>> in newspapers today, chinese officials will face the u.s. the first union to back president obama in 2012 and a jesuit priest to be named the

new house chaplain. in the first 40 minutes, we'll talk about how the u.s. should go forward. >> if you would, if you have called in the last 30 days or so, if you could hold off today to give others a chance.

there are statements in the papers today. roiters has a story about the taliban statement. it says that we received the news of the marter dom of

>> we want to get your thoughts on these efforts. the lines are listed.

>> our first call up from kan s kansas. on the republican line. >> i am a republican. that being said, i am so proud of president obama and secretary of state clinton. i'm so happy for the country. my goodness we have a president. i'm willing to crimize my principles to have a victory over these savages.

now is the time for us to attack. those people are ready to go after those people and win this war. i may vote democrat next time. >> good morning. >> i want to believe that bin laden didn't have anything to do with 9/11. he was on the f been i's ten most wanted. i don't think the war on terrorism will ever end because there's too much money to be

made. this will be something that will go on forever. how can it come to some kind of conclusion. too much money. have a good day. >> washington, d.c. good morning >> i think we are getting ready to roll down a very slipry slope when they are talking about just going anywhere to get anyone. i'm saying that because i respect the notion of sovereignty. i know the old world order means there are independent states. the new world order means there is no such thing as the

sovereign states. i guess the united states is going to be the war component of this global world we have stopped calling people freedom fighters and started calling them terrorists. in the 1960's, march fin luther king was called a terrorist. any place we want to go. there's a guy over there. let's bomb him and his country

they've had targets and ideas some asked what were they for. that will come up at 8:30. global terrorism and how we go

forward >> rhode island. >> i'd like to say -- >> go ahead. >> thank you to the president. i'm very proud to be an american. i feel much safer living in rhode island fou that obama is gone. >> miami, florida. >> right after 9/11, there was one ad in the miami herald.

he said two reasons he is tacked. one was occupation of saudi arabia and second the support of how israel is hurting the republicans. as long as any country ok fooi pies other countries, there should be terrorism. first, we have to find out why these people hate us it is like we are hiding our head in the

sand >> you had a leader state that obama was killed in 2001. he was ready to tell a grand jury he was killed.

>> miami, florida again. >> good morning. i just wanted to say thank you to obama and the whole team

>> that information. al qaeda is finished. they are done. the pakistanies were supporting them what is the source? in saudi arabia. there is some saudi prince involved here. the information was more important than killing bin laden. al qaeda is finished. the death this week from a couple of sources. this section from yesterday. the headline of this piece. the subsaid, the master mind

succeeded. he makes part of his argument. he said that his goal was to trigger a clash he gave the global project in the hill publication.

>> go ahead. >> this is probably my second time to call in to c-span on the discussion of the war. i feel strongly that everyone always misses is the fact that afghanistan produces 99% of the world heroin. and south of the border here, ms 13 is taking over the government. these are things happening. i want to make that comment. >> what should we do going forward? >> i'm out there with very radical positions. i would say that the whole war

on drugs needs to be reviewed. clearly it was thought of by he's white men and belief system that we have this war on drugs >> how that plays into global terrorism? >> of course. it is making all this money. why isn't that addressed. scombroo one point of voi. -- view. >> bill in california. now that osama bin laden is dead, we need to be vigilant. they will most likely increase our planning. there is no doubt his followers will be able to sacrifice

themselves now. this is about the mind. terrorism has become a tradition. they just don't know what else to do as they let go. it stabilizes their basic self image. that's from seattle, washington. under fire saying that the spy agency is facing public

>> in ohio. you can't kill one leader and expect it will be over. a lost us in america think we've won a battle. this is just getting started. i just wanted to stress that. there were sleeper cells found in detroit and west of us in indiana. that's just two in my region.

i wonder how many of those sleeper cells would be established throughout the days in america. >> i define terrorism as the planned murder of the innocent. i don't know why we can't see

the forest or the trees. we have a president who supports the planned murder of in"sent babies. >> connecticut on the democrat line. >> yes. when 9/11 happened, president bush was right when he told the world if you are with us or against us. i'm proud of both obama and bush. this tells everybody when you attack us, there is no place to hide. >> video shot of the compound where osama bin laden hid. it will read the story. pictures shoe the interior of the house. filmed in the daylight hours.

we can see the exterior of the house. we see a garden. animals being raised. possible clues within. the high walls managed to sustain itself. u.s. forces raid the compound killing him. forces have been in charge of the house and compound since sunday. you can check this out on the website for yourself if you wish.

>> i'm going to reference everything i say to global research. >> what is it? >> global research.ca. what they say about yemin supporting 2 million barrels to europe and china everyday. controlling that and basically put the check on every barrel china will ever get out of sudan. it is not about iraqi or all these made up characters. they are playing a roll. all this terrorism in iraq, it

was to divid and skon kwur. it was done in the house. in el savld. it was organized by the same guy. you could look this up. >> anthony this morning adds this. global terrorism boasts nothing has changed for our safety, he finishes. >> my name is john. i'm calling to thank obama. bush had all these days when he was president to attack osama bin laden we couldn't find them the whole time. obama came in in not 800 days,

he found him. before, when he was running for the presidency, nobody could support him.

>> virginia. wanda on the republican line. good morning. >> i love my country. i love my military. i admire the people that went in and took that terrible terrible person out. i congratulate them and hope they have a wonderful life. the place he lived in looked like a pigsty. it was terrible looking. i give all my support to the

military. i love them. i love my country. i love the people that support our country. >> adding this, u.s.a. must keep things up and seek out leaders. virginia on the independent line. >> i am glad he is dead. i just hope there will be no retaliation. i have a son in the air force. he has been to afghanistan. i know the military people are glad he is dead. >> how should we prepare? >> well, i think we should pray for one thing.

if there is anymore terrorist, i think we should think twice before we attack and have a chance to do it again over here. looking at one story. writing that beijang will push washing turning the u.s. to oppress china. the first time. the military has been

the pakistanies were not informed about him. i am sure they didn't know.

one more thing, i think. in pakistan. he was living since 2003 in that village. he lived there and moved to this complex. all you have have combn hunting this guy.

we already used modification -- >> miami, florida on the independent line. >> it is actually, really interesting to see just one

person in the whole person. going forward, we should look to the east and west and accept the fact that what we see are human beings just like us.

raising taxes so they would lose those cuts. and administration proposal would be mother flow. though talked about drilling and

congress and expanding u.s. energy supplies the sad min strags has done everything to display one of the great things we can do now we are serious about producing american energy by americans and for americans. you can see the whole conversation on our program.

you can catch it also at 6:00 in the evening. i would ask to you turn to our website if you hp to miss those times. our source on the web and information for you. back to twitter. this is what se have. >> global terrorist post bin laden. try to think about recon figuring >> don on the republican line, go ahead.

>> i'm really glad that they got him the way they did. i praise our military and all those that had anything to do where it. the only thing that kind of upsets me is the fact that the right seems to want to say that it was the enhanced interrogation during the bush era played significant part. if that's true, why couldn't

they get him then? if you could turn down your television that eliminates your background noise we can look at

it through the eyes of a global plant if i want to understand, look at the klan. it doesn't matter the country, it matters what you are doing. i don't see no difference in the clan and bin laden and his group. the first column is a quote,

top aids suggest that leadership had to fight for the plan and debt talks. others said lawmakers would have weeks to consider the matter. that's the "washington post" this morning announcing the

action committee approved the determination to vote for him. none of the at rib boots. his one-day money bomb netted his campaign more than $1 million. that could keep him in the campaign this summer. the new chap lynn to be appointed to the house. the ref rant conroy and former chap lynn as the next house chap lynn. duties include opening each

session in prayer and providing pastoral counseling. >> a couple of things. you'll see things to come. going after the individual terrorists like he did. it worked out well. it's not over. i'd like to refresh a lot of palestinian's minds that president bush did the right thing not going to new york this week he had eight years to do

this. he was in iraq and took his eye off the ball this happened on president obama's watch. he'll go down as the best president in u.s. history. thank you. this is about code violationses they didn't even go after him for unpaid profit taxes. he received permission to con trukt

>> we've turned our economy upside down post 9/11. the other thing i want to say is to give congratulations to seals team 160th.

not to take anything away from the president but the real heroes that day were the guys that risked everything when they went into the compound to kill what they were hoping. >> the president meeting with those members as well as going to fort campbell, kentucky to address troop there's and talk about that week go to our website.

i would like to say i think we are actually taking a step forward in the war by using the seals in the services that we have for anti-terrorism. >> we'll leave it there. talking about the president and a planned trip to pakistan. this story, uncertain. this president's promised trip once seen as the award as a key ally. trying to determine

because of all the reports it gives the american people once again the doubt not of our service but our government. that's my opinion on it. >> hello. thank you for taking my call.

it is time to take special troops. now that obama has shown his leadership, this is a time to get us off fossil fuel. this is something we were taking over in those countries. we need to get out of there and start using alternative energy. thank you. saying that their sources have told them, they spotted tina host in reherself wills playing "the little mermaid."

unclear -- goes on to say not all snl exits make it to the show. they hope this one does. true heroes are navy seals. they call his death a marter frment the world is better off without one more nut.

where was all the hoop law when siouxed siouxed went out of business. it is ok to put a bullet in the head of him making him a marcheder. ?

conservative blogger discusses his transformation from liberal to conservative leader. also in america a flame. look for the complete book tv schedule and get our schedules in your in box. south carolina is the first south state to hold a president.

>> our guest is an associate professor. >> a little confusing what that means this month. >> 244,000 is a pretty good number for this recovery. the private sector numbers are even higher. the government laid off those people. that is about 268,000, which is the most private sector jobs that began in 2009. the weird part is those statistics when he said it was pretty good.

unemployment picked up by 9%. one number seems good, the other doesn't. it is hard to tell what is going on. >> is it hard to tell that this is growing? jo yes. it's hard to tell whether there is any side ways movement there. where are these jobs being created. pretty much across the board. the strongest area is business services, retail. the construction industry. job losses. last month, this was added.

as far as job gains there have been consistent gains as far as summer is concerned. there is this weird affect with the hiring. it looked really great. they had laid them off. there is this weird affect with the overall hiring. the private sector had been taking this pretty consistently. we have been seeing modest growth. what is the mind set causing them to crow ate jobs and bring people to work. the consumer demand has been pretty high or relatively high. better than it was a few years autoing. that demand is still as not strong as we'd like it to see.

there are other factors there too. as far as what they would like to see, what does that look like number or condition wise. that's hard to say. one of the things that is challenging. retail spending has hit an all-time high in 2010 and passed the recession before that. it is not enough to ramp that up quickly. this is what it says, they said friday, consumers increased the total by $6 milwaukeon. they baroed more to finance car loans in a compact that rose since 2008. >> let's talk credit cards.

we saw increase for the second time. the first toim was in december. in the following two months, all of that paid back. in march, there's not as much reason. two things going on. one thing is that people want to spend more. it could be that there is price pressure, gas prices and food prices are rising.

auto loans are doing really well. do the numbers as far as credit cards or whatever they are buying long term. are those two related? >> certainly, yes. it is hard to say because of the different measures. the other is a survey. on that level, it is a better command. i mentioned earlier and there was no more money. >> our guest coming up, the associated editor talking about the economy and employment and things of that nature.

saying that according to the source. prices drop 6%. the west 6.2%. the south, the northeast 1.6%. we are seeing an increase and decrease in-housing prices. put that together and tell us about that economy. that's the one issue. most recovery, you see hougs doing relevant.

the other problem is sort of self created. they created this home buyer credit. at the time, it seemed like a really good idea and disperse demand. the demand went up, more people bought houses. may or april of 2010 is when things happened again. we really haven't seen the rebound. you have to wonder if the housing market may have been recovering right now. . .

the bureau of labor statistics give these numbers out. you have to have looked for work in a certain threshold time frame. as a result, certain people -- you may be considered unemployed. what is interesting is that the bureau of labor statistics keeps records of people. they have a statistic for people that want the job -- host: like a recent college graduate. guest: if you add them in, the unemployment rate is closer to 12.5%.

host: as far as what is paid out in unemployment, the strength of that and what happens to those currently on that? will it expire after a certain time? >> it works about 99 weeks, and then it expires. we have a situation that allows people that have been unemployed for years -- what do they do now? i am not sure. they can find any part-time work they can. it is a tough situation. host: buffalo, new york. caller: that was the point i was going to be calling in. c-span and your guest, and it

seems the rest of the media seems to portray the unemployment rate around 8 or 9%. this is a myth perpetuated on the american people that you touched on. it only reflex those that are registered with the department of labour. there are a lot of people out there, americans that have given up entirely, not registering with the department of labour. there is another group of americans, just to put food on the table, have taken part-time jobs to provide a little bit of money. if we look at those that have taken any kind of job to put some food on the table, we are talking closer to 16%. the media perpetuates that 9% myth. your comments?

>> guest: the number is much higher if you take these broader characteristics. it has to do with the breath -- way they measure people, which is very controversial. the bureau of labor statistics calculates a number of people that are discouraged or do not have a job. some are working part-time for economic reasons. they want some kind of money to keep a one. that is around 15.7%. that is for april. it is a very high number. host: austin, texas.

thanks for holding. independent line. caller: in a recent poll, barack obama was headed to head with ron paul. he is the only person that understands how it works and where money comes from, why we have that. we have a debt-money system. economics is very complex. there are many aspects that are very logical. going back to what you were talking about, jobs, we should talk about the real unemployment rate, which is debt. now we are creating jobs. we've lost more jobs. the unemployment rate went up

until we created some jobs. housing prices are falling. that is a good thing. they were the reason we got to this trouble. we have a boom, bust cycle created by the federal reserve, that needs to end. a lot of people believe that housing prices need to fall. it has not gotten down to a certain trend line. we have to hope that once it gets there, the market will be in recovery. you do not want housing prices to decline if you want construction dollars to return. we want a stable market. it is a hard situation.

host: what about current owners of homes? guest: that is also important to consider. people will pay money on a house that does not have the equity in it for years. host: what about those that want to take a home improvement loan amount or help pay for college? guest: banks are still tighter than they were. it is for good reason. they lent this people this money, and it was a bad idea, because they were defaulting and there were foreclosures. we are seeing lending pick up, but it is still at relatively low levels.

host: springfield, ohio, republican line. caller: you mentioned the auto industry was having a great year. i thought they are only going to come around 11 or 12 this year. why is it considered a great year? we have to have 3000 jobs a year added for three years to get down below 6%. those are my questions. guest: this is relatively speaking. the other industry is looking quite good compared to the last year. i think sales were up last year, 30 or 40%.

it is a huge number. gm reported one of the biggest profits in years. they are doing relatively well. the question is how many jobs do we need to create it? i think one hon 25,000 to keep the unemployment rate steady. some are entering the workforce out of college or every month. we want to get it into a natural rate. it would probably have to be a pretty big number. even with these 200 plus thousand. you will have to see 300,000 a month. host: i've been unemployed, i go back to work, what are the chances that i get a job at my

previous salary, which hopefully was good? guest: the chances are probably not very high. some people that are finding work have to accept jobs at lower levels. you see someone's path moving up their career, it puts a dent in it. it delays progress. it is a big problem, because it will affect a lifetime worth of expectations. host: you wrote a piece saying the millionaires are growing. what do you mean about that? guest: they did a study tracking their growth. money makes money. millionaires tend to make money

faster. they know how to make their money grow. the number of millionaires is. to grow pretty substantial. i've forgotten the exact number. maybe it is 70%. host: 10 million in the u.s. are registered as million -- millionaires. can you give us a snapshot of any small business owners? guest: it is across the board. they measure it by how many investment scene have. -- investments you have. [inaudible] host: you cover economic issues for the atlantic. how often do you post on the site? guest: a couple of times during

the day. it is fairly broad from the economic reports that come out to housing policies, and federal reserve, treasury, all of these things. host: you can find our guests postings on the atlantic .com website. caller: you speaking about the ascension of wealth. as more money flows into the hands of the few, people are hurt by this. the disparity gets wide between the rich and the poor. do you expect the rate to decline? guest: i do not know that it would be a direct costs related to this. there may be more disgruntled people, perhaps.

that may lead a lot of economists are hoping that the jobs would be better pain. host: can you respond to this in the "washington post." most americans still working are not pleased with the economy either. what does it mean for the president's reelection campaign and for those on capitol hill? guest: it is a tough group to

walk on. the economy matters. most of the time, i do not think we will see a dramatic improvements. host: plantation, fla., a republican line. caller: i think most americans believe that the most important thing congress can do for jobs this for the bipartisan commission, what ever you want to call it. they should go into a room and do not come out until we have a bipartisan plan for the country based on mathematics and not politics. if you want employers to hire, they have to know what to expect. a prime example of what not to do is not the health care bill

itself, but the way it was done. everybody knows it was not bipartisan. what do we have? we do not know that the health care plan is going to exist in five years. no one can make plans on their medical coverage. this deal that we have where politics comes so much into play has got to stop. i think most americans would like politicians to shut up, do things based on math and logic, and quit this political blather. guest: many businesses probably agree with this. there is probably less regulatory work on businesses. the group that talks about small business -- the biggest problem

is still demand. i think the second or third biggest problem is government regulation and the uncertainty created by laws that they do not know what to expect. the rules of the game are changing. there is a financial regulation law that went into effect. they are having trouble implementing some of the steps. some do not know the rules of the game. they need to provide more clarity on how to do things quicker. host: texas, and democrats line. caller: i heard a month ago that there were three trade agreements during the bush administration that are coming up for amendment for a vote. that is how we got into this

problem to begin with. as soon as the trade agreement is amended, those jobs will go away and will not come back. i do not see any sense in giving more trade agreements when we are already in the predicament that we are in. when will we start manufacturing in this country? guest: the international trade agreements. they believe that it benefits both countries involved. if one country can make goods and services cheaper, then they will go and do some trade with them. in that sense, it is good for the american people. their purchase power goes up. in terms of the jobs in overseas, -- jobs shipped

overseas, we have seen in manufacturing see more jobs come back in over the past few months. it is at a higher level. not so much making -- it is more machinery and things that take more training. they want to see those higher- paying manufacturing jobs better for the american people. host: arkansas, independent line. caller: inflation has been created from the transfer of funds from the federal reserve to the banks. when can the money starts coming into the economy?

guest: everybody wants to know that. the federal reserve has put a lot of money during the recovery into the economy. they have a balance sheet. they claim they have an exit strategy where they can slowly whittled down all of these assets. historically, we have never seen it take this on. we are not sure. we do not know if they will execute that exit. we have not seen much inflation throughout the recovery. it is starting to pick up now. republicans were worried that we could fall into deflation. it is complicated. can they keep it at a healthy rate?

we have to see if they can execute the things the way they say they can. host: the wall street journal this morning talks about the jobs report. they discuss self-employed workers. factor that into unemployment. guest: i wrote about this late yesterday. if you take those into account, it does not include the same workers exactly. with the unemployment rate picked up, it does not include self-employed workers. those industries shed jobs in april. take those out of the equation, then you see some job growth from the worst number that made the unemployment rate pick up. host: philadelphia, go ahead.

caller: i have a couple of questions for your guest. why do we over-complicate things? it seems a simple to me. when you are struggling with the debt in your home, what do you do? he looked to get a second job and increase revenue. you look at the revenue side. we have had the highest amount of revenue profit generated by corporate america and we are not looking at an increase in the revenue side. there is a correlation between the tax cuts and tax break not creating more jobs. why do we let them decrease

taxes so that it can create more revenue. why not dismiss that? it is ridiculous. we know and giving tax breaks to the rich will not create more jobs. it is insulting for us to state the obvious. they make people like me to work harder at the expense of my family. that is what corporate global is supposed to do. their mission is to affect bottom-line, profit. if they can get more out of me, which they do, i work longer hours, so they detract from my family. now i am more productive for their company, which is what they are supposed to do. their mission is to create more money. why don't we stop playing games and know that when you are struggling, you increase revenue

and get a part-time job? guest: corporate profits have been relatively high recently. if corporations are making more mary -- more money, why aren't they hiring? they will say there is no point in hiring, because there is no one to buy the goods and services that they could produce more of. they do not see enough people of adair to necessitate them. -- out of their to resuscitate them. people are working harder, which is why they can produce more with fewer workers. there is usually a lag in recessions where they do not

hire people until they are sure the recovery is real. we are beginning to see earlier this year the declarations say they are starting to hire more aggressively. they do not want to hire someone in pay the mouth of the benefits, and things, because it will affect their bottom line. host: gaithersburg, maryland, republican line. caller: we no major corporations have tons of money on their balance sheet, but all of the stimulus and the things the politicians are doing is throwing more money at these corporations. the stock market is doing well,

because these are billion dollar corporations. the money is coming from multinational corporations. they are in india, russia, china. they are not growing in the united states. the middle class will only survive and small businesses are a focal point of this administration, because they will drive the economy. multinational corporations on the s&p, the dow jones, nasdaq, they are making tons of money, because they are global. they cannot make money in the united states. guest: small businesses would agree that they do not feel the support. they did not have the turn that they had hoped for. the government is not being affected in spurring the

economy. as a result, he may have to wait for things to improve as they can. it is a hard call as to how small businesses can do better. there are a huge engine of jobs in the economy. line. democrats aligne caller: we had an election at in cleveland. he seems to apply to every ad hoc measure to destroy jobs. he turned down a grant from the federal government for infrastructure. we are losing thousands of jobs, running off teachers and the public workers, and the budget he came out with increases our

deficit by billions of dollars. i see the same thing going on in wisconsin, california. it seems these republican governors do not have the same objective. they do not want the unemployment to be fixed. guest: a lot of states have budgetary problems. they are not taking the revenue to support the spending. how do you fix that? it is difficult, because from the government stand point, raise taxes or cut spending. this is the problem with the federal government. do you tighten your belt and laid people off or raise taxes that could hurt business?

it is a bad problem right now. host: tennessee, independent line. caller: i believe we have one of the most corrupt countries in the world. the citizens united decision, which defines evie corp. is a person, so they can make unlimited political contributions and put the final nail in the coffin by our government being controlled by national corporations. an example is goldman sachs. $400 million contributed to the obama campaign. they own our congress. when the financial collapse occurred, hank paulson decided to save a i g by loaning them

$100 billion. the next day, 40 billion was paid to goldman sachs as profits on these collateral debt obligations. i have a question. the gain of six has recommended that we cut the personal tax to 25%. we cut the corporate tax and make more in come through that. we will have a massive tax cut to the very wealthy and everyone else will have to pay more tax. corporate tax cutting is a race to the bottom. guest: the tax balance is a hard one. the white house is expected to

come out with corporate tax reform. the idea is to live with the tax rate and not to the revenue. corporations manage to pay lower taxes than their actual rate is. the government wants to make it clear. here is what they pay period end the story, more or less. it is a complicated task for the government. host: what will we see regarding unemployment for the next numbers that come out? guest: similar numbers for the near term. the numbers have become pretty regular. if gas prices to rise, that will be a problem.

it is a tough road be are gone. host: you can see his work on the atlantic dot com. if you are a student or a payment of a student studying for the "ap" exam, in the last 45 minutes, you can cram for the exam with the two experts in history to help those preparer sample questions, and give you tips on how to prepare for the test. you can ask questions be a twitter -- via twitter and phone calls. he may have seen this story sensibility.al

we will do that after we take a look at the week's news through political cartoons. ♪

>> you can access our programming anytime [inaudible] it is all available around the clock wherever you are. rom thed it free for mdap

app store. >> michelle bachman is here and she is thinking about running for president, which is weird, because i hear she was born in canada. [laughter] yes, michelle, this is how it starts. [applause] >> this has been the most watched video on youtube. you can watch it on our youtube channel. >> "washington journal" continues. host: joining us is a u.s. navy seal and the ceo of a mission that continues. tell us how you became a navy seal. guest: i joined the team in2001. in april, i wnt to special -- i

went to special training and became a seal in 2002. host: tell us about being a ceo at the mission continues. guest: it started when i first came back from my last deployment in iraq. then i was serving as a commander of an al qaeda targeting sell. my unit was hit by a suicide truck bomb. my wounds were minor. i was treated at the surgical hospital and returned to duty 72 hours later. many of my good friends were hurt far worse than i was. when i visited them, i've

realized that they all wanted to continue their mission and of public service, even though their injuries would prevent them from serving in the military. i started the company by contributing my combat pay. we work with wounded and disabled veterans to help them continue the mission of public service here at home. host: this a piece written in the ""the wall street journal"." can you expand on a quotation there? guest: when i went to training, we fired thousands of rounds at targets with the likeness of osama bin laden on them. every navy seal i know wishes they had a chance to be on that mission last sunday night. we have gotten tremendous respect for the great warriors, who are the elite of those that

convicted the mission sunday night. they did a great service to the field teams into the country into the whole world. host: we heard a lot about sealed training into their role this week. tell us what we may not have heard in their training and preparation. the equipment, mental training, the things that go into it from your perspective. guest: it is important to understand that it is not just an organization based on courage, physical strength, a technical proficiency. it is the combination of the heart and the fist that makes great warriors. we heard about the raid last sunday night. all of the points about technical proficiency has been emphasized. these are men that have a heart

and dedication to public service. for the last 9.5 years, they have been engaged in this fight at a great personal sacrifice, that of their families. they have lost comrades. it is that combination of living goes down use of public service, that's part of what it means to be a real warrior. that is what creates a navy seal. host: you have to be 28 years old. a u.s. citizen, high school graduate, a clean record. guest: there is a basic physical test you have to take to get into the training. it is a 500 meter swim, a set of

pushups and situps, the basic test to get into the training. once you are in, it is considered to be the hardest military training in the world. we started with two and 20 people in my class. by the time we graduated we were down to 21. people in my class. by the time we graduated, we were down to 21. they tie your feet together in your hands behind your back, and you have to jump into a pool and a swim the 50 meters. it is a lot of difficult training, designed to push people to their mental, physical, emotional limits, and a test who they are inside. host: he say this about the training.

almost all of the men that survive have one common quality. guest: that is the quality that helps to create navy seals. it is at the heart of what it means to be a seal. the training is so difficult and painful. there were moments where i thought if i was alone, i might quit. here is someone to my left and right, and i know they need me. they need me to step outside of my own pain, my own fear, and be there for them. those that make it through the training are those that are not just focused on themselves, but on a higher purpose, a larger mission, on the needs of their

team, so by the time you get to the end of the training, there is a tight-knit group of people who are willing to step outside of their own pain. it is a lesson that applies to everybody in all of our lives. if we can step outside a cover pain in service to others, it is incredible. host: how does that play out in missions like sunday? guest: you saw relentless practice come together that they had put in. they had practiced for months against a mock target and went through a drill after drill, practicing time and time again, preparing for every possible contingency, so that no matter what happens on the battlefield, they could return and executed a mission. they had to know that they could rely 100% on the person to their

left and right. they had to know on target every person knew their jobs would do their job and be there for them. that creates an incredible team. host: here are the numbers if you want to talk to our broadcast. -- to every guest. you can send us an e-mail and also twitter us. here is a tweet. guest: these men are members of

the united states military. they are protected under the geneva convention. if they were caught or captured, they would be recognized as a prisoner of war. host: louisville, kentucky, a republican line. caller: i was wondering about the navy seals. they are able to endure -- are they able to endure a lot of pain and suffering from being mistreated like a regular soldier for trying to get information from them? thank god for the navy seals. i am glad they went over there and did what they did.

host: are you asking if they are trained to withstand torture? caller: i am sure they are, because they went through a lot of training. host: can you expand on that? guest: as you go through the basic underwater demolition training, you are put under an incredible amount of pain. if you learn how to deal with discomfort, pain, fear, you also go through other courses, where they teach you how to survive if you are ever taken as a prisoner of war. there is a tremendous amount of training to prepare people for whatever circumstances they may face on the battlefield. the more you sweat in peace, the less you bleed in war. you push people, make them sweat, pushed them to their limits, so when the time comes, they will be ready in combat.

host: will we ever know the identities of those in the team's sixth? -- steam six? guest: i do not think we will hear about that any time soon. host: is the person that took the shot allowed to talk about it? guest: not publicly now. it may be a decade from now. for the moment, that will remain a secret. host: here is an e-mail asking if there are women navy seals the guest:. . guest: some are specialists, but

those that are actually in the navy seals are men and, because of congressional laws. they have played a special part in the special operations community. they play an essential role there. they played very important roles in special operations. i would keep it as it is working now. host: democrats line. caller: i was in the mediterranean. there was a joint army, navy, marine training base.

this was around the second world war. the captain of my shift -- ship was the commander. we had more casualties. it was really dangerous. host: do you have a question? caller: you are great. the country would not be what it is today without you. host: how many fields are there in terms of numbers? guest: the pentagon reports there is over 2000 active-duty navy seals. they trace their history back to

the underwater demolition team, who were responsible for cleaning the beaches in normandy. the actual sales team was commissioned by president kennedy on january 1, 1962. those were the origins of the navy seals team. host: can you expand on your story in the wall street journal this morning? guest: and they build all of this tension. you know you will go into the hardest test of your life. have a sleeping with my crew in

the 10's. we woke to the sound of gunfire regionte -- tents. we will to the sound of gunfire and we knew that the greatest thing we would face would be then. we would have a formal run in boots in the sand. they ask you to land small rebel -- webber boats on jagged rocks in the middle of the night. -- whetherrubber boats on jagged rocks in the middle of the night. they push you to your mental, physical, emotional limits, to see who will survive and has the courage and perseverance. host: south carolina, independence line. caller: -- independent line.

caller: thanks for your service to our country. what are the most important field principles that an individual can bring to their own civilian workplace to do a better job at work? guest: that is an excellent question. that is what my book is about. those principles that you learn going through seals training that you can bring back into your own life. one principle is you actually become stronger when you think about others. no matter what the pain is that you face in your own life. if you can step outside of it a little bit and think about what you can do for others at that moment, it is amazing how much stronger you become. one thing i notice is that during my hardest moment, it

came when i was alone. when i started to get trapped in my own fear and think about what was wrong, that is when i was the weakest. when i was leaving others in the able to think that the matter how much pain i am in, there is someone else who needs me, that is when i became stronger. it is important to recognize her rich is something that i think we misunderstand in our contemporary society. we think it is something that happens in a flash of bravery. in a moment of great danger and the difficulty, someone steps forward from day to day. one thing i recognize going through the field training is the kind of courage that helps people transform their lives is the courage of perseverance. it is the willingness to do the hard thing that has to be done day after day after day.

that is how navy seals are built, with that kind of courage. those are many lessons. thinking of a higher purpose to guide yourself with the heart and having the fist of discipline and perseverance to help you along the journey. host: there is new video of the compound where bin laden stayed. how does the team actively train for a mission that we saw sunday, when all they have is the outside schematics of the location? guest: you try to get as much information as you possibly can. we know they built a mock compound which they a salted multiple times. they may have only known what it looked like from the outside. what they would try to do is set of different scenarios,

contingencies, layouts of what it may have looked inside and practiced different scenarios said that no matter what they happened, they would be prepared to react when they were on the target. it all comes down to incredible training, relentless practice, and 100% dedication once on target to get the mission accomplished. host: is someone calling the shots from washington, d.c. or is it all on the ground? guest: you get your guidance or commanders intent, who will let you know what the intent of the commander is. once it has been given and you know the intent, all of the calls should be made by the commander on the ground who is there on scene. host: so the helicopter that was

lost, it is part of his call to enlighten the situation? guest: that is exactly right. the intent is probably to eliminate bin laden, bring everybody home safely, as the person on the ground, you have to make the decision, because no one from washington should be making calls like that in a difficult situation. it should be up to the commander on the ground. host: republican line, nebraska. caller: would the cia interrogators have the possibility of interrogation -- they said there was a blackout of about 20 minutes in the

middle of the operation. was that intentional so that future prosecutions could not be brought against the navy seals ?eat guest: there could be many explanations for that. i will not speculate as to why or how that may have happened. it would be tough for me to guess why that may have gone down. host: here is an e-mail. guest: my suspicion is the families of all of these men understand that they were deployed and were engaged in important operations. i would doubt that many of them know the specific details of the missions they were on. all of them are very supportive

of these men. it is important to recognize that these warriors return home. they become fathers and husbands. they need to come home and be welcomed by their families, who understand they have been involved in high-risk, intense operations overseas. host: is there a specific length of service that a seal has? guest: there are different contracts. most of the time it is a minimal active duty commitment of four years. people often serve longer than that. some of the best we have had served sometimes 30 years. they have a lot of wisdom and

knowledge that they passed down to younger guys that go through the training. host: when a person transition's back to civilian life, is their help? guest: there is a great community of fields that help others make the transition. many friends can give guidance along the way. france that can help them figure out how they can use their strength as the mission continues, i work with a team in st. louis, missouri. we are working with wounded and disabled veterans, not navy seals. they are from around the country. we work with them to help them to find -- to find new ways to continue their mission of

service here at home. host: independent line. caller: thanks for your service. your principles sound so spiritual, not religious. i will ask a probably stupid question. i am so fascinated by the work that you do. i sought a documentary about the navy seals. is it pretty accurate? but i know movies and tv, they try to replicate the kind of work you do with the trauma that is not real. is there something i can watch that is pretty accurate?

i think the work you do is sell fastening. i am so proud of you. t make our country safe. guest: there is a discovery channel documentary dawn of a class -- done of class 234 as they went through team training. that is a wonderful documentary to watch. if you wanted to read about the training, there is a book called "the warrior elite." then you can also read "the heart and the fast" -- fist" which is about my team training. host: our guess is officer eric

greitens who served in asia and iraq. he is the ceo mission continues and is the author of the book "the heart and the fist." who flew the helicopters? to the seals have helicopter pilots? guest: they work in special operations community which is called the joint special operations community. we worked very closely with special operations forces from other services. the best special operations pilots are actually army pilots. it was army pilots who played the fantastic role in the mission that went down last sunday. host: a couple of policy questions. from someone who served in afghanistan, are you concerned about the reports this morning

about the death of the bin laden and what does this mean about military actions in afghanistan? guest: recognize it was a great history -- a great victory, but it is not the end of the global war on terrorism. we can count on the special operations community and the entire military community to stay vigilant. we recognize that this may be a time when al qaeda wants to strike back. we must maintain our diligence and our vigilance and take the fight to them in afghanistan. host: so keep what is going on in the afghanistan going? guest: from a special operation standpoint, yes. we have put relentless pressure

every single day on what is happening in the al qaeda network. given the intelligence we have gathered so far, when we exploit that intelligence and we start to figure out and even a clearer picture of how they're working, then what we should absolutely do is use the special operations forces to continue to put pressure on the eal qaeda network. from an operation standpoint, we need to keep pushing forward. host: a briefing from the pentagon will take place on that intelligence. there were stories stemming from the narrative that came out of the operation and how it had changed over the first few days over how the specific facts are concerned. from your perspective as far as narrative's are concerned, were you concerned with the some of the changing nature of the story as it went from the beginning of the week to the end it?

guest: 20 recognize in any military operation, emergency, catastrophe, are that the first reports will always been inaccurate. i was surprised at the level of operational detail that they were giving out so quickly. the fact is it you always find out when people come off of the target and you are able to debrief them, you get a fuller picture of what is actually happening. usually it is most prudent to wait until you have the full picture before you release information. what we saw here is that now, finally, as the commanders have come off of the target and a solid interpretation of the facts. host: could you give your thoughts on the debates as far as the release of the folks of the death of osama bin laden? -- the photos of the death of

bin laden? guest: i do not think they should. lot of people have not seen a photograph of what a human body looks like with multiple gunshots to the head, the body, and it is particularly gruesome. if they were released, they would be everywhere, the newspaper, on the television, on the internet. it is not the kind of thing, i think, i would want young children to be exposed to. i did not think it is necessary. no, i would not release the photographs. host: no concern over an citing more furor from the islamist extremists? guest: at the same time, we cannot make arcturus is based on some interpretation of how violent terrorists are going to react.

what is important is that we live by our values and hold true to those core values. really, i think we should keep the photograph just because of the graphic nature. i do not think it is something that we need to expose people to. host: our guest mentioned dick couch. he will be featured on "q&a" this coming sunday on 8:00 p.m., a full hour of discussion about navy seal operations and things of that nature. that will be this coming sunday at 8:00 p.m. next call from west palm beach, fla., on the democratic line. caller: how're you doing today? i want to commend c-span for their independent journalism. i also want to put in a word for link tv. sir, you do something that is

absolutely extraordinary. you served the country and you are trained in everything that you can do. you are proficient in all of them. heu are the tip of te sword. the men that we have underneath us, being the president -- man. host: what is your question? we will move on. new york, john, on the republican line. caller: do you think the war against political assassinations that president bush signed will be repealed? will the navy seals be able to go into these countries and be able to take out leaders instead of starting these wars?

guest: it would be hard for me to speculate with the people in congress would want to do around that. osama bin lawn was a terrorist leader. -- osama bin laden was determined later and presented a very particular target. i am obviously incredibly pleased with the results. as for the changes in legislation based on that, that would be hard for me to say. host: officer greitens, could you expand on where field teams are deployed? guest: the teams are deployed internationally. they do not have any domestic law enforcement function. it is a force designed to be used outside of our borders. host: maryland, think for reading. the republican line. go ahead. caller: how are you, sir?

i would like to enlighten and little bit about what you said about the original navy seals. it was started before even world war ii. when we got into the seal fight, and there were two teams. team 1 was west coast. team 2 was the east coast. some of the original training to learn how to break into places, etc., they went to jail and a saw some of the first locksmiths and stuff trained us. then we were set up to northern california and washington and

went through the marine captive unit to paris to go to vietnam -- prepare us to go to vietnam. from there we went to s.a.s., the english commandoes, and they took us to wales. they have some of the toughest terrain you have ever seen. they would take is out there in the worst weather, the worst time, to climb these cliffs. they said, when the worst time comes, captor prisoners them. we also were scouts, as you know, and it would gather information. host: caller, thank you. guest: there has been a long tradition of innovative trading in underwater teams for the

seals. a lot of our history and tactics we learned from the british, the british special air service to come in the early days. host: next call from las vegas on the democratic line. are you there? caller: yes. good morning. i have a simple question. my question is one and i have always had the desire to be a navy seal. i came up against opposition. the first lesson we learn is to follow orders in their following orders from the commander in chief. correct? my next concern is in reference to who are you really representing? i appreciate your service, but

the past administrations had navy seals available to them but they never utilized them. host: officer greitens? guest: navy seals have been in use since january 1st, 1962, and been a part of every major conflict that we have had. they play a really important role. oftentimes it is a role we never hear about, and as it is important to keep in mind that this was a particularly dramatic mission that supplies last sunday night. we should be grateful to the seal community, and to all of our veterans, is that they are out there doing this incredibly difficult work every single day often with little recognition and many times people do not know the missions that they are on, the challenges they are up against, and when they take on on behalf of all of us. host: were restrained take place in the united states?

-- where does training take place? guest: coronado, california. often sealed teams can actually do training in many places oliver the world, but the basic training is in coronado, calif.. host: how long does it take? guest: basic training is six months. in order to actually become a navy seal, if you go straight through the training, which not everyone does, but it is usually about 18 months from the time that you begin until the would actually become officially a navy seal. host: tennessee, your next with our guest. good morning. caller: good morning to you. i have a question that i hope he will give some thought. do you think that keeping a standing army and navy of the

warriors makes a nation safer or more likely to engage in war with all the attendant death and destruction? guest: a great question. i think we are much safer when we have warriors who are ready to assert -- ready to serve the, committed to surf. we are much stronger in a stronger position. those warriors are very often the people most deeply understand the consequences and of the ones who would tell you that the greatest victory comes from when you actually do not have to go to war in the first place. in order for us to make it possible, you need warrior's ready to serve the country at a moment's notice and i am really glad that we still do. host: last call for our guest. new york on the democratic line. caller: good morning, c-span. the navy has the navy seals.

the army has delta. is there any time that you two units work together on missions? if so, who is in command? thank you. guest: i probably cannot actually speak to the specific units that you mentioned, but what i can say is that there is a real emphasis around joint special operations and we have a lot of wonderful special operations forces in the u.s. military. army rangers, army special forces, jumpers, navy seals, recall on, we do a lot to bring those forces together in a lot of creative ways. there is no set protocol, i would never say, that a navy officer would always be in charge of a unit, for example, it would be the senior officer of whenever service would be in charge of that particular

mission. host: officer greitens, as far as we have talked about the navy seal program, what is the one thing that you wanted to mention about the program or its operations that maybe we have not talked about our has not been mentioned this week? guest: i would emphasize that the most important point is that sometimes when we think of navy seals we just think of the physical courage, that strike, but it is important to recognize that what really makes a navy seal special is the combination of 'the heart and the fist." it is their perseverance, their willingness to be of service to others, their sacrifice, their own personal safety, their own personal comfort. that is what really makes a seal. it is the combination that what makes a seal special. host: officer greitens has

served in afghanistan from asia, and iraq. he is the ceo of the mission continues. officer greitens, we think it for your time today. guest: it has been great to be with you today. host: if you are a student taking the a.p. government exam next week, it is good for you to join us today because we will pop up with -- we will talk with two guests and a look at the exam. what is the significance of the u.s. supreme court case mcculloch v. maryland? it established the federal law is superior over state law when the two conflict, it was the first case that established that the supreme court had the power of judicial review over congressional laws, court stated that state and local police

must follow the fourth amendment. if you do not know that answer, the two guests we will have next will be able to tell you. andrew conneen and daniel larsen from adlai stevenson high school who would join us for cram for the exam right after this. >> this weekend, the origins of government from early tribal societies to the first modern

states in china and europe. conservative bloggers discussing his transformation from liberal to self-described conservative warrior. he is interviewed by armstrong williams. also, david gold field on the role of religion leading up to the civil war. but for the complete schedule on booktv.org. sign up for the booktv alerts. >> and can access our programs in any time. four streams of our public broadcasting commercial free. you can listen to our signature interview programs each week available around the clock. down the it free from the app store. >> the comprehensive congressional chronicle, making it easier to find information on your elected officials. the days committee hearings and

a video of every house and senate session and the progress of bills and notes. take a look at the new congressional chronicle at c- span.org/congress. >> if the amateurs do it over and over until they get it right, professionals didn't -- do it over and over until they cannot get it wrong. >> dick couch is the offer of 14 books and talk about the training of u.s. navy seals. this is one of our many signature and interview programs available online at c-span.org /podcasts. host: are two teachers have been on for the past few years to help those of you taking the ap government exam. andrew conneen and daniel larsen from adlai e. stevenson high

school. welcome back. when is the test? guest: next tuesday. it is a big day for students. host: what our students doing this weekend? guest: there are cramming for the exam. we have a lot of students tweeting in their questions. here is how we will break this down. host: if you live in the eastern and central time zones, you can call this number -- if you live in the mountain and pacific time zones, you can call this number -- start calling right now because we will take as many calls as we can. if you want to send us an e- mail, journal@c-span.org. #cspanwj on twitter.

guest: alternately, this is a vocabulary test. all 60 multiple choice questions will contain a vote count word that drives the prompt. if you can go through your vocabulary list, the critical things like foundation, federalism, public opinion, you will have a fighting shot. this is their health weekend. -- hell weekend. guest: yasser understand how the concept interactive. that is high-level thinking where you will get college credit. host: how long the students have to take the tests? what are the rules going in? guest: the test is may 10th. there will be 60 multiple choice items, a short break, then there is 100 minutes to answer four response questions which will cover the entire course. we do not know the questions

now. host: with don their preparation, we will go straight to calls. from virginia, good morning. caller: i would like to give a shot out to my friends and teachers and my government teacher, mr. gibbs. can you explain the difference between concurrent, reserved powers? guest: these words are critically indifference. we're talking about federalism and the overlapping powers between the national and state government. concurrent powers are was that both the national and state governments can do simultaneously. education. our school receives a national, state, and local funding and this is concurrent. reserved powers is more technically and speaks to the 10th amendment. the 10th amendment provides for the reserved powers. the national government may be supreme, but there are still

certain powers reserved to the states. and the 10th amendment, they're not listed specifically and it is open for debate even in the supreme court as to what powers are reserved for the states. guest: it all relates to federalism, the division of power between the national government and state and local government. host: our next call from corona, california. you are up early this morning. go ahead. caller: i would like to give a shout out to my teacher, mr. ellis. my question is about the iron triangle. i am having trouble understanding a specific example for the test. guest: it is how policies are made. sometimes behind closed doors, very key policy makers are making the decision. there are the three policy makers, the executive branch,

the converse with a subcommittee -- the congress with a subcommittee, and the special-interest groups that trying to lobby the bureaucrats and the lawmakers. in the policy-making were there are very few voices in the room, it tends to be very fast, very consentual. that can contrast with pluralism which is very slow and contentious. guest: one example is the agricultural issue of farm subsidies. you have the agricultural department and the executive branch working with the house agricultural committee and, let's say, the american dairy association lobbyist to get favorable subsidies for dairy farmers in california. host: from virginia, good morning. caller: i would like to give a shot out to my seventh. government costs. can i say my question now? in the federalist papers, james

madison expresses the views of political factions -- should be nurtured by a free nation, should play a man -- minor role in any free nation, are undesirable but inevitable in a free nation, or are necessary to control the masses? guest: i feel like i am taking the test. factions are inevitable, but madison wrote about how our constitution was meant to control those factions. i think that was "c"? guest: the can also be used as anonymously with political interest groups. -- can also be used with political interest groups. this is the debate between and in this society and a pluralist society. we would like to think we are a pluralist society were groups can come together to compete.

host: how long have you been studying a? caller: two weeks now. host: how comfortable do you feel in the preparation for next week? caller: i am pretty nervous, but i think -- ok -- i think i will do ok. host: any tips you can offer? guest: students should manage their time on the multiple choice section. for the essay writing, time and not be an issue, but we suggest students pre-rights and of the gatt the buzz words in the concept -- pre-write and look at the buzz words. host: off of twitter, where does it specify that the three branches of government are co- equal? guest: there is no mention in

the constitution that one branch supersedes another, but simply by the number of words counted, article i would seem to the legislative branch little more constitutional vigor, however as time and tradition have passed the presidency, with the bully pulpit, has exceeded legislative authority. let us not take that as constitutional law or mandate. the separation of powers are important. checks and balances are meaningful. host: it is a good test prep to go through the list of checks and balances, because i guarantee you some of them will be on the test. host: off of twitter, katie gives a shout out to tuscaloosa. can you explain the different responsibilities of the house and senate? guest: the senate can approve treaties by a two-thirds vote

and gets to approve the appointments of judicial confirmations and also cabinet confirmations by a simple majority. the senate can also take the president out of office. it has never happened. guest: the house is responsible for introducing a revenue bills. the house of representatives was the only part of our government that was directly elected in the beginning, said the founding fathers realize that no taxation without representation that only tax bills could be introduced where we the people rule. guest: kudos to students in alabama in getting for all of this and preparing for this exam. host: an exception made for them with the ability to take the test? guest: if the school has an for structural damage, as they do sometimes delayed the exam. -- the school has infrastructure damage.

caller: i went to give a shot out to my teacher. i wonder if you could explain the turning points in history that led up to the woman's right to choose. guest: people are nervous about how many court cases do they need to know and will there be history on the exam. and this is not a history exam. you will not be asked to traverse the tradition of one issue or one policy, but you may be asked, perhaps, to define the landmark case. when we talk about a woman's right to choose, we talk about the right to privacy and we can be fairly certain there will be a right to privacy question either in the multiple choice or in the as a portion. there are two cases, griswold vs. connecticut and rhode v. wade. -- roe v. wade. caller: a shot out to my

teacher. my question is with a new campaign finance reform, how has congress limited the effective interest groups through legislation? guest: interest groups have to register. you cannot lobby just because you want to come to washington, d.c. there are licenses, various registration required. campaign finance is a critical piece. remember, all campaign finance has limits. a lot of times, we get questions on c-span were people assume that these corporations are buying your own politicians. they cannot give money directly to candidates, only individuals, and they are limited by an indexed number of a little more than $2,400 per candidate. guest: the creation of political action committees where they can only raise money and spend it giving it directly to the parties and candidates are known

as pac's. guest: they talk about the bagel bill. if you take a member of congress out to breakfast, you are provided from buying anything more than a bagel. host: next caller. go ahead. caller: i would like to give a shout out to my government teacher, mr. meyer. what is expos facto? guest: the original constitution prohibited that. the bill of retainer is it the congress is going to pass a law to punish someone without a trial, is prohibited. expos facto says you're not allowed to punish someone for something that is legal, make it illegal after the fact. host: it is kentucky derby day.

in the constitution, there are three points that deal with personal civil liberties. prior to the bill of rights. amended and passed, you have expo's facto, the bill of retainer, and the writ of habeas corpus. on tuesday, there could be in the frq. habeas corpus, you must be told why you are being held in custody. the bill of attainder, on the right to a trial by court. and expos facto, you cannot be brought in and punished for something you did win at the time it was legal. host: our guests are with us for the next half hour, but if you have questions, you have a web site set up? guest: citizenu.org and we have all kinds of review material. host: this is the first year we have actually done at some type of contest the element.

could one of you explain? guest: we went to the supreme court and we picked up a pocket constitution signed by justice stephen breyer. we have a student who wants to call in and try to answer a question correctly that the supreme court or judicial branch, we will try to send this to them. host: here is a simple question. if you want to take a shot at the constitutional question, you tell us right off the bat and you have a chance. here is a simple question. which of the following best describes an example of checks and balances as written in the u.s. constitution? you have five options.

if you do want to take a shot at this, i will repeat the question and the options and we will see what happens. go ahead and tell the people that you want to do that. as we do that, north carolina, good morning. caller: good morning. a shout out to my ap government teacher and my class. what are the key concepts that we need to know about the federalist papers and which papers should we review? guest: federalist papers are historical question. they were written by the earlier founders, james madison, etc., to promote the constitution and in those states that were reluctant to ratify,

particularly new york. i would not spend time cataloging through the dozens federalist papers. there is one in the particular that will be on the test was likely which is federalist no. 10 dealing with the factions, a republican versus a democracy. you could see another federalist as a reference, but it is unlikely. guest: if there is another one, it will be federalist no. 51 which addresses checks and balances. host: off of twitter, what are the inherent powers of the president? which should lead focus on it? also a shot out to mr. clark. guest: they are implied powers not stated in the constitution. a classic example is the louisiana purchase. host: california, go ahead. caller: a shout out to second thperiod mr. ellis.

the state legislature controls redistricting, but who controls that from the u.s.? guest: this is a favorite question. everyone is talking about this and local magazines were writing about this. reapportionment is coming out of. a lot of citizens do not understand, but every 10 years a census is taken. the information is taken for the purposes of reapportioning the u.s. congress. the house of representatives is based on population. as populations shift from the congress has to reapportion. in illinois, we currently have 19 members of congress. because the congress -- because the population has not kept up, we will lose a member of congress in the 2012 election. how does that happen? the state legislation takes the state appointed number and the redistricting down to 18.

they redraw the lines to make sure we do have 18 members of congress. what makes this even more interesting is that this is not done generically or rhythmically. it is done by the state legislature that is controlled by the majority party. if the democratic party controls your state, they will try to redraw the lines to advantage the political party, the majority political party, to benefit an incumbent of that political party. it is gerrymandering and it is a great concept to learn because it is a great way to learn how politics really works in america. host: next to columbus, ohio. chris, go ahead. caller: a shot out to my ap teacher mr. wells. could you explain the differences between civil rights and civil liberties? guest: civil liberties, keep in mind, comes from the bill of

rights. specifically the first 10 amendments. there is the issue of selective and corporation which makes the bill of rights applied to the states, so things like the fourth amendment. or you apply your sixth amendment rights to counsel with gideon vs. wainwright. those are civil liberties. guest: civil liberties and civil rights oftentimes overlap. civil liberties deal with my rights as an individual. civil-rights ulrike to collect and organizations and groups, african-americans, latinos, women's. guest: the 14th amendment and the equal protection clause, brown vs. the board of education. host: 11 chance to take a shot at the question about the constitution to get it pocket constitution signed by justice stephen breyer. 20 minutes left. san jose, california.

go ahead. caller: i have a question. am i on? what are the likely topics for the frq's? guest: always look for the rays that the topics can cough -- cross reference. i like the topic of federalism and campaigns. a brilliant question with been how do we see federalism at play in our elections? what national laws are governing elections? they have to take place on the first tuesday after the first monday of november, according to the constitution, and the idea that state and local governments have roles like residency requirements. guest: it has been awhile since we have seen a court's process question. maybe something about the role of four. how many justices does it take? i would not be surprised if you

see words like "a majority of opinion," "concurring opinion," and the unsigned opinion of the court. i would not be surprised. host: what is the history for unassigned opinions? guest: we will never forget bush to be -- bush v. gore coming out saying it was a procurium. host: off of twitter, can you please explain the difference between a caucus like in ohio and a primary? and a shot out to mrs. chase. guest: the nomination process. some states like ohio have a very famous caucus which has small town meetings where citizens get to pick their preferred presidential candidate from that party. it is a very rare the process. -- rowdy process.

a primary is a secret ballot where party members go in, take five minutes to go vote, then we count the number of votes. guest: we look to the nomination process, it has grown more democratic. the caucus was originally meant for the elite. over time, in more recent times, primaries have been introduced to allow you, the people, to vote on which candidate they would like to see as the nominee of their party. unfortunately, the elites do more than anywhere else which is dedicated it's tended to be more on the edge of the political spectrum and why the independent votetrs do not like the candidates in the end. caller: a shout out to ms. shapiro. i was wondering if i could take a shot at the constitution

question. host: here is the question and the options again. which of the following best describes an example of checks and balances as written in the u.s. constitution? here are the options. caller: it is "b." host: it is. guest: good job. host: the producer will take your information and we will get to the side constitution. did you have a question as far as the test goes? caller: i was wondering if you could tell me more about the 25th amendment and how it has to do with the president being invalidated? [laughter]

guest: there are 27 amendments. as we prepare for this test, do we need to know all of them? will i be asked about the 11th amendment? the answer is probably no. i have never seen a 25th amendment question. guest: is how you remove a president for that process. guest: i would focus on the bill of rights, 13th, 14th, 15th amendments known as the civil war amendments, then they suffrage amendments like the 19th and 20th. beyond that, i am not sure all of them are worth cramming for. host: off of twitter, what is the difference between a plurality election and a winner takes all? when is each used?

guest: plurality is a great word. oftentimes we say you need a majority, but quite frankly as the president, you only need a majority of the electoral votes. we have certainly had elections in the past where a prison a -- where a president did not win a majority of the popular vote but they won the electoral college and the magic number is 270. guest: plural the means whoever gets the most votes wins. there is no benefit to finish second or third which is another reason why we have two political parties. if we have two political parties, whoever gets the most votes inherently has a majority of. it assures the political efficacy among the voters that they see the winner as someone they voted for. it does not require a majority in any of our elections, but simply a plurality. whoever gets the most votes wins. host: from california, go ahead.

san jose? are you there? we go to arlington, virginia. caller: a shout out to my government class. what do we need to know about this for the ap exam? host: hatch act? guest: i have never seen that on the test. what you need to know about free speech is clear and present danger. the government can only use censorship ahead of time if the speech will impose a clear and present danger to national security. guest: let me say something about the hatrack. -- hatch act. our teachers have our own personal favorite pieces of legislation that we teach a concept about. on the frq, i do not think they

will use that. but you do need to know about the help america boat act. that is a favorite, but it is not something that the tests will probably think that all students have covered in class. use them on the frq's. u.s examples and that one does distinguish you as a very prominent and well-informed citizen. i do not think it will be in the multiple choice. host: can explain how the electoral college works and why is it used to? guest: many of them some hope it will be changed. the framers wanted to choose the chief executive and they were reluctant to put the choice of our first president in the hands of the common man. they were still a little bit nervous about what the common man would do. they thought they would pick a demagogue or a local celebrity so we credit the electoral

college which allows each state to group -- to choose a group of black doors. -- group of electors. 435 in the house, 100 in the senate, 3 in the district. this is why the presidential candidates travel state-by-state trying to win the state. if you win the most votes in any particular state, you get all of that state's electoral vote which is the winner-take-all system. as we said, the first presidential candidate to 270 will be the next president. guest: this is the perfect example of federalism. the constitution proscribes the electoral college but states have rules on this. some states actually have were you can split your electoral votes, like maine and nebraska. host: citizenu.org is the

website they have set up a. you can go there after the program is done for more information. what can they find there? guest: we also have a channel on youtube. we have of bloated dozens and dozens of short video clips of us cramming for the exam, not on like this program here where we take a topic like federalism, public opinion, and we will speak to it. we have run a civics tournament where we pick 64 critical words and we have been voting on them for weeks, not unlike the n.c.a.a. tournament and we're now down to the final four. the final game looks to be between selective and corp. and incumbent. we will announce the winner on monday and you can go on there and vote which word is you think the single most important word going into tuesday's test.

guest: and use that word as much as you can. guest: selective incorporation versus another 3 seed, incumbency. we had 4 regional brackets. guest: the biggest upset was separation of powers. host: this is the strangest conversation i have ever had. next caller, go ahead. caller: i would like to give a shout out to my teacher, mrs. scott. i the question on the different types of taxing. ow what differenta types of taxing we need to know. guest: i thought he said texting. in terms of taxation, you should

certainly know the income-tax which was greeted by a constitutional amendment and words like excise tax and tariffs. host: this student wants to give a shout out to his teacher. what does the policies should be reviewed? guest: we always grandeur of the new bureaucracy in questions like fiscal and monetary policy -- we always cringe about the bureaucracy questions. know the difference. fiscal policy is about taxing and spending. the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch are all involved in passing laws and policies that ultimately require revenue so they have to tax and spend. monetary policy is more independent and coming out of the federal reserve, of which ben bernanke is the chairman. it regulates how much money is in the economy by addressing

interest rates. host: sturgis, mich., good morning. caller: good morning. i was wondering if you talk about selective incorporation and break it down? guest: it comes from the 14th amendment passed after the civil war and it comes from the process clause of the 14th amendment which has been more recently interpreted by the supreme court to make most of the bill of rights applied to state governments. remember. originally the bill of rights only applied to the national government. "congress shall make no law," but in the 21st century, the bill of rights to the 14th amendment has been interpreted to apply the state and local governments. host: tucson, ariz., good morning. caller: a shot out to my

teacher. i would like to ask what is the source of the governing power? is it the people or the constitution? guest: we are ultimately a nation of law, not men. we have put all of the power of the united states government not in the gregarious personality of our leaders but in the amazing document of words, our constitution. with words, we government. we are a nation of limits as much as we talk about how exceptional america is, what is exceptional is the founding fathers and our leaders today understand they are bound by law, the constitution, that is over all of us. no one is above the law. host: what is the difference between the fact discrimination and de jure segregation?

guest: the idea you would have laws restricting our students to go to school and a defacto as more traditional based on tauruses that individual citizens make. example of de jure with the brown vs. the board of education which invalidated racial segregation as prescribed by law in the public schools. host: they also want to give a shout out to southampton high school. we will finish of the last few minutes of a gram for the exam for 2011. good morning. -- cram for the exam. caller: how do sec regulations differ from pax? guest: when you look at limits, you are on the right track. keeping the limits street is not easy. remember the basics.

individuals are limited and indexed by inflation. individuals can give a candid it $2,400. that is it. pac's can give a little bit more than that but are also limited. the fec, federal elections commission, regulates all of this. candidates must disclose every penny they collect. it is all out there, all online. we can check ourselves, but the election system is much more regulated than many citizens think. guest: anytime government makes it a whirl about money, there will always be the polls. -- always be loopholes. we make rules about campaign spending, and the most recent is to allow people or groups to give independently as much money as they want. host: do at your class's give

pre-tests? guest: we give sample multiple choice questions we have seen from past eight p exams -- past ap exams and predicted questions. host: are their arts and education groups that help with the preparation and offer study guides? guest: there are these test prep organizations, but you can watch previous versions of this cram for the exam on the c-span archives. we know a lot of them have gone back to watch last year's show. host: next caller. good morning. caller: a shout out to ms. martins. my question is how has congress begun to take power back from the presidency of the past few decades? guest: a great question about

the checking and balancing of power between the executive and legislative branch. throughout history, there has been an ebb and flow. it is hard to take power back from the president because it relies, so often, on the bully pulpit. as we have seen this week, barack obama has received a bomb in the public opinion poll because he has the ability to make a quick decision. in congress, nothing happens quickly. they do not have the ability of like the president. but congress still has the ultimate power in our government, the power of the purse. at the president goes beyond where the people feel he should, it is not only elections that determine the outcome but congress can call back the budget. we are seeing the tension right now as republicans are trying to hold the president back for budgetary power. guest: there was a law passed in

the 1970's where they tried to restrict the powers of the president. one was the war powers resolution which made the president notify congress if there were going to use combat troops. he had to notify within 48 hours. the other was the budget reform act of 1974 where they stepped up the process of the budget making process and essentially tells the president that the president is not a lot to compound budgetary funds. -- not allowed to compound budgetary funds. guest: these are progressive ideas come a referendum and initiative, and i would not worry about the two but they both did the same thing. they allow the people laid direct voice in government. referendum is much more popular than the initiative and it allows people on the ballot not just to vote for a candidate but to vote directly on policy. california has made the referendum goldman. it is really passing throughout the country and we will see more

and more referendum as we see democracy expand. guest: students should know the difference between a referendum in their republic. a referendum is direct policy. a republic is where people elect representatives to make decisions for the government. host: last call from maryland. go ahead. are you there? caller: hello? what is an example of logrolling? why is it necessary? guest: this is a good shot on tuesday that we will see a legislative process question and they will use words that we do not use every day unless you live in northern minnesota. it is nothing more or less than vote trading. i will slap your back if you slap a mine. i will vote here if you vote for mind. mind.