities. for introduction i introduced the jaxa as an organization and simultaneously it's a program

formulation. this graph, jaxa used to conduct all activities except human space transportation due to the limits of our budget. after the jaxa budget is about $1.8 billion, that is 1/10 of the nasa budget and 1/3 of the europe budget. but japan as a single country is doing well to conduct such a wide activity of activities and atape high technical capabilities and to get a significant achievement such -- so in the bottom line, we have a technical service section such as consolidated space tracking

and data acquisition department. this department is most effective from a u.s. space policy right now because this department process data, the data for space awareness. therefore it's very busy because they supportive japanese as a consultant. last month when u.s. delegation visited japan for meeting for the space security corporation. i have this -- i heard this meeting was successful in direction. so i noted jaxa is just a city organization. but we have -- but i think we will have the security space sector after these other technical consultian because jaxa's only one governmental organization in japan having

technical capability on s.s.a. as well as the technologies. among these programs of jaxa, these i.s.s. and exploration programs is most effective from u.s. space policy. next i think these programs and exploration programs. i.s.s. program is most important for u.s., and international relationship. japan could do much experience and make good conversations through big problems. we, japan, can strongly join in,

but the on the other hand this is a big project so we have to take a big budget. it's a very headache for japan, as well as a country. jaxa used to pay over 20% of jaxa whole budget every year. i guess this payment propulsion might be highest among another international partner. but nevertheless in the summer japanese government started the space policy, started to agree the space i.s.s. extension beyond 2015 because of the importance of i.s.s.

so japanese people was very happy. another topic is the h.t.v. return capability. they have decided to study the ability for h.t.v., return vehicle, as materials. additionally, we expect that this return capability could expand to human return flight capability in the future. we think that this return vehicle is good strategy for jaxa. next topic for exploration program, this year jaxa

exploration program could get many achievement, in particular return to the earth, actually personally i have not been able- -so honestly in fact the budget was postponed every year. but this significant achievement changed everything so in particular japanese foreign minister commented on the mission which was quite unusual for prime minister to comment on the space project. we think very good change for

space in japan. for the several months we were looking for the particles from an asteroid, and few weeks before we could find the particle from asteroid, but these particles are very small, about one micron, so we are planning analysis using synchronous radiation. so we have to take more time to complete the analysis. concerning booster success, i must say our organization in particular, nasa helped us to decide a proper return orbit and connected by nasa's deep space network. i want to share this.

thank you very much. and the next topic is this is 40 meter by 40 meter membrane. this experiment was successful. and another the most sensitive part to see was also successful launch on this may. as a result, hiasutsu will be launched and to see type asteroid and get over the asteroid.

le it is a little bit different from the goal over u.s. asteroid for the time being. in japan, it's asteroid exploration is following but the other hand, luna exploration planning is not in good situation right now. last year, 2009, it was successful and then jaxa wanted to start follow-on mission. actually we wanted to conduct both project. on this august japanese started hit quarter for space policy

decided the continuity over luna , this slide. but to study phase continuously. this means officially no change to continue, to continue just study phase. so practically the human scenario was affected by u.s. space policy change, and so we must reconsider this human scenario. finally, it was decided to stay in concept study phase on 2011 budget.

because we were using the same budget and responsibility was mixed and heads of jaxa decided to hire and take advantage in the next year and limited budget situation. i'd like to speak about the launch program. japanese national launcher was successful continuously 12 times in this august launch. jaxa studied a new rocket. the rocket cost of production, quick, responsible -- quick response to launch, and rocket technology.

this program over three subprograms. among these programs this august we launched a satellite. this satellite in japanese sky which helps user signal augmentation for u.s. g.p.s. satellite. because these satellite stay eight hours in the sky, we have to have two or three things and additionally g.e. or satellite in order to provide a proper service. but this situation depend on the political decision in the near future.

for the time being it's unclear. on the satellite project will be on schedule if we were successful to get a 2000 budget. jaxa recognized the satellite important to contribution. in particular gw-1 will join the nasa and incorporate with noaa and the full nasa g.d.m. spacecraft we will provide a d.r. frequency radar sensor as well as half care spacecraft we provide presentation rate. so we know u.s. space policy forecast is importance over our observation. we agree to accelerate the schedule.

basically jaxa wants to corroborate more withs in a collaborate more with nasa and internationally, but the overwhelm issue for jaxa is a lack of budget to participate in a joint project. and i'd like to comment a satellite, it will be used for disaster monitoring. current active satellite is widely used by agencies in japan . jaxa studied to provide the data . azia is a data distribution system to arabian countries, and we study the capacity building to processing and monitoring the observation data through this region space agency forum.

so that as the country is monitored via the satellite. the next meeting will be held on the coming november in melbourne, arrest. -- australia. i heard over 30 countries and united nations and other international organizations will participate at this summit. thank you very much for your attention. >> our next speaker will be mr. andreas diekmann from the european space agency. >> good morning.

thank you csis for this opportunity and i realize that csis quite off regularly have acresse which address international space activities and international activities. i appreciate that. it is also recognized that the new national space policy puts such an emphasis on international cooperation. it is a good reason and pleasure for me to give remarks on these activities and plans for the next year. esa has 18 member states, we will soon be 19. we expect romania to join us in december. we have about $5 billion per year. part of it coming from the european union. the major share from our member states. this tells us that e.s.a. is not the only institutional space player in europe. we have two representatives of space agencies here at the

table. and the european union is playing an increasingly important role in the space activities in the future. since 2009, the so-called treaty provided the european union an official mandate in having initiative in space activities which was not formally the case before, although e.s.a. and the european commission worked a long time together. also worked together on a european space policy. but a mandate to have an initiative and be active in space activities is only established since the receipt -- treaty in 2009. what does it mean? the european union already now has lead into g.m.s., global monitoring environment and security and observation system. and also for galileo, the european navigation system. it will more and more take over

or have a play a major role in our activities. european space policy spells out further priorities for the future. the space and climate change. space and security. space situational awareness as an example. and exploration where europe also has an interest to play a significant role in any future space exploration endeavor. apart from that, of course, the european you space agency remains the botied of expertise -- body of expertise of technology and implementation of projects in europe and science and international space station, for instance, remain in the realm of the european space agency. having the european union playing a more significant role means we in europe have now the situation that space is discussed on a much higher political level that have before. an agency is an agency but not a political body per say. now we have the political union in charge and part of it gives us more political weight.

you see the european union is the couldn'ter parts of the department of state or department of defense in security related matters. last but not least, we hope the european union will be able to allocate fund for future space activities. the next budget cycle of the european union will spart in 2014, and we hope that the european union will be able to allocate funds and specifically for space exploration, human space exploration. it's a moment for space exploration. certainly there are quite a number of uncertainties. as well on the u.s. side. i believe the nasa organization still does not fully provide us a scenario where we know which direction we go. and in europe the situation is well unclear. we are not sure which priorities we will take. what responsibility we'll have available. human exploration certainly an area both sides are partners in

the world will have to find a common part and common vision. to give you some ideas what -- from the european space agency point of view, the four main categories or aspects of space exploration we think should be considered in such emerging scenario. the first one is that we believe that the international space station is the first step of an exploration program. europe invested heavily in the international space station. we very much appreciate that the united states decided to extend the operational lifetime of the space station in 2020, which is also supported by europe. we think we have now to improve the cost benefit output of this endeavor. so we have on the one hand to see how we can reduce costs by more intelligent operation of the station. on the other hand, to have perhaps

the means necessary to make it a success story. we believe we don't have it successfully implemented, it will be difficult, particularly in europe, to convince member states and politicians to invest in the next human space endeavor, meaning exploration. success of the space station is one critical element in any further discussion of the exploration program. second aspect is a balance between robotic and human exploration. we think that when we talk about exploration we should not only look into human exploration which is very often the main focus of discussion, we have established a very successful and promising corporation in row matic mass exploration, for instance. we were able to almost integrate

our programs. we have now two joint missions which provide us the possibility to have a joint program for robotic exploration. we might see similar endeavors and plans for the future. while we have already established successful corporation in robotic exploration, in human exploration, we still have to work on that. the third aspect is that we think we should consider a more common approach in space transportation. i would like -- a common space transportation policy. it is sure that any future human exploration scenario the cornerstone will be the transportation infrastructure. i cannot foresee that any, if we want to have an international corporation exploration, it will also involve transportation infrastructure elements. it doesn't mean that we have to build jointly a common launcher, but we should at least -- we should start with having defining common interface that is allows us to have a more intelligent combination of our

capabilities. for instance, at the moment we are not in the position to dock with the u.s. part of the space station. i think any future exploration scenario and architecture should allow us to more intellectually put together our capabilities we have developed in the different parts of the world in transportation to have a robust, redundant scenario for space transportation. what we call a common transportation polcy. the idea is to have a common vision on the transportation architecture which is required. we have to define what is required. what we have already available. what do we need to develop? who takes the role to develop what? i think this is an ambition which is suddenly very much at the enter of our thoughts. the fourth aspect is that while we have very well established for yalm for designing exploration scenarios and architectures, specifically the

group of the international space exploration coordination group, 40 member states, doing fantastic work in designing and laying out proposals for future exploration scenario. what is missing is we believe a discussion and evolution of a joint exploration vision on political level. it might be missing we have a forum where we can discuss those topics on a more political forum. europe has started, was an endeavor to at least define on political high level, in the so-called high level conference on space exploration, the first one was last year in prague and few weeks, next week in brussels will be the second meeting where it is organized by the european

union by the european commission, and brings together all the european ministers in charge for space in order to discuss european vision for space exploration and define what could be our priorities. it is certainly a process which will take longer than two meetings and it will not be the last one we'll see, but i think it is a starting point. we have invited also international partners, and it might become the nucleus of an initiative which might be political forum on the global level to discuss priorities and roads for space exploration. looking more completely into project and missions we have in the next year, we will be looking forward to the launch of two further launchers in theure peaian launch portfolio, veega -- vaguea, which will -- vega, which will happen earlier next year. medium and small payloads class launcher. we in the human space flight

area we are looking forward to having the second launch of our a.t.v., logistics vehicle. we have an increment flight in december this year. six month stay on the space station. it will be welcoming for a.t.v.2, and other european will be in board when a.m.s. will be launched next year. we see the launch of the first two galley layo satellites next year. galileo satellites next year. and we have the launch of the higha, broad band communication satellite. we'll continue to develop or g.m.s. satellites. in the more scientific or research area we launched this year and last year three so-called explorer missions, and preparing this program for further launches not next year but the year after. so i think we have a quite rich feel of activities in front of

us. and looking forward to discuss all that and in particular what exploration is concerned with our international partners, and particularly with the u.s. which of course is our main partner in those of most endeavors. thank you very much. >> next i'd like to welcome dr. juergen drescher from d.l.r. >> good morning, ladies and gentlemen. it's a pleasure for me to be here and actually thank you for inviting after andreas and norimitsu east nice introduction, i want to give you some highlights the year ahead in space, how does it look like for the german r&d program in space. focus a little bit on space station satellite services, and also for the technologies for the ground. d.l.r. as you know has a triple

function deal. germ's space agency, d.l.r. r&d research establishment with 30 institutes and 6,000 employees and on behalf of the german government, d.l.r. is also fulfilling a mission called a project management office. in the upper line of this slide you see our portfolio. this consists aeronautics, space, energy research, transportation research, and its application, since 2009 we have a new office that deals with security research. this project management office on behalf of the ministries, ministry transportation, ministry of economics, ministry of research we provide money and support to german researchers in the different fields, aviation related, transportation related, and one of the big things is we have also established a network of school labs and space for

improvement to engage more young scientists and students in the field of development. to see a little bit how it's spread, the most -- biggest part of d.l.r.'s activities is 45% is space activities. followed by 39% aviation. research related activities. 10% we are dealing with the transfer of technologies that means application from aviation in space, advanced materials, navigation, propulsion, batteries, new technology for so-called next generation train, and question of renewables and safety of our environment, global climate change, any applications that deal with

research and the special focus on solar technology, himing -- hijack -- hydrogen technologies and so on. to know a little bit our budget here are the numbers, in total we have $1.4 billion euros, you will find these numbers in -- you can download this -- it will be published. i want to focus more on this in total for the space we have in the program something like 905 million euros, where 66% of this amount we pay into e.s.a. and the other to components, this is the r&d, research and development, 14%. and the national space program of germany, 20%. and to understand how these

finances are distributed, i want to show you this figure that shows you the main directions, the main topics, starting with the most important one, followed by satellite communication navigation, space science, research and micrographity environment, then special attention we pay to the international space station, germany's contribution to e.s.a., 40% of this we pay into the international space station and our government is very keen to see good results to come of the further ideas and investment in such technologies. of course d.l.r. is also partner together with others in space transportation, and last but not least, space technology development that focuses on what we call today's space situation

awareness, space monitoring, asteroid finders, and others. this figure once more shows you how much money goes into different fields, but it's interesting maybe all of you know that nasa came up with a new office, the office of the chief technologist, we have seen a lot of his presentation since march, this year, d.l.r.'s money and d.l.r.'s efforts are spread approximately in this manner that 52% of our activities are focused on technology research. and technology development. 12% is science focused and 36% is the applications. here the applications, this is applied remote sensing, communication navigation, and the space sciences.

to give you some highlights, this image show you already 3-d images from the mars with special cameras or from the life science, the experiment onboard i.s.s. and development of countermeasures for longer duration space flight to mars. this is a cornerstone. if we do not solve these questions, we cannot speak about human space flight beyond our orbit. in the middle you see the earth observation where maybe you have seen in some other presentations the breathtaking images. this year we launched tan dumb ash ash tandem, two satellites flying in formation and they are creating the 3-elevation models of the earth. in the lower parters space transportation and space robotics.

in robotics, especially was focused on spatial situation awareness, a special topic like technology for life extension of orbital vehicles is important for the future. servicing of satellites, or bital mitigation, repair of satellites, and to reach such of those, we use the international space station to develop robotic technologies that means components that work in space under very harsh environmental conditions in outer space. this picture shows you what the primary goals are. d.l.r. is in charge to sleff scientific knowledge. we are -- develop scientific knowledge. we are supporting small enterprises and industry in germany for commercial applications. germany is the only country that has in the e.s.a. framework an

initiative for the commercial i.s.s. utilization. and of course our government is also pay -- pays a lot of extension that space services give a payoff. public outreach for the service for the public services. here special application i will show it later on. we started in 2009 with space monitoring and applications for galileo to improve the navigation of g.p.s. applications and we call it in a special framework the safety of life applications. i told you already in the remote sensing area, if you can see the highlights since 2008. how in january, 2011, tandem x

will be in operational mode that means both satellites circle around each other with a distance of 300 meters in the shortest and 600 meters in the longest, and they met the earth in three die mentions and create the first existing 3d -- the additional elevation model. in addition to the radar satellites, d.l.r. is also active in the field of optical satellites. maybe you remember the rapid eye constellation, you had already in orbit and especially for the services for insurance companies, for agriculture planning, and also for security applications, a good -- a lot of nice data. for the future d.l.r. has a plan to go ahead, especially in the cooperation with goddard and j.p.l., grace was a satellite system, it's called graphity and

climate experiment. breathtaking data came out from melting icecaps, all the climate change data that we get are from iceland and greenland. showed the rising ocean levels and maybe some of you had the opportunities in prague at i.f. to be at the lecture rising ocean levels. jim from j.p.l. headed this lecture. you can go to youtube and find this and this shows you the latest results on this. for d.l.r., our challenge is after mapping the earth in x band we want to map the earth in l band to have an estimation for biomass. if we have a 3d model with the earth with vegetation and later on we are able to launch the tandem, we have the earth without vegetation.

this would be specially for environmental sciences, for global climate change as well as for the security applications a very good tool. by the way, the ameages are not only used for -- images are not only used for land imaging. this year we got in good contact with coast guard and a lot of very interesting maritime applications of the x band including maritime security to detect hydrogened ships and piracy and to -- hijacked ships to solve piracy problems. in the field of communication, navigation, i want to point out one highlight. we were able to conduct successfully first in the world a satellite laser cross-link between terrasar-x and nfire and institute for common

communication 1/2ation we are working on the uplink and downlink of data for instance higher amount of remote sensing data can be downlinked using laser beams and also to control a satellite or to control a robot on the surface of the mars or moon using a laser beam much this is the challenge for the future. that means we are developing airborne and also for space am applications laser terminals to have a better -- an additional communication partway for future space exploration. -- pathway for future space am exploration. -- space exploration. several years ago nobody understood the space weather. if you come to a government representative and say we are doing space weather monitoring, he said, you are kidding. what are you talking about? and now together in e.s.a. framework we have ground stations in europe, in germany,

by berlin that are able to monitor satellite to look at the solar wind and to have a forecasting to correct g.p.s. models, especially if aircraft fly with single channel g.p.s., and we have problems with density of the electrons in the ionnies fear, then the g.p.s. data we get they are wrong and they have to be recalculated and corrected. we call it here the safety of life application, and this is one of the most important activities in the s.s.e. corporation. about space exploration you see outstanding 3d images from the mars. we are looking forward, andreas pointed out already, mars 2016, 2018 use the framework to go for it. some years to go in space news

was published, germany goes to the moon. unfortunately our budget, our governmental accountability office didn't put enough something like 350 million euros in the budget to have a national german mission. so we are focusing in moon missions with other countries. and this focuses on robotics, drills, and last but not least also providing robotic technologies for central return. with this i come to the next topic using international space station. this is the starting point, space exploration is very kindly connected in a german national space program with the

organization of the space station. and here the space station especially columbus model and maybe also in the future if we can combine research into columbus with research into kebow, that brings us the opportunity on one hand side to improve our knowledge in the life sciences, development of counter measures which i already pointed out, but also advanced materials. maybe future topic in this direction is also the development of photovoltaic technologies for space, solar power technology. where the space station could be an excellent test bed to develop such a methodology. my final highlight picture of the d.r. -- d.l.r. r&d activities focuses on space, transportation, here on one side i want to if he cuss on systems

like you see in the future, lightweight new materials for new rocket engines. in addition to chemical propulsion, d.l.r. is active in development of electric propulsion. they are involved in the flpp launcher. it's not only important to reach the space station or to reach moon and mars, it's also important to bring payload scientific data or materials back. for that a program called re-entry experiment. here you see the name sharp edge flight experiment. it's the development of new materials and technologies for space re-entry vehicles. so-called the hyper sonic

re-entry research is the topic where d.l.r. is working very tightly together with the leading partners in the world. at the moment we are running experiments with the air force in australia and testing materials and special consideration of re-entry vehicles. andreous pointed out the balance between -- andreas pointed out the balance between human and robotic exploration. for an efficient utilization of the international space station, d.l.r. wants to promote capabilities and technologies for operation and presence. for this reason we started an experiment scenario in 2005, called robotic component, rokviss, this was to follow on

after experiments we conducted on the space shuttle already this started in 1984, for instance, catching free flying objects in space. operating arms and robots in space. developing human noid robots. for instance, we have a robot in our robotic center called justin that looks a little bit like the r-2. nasa wants to send an r-2 to the international space station and if there is a transatlantic interaction that robots from germany and robots from the united states or from other countries work together, then maybe such what you already know from the movies, the r2-d2 will be one day an example where robotic specialists can show what -- can show their

capabilities and that's support of human missionings in the field of space -- missions in the field of space exploration. another topic i told you already, robotics for orbital life vehicles. robotics to serve, maybe to -- if satellites are not cooperative anymore, to catch them and bring them to another orbit to graveyard orbit or organize orbitting. these are really challenging tasks that we have on our portfolio. and this year some of you, some people traveled to prague and if we have conferences in europe, please do not be shy. please do not hesitate. call me or contact me. where the research facilities are for aeronautics.

and for the materials and energy in the south. stuttgart, the test facilities for the rocket engines. and in the north nearby berlin the center for the space situation awareness and space monitoring. we would be happy to find partners also using our facilities together. research aircraft. you still remember three months ago we had this problem with this cloud where any air transportation -- ash loud where any air transportation to europe was blocked and d.l.r. aircraft was used to monitor the ash cloud and give advice to the ministry of transportation. the experiment is conducted by the help of the partners from our mobile rocket base. and we have a lot of research especially also for the i.s.s.

organization. this starts with nutrition, monitoring, counter measure developments, the development of radio protection sensors. and other especially in the field of advanced materials research, other facilities. so this rounds out my presentation that you should understand d.l.r. as a research facility that has an approach we are we are not only focusing on the i.s.s. and deep space research mission, we are trying to bring the engineers together and come to a model where we can use the applications from space, directly for the needs for our people under ground. this is a good argument to keep our funding alive and to convince our government that we are on the right track.

so we developed a logo and movie if you are interested, i can provide you it. it's a movie that shows very short video sequences of the technology that i have presented in high definition video. we call it knowledge for the moment. thank you very much for your attention. please come up later on those questions when my colleague, emmanuel, is ready with his presentation. >> thank you. we can serm provide a limming to that video on our website as well. our final speaker today is emmanuel di lipkowski from the french space agency. >> hello, everybody. thank you so much for inviting

us for this very great occasion. i think it's the first time that we are together and speaking to this great audience of space people since the passing of the bill for the nasa jet. it's an interesting time where again -- we are again living in washington, d.c. so i would like to say that i'm very -- do i agree very much with what andreas said before about the vision in front of us on the space exploration and space cooperation with the u.s. a little bit broader than that. i didn't bring any presentation power point point so i will do like andreas the old-fashioned way. so the three musket tears -- musketeers. just a few figures, you know everything, of course, france is one of the leading countries in

space in europe. we are about 40% of theure pea ian force in space. we are a major contributor to the european space agency. and we have with our german partner the biggest share of the european capabilities. i don't want to minor the other ones. those are the facts. our portfolio with the u.s., this is what we are talking today is about roughly around $2 billion, so we are covering everything -- every field of activities from science to earth observation. we are partners of the international space station. we did a lot with a.t.v.

we have the crew and launch facility, and we have many programs. we as well partner very close with europe and u.s. mission. in the universe. i just recall you the big success we still have with a mission that proved we are a little bit everywhere. annex year we'll launch n.s.l. with nasa, which will be very interesting exspeerps to see this huge big nuclear robot landing on mars with a crane. i think this is proof that space can innovate. again and again. what is the situation today? i think none of us will question the need of an american leadership in space.

if we don't have any american leadership in space, this is the case for the last six years, we go nowhere. we need a strong u.s. space policy on every field, especially in exploration. this is one of our major field of cooperation. what we have to define today and tomorrow is the post-i.s.s. cooperation. we are no longer living in the cold-war era. we will have to decide what kind of cooperation we are going to build, especially if we are going to explore beyond the moon and on mars and many places. welogical have to define what will be the governance. we will have to define what will be the export control regime when you know sometimes we are a little bit -- and the problem for cooperation. we'll have to define what will

be the architecture, the interoperability as andrea said. the transportation system which will be the access to our technology development. i took as well from our japanese partner. so this is brand new word and we will have to define today, we have inherited this huge space infrastructure. i think that was not the case 30 years ago. this is a cost. the next cost, the next budget we need to have this development. without development, space will no longer be a priority. i would like to say, if i talk with my nephews, my little cousins, they are not fascinated with space, as my generation was.

space is no longer the place where you go to develop high- tech, so far. we have to find a way to bring back our technology ambitions as well. the european perspective, the french perspective, as andros said, we have this newcomer of the european union. they will give more money and more political weight. we need this, especially if we have long-term ambitions on exploration. going to mars, having this civilization ambition will cost more than a couple of billions of dollars that we usually allocate. it is already a question of who is going to do what commack and how? these are the challenges -- who is going to do what, and how? these are the challenges that we

face. i am a diplomat here in the u.s. for the past year. it is interesting, the back-and- forth between capitol hill, the white house, and media. i think we were all interested to see this piece of u.s. policy. today, we see there is one big winner of the new budget. the first piece could be new space exploration. we will have the size, ability to put into orbit, elements of long-range space vessels. we also see there is a decrease in exploration, technology,

demonstration programs. we have to know what this means. if we want to cooperate on trans-atlantic terms, it is also on this new technology where we have to develop a new propulsion system to go to mars. we need new life support systems, other systems. we do not know what the message is. it is not clear for us what the message is for us in this new space policy. we will have to clarify next year. jobs are terribly important in our shrinking economy. one factor that we did not face before among our people. we are in terrible economic times. the apollo program took up 4% of the u.s. has gdp. we cannot do this anymore. even in europe, there is no

political support. so, to go further, in the u.s. or europe, we will need to cooperate and decide on how we can go forward together. if we do not work together, no one will go nowhere. if we do not have this technological vision, we go nowhere. we need a political vision, we need an endowment of an endeavor at the highest love all of the state's. it is a little bit difficult today. mr. sarkozy is dealing with retirement reform in france. we have some problems with our debt, greek financial problems. you know these problems. maybe it is not the best date to

promote a new ambitious space program. but we have to go somewhere in the political field. otherwise, there will be nothing significant in the next years. so this is my vision. it is a little bit of everything together. i wanted to emphasize, point out how important it is that we sell our message to the political community. we cannot think -- obviously, everything we do is marvelous and brilliant. those days are over. we are facing, i think, a very potentially positive challenges with the shrinking economy, the

will of the u.s. to cooperate with international's. that is welcome in europe, especially for us. so we will have to define. i hope the launcher will define this new ambition. we do not know how we will participate, i hope that we can. but there has to be something beyond the launcher, beyond the strict ambition to have jobs immediately. i would say we have the same problems in europe. next week, we are meeting, and we do not expect miracles, but we will start. we are asking everyone to convince their political authorities, speak to the esa,

speak to the european union. i know it can be complicated for you to call europe, but please do it. it is the only way for us to renew our partnership. there is no question, there will be something beyond the iss. i will finish by saying when there is no vision, people will perish. this is the sentence that is written on the science community hospital. space is a beautiful ambition and we shall advocate for it all together. thank you so much. [applause] >> thank you to all of our speakers. i would like to open up the floor for questions. if when i call on you, you wait for the microphone, and state your name and affiliation.

we have a question back here. >> [inaudible] >> cooperation was with intergovernmental organizations, space data organizations. other organizations like that. >> this is the association which combined private operators together to share data. this is the reaction of a community which apparently was

not fully satisfied by what was reported to the public sector. we can get together and formed a structure to meet their needs. it should be a challenge for us, not to make it obsolete, but always try to find data that is relevant. i do realize that there is a lot of usage for the data, so they can add value to the system. in the long horizon, there might be one element of a larger organization to provide security, with respect to space debris. so that is one element of the larger picture serving a special need. >> another question here in front.

>> [inaudible] what kind of lessons have the international partners learned from working with the u.s.? >> i think, last year, with your predecessor, we were part of this famous panel on the future of human space flight. we worked a few weeks on the

space station issues. to speak about the space station, my perception is clear. it is a great thing. not many space specialists would bet on the space station many years ago. it is too complicated, it cannot be achievable. it is technologically impossible. at the end, it was done, despite the accident of the challenger, despite changing of governments. this is something that shows a model of the iss was quite resolute. since the structure of the mou, governments were changed. it was president clinton at the time. well, everything changed a bit. but the station is in there.

it is still a great test for corporation. we showed we can do it, but we were bad to advocate and market it. if you ask somebody on the street what the space station is, they do not know. they think about these russian things around the earth. the weak points of the space station model -- it was a cold war model. i think the next corporation will not be designed the same. i do not have any answers precisely, but maybe we have to better distribute the weight of corporation. as andrea said, in terms of space cooperation, we need to put everything on the table. i think we will have to have a better repartition of the shares

of who is doing what. more money for europe, certainly. but the space station has to prove -- finally -- meese to approve its efficiencies. we now have a full crew capability on board. now we have to prove that we can collaborate together. if we can do that, we can go further. we do not have -- want to have a white elephant with the space station. it is a great thing. >> additional questions. >> [inaudible] i would like the european speakers to talk more about the eu program.

you all said how great it would be because it would garner higher attention for the space program, but that can be a mixed blessing. sometimes you get a ripsaw affect of policies changing, when new people come into office. do all of you feel it will be a benefit for european space to have this new mandate between the eu and the lisbon treaty? >> yes, because we would have more political weight, potential budget. there are also questions of what the future of the european union and space association will be in the future. people are afraid that we will be taking over the eu in the future, for example. who is in charge of what? that is certainly complicating

factors. but the bottom line is, we would never have the political weight in europe alone, as well, not an additional source of funding, particularly in exploration. we are also in difficult economic situations right now, so i do not expect our budget to increase significantly in the next few years. so we would have difficulty finding an exploration mission from this budget. we do not want to do it to the detriment of our other programs. so if we are not able to convince our politicians, the eu, to put money into exploration, have been in the next budget, then i see difficulty of you're playing a significant role in space exploration in the future. admittedly, there are

complications and open questions, and we have to work in the next years to find ways to thdefine different roles. we have a framework agreement, -- galileo is an example of that. but now we have to do with the consequences of those changes. >> in addition, winston churchill once said democracy is a mess but it is the best system we have. this is true. never forget, behind the eu there are shareholders, like any company. if you put on board the french, germans, italians, and brits, when they want to -- most of

europe -- i do not want to dismiss our other european partners, by it is -- but it is a fact. the space powers in europe. the other point is, we had a reform of the european institution. before, we had a terrible decision where -- structure where every decision need to be done in a certain way. now nobody can block any decision indefinitely. if you want to get through, you negotiate. on the corridor, entering the minister of european councils, heads of state, and then maybe you get some benefits, i am

sure. but it is a system under construction. we have no other way out. national budget. i do not see france allocating $10 billion on and space exploration program. it is impossible today. the other dimension we could have is on the european continent side. the system is not perfect, it does not work perfectly. i know. i used to be a european union civil servant. but it is the best we have and we have to deal with it. so now we have made some transfers of roles. we have to assume that and pay for it. the big countries, esa as we ll, is here to educate europe

about space. and we will do it. >> to a question in front. >> [inaudible] >> spoken eloquently about the need for a strong vision, the ability to sell this to a political and larger voter constituency. space exploration is enormously expensive. we have been doing some 50 years, but what is the background mission that the europeans and japanese have? where is this going 100 years from now? >> long-term vision for space. >> i do not want to monopolize the floor. >> if you are asking about a long-term mission, before i

answer the question, i have one more input to the last question. of course, the european union, of course we have something like childhood illnesses. there are some unforeseen obstacles that we have to overcome. but there are some great framework programs. the european commission supports the uses and research in a european network, as well as involving teams from the united states, to service space stations, field questions. if these people can come together, it is a much broader front of teams working together. this is the bridge.

the german government says we need space for the people. if we look to europe, if we look at the environment, security, space services for the european people, it is my perspective, if we look ahead, the most challenging question is the environment, energy, how will the earth develop, what will go on with rising ocean levels, global climate change? only space can help us with remote sensing technologies which we can develop on board the station, using specially placed satellites. for instance, we have satellites between the earth and sun which will monitor solar winds.

they can make a forecast when a solar storm comes. maybe if it is too big, all the grids and transformers could go down. this would be a big threat for the economy's of different countries. so focusing on space services would help to make the economy stable, which would help us find sustainable, new plans for energy. like what is being discussed in the united states, space solar power. i discussed this in germany and they said this is technology for the next generation. it is too expensive. but if we can do something in this direction, focus solar power in space, and one day

being it down to the earth, this would be an excellent application where we can say space matters and technology pays off. three months ago, i was with emanu-el and the space attaché in italy. the italian partner spoke about ams, the anti-material sensor. that will be launched in february on the i s s. our colleague from italy said if this works out, then all the investment we put into the international space station -- it is right. this is where we see the future of space, why we are doing this.

>> to answer your question, first, we have to make something special -- i do not know -- say something to the people that space is not expensive. i remember someone said that nasa is 0.6% of the national budget. if you put together these programs, they do a terrific job. if you put these figures together, space, worldwide, it is something like $260 billion. it is nothing compared to, i do not know -- i do not want to compare with defense, but it is different. the car industry, the food industry.

every piece we are doing it is expensive. it is like haute couture. very limited, beautiful stuff, but our size is relatively small. space is expensive. what is the average per american, per capita spending on space every year? something like $0.25. it is nothing. the other point, i think, we are pleased that it is in the bill, in many debates, the outcome of the space policy mentions -- space is also a concern for global politics, for corporations, and to give a new path for diplomatic cooperation.

if you look at what we would have to do to build an exploration to mars and build permanent civilization there and build an economy, we have the ability to do that. that would give hopes and dreams to show the capability to humans to do positive in the long term far away from home. different nationalities, different beliefs -- ok, it is a starstruck vision, but it is not so bad really. the last thing we have to reconciliate is -- i do not let this technical word -- but the management of these programs. we have to reconciliate exploration, science, and the managing of our home planet. many people are putting against

each other exploration and utilitarian space. this is wrong. these are simple answers. the past section of the european policy institutions are the same as here. they are looking for money, they are struggling with the economy. the world is complicated, but it gives us an opportunity to create something new. >> space is perhaps not so expensive compared to other areas. i could find an argument that there is some money that we would have to still justify why we are doing it. maybe that is why in europe more application-oriented activities are the party, because they are easier to argue the benefits. for exploration, it is not so

easy, so your question is the lead. it is impossible to define the reason for exploration by finding destinations. in my perception, it is simply what we need to fulfil the nature of humankind to extend its outreach. human beings always have the ambition to expand our dimension of activity. space is another dimension we want to explore. if we have the means, we should do it. there is no urgency, however. exploration is perhaps a luxury product. we are doing other things in observation of climate change, and the need is much greater, but exploration is one element of inspiration, of filling our ambition to reach out.

this is an important element for europe -- also to give a identity. we need programs that are done on the european hall, not just the national level. >> it is very interesting to see the attention that the chilean coal miners got over the past week. having those 33 guys underground with this complicated rescue mission, it captured the world. it was a positive, hope thing. every morning we see the taliban attacking, a risk of war with iran. there are very few things that are positive. this rescue was positive. people were captivated to see if it was going to work or not.

we also had to give a bit of hope and dream. anyway, working on new programs, complicated challenges, usually pushes humans to their best. i agree with my friend andrea, that we also have to do utilitarian, practical things to save our space world, do things that are useful for humans, but we should also give some hope and dreams. >> in japan, seven years ago, when jaxa was formulated, we looked at the issue of the exploration. we also recognize the same observations, but one of our

scientists wants to have a sample. another motivation is a dream. the japanese people do not just have a dream to go to space. the japanese people are getting capabilities. in is the most good motivation, having the capability to go into space. it is motivation for the japanese. >> ok, a question in the front. second row. >> i have a question talking about corporations, the money restrictions for space

development, exploration. what about cooperation with china? what is your position? the head of nasa is going to china at the end of the week to talk about cooperation. what is your position on that? >> a question about cooperation with china on future space? >> japan is a neighbor to china, so we are interested in cooperation with china. i mentioned that a meeting to help with disaster monitoring. china and japan are working together in that sense. china actually participated in a couple of our meetings. we are positive for future

cooperation with china. >> we have already been cooperating with the chinese for several years. they are a part of the international space station and exploration colony, so they are a part of the group discussing future space endeavors. the question of whether china could participate, use the space station, should be on the state -- on the table. it should be up to the partners to determine such purchase a patient. we recognize china is a nation with space capabilities which could be interesting for future cooperative endeavors. we have no reason to exclude them from discussing future scenarios. >> if you are asking a question

on china, maybe you can ask why china is going to space. if you are in the country, talk to the chinese, they have some very nice answers. they say the chinese government has a huge cultural load after chairman mao, and the cultural evolution, development in the east part of the country. if you go to shanghai, beijing, they are high tech cities. of course, they have problems but they are high tech. space technology is used to develop the eastern part of the country, so applications are important for them. a lot of satellite companies, remote sensing, communication companies are there.

china recently became a space- faring nation, they are capable. we should talk to them. we should use space as a soft power to keep the balance. we cannot exclude them. for the economy of the united states and other space industries, china is a big market as well. look at what boeing and airbus is doing. i think the market share in china is 50/50. that means there is no aggression anymore if china participates. they participate already. it is only a question of how we can work together to avoid conflict. chinak charlie's visit to

is an important cornerstone to keeping the stability, understanding where they are. >> i could not agree more with what andrea and juergen said, as well as our japanese colleagues. you cannot ignore close to 25% of the population, a saturated economy. but we have to be careful. our priority, we have so many things to do, so the frontier from japan to europe is not so well, but we are in a global world. for the future, you cannot ignore the chinese. the question is how we are going to deal with them. are we going to bring them into

the international arena while avoiding technological problems, fair competition. you see what they are doing on the launchers. this is not completely fair, but this is how the world is working. you also cannot ignore the indians. another billion people. more or less, we have to talk under the tent and discuss how we will do things. i have no answers. i am just a simple space attaché. you cannot ignore them. what the world will be like in 20 years, there will certainly need to be some cooperation with the chinese.

we will have to see. if we are able to build a strong technology corp. from the frontier of europe to japan, we will be able to speak strongly and efficiently in front of the chinese, as well in front of the indians. since the roman empire, even earlier, if you are strong and speak fairly but strongly to another partner, there can be a win-win situation. that is my perception. >> thank you. we have not had any questions from this side of the room yet. >> [inaudible]

they do not understand what they can do with it, but it is a tremendous resource for science. most scientific experiments take 10 years to do, but we do not know how long the iss will last, certainly until 2020. we have to fast track the science, at this point. i wonder what european agencies are doing too fast track science? i know that the ams was originally going to go up. but what are you going to do in terms of fast tracking science to go on to the iss? >> in my presentation, i mentioned pin, private initiative. private support enterprises can run at experiments on board iss.

we started such an initiative -- we started already when we did experiments on board the new spaceship, 1996. the industry, experiments, this is all reasonable and good, but the problem that we face is bureaucracy. i am sorry to say this but we have too much bureaucracy in assets, esa. -- in nasa, esa. yesterday, i was in a discussion with officials from europe, a special event, 25 years since the d1 german astronaut mission.

we said how past was the prologue for the future. we wanted to have a call to the international space station. in our bilateral corporations with the russians, for instance, it was possible to set up a call. but if have a governmental delegation wants to make a life call, this would go through esa, but it would be almost impossible. can you imagine if you are unable to make a call to the station, how can an entrepreneur run an experiment on the station? he said, you are right. i do not know where this bureaucracy comes from, but there is too much. i was in charge of the space

station working with a lot of clinical research centers. if i spoke to research centers and said, let's do an experiment, let's try something with cancer, let's investigate molecules'. the answer is i do not have time to come to washington and waste five years to get the paperwork done. i work with patients. i have to make money in my hospital. i am focusing on other stuff. so we lost customers and we need to get them back. this morning on npr radio, somebody brought up a molecule that fights cancer cells in the body. we should bring this up to the table. i had officials in my office asking me how to do this. you are ready nsf.

i know the professors. we should give them application, access. we should reduce paperwork and just do it. we do not have too much time. we are already 2011. 2010 is almost over. nine years and then the space station is over. in my opinion, we should use the station as it is now. see what is possible in advanced materials. what are the fluid signs doing? when our european modules doing? how can we match this with the hrs? we are in discussions with panels. the last discussion was in korea last year. the area of science is not done. scientists are afraid they cannot even make a telephone

call. we need to take action on this. if we can work together, i think we can reach such a goal, but this means the head of agencies -- i do not know who is in charge of such policy questions -- but we have to rewrite how to access the space station. then give to the industry and scientists something like a manual, or if they want to do something, how to proceed. then organizations like dlr, nasa, can help these scientists with their budget and run their experiments. personally, i have asked the nih and nsf, do you use the space station as a laboratory? they all shake their heads.

they have no clue. nobody told me in my questioning we want to use the iss. this is a bit of a shame. we should really work on this. >> we are not doing space for the space people. it is for the other people. we agree, there is too much bureaucracy. we went from an innovative industry to the subject models of space. when you ask something, you need 10 people to sign. procedures are absolutely necessary, but i think you point out something that everyone agrees on. we inherited too much bureaucracy. it is fantastic to see the speed of a company like merchant galactic. they are doing something very

different. -- virgin galactic. you can see what little people can do with a small number of people who are motivated. the young nasa, it was not very many people. even in europe, the space agency was more lean and it is today. that is something that we need to fight for, you are right. >> this is a problem, but i would not paint such a dark picture. after all, the assembly of the space station is completed. we should also have some patience in developing these capacities, using the space

station. i understand there could be some complications, but we have a very rich exploration program. we have a rich scientific user community. it is full of difficulties, but we should not put such a big focus on trying to convince the industry to bring commercial experiments to the space station. perhaps it was neglected in the european program. but after all, i am optimistic a broad base of scientific users will result in a future where we have utilization. now in some initial laboratories, we have contacted certain organizations, and they do have some projects developing. i would all not want to exclude

our japanese partner on this. >> the japanese cooperate internationally, making good, innovative products. we recognize the space station has much capability, possibility to use new products. we would like to continue to challenge the space station. maybe a single country -- japan is not the only one to make a space station. we would like to join in this membership. >> we have a question here.

>> do any of you have special concerns about what you know, what you do not know about the goals, ambitions of china, their ideas of military in space? also, you mentioned what was happening in chile. from a public relations, media analysis, do you think word has gotten out properly as far as what was used in space technology in that rescue effort? would you have done something differently? >> jaxa is only a civil organization, so i cannot comment.

>> it is difficult to comment. if you compare its to the 18th century, china is building its fleet. they could have some military assets -- is obvious when you want to be a super power, you want to have everything. but i have no more comment on that. on the next subject you mentioned -- the chilean miners. i do not know what kind of technology was used. it may be the fenix capsule. it is pretty simple technology. it is not the most high-tech

stuff, but it has worked. that is a question about space. do we always have to improve technology to improve space? do we need to do that to restore our technology funding, irrigate the other areas of the economy, industry? i do not know. this is a good question. >> another question over here. >> [inaudible] plans to develop commercial capabilities for transportation of astronauts to and from the international space station. i wonder if there are any specific concerns in europe or japan of having european or japanese astronauts flying on

these vehicles as part of regular crew relocation, and if there's any interest in purchasing trips from these providers, if those plan that you talked about do not develop as you hoped. >> as long as transportation services are safe, i would not exclude that european national are using them. if they are part of the logistics scenario, i do not see why europe or esa should deny using it. of course, we hope that the gap opened up by the closing of the shuttle is closed as soon as possible. if commercial services can do that faster than the government, we are happy. the main thing is to have a safe

vehicle. whether we would purchase additional flights to maintain the space station, that is yet to be seen. it is certainly a priority to have good technology. if it is necessary to purchase additional services from them, it could be considered. on the other hand, the distribution of roles for logistics is clearly defined in the governing treaties, agreements. so we would certainly not take over responsibilities assigned to other agencies. >> in addition to what an address --andreas said, do you remember the last two years of the last space station? lots of tourists and scientists. what he said is correct. it is a big logistics question.

it is not only transportation. if the commercials come up with a solution, excellent. maybe if a capsule is not ready, if somebody has to be rescued pierre is always good to have a backup. but if you have additional spacecraft, additional people to the space station, you have to agree with the team that is there. what does it mean? you need additional food, additional electricity. i remember february 1997, there was a fire on board. do you know why? there were too many people on board and the oxygen c02 mix was not in balance, so they had to run the chemical products at full power, so that is how the fire started. it is not just additional

people. you need food, logistics, power, and this on the to be agreed on. last but not least, i know that talking has a risk -- docking is a risk. if i am correctly informed, for the commercials, they fly by and then a robot arm comes by and docks them. this is all fine if it is safe, but we need to make sure we have the picture until the end, making the connection with the housekeepers there to make sure that everything is fine. we need some redundancy, additional transportation, and we will see what our commercial partners do in the next few years. so we may have additional opportunities not only to bring

people up, but to bring science, technology down for better utilization capabilities. >> just quickly -- i think everybody is -- not tired, but we have talked a lot. we also have to take some risks. this is significant to civilization. civilization sometimes wants to explore the does not want to take risks. if you remember the beginning of space exploration, it was great. everything worked most of the time. ok, there is a lot of money and prestige involved, but we have to accept the risk. certainly, there will be some casualties.

that is exploration. that is human beings. godspeed. >> we at jaxa also believe safety is a priority. like nasa, we can not exactly say how are after not will be transported. but we expect perhaps nasa -- other leadership -- to look at these things for safety. >> i think we have time for one more short question. >> [inaudible] and just acknowledging the need for the private-public partnership. in your opinions, what is

something that the private sector has overlooked? something that has not been addressed adequately? >> so what is missing? >> you have many kinds of partnerships in space. i think the u.k. did something great with some partners. if you are private, you are looking for a return on investment. if you are public, you want to share the cost, to externalize heavy cost. one experience that is interesting -- they want to build rockets, the

best type of business you can have after an airline. they have a venture capital leverage system. this is a very interesting combination. in the end, if it works, great. but space is a difficult animal. it is hard to sustain itself. usually when we sell a lot, something, the cost assumed by the public isn't big -- is big. >> of the private sector is a very capable to identify niches where they can prosper. i think i am doing some things in the u.s. to start enterprise, to try to launch a commercial

crew. it is possible in the u.s. not as easy in europe because we have a smaller area where those kinds of things can be established, but in the u.s. i have the impression that the commercial sector is a large to identify areas where they can do business. it is difficult for me to identify areas that were overlooked, but i am sure that it is not much, if at all. >> thank you to our speakers. thank you for coming today. we hope that you found it an interesting event. [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2010]

[general chatter]

>> you can watch that panel's conversations online at c-span3 video library. it in about an hour, condoleezza rice talks about her new memoir. she examines her childhood and talks about growing up in racially segregated birmingham, alabama. we will bring you her remarks, live at 1:00 p.m. eastern. all this weekend, live coverage from the texas book festival on "book tv."

plus, authors on the obama presidency. throughout the weekend, medical mysteries, capital punishment, and infamous fugitives. get the entire schedule online. >> this weekend on c-span3, for all our cameras to the national archives for every look at hitler's blueprint for racial policies against jews. "american history tv," every weekend on c-span3. >> coming up sunday night, c- span coverage continues with a live kentucky senate debate. they are vying to win the seat

vacated by retiring republican senator. you can watch the debate live at 7:00 p.m. eastern here on c- span. >> c-span's local content of vehicles are traveling the country as we look at some of the most closely contested house races. >> [unintelligible] if you let me, i will be your job-creating congressmen. >> we need to cut taxes, put gas into the small businesses cannot our engine of our economy to get those guys going. that is how we are going to get out of this recession, folks.

that is what i am going to do. >> roy herron served for about 20 years in the general assembly. he spent 12 years as a senator. stephen fincher is a former with no political experience or office holding experience. >> it is one of the races that has been named as one of the races that will decide congress. it could possibly flip republicans. there has been a lot of back- and-forth between the two campaigns. a lot of questions have been raised about stephen fincher's past, that sort of thing. >> an independent watchdog says

stephen fincher may be guilty of a felony. he broke the law by hunt -- by hiding hundreds of thousands in debt it. he refuses to debate or answer questions about millions of dollars in financial transactions. hiding from the truth, and no wonder he is running away. >> the issues primarily have been ones surrounding political pulse of the, but also a matter of president obama and his agenda such as health care legislation particularly. also, stephen fincher has taken the position that as a farmer, he does not pretend to be an office holder and does not want to be. >> we have lived and worked here. faith, family, and freedom are

our values. i will fight for those values. the their false attacks only help obama and nancy pelosi. it is time to do what is right. i am stephen fincher and i approve this message. >> the district spreads all the way from middle tennessee on the east and ending in the southern, more rural part of the county. >> this is a fairly conservative area in west tennessee. it is still fairly conservative. the issues are not that far apart it. >> the most fundamental difference might be that he has already attacked his primary opponents, but say people work across the aisle.

everything i have worked at and helped the people of my district was accomplished when i work with people of the other party. >> this is not about partisan politics. this is about you guys. i said i am not going to reach across the aisle and work with them. folks, i am not going to work with nancy pelosi. [applause] but i am going to work for you, guys, and i will work with conservatives on both sides. >> i think the deciding factor in this election will be the degree to which people do not like the president. i think he is going to be standing out as perhaps the albatross around herron's neck and the aide to stephen fincher.

the issues that have come up are not that significant. both talk about wanting to cut spending, balancing the budget, being more responsible, fighting crime, so in that sense, there is not a huge gap in the differences of positions. roy herron has obama on his side. stephen fincher has a more conservative constituency and a more conservative privatization of the message he is trying to sell. for better or for worse, i think there are a lot of folks in rural tennessee. >> c-span's local content vehicles are traveling the country as we look at some of the most closely contested house races leading up to this november's midterm elections. for more information, visit our

web site, c-span.org/lcv. >> next, ben bernanke announces he is ready to take new action to boost the economy. he made these remarks earlier today, identifying low inflation the reason why additional methods are needed. >> good morning. the topic of this conference, the formulation and the conduct of monetary policy in a low inflation environment is timely indeed. bringing inflation under control was viewed as one of the greatest challenges for central banks around the world.

central banks have largely achieved that goal. in turn, the progress against inflation increase the stability and predictability of the economic environment and has contributed significantly to improvements in economic performance. moreover, successor greatly enhance the credibility of central bank's commitment to price stability, and that further supported stability and confidence. weakening that credibility is of utmost importance. although the attainment of price stability was a landmark achievement, monetary policy making in an era of low inflation has not proved to be entirely straightforward. in the 1980's and 1990's, few ever questioned the desire for low inflation. during those years, the key

questions related to tactics, how quickly inflation should be reduced, if the central bank should be pro-active in reducing inflation. as average levels decline, the issues became more complex. the statement of the federal market committee following a meeting was somewhat of a watershed, in that it noted further the inflation would be unwelcome. the risks had become two-sided. central banks for the first time in many decades had to take seriously the possibility that inflation can be too low as well as too high. the second publication of from policy-making created by low inflation arises from the fact that low inflation generally implies low nominal interest rates, which increases the zero

lower bound on nominal interest rates it. the federal reserve and central banks in other countries have employed nonstandard policies and approaches that do not rely on reductions of the short-term interest rate. we are still learning about the efficacy and appropriate management of these alternative schools. in the remainder of my remarks, i will discuss these issues in the context of current economic developments and i will comment on the near-term outlook of inflation. i will compare that outlook to quit it measures of the federal reserve's objectives, namely the outcomes and judged most consistent with a dual mandate of maximum employment and price stability. i will observe that in a world where the policy interest rate is close to zero.

the arbiters of across the river in cambridge recently made their determination. an economic recovery began in the united states in july 2009. following a series of actions by central banks and other policymakers, that helped stabilize the financial system and restore more normal functioning to keep financial markets. the initial upturn in activity, which was reasonably strong, reflected in number of factors including efforts by firms to better align their inventories with sales, monetary and fiscal policies, improved financial conditions, and a pickup in export growth. however, factors like fiscal policy and the inventory cycle can only provide a temporary

impetus to recovery. sustained expansion must ultimately be driven by growth and private, final demand, including consumer spending, business and residential investment, and net exports. that handoff is currently underway. overall economic growth has been proceeding at a pace that is less vigorous than we would like. in particular, consumer spending has been inhibited by the painfully slow recovery in the labour market, which has restrained the growth and wage income it has raised uncertainty about employment prospects. in june, private sector employers have added an average of only about 85,000 workers per month, not enough to bring the unemployment rate down significantly. consumer spending in the quarters ahead will depend

importantly on the pace of job creation but also on household's ability to repair their financial positions. some progress is being made on this front. saving rates are up noticeably from pre-crisis levels, and assets have risen over recent quarters. together with expected further easing in credit conditions and terms offered by lenders, stronger balance sheets should eventually provide households with the confidence and wherewithal to increase their pace of spending. that said, pa -- progress will likely be an uneven as the process of balance sheet repair is in pitted by a limited employment -- unemployment and the limited ability to refinance existing mortgages. finances have an important influence on the housing market,

which has remained depressed. the overhang of foreclosed properties and a vacant homes remains a significant drag on house prices and on residential investment. in the business sector, indicators such as new orders and business sentiment suggest that growth in spending on equipment and software has slowed relative to its rapid pace earlier this year. investment in nonresidential structures continues to contract. the availability of credit of advanced investment and business operations remained quite on even. generally speaking, large firms and good financial conditions can help obtain credit in capital markets easily and on favorable terms. large firms hold considerable amounts of cash on their balance

sheets. by contrast, service and anecdotes indicate that smaller firms continue to face significantly greater problems in obtaining credit, reflecting weaker balance sheets and income prospects that limit their ability to qualify for loans as well as tight lending standards and terms on the part of banks. banking regulators have been making significant efforts to improve the credit environment of small businesses, and we have seen some positive signs. in particular, banks are no longer heightening their lending standards and are reportedly becoming more proactive in seeking out credit-worthy borrowers. although the pace of recovery has slowed in recent months and is likely to be modest in the near term, the preconditions for a pickup in growth next year remain in place. struggler household finances, the further easing of credit

conditions, and pent-up demand for goods should contribute to a somewhat faster pace of household spending. similarly, business investment in equipment and software should grow at a reasonably rapid pace next year, driven by higher sales and the ongoing need to replace equipment, stronger corporate balance sheets, and lower financing costs. in the public sector, the tax receipts have started to recover, which allows their spending to stabilize gradually. the combination of stimulus to overall growth is expected to decline steadily over coming quarters but not so quickly to derail the recovery. continued solid expansion among trading partners should help to support foreign sales and growth in the united states. while output of growth should be somewhat stronger in 2011, growth next year seems unlikely

to be much above the long-term trend. if so, net job creation may not exceed by much the increase in the size of the labour force, implying that the unemployment rate will decline slowly. that prospect is a central concern of policy makers because high rates of unemployment, especially longer-term unemployment, imposes a very heavy burden on the unemployed and their families. more broadly, it prolongs the recovery. that return to the outlook for inflation. generally speaking, measures of underlying inflation have been trending downward. price inflation, which is based on the broad base price index for personal consumption expenditures and excludes the volatile food and energy components from the overall index, has declined from 2.5% at

an annual rate at the early stages of the recession to an annual rate of about 1.1% in the first eight months of this year. the overall rate which includes food and energy prices has been highly volatile in the past two years in large part because of strong fluctuations in oil prices. so far this year, the overall inflation rate has been about the same as the core inflation rate. the significant moderation in price increase has been widespread in many categories. for example, the so-called consumer price index has risen by only 0.9% over the past 12 months. the median cpi has increased by only 0.5% over the same period. the decline in underlying inflation reflects the extent to which cost pressures have been

constrained in the utilization of productive resources. the unemployment rate remains fairly close to last fall's peaked and is currently about five percentage points above the rate that prevailed just before the beginning of the financial crisis. in gauging the magnitude of the associated restraint on price and wage increases, it is important to consider which factors are contributing to the elevated rates of unemployment. a continued high level of job loss may be a sign that structural impediments are entering unemployed individuals from finding new jobs. the recent behavior of unemployment and job vacancies, somewhat more vacancies are being reported given the number of people looking for work, is

suggestive of an increase in the level of the structural unemployment. we see little evidence that the relocation of workers across industries and regions are particularly pronounced relative to other recessions, suggesting the pace of change is not greater than normal. moreover, previous post world war ii recession is to not seem to have resulted in higher structural unemployment. overall, my assessment is that the bulk of the increase in unemployment since the recession began is attributable to the sharp contraction in economic activity that occurred in the wake of the financial crisis and the continuing shortfall of aggregate demand since then rather than structural factors. the public's expectations for inflation also important influences dynamics. indicators have generally been

stable in the wake of the financial crisis. for example, in the federal reserve bank of philadelphia survey of professional forecasters, the median projection for the annual average inflation rate over the next 10 years has remained close to 2%. surveys of households likewise showed that longer-term inflation expectations have been relatively stable. in the financial markets, measures of inflation compensation computed from the spread between yields and nominal securities have moved down on the net this year. with logger run inflation expectations of stable and with resources continuing to restrain it cost pressures, it seems likely that inflation trends will remain for some time. to evaluate policy alternatives and explain policy choices to the public, it is essential not

only to forecast the economy but to compare that to the objectives of policy. clear communications about the long run objectives of monetary policy is beneficial at all times but is particularly important during times of low inflation and uncertain economic prospects. improving the public's understanding of the central bank's policy strategy reduces economic and financial uncertainty and helps households and firms make more informed decisions. moreover, clarity about the goals and strategies of central banks can help anchor longer- term expectations more firmly and bolster the central bank's ability to respond forcefully to adverse shocks. federal reserve has a mandate to foster a maximum employment and stability. it is evident that neither our

dual objectives can be taken in isolation. on the one hand, is central bank aiming to achieve the highest possible level of employment in the short run without regard to other considerations might well generate unacceptable levels of inflation without any permanent benefit in terms of unemployment. on the other hand, a single- minded focus of the central bank with no attention at all to other factors could lead to more economic activity but little benefit in terms of long run inflation performance recognizing the interactions between the two parts of our mandate, the fomc has found it useful to frame our mandate in terms of the longer run sustainable rate of unemployment and the mandate consistent with the inflation rate. the long run rate of unemployment is what the economy can maintain without generating

upward or downward pressure on inflation. because a healthy economy must allow for the creation of new jobs as well as movements of workers between jobs, the longer run sustainable rate of unemployment is greater than zero. similarly, the mandate with the inflation rate is not necessarily zero either. indeed, committee participants have judged that a modestly positive inflation rate over the longer run is most consistent with our dual mandate. the view that policy should aim for an inflation rate above zero is shared by all central banks around the world. several rationales can be provided for the judgment, including upward by cs in inflation. the rationale that is particularly relevant to date is maintaining inflation buffers,

allowing four is somewhat higher level of nominal interest rates which gives the federal reserve greater latitude to reduce the target federal funds rate when it needed to stimulate economic activity and employment. in modestly positive inflation rate reduces the probability that the economy could fall into a deflationary period. attaining the long run sustainable employment is a key objective of monetary policy. most importantly, whereas monetary policy makers clearly have the ability to determine the rate of inflation in the long run, they have little or no control over the longer run sustainable on a clear rate, which is primarily determined by demographic and structural factors.

while central bankers can choose the value of inflation they wish to target, the sustainable unemployment rate can only be estimated and is subject to uncertainty. moreover, the sustainable rate of unemployment continues to evolve over time, where is keeping inflation expectations fully anchored generally applies that the objective should remain constant unless there are compelling reasons to change it, such as a change in the message -- in the methods of calculating it. the fall of 2007, the federal reserve has been publishing the summary of projections four times a year in conjunction with the fomc minutes. it provides summary statistics and an accompanying narrative regarding projections from the participants for the growth rate

of real domestic product, the unemployment rate, core inflation, over the next several calendar years. since early 2009, it is also included information about fomc participants in logger run objectives to which the economy expects to convert over time. because these projections are made in the absence of further shocks and under the assumption of a corporate monetary policy, by definition, they correspond to the objectives in a long run. in particular, they correspond to the participants' blood run projections for economic growth, unemployment, and inflation. corresponding to the potential growth rate, the longer run sustainable rate of employment. the most recent release of the

report was in june, noting that new projections will be released during the minutes of the next meeting in early november. along the route inflation projections in the report indicate that the fomc participants judge the mandate consistent inflation rate to be about 2% or a bit below. in contrast, as i noted earlier, recent readings had been approximately 1%. it thus, inflation is running at rates that is too low relative to the level that the committee judges to be most consistent with the federal reserve's dual mandate in the long run. in particular, at current rates, the constraint imposed by the zero were bound nominal interest rates is too tight. the risk of deflation is higher than desirable. given that monetary policy works with a lag, the more relevant

question is if the situation is forecasted to continue. the degree of slack in the economy and the relative stability of expectations, it is reasonable to forecast that underlying inflation, setting aside the inevitable, would be less than those consistent rate for some time. inflation forecasts are uncertain and must be regularly updated with the arrival of new information. as of june, the longer run on the plymouth projections in the report at a central tendency of about 5% to point to 5%. a couple of projections were even higher around 6%. the evolution of these projections and the diversity of views suggest the characteristics that i noted earlier.

it is sustainable rate of unemployment and estimates of its value are subject to considerable uncertainty. nonetheless, with an actual unemployment rate of nearly 10%, unemployment is too high relative to estimates of the sustainable rate. with output growth over the next year expected to be modestly above its longer-term trend, high unemployment is currently forecast to persist for some time. given that objectives, there would appear to be a case for further action. however, as i indicated earlier, one of the implications of lower inflation environment, a policy is more likely to be constrained because nominal interest rate cannot be produced below zero. the federal reserve reduced their targets by 25 basis points almost two years ago in december 2008. for the policy of accommodation is certainly possible even with the overnight rate closed 20,

but nonconventional policies have cost and limitations that must be taken into account when judging how aggressively they should be used. for example, a means of applying stimulus if warranted would be to suspend longer-term securities of the federal reserve. evidence suggests that our previous program of securities purchases was a scuffle in bringing down longer-term interest rates and thereby supporting the economic recovery. it is similar program conducted by the bank of england has also appeared to have benefits. however, a possible cost must be weighed against the benefits of nonconventional policies. one disadvantage is that we have much less experienced in judging the economic effects of this policy instrument, which makes it a challenge to determine the pace of purchases and communicate the response to the

public. these factors have dictated that the fomc proceed with caution. another concern associated with additional securities purchases is that substantial further expansion of the balance sheet could reduce public confidence in the fed's ability to execute a smooth exit from its policies at the appropriate time. even if unjustified, such a reduction might lead to an undesired increase in inflation expectations to a level above the objective. to address such concerns and to ensure that it can withdraw accommodation smoothly and at the appropriate time, the federal reserve has developed an array of new tools. with these tools, i am confident that the fomc will be able to tighten economic conditions when warranted even if the balance sheet remains larger than normal at that time.

central bank communication provides additional means for increasing accommodation when short-term nominal interest rates are near zero. fomc post meetings didn't have included four guidance since september 2008, and the most recent statements have reflected the anticipation that exceptionally low levels of the federal funds rate will be warranted for an extended period. the committee could consider -- it would be to modify the language of the statement that indicates the committee expects to keep the target for the federal funds rate low for logger then the markets expect. a change would lower logger interest rates by announced indicated predicted potential drawback of using the statement in that way is that at least without a more comprehensive framework in place, in a difficult to convey the intentions with sufficient

precision. in particular, the prepared additional accommodation is needed to support the economic recovery and we turned inflation over time to levels consistent with our mandate. of course, in considering possible future actions, the fomc will take account of the potential risks of an unconditional policies and is always the committee's actions are contingent on incoming information about the economic outlook and financial conditions. thank you for your attention, and they hope you have a great conference. [applause] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2010] >> you can see those comments online. in the meantime, condoleezza

rice is at the national press club here in washington. she will be talking about her new memoir. it she will be examining her childhood and talking about growing up in a racially segregated birmingham, alabama we will bring you her remarks shortly about 1:00 p.m. eastern on c-span. let's take a look at some of the calls and comments from this morning's ""washington journal." riday morning to you. the pittsburgh post gazette talking about the david-dpfrn oliath debate. we have a few clieps to show you and getting your reaction to the state of thatontest with harry reid

she's talk sxrooem. >> one of the people watching the

she has pushed for the exact opposite. i think this ought to very different people with two very different visions. i think we will have to obviously wait-and-see how they like it. as you pointed out before, the polls have shown no daylight between the two. i am concerned if this debate changes and the of that give a f the economic situation in nevada. >> sure. for nevada has had the foreclosure rate in the nation. also the highest unemployment%.

>> where the stakes so high, what kind of money is pooring into that state? >> almost unlike we've ever seen. outside groups are coming in. share engel raised $14 million in the third quarter.

that's almost a record breaking amount. we'll find out the exact numbers he had nearly $10 million going into the summer they've been blanketing their states. host: thank you for that. kyle trystad mentioned

advertisement from each de. we'll look at one from each side. >> for 27 years we eected hairy reid to his his job but h failed. >> you know i have nothing to do with he's unemployment centers >> every four minutes in america, a woman is sexually assaulted. sharon angel, too dangerous to

have real power. host: a look at how the candidates are being portrayed. caller: there's two pet peeves i have social security is not just retirement. it's survivor benefits to four or five in one household. you can get benefits if your child can't read.

they are still talking enough issues. >> you are clearly concern abouted government spending? >> i'm voting democrat. i'd love to go back home to the republican party becse their values are more akin to mine but look where this country is going to. host: a republican call on the air. >> i caught the end of the remarks on the closing. she touched every base and ought to make a commercial out of that and keep runng it. >> you are on.

good morning. the quick comment about the reid-angel ra. >> i wish there were more can't dates like ms. angel. we need to get rid of these democrats. host: what you a tea party supporter? caller: yes, i am. host: a local view of the debate.

>> you are on. caller: i did watch the debate last night. i thought she did an excellent job. i hope she wins there and not only there. i hope all republicans win so this country can get back to a common sense agenda for america. >> what does that look like to you >> promilitary, prosecond amendment rights, andie apportion, anti-affirmative action, prou.s. flag, probusiness.

anti-big government. anti-huge taxes. these make up a good common sense agenda. >>

caller: if i don't want to be taxed for my money, i believe what texas does to this nation is to rebuild the resources that we need. we are all crying about taxes. this is because i am a republican. we think that taxes and building this country -- we are building iraq, building afghanistan,

schools for them, so we cannot take care of our own problems. people are being overtaxed host: thank you for your call. this is reggie, an independent. if you are in nevada, everyone wants your attention. how did the candidates do last night? caller: i watch the entire debate. it will take us more than 20 months to get out of this. i think they have the right policies in place after last night's debate. i am willing to give redi anothid another chance. host: did the debate settle in

for you? caller: she came up to me as angry -- she came off to me as angry. it seemed like they had a script, maybe. host: chris in alabama tweets -- here is a view from a writer at the "loss vegas sun." -- "las vegas sun."

host: john writes -- host: back to your reaction, let's go to a call from jackson, mississippi.

caller: i am from mississippi town here in the south, and we don't take too kindly to harry reid it down here in mississippi. every year, mississippi ranks last or dead last in the republican education system. we don't like democrats. howard stern -- host: we are going to go on to a serious scholar. caller: as a retired person and a cancer patient, i would like to ask a question. doesn't she think that the retired people need to deserve -- deserve better than what she can offer? it appears that my medicine and my wife's madison is going to take up everything that i have it. i would like her to respond to

that. host: one more note from john at "the las vegas sun," -- >> host: a reference that many of you will understand. let's go back to the telephone calls. our republican line, good morning. caller: good morning. i thought sharon was wonderful. i have known her for over 30 years. she is true to her word. she knows what she believes that

she will stick to all of those things that she promises. host: how well do you know her and for how long? caller: her husband and my husband worked together, and our children went to school together my husband had cancer and i am also on medicare so i sympathize with the gentleman from south carolina. she is not going to cut us off like hell harry reid indicates sehe will. host: harry reid consistently calls her positions extreme. what can you tell people about her views? caller: sharon is just honest it. she would like to see people like she says. she would like us to follow the

constitution. also, she is a strong christian. host: what is it like at your home right now with the advertisements on television? caller: they are very disturbing. i tend to turn them off. i do not like to hear dishonesty. host: thank you for calling. latrobe, pa., is next. good morning, marie. caller: good morning. i am concerned about the fact that most people are not looking at the actual effects of conservative republican trickle- down economics, and we are looking into personalities of people. i am an independent and i will

vote democrat this next time because any attempt at changing what we have now is better than what we have. we have had all of this conservative republican trickle- down. they have not created the jobs they've been given the privilege to do. i see no vested interest in the people who have the small businesses to do that. every problem that we have, obama is trying to do something about. i don't see why people think personalities are more important than an effective plan to try to rectify it the things that we have, health care number one. we are the only country in the world that does it for profit. that has to be addressed. the unequal distribution of the unequal distribution of paying