>> you mentioned bullet fragments. where are they? >> that is kind of a technical answer. there are just a few fragments that are scattered. it is common after a gunshot wound for a little fragment to remain. >> [inaudible] not easily removed? >> no, removing it would cause more injury, and if there is not a problem with an infection, for example, >> aside from her going back to work, is there any time line for her being discharged on an outpatient basis? the possibility? >> let me rephrase that. we always have a general idea. but i mentioned many times before in rehab, an assessment once or twice a week to see if the discharge date that we initially identified was appropriate. so we're using the tentative discharge date as some sort of

a general guide just to remind people that they -- the patients leaving at this time so we have to make sure that everything is in place. in her case, and in the case of our many other patients, we do a regular reassessment. and then we change the discharge date based on the person's needs. or the rehabilitation needs, best met on an in-patient setting or an outpatient setting or maybe even at home. that's something that we will resume when she goes back. >> so don't have one for her a tentative one? >> i will not share what my team has discussed. but most likely that will change when we see her next week. >> you just mentioned that she had -- has she spoken during the surgery and if so what? >> initially, you know, she was in some pain and had some nausea which is very common. but we talked about how the surgery went and she was very happy about that. and of course right now, she has bandages on so she's

anxious to see what things look like. and she's doing really very well. >> can you tell us whether she's following current events? before the surgery obviously, trying to get back into her life's blood which is politics? can you tell us anything about that? >> we talk -- we read her news articles. the arizona daily star has mailed a copy of the paper to her every day. so it's a day old but she gets to see her local newspaper. you know, so we read our articles from that or other papers. and update her on what's gone on, trump's not running for president or whatever -- [laughter] so yeah, she's interested, absolutely, curious and interested. >> what has she complained about in terms of the rehab or being in the hospital, what does she like? >> she complains about being in

the hospital. she talks about missing tucson. but specifically of the exercises to answer that, she -- all equally. >> it's many of our patients who have been here for so long to complain of some therapy, especially the most challenging ones. we have a conversation and i get my way. she goes back to therapy. she's -- kidding aside she's a very driven person so when i explain to her what the rationale is for doing some kind of therapy, she goes along very well. and sometimes i know that she's already fatigued or she may be having some pain somewhere. but she's such a great team player. she will go along to therapy. and toward the end is when she will say i'm tired or i'm done. so we work with her. >> that's probably a good place to end. we appreciate your interest. and we'll keep you updated as gabby continues to progress.

thank you. [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2011] >> history is much more than just politics and soldiers. and social issues. it's also medicine and science and art and music and theater and poetry. and ideas. and we shouldn't lump things into categories. it's all part of the same thing. >> harriet beacher stowe, john singer sergeant, thomas edison, q&a, two weeks with david mccullough on the americans who grade the greater journey to 19th century paris. at 8:00 on c-span. >> yesterday, senator john mccain tweeted that he applauded the president for imposing sanctions on syria's

leader assad and other syrian officials. he'll have more to say about u.s. middle east policy this evening at 6:00 p.m. eastern at the u.s. institute of peace. and we'll have live coverage of his comments at 6:00 here on c-span. president obama spoke earlier today at the state department on a broad range of middle east issues and u.s. policy including calling for a return to the 1967 borders as a prerequisite for middle east peace discussions. between the israelis and palestinians. his comments from earlier today are about 50 minutes.

ladies and gentlemen, secretary of state hillary clinton. >> welcome to the state department. i'm delighted to be here to welcome the president as well as our colleagues from the diplomatic corps, senator kerry and senior officials from across our government and especially the many young foreign service and civil servants who are here today. mr. president, from your first days in office, you have charged us with implementing a bold new approach for america's foreign policy. a new blueprint for how we advance our values, project our leadership, and strengthen our partnerships. and we have seen that in a changing world, america's leadership is more essential than ever. but that we often must lead in

new and innovative ways. and so, mr. president, these foreign service officers and these civil servants, the men and women of the state department and u.s. -- usaid work every day to translate your vision into real results, results on the ground in nearly every country in the world. that's why the work we have done to provide them with the tools and resources they need to perform their mission is so important. and it's why we need to keep making the case for those resources. because alongside our colleagues, in the defense department, america's diplomats and development experts of the state department and usaid are on the front lines of protecting america's security, advancing america's interests, and projecting america's values. as a wave of change continues to sweep across the middle east and north africa, they are carrying our diplomacy and development far beyond the

embassy walls, engaging with citizens in the streets and through social networks, as they seek to move from protests to politics. with n.g.o.'s and businesses working to create new economic opportunities and with transitional leaders trying to build the institutions of genuine democracy. they represent the best of america. and i'm so proud to have them as our face to the world. mr. president, it is fitting that you have chosen to come here to the state department to speak about the dramatic changes we have witnessed around the world this year. now, on the back wall of this historic benjamin franklin room, is a portrait of the leader of tunis, given as a gift in 1865 by the people of tunisia in honor of the enduring friendship between our nations at the end of our civil war. a century and a half later, tunisians and courageous

citizens from across the region have given the world another gift. a new opening to work together for democracy and dignity for peace and opportunity. these are the values that made america a great nation. but they do not belong to you alone. they are truly universal. and it is profoundly in our interests that more people in more places claim them as their own. this moment belongs to the people of the middle east and north africa. they have seized control of their destiny and will make the choices that determine how the future of the region unfolds. but for america, this is a moment that calls out for clear vision, firm principles, and a sophisticated understanding of the indispensable role our country can and must play in the world. those have been the hallmarks of president obama's leadership from his first day in office.

so it is with great confidence and faith in our future that i welcome the president of the united states, barack obama. [applause] naung. thank you very much. please have a seat. i want to begin by thanking hillary clinton who has traveled so much these last six months that she is approaching a new landmark, one million frequent flier miles. [laughter] i count on hillary every single day, and i believe that she will go down as one of the finest secretaries of state in our nation's history.

the state department is a fitting venue to mark a new chapter in american diplomacy. for six months, we have witnessed an extraordinary change taking place in the middle east and north africa. square by square, town by town, country by country, the people have risen up to demand their basic human rights. two leaders have stepped aside. more may follow. and though these countries may be a great distance from our shores, we know that our own future is bound to this region by the forces of economics, and security, by history, and by faith. today, i want to talk about this change. the forces that are driving it and how we can respond in a way that advances our values and

strengthens our security. now, already, we've done much to shift our foreign policy following a decade defined by two costly conflicts. after years of war in iraq, we've removed 100,000 american troops and ended our combat mission there. in afghanistan, we've broken the taliban's momentum. and this july, we will begin to bring our troops home and continue a transition to afghan lead. and after years of war against quade and its afill -- against al qaeda and its affiliates, we have dealt al qaeda a huge blow by killing its leader, osama bin laden. bin laden was no martyr. he was a mass murderer who offered a message of hate. an insistence that muslims had to take up arms against the west and that violence against men and women and children was

the only path to change. he rejected democracy. and individual rights for muslims in favor of violent extremism. and instead focused on what he could destroy, not what he could build. bin laden and his measure dangerous -- murdererous vision won some adherents but even before his death al qaeda was losing its struggle for relevance as the overwhelming majority of people saw that the slaughter of innocents did not answer their cries for a better life. by the time we found bin laden, al qaeda's agenda had been seen by the vast majority of those in the region as a dead end and the people in the middle east, north africa, had taken their future into their own hands. that story of

self-determination began six months ago in tunisia. on december 17, a young vendor named mohammed azizi was devastated when a police officer confiscated his cart. this was not unique. it's the same kind of humiliation that takes place every day in many parts of the world. the relentless tyranny of governments in a deny their citizens dignity -- that deny their citizens dignity. only this time something different happened. after local officials refused to hear his complaints, this young man who had never been particularly active in politics went to the headquarters of the provincial government, doused himself in fuel, and lit himself on fire. there are times in the course of history when the actions of ordinary citizens spark movements for change because they speak to a longing for freedom that has been building up for years. in america, think of the

defiance of those patriots in boston who refused to pay taxes to a king. or the dignity of rosa parks as she sat courageously in her seat. so it was in tunisia that vendor's act of desperation tapped into the frustration felt throughout the country. hundreds of protesters took to the streets. then thousands. and in the face of batons and sometimes bullets, they refused to go home. day after day, week after week, until a dictator of more than two decades finally left power. the story of this revolution and the ones that followed should not have come as a surprise. the nations of the middle east and north africa won their independence long ago. but in too many places, their people did not. in too many countries, power has been concentrated in the

hands of a few. in too many countries, a citizen like that young vendor had nowhere to turn, no honest judiciary to hear his case, no independent media to give him voice, no credible, political party to represent his views. no free and fair election where he could chase his leader. and this lack of self-determination, the chance to make your life what you will has applied to the region's economy as well. yes, some nations are blessed with wealth in oil and gas and that has led to pockets of prosperity. but in a global economy based on knowledge, based on innovation, no development strategy can be based solely upon what comes out of the ground. nor can people reach their potential when you cannot start a business without paying a bribe.

in the face of these challenges , too many leaders in the region try to direct their people's grievances elsewhere. the west was blamed as the source of all ills a half century after the end of colonialism. antagonism toward israel became the only acceptable outlet for political expression. divisions of tribe, ethnicity, and religious sect were manipulated as a means of holding on to power. or taking it away from somebody else. but the events of the past six months show us that strategies of repression and strategies of aversion -- of diversion will not work anymore. satellite television and the internet provide a window into the wider world. a world of astonishing progress in places like india, and indonesia, and brazil.

cell phones and social networks allow young people to connect and organize like never before. and so a new generation has emerged. and their voices tell us that change cannot be denied. in cairo, we heard the voice of the young mother who said it's like i can finally breathe fresh air for the first time. in sana, students chanted "the night must come to an end." in benghazi we heard the engineer who said our words are free now. it's a feeling you can't explain. in damascus, we heard the young man who said after the first yelling, the first shout, you feel dignity. those shouts of human dignity are being heard across the region.

and through the moral force of nonviolence, the people of the region have achieved more change in six months than terrorists have accomplished in decades. and the change of this magnitude doings not come easily. in our day and age, a time of 24-hour news cycle and constant communication, people expect the transformation of the region to be resolved in a matter of weeks. but it will be years before this story reaches its end. along the way, there will be good days and there will be bad days. in some places, change will be swift. in others, gradual. and as we've already seen calls for change may give way in some cases to fierce contests for power. the question before us is what role america will play as this story unfolds?

for decades, the united states has pursued a set of core interests in the region. countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons, securing the free flow of commerce and safeguarding the security of the region, standing up for israel's security, and pursuing arab-israeli peace. we will continue to do these things with the firm belief that america's interests are not hostile to people's hopes. they're essential to them. we believe no one benefits from a nuclear arms race in the region or al qaeda's brutal attacks. we believe people everywhere would see their economies crippled by a cutoff in energy supplies. as we did in the gulf war, we will not tolerate aggression across boreders and we will keep our commitments to friends and partners. and we must acknowledge that a

strategy based solely upon the narrow pursuit of these interests will not fill an empty stomach or allow someone to speak their mind. moreover, failure to speak to the broader aspirations of ordinary people will only feed the suspicion that has festered for years that the united states pursues our interests at their expense. given that this mistrust runs both ways, that americans have been seared by hostage taking and violent rhetoric and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens, a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of the vision between the united states and the arab world. and that's why two years ago in cairo i began to broaden our engagement based upon mutual interests and mutual respect.

i believed then and i believe now that we have a stake not just in the stability of nations but in the self-determination of individuals. the status quo is not sustainable. society's held together by fear and repression may offer the illusion of stability for a time. but they're built upon fault lines that will eventually tear assunder. so we face an historic opportunity. we have the chance to show that america values the dignity of the street vendor in tunisia more than the raw power of the dictator. there must be no doubt that the united states of america welcomes change that advances self-determination and opportunity. yes, there will be perils that

accompany this moment of promise. but after decades of accepting the world as it is in the region, we have a chance to pursue the world as it should be. of course, as we do, we must proceed with a sense of humility. it's not america that put people into the streets of tun he is or cairo. -- of tunis or cairo. it was the people themselves who launched these movements and the people themselves that must ultimately determine their outcome. not every country will follow our particular form of representative democracy. and there will be times when our short-term interests don't align perfectly with our long-term vision for the region. but we can, and we will, speak out for a set of core principles. principles that have guided our response to the events over the past six months.

the united states opposes the use of violence and repression against the people of the region. [applause] the united states supports a set of universal rights and these rights include free speech, the freedom of peaceful assembly, the freedom of religion, equality for men and women under the rule of law. and the right to choose your own leaders. whether you live in baghdad or damascus, sana or tehran. and we support political and economic reform in the middle east and north africa that can meet the legitimate aspirations of ordinary people throughout the region. our support for these principles is not a secondary interest. today, i want to make it clear that it is a top priority that

must be translated into concrete actions. and supported by all of the diplomatic, economic, and strategic tools at our disposal. let me be specific. first, it will be the policy of the united states to promote reform across the region and to support transitions to democracy. that effort begins in egypt and tunisia. where the stakes are high. as tunisia was at the vanguard of this democratic wave and egypt is both a long-standing partner and the arab world's largest nation. both nations can set a strong example through free and fair elections, a vibrant civil society. accountable and effective institutions and responsible regional leadership. but our support must also

extend to nations where transitions have yet to take place. unfortunately, in too many countries, calls for change have thus far been answered by violence. the most extreme example is libya. where muammar gaddafi launched a war against his own people. promising to hunt them down like rats. as i said when the united states joined an international coalition to intervene, we cannot prevent every injustice perpetrated by a regime against its people. and we have learned from our experience in iraq just how costly and difficult it is to try to impose regime change by force no matter how well intentioned it may be. but in libya, we saw the prospect of imminent massacre. we had a mandate for action. and heard the libyan people's call for help.

had we not acted along with our nato allies and regional coalition partners, thousands would have been killed. the message would have been clear. keep power by killing as many people as it takes. now time is working against gaddafi. he does not have control over his country. the opposition has organized a legitimate and credible interim council. and when gaddafi inevitably leaves or is forced from power, decades of provocation will come to an end. and the transition to a democratic libya can proceed. while libya has faced violence on the greatest scale, it's not the only place where leaders have turned to repression to remain in power. most recently, the syrian regime has chosen the path of murder and the mass arrests of its citizens. the united states has condemned these actions. and working with the

international community, we have stepped up our sanctions on the syrian regime including sanctions announced yesterday on president assad and those around him. the syrian people have shown their courage in demanding a transition to democracy. president assad now has a choice. he can lead that transition or get out of the way. the syrian government must stop shooting demonstrators and allow peaceful protests. he must release political prisoners and stop unjust arrests. must allow human rights monitors to have access to cities like dara and start a serious dialogue to advance a democratic transition. otherwise, president assad and his regime will be challenged from continue and will continue to be isolated abroad. so far, syria has followed its

iranian ally. speaking -- seeking assistance from tehran in the tactics of suppression. and this speaks to the hypocrisy of the iranian regime. which says it stands for the rights of protesters abroad yet represses its own people at home. let's remember that the first peaceful protests in the region were in the streets of tehran. where the government brutalized women and men and threw innocent people into jail. we still hear the chants echo from the rooftops of tehran. the image of a young woman dying in the streets is still seared in our memory. and we will continue to insist that the iranian people deserve their universal rights and a government that does not smother their aspirations. now, our opposition to iran's

intolerance and iran's repressive measures as well as its illicit nuclear program and its support of terror is well-known. but if america is to be credible, we must acknowledge that at times our friends in the region have not all reacted to the demands for consistent change, with change that's consistent with the principles that i've outlined today. that's true in yemen. where president saleh needs to follow through on his commitment to transfer power. and that's true today in bahrain. bahrain is a long-standing partner. and we are committed to its security. we recognize that iran has tried to take advantage of the turmoil there and that the bahraini government has a legitimate interest in the rule of law.

nevertheless, we have insisted both publicly and privately that mass arrests and brute force are at odds with the universal rights of about a ran citizens. -- of bahrain citizens. and not let legitimate calls for reform go away. the only way forward is for the government in opposition to engage in a dialogue. and you can't have a real dialogue when parts of the peaceful opposition are in jail. [applause] the government must create the conditions for dialogue and the opposition must participate to forge a just future for all bahrainis. indeed, one of the broader lessons to be drawn from this period is sectarian divides need not lead to conflict. in iraq, we see the promise of

a multiethnic, multisectarian democracy. the iraqi people have rejected the perils of political violence in favor of a democratic process. even as they've taken full responsibility for their own security. of course, like all new democracies, they will face setbacks. but iraq is poised to play a key role in the region if it continues its peaceful progress. and as they do, we will be proud to stand with them as a steadfast partner. so in the months ahead, america must use all our influence to encourage reform in the region. even as we acknowledge that each country is different, we need to speak honestly about the principles that we believe in with friend and foe alike. our message is simple.

if you take the risks that reform entails, you will have the full support of the united states. we must also build on our efforts to broaden our engagement beyond elites so that we reach the people who will shape the future. particularly young people. we will continue to make good on the commitments that i made in cairo. to build networks of entrepreneurs and expand exchanges in education, to foster cooperation in science and technology. and combat disease. across the region, we intend to provide assistance to civil society including those that may not be officially sanctioned. and who speak uncomfortable truths. and we will use the technology to connect with and listen to the voices of the people. for the fact is real reform

does not come at the ballot box alone. through our efforts, we must support those basic rights to speak your mind and access information. we will support open access to the internet. and the right of journalists to be heard whether it's a big news organization or a lone blogger. in the 21st century information is power. the truth cannot be hidden. and the legitimacy of governments will ultimately depend on active and informed citizens. such open discourse is important, even if what is said does not square with our world view. let me be clear. america respects the right of all peaceful and law-abiding voices to be heard. even if we disagree with them. and sometimes we profoundly disagree with them.

we look forward to working with all who embrace genuine and inclusive democracy. what we will oppose is an attempt by any group to restrict the rights of others. and the whole power through coercion and not consent. because democracy depends not only on elections but also strong and accountable institutions and the respect for the rights of minorities. such tolerance is particularly important when it comes to religion. in tarai square we heard the chant, muslims, christians, we are one. america will work to see that this spirit prevails. that all faiths are respected. and the bridges are built among them. in a region that was the birthplace of three world religious, intolerance can lead only to suffering and

stagnation. and for this season of change to succeed, coptic christians must have the right to worship freely in cairo just as shia must never have their mosques destroyed in bahrain. what is true for religious minorities is also true when it comes to the rights of women. history shows that countries are more prosperous and more peaceful when women are empowered. and that's why we will continue to insist that universal rights apply to women as well as men. by focusing assistance on child and maternal health, by helping women to teach or start a business, by standing up for the right of women to have their voices heard and to run for office. the region will never reach its full potential when more than half of its positive population is prevented from achieving

their full potential. [applause] even as we promote political reform, even as we promote human rights in the region our efforts can't stop there. so the second way that we must support positive change in the region is through our efforts to advance economic development for nations that are transitioning to democracy. after all, politics alone hags not put protesters -- has not put protesters into the streets. the tipping point for so many people is the more constant concern of putting food on the table and providing for a family. too many people in the region wake up with few expectations other than making it through the day. perhaps hoping that their luck will change. throughout the region, many young people have a solid

education but closed economies leave them unable to find a job. entrepreneurs are brimming with ideas. but corruption leaves them unable to profit from those ideas. the greatest untapped resource in the middle east and north africa is the talent of its people. in the recent protests, we see that on display as people harness technology to move the world. it's no coincidence that one of the leaders of tarai square was an executive for google. that energy now needs to be channeled in country after country so that economic growth can solidify the accomplishments of the street. for just as democratic revolutions can be triggered by a lack of individual opportunity, successful democratic transitions depend upon an expansion of growth and broad based prosperity.

so drawing from what we've learned around the world, we think it's important to focus on trade, not just aid. on investment, not just assistance. the goal must be a model in which protectionism gives way to openness and the reins of commerce pass from the few to the many. and the economy generates jobs for the young. america's support for democracy will therefore be based on ensuring financial stability, promoting reform, and integrating competitive markets with each other and the global economy. and we're going to start with tunisia and egypt. first, we've asked the world bank and the international monetary fund to present a plan at next week's g-8 summit for what needs to be done to stabilize and modernize the economies of tunisia and egypt. together, we must help them recover from the disruptions of

their democratic upheaval. and support the governments that will be elected later this year. and we are urging other countries to help egypt and tunisia meet its near-term financial needs. second, we do not want a democratic egypt to be saddled by the debts of its past. so we will relieve a democratic egypt of up to $1 billion in debt. and work with our egyptian partners to invest these resources to foster growth and entrepreneurship. we will help egypt regain access to markets by guaranteeing $1 billion in borrowing that's needed to finance infrastructure and job creation. and we will help newly democratic governments recover assets that were stolen. third, we're working with congress to create enterprise funds to invest in tunisia and egypt. and these will be modeled on funds that supported the transitions in eastern europe

after the fall of the ber len wall. -- of the berlin wall. opec will launch a $2 billion facility to support praoist investment across the region. -- support private investment across the region. and we will work with the allies to refocus the european bank for reconstruction and development so that it provides the same support for democratic transitions and economic modernization in the middle east and north africa as it has in europe. fourth, the united states will launch a comprehensive trade and investment partnership initiative in the middle east and north africa. if you take out oil exports, this entire region of over 400 million people exports roughly the same amount as switzerland. so we will work with the e.u. to facilitate more trade within the region, build on existing agreements to promote integration with u.s. and european markets, and open the door for those countries who

adopt high standards of reform and trade liberalization to construct a regional trade arrangement. and just as e.u. membership served as an incentive for reform in europe, so should the vision of a modern and prosperous economy create a powerful force for reform in the middle east and north africa. prosperity also requires tearing down walls that stand in the way of progress. the corruption of elites who steal from their people, the red tape that stops an idea from becoming a business, the patronage that distributes wealth based on tribe or sect. we will help governments meet international obligations and invest efforts at anti-corruption. by working with parliament aarons who are developing reforms -- parliament aarons who are developing reforms and

transpatterncy to hold government accountable. politics and human rights, economic reform. let me conclude by talking about another cornerstone of our approach to the region. and that relates to the pursuit of peace. for decades, the conflict between israelis and arabs has cast a shadow over the region. for israelis, it has meant living with the fear that their children could be blown up on a bus or by rockets fired at their homes. as well as the pain of knowing that other children in the region are taught to hate them. for palestinians, it has meant suffering the humiliation of occupation. and never living in a nation of their own. moreover, this conflict has

come with a larger cost to the middle east. as it impedes partnerships that could bring greater security and prosperity and empowerment to ordinary people. for over two years, my administration has worked with the parties and the international community to end this conflict. building on decades of work by previous administrations. yet expectations have gone unmet. israeli settlement activity continues, palestinians have walked away from talks. the world looks at a conflict that has grinded on and on and on and sees nothing but stalemate. indeed, there are those who argue when all the change and uncertainty in the region, it is simply not possible to move forward now. i disagree.

at time when the people of the middle east and north africa are casting off the burdens of the past, the drive for a lasting peace that ends the conflict and resolves all claims is more urgent than ever. that's certainly true for the two parties involved. for the palestinians, efforts to delegitimize israel will end in failure. symbolic actions to isolate israel at the united nations in september won't create an independent state. palestinian leaders will not achieve peace or prosperity if hamas insists on a path of terror and rejection. and palestinians l will -- will never realize their independence by denying the right of israel to exist. as for israel, our friendship is rooted deeply in a shared history and shared values.

our commitment to israel's security is unshakable. and we will stand against attempts to single it out for criticism in international forums. but precisely because of our friendship, it's important that we tell the truth. the status quo is unsustainable. and israel, too, must act boldly to advance a lasting peace. the fact is a growing number of palestinians live west of the jordan river. technology will make it harder for israel to defend itself. a region undergoing profound change will lead to populism in which millions of people, not just one or two leaders, must believe peace is possible. the international community is tired of an endless process that never produces an outcome.

the dream of a jewish and democratic state cannot be fulfilled with permanent occupation. now, ultimately, it is up to the israelis and palestinians to take action. no peace can be imposed upon them. not by the united states, not by anybody else. but endless delay won't make the problem go away. what america and the international community can do is to state frankly what everyone knows -- a lasting peace will involve two states for two peoples. israel as a jewish state and the homeland for the jewish people and the state of palestine as the homeland for the palestinian people. each state enjoying self-determination, mutual recognition, and peace. so while the core issues of the conflict must be negotiated,

the basis of those negotiations is clear. a viable palestine, a secure israel. the united states believes that negotiations should result in two states with permanent palestinian borders, with israel, jordan and egypt, and permanent israeli borders with palestine. we believe the borders of israel and palestine should be based on the 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps so that secure and recognized borders are established for both states. the palestinian people must have the right to govern themselves and reach their full potential in a sovereign and contiguous state. as for security, every state has a right to self-defense and

israel must be able to defend itself. by itself. against any threat. provisions must also be robust enough to prevent a resurgence of terrorism, to stop the infiltration of weapons, and to provide effective border security. the full and phased withdrawal of israeli military forces should be coordinated with the assumption of palestinian security responsibility in a sovereign nonmilitarized state. and the duration of this transition period must be agreed. and the effectiveness of security arrangements must be demonstrated. these principles provide a foundation for negotiations. palestinians should know the territorial outlines of their state. israelis should know that their basic security concerns will be met.

i am aware that these steps alone will not resolve the conflict. because two wrenching and emotional issues will remain. the future of jerusalem. and the fate of palestinian refugees. but moving forward now on the basis of territory and security provides a foundation to resolve those two issues in a way in a is just and fair. -- in a way that is just and fair. and for operations of both israelis and palestinians. -- aspirations of both israelis and palestinians. recognizing that negotiations need to begin with the issues of territory and security does not mean that it will be easy to come back to the table. in particular the recent announcement of an agreement between fatah and hamas raises profound and legitimate questions for israel. how can one negotiate with a party that has shown itself

unwilling to recognize your right to exist? and in the weeks and months to come, palestinian leaders will have to provide a credible answer to that question. meanwhile, the united states, our partners and the arab states will need to continue every effort to get beyond the current impasse. i recognize how hard this will be. suspicion and hostility has been passed on for generations. and at times it has hardened. but i'm convinced that the majority of israelis and palestinians would rather look to the future than be trapped in the past. we see that spirit in the israeli father whose son was killed by hamas, who helped start an organization that brought together israelis and palestinians who had lost loved ones. that father said i gradually

realized that the only hope for progress was to recognize the face of the conflict. we see it in the actions of a palestinian who lost three daughters to israeli shells in gaza. i have the right to feel angry, he said. so many people were expecting me to hate. my answer to them is i shall not hate. let us hope, he said, for tomorrow. that is the choice that must be made. not simply in the israeli-palestinian conflict but across the entire region. a choice between hate and hope. between the shackles of the past and the promise of the future. it's a choice that must be made by leaders and by the people.

and it's a choice that will define the future of a region that served as the cradle of civilization and a crucible of strife. for all the challenges that lie ahead, we see many reasons to be hopeful. in egypt, we see it in the efforts of young people who led protests, in syria, we see it in the courage of those who braved bullets while chanting "peaceful, peaceful." in benghazi a. city threatened with destruction, we see it in the courthouse square where people gather to celebrate the freedoms that they had never known. across the region, those rights that we take for granted are being claimed with joy by those who are prying loose the grip of an iron fist. for the american people, the

scenes of upheaval in the region may be unsettling. but the forces driving it are not unfamiliar. our own nation was founded through a rebellion against an empire. our people fought a painful civil war that extended freedom and dignity to those who were enslaved. and i would not be standing here today unless past generations turned to the moral force of nonviolence as a way to perfect our union. organizing, marring, protesting peacefully together -- marching , protesting peacefully together, those words, we hold these truth to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. 7 those words must guide our response to the middle east and

north africa. words which tell us that repression will fail. and the tyrants will fall. that every man and woman is endowed with certain inalienable rights. it will not be easy. there's no straight line to progress and hardship always accompanies a season of hope. the united states of america was founded on the belief that people should govern themselves. and now we cannot hesitate to stand squarely on the side of those who are reaching for their rights. knowing that their success will bring about a world that is more peaceful, more stable, and more just. thank you very much, everybody. [applause] thank you. thank you.

[applause] ♪ [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2011]

[indistinct conversation] >> from the speech earlier

today, the state department to a live look at the united states institute of peace. they will shortly be hearing from senator john mccain who will talk about the united states interests in the middle east and he will be honored with

their fourth annual adjutant award -- acheson award. we should be hearing from john mccain in a few minutes shortly. a quick note, tomorrow morning a roundtable discussion on the president's speech and u.s. policy in the middle east. that is more morning on "washington journal" which gets under way at 7:00. now look from "washington journal" from earlier this morning. theshington journal,"

chairman of the consumer product safety commission, inez tenenbaum. let's start with something that tes to pop up with the cpsc -- baby cribs. what is it about them that generates a recall action? guest: we have nohad a new crib standard in 30 years. in 2010, we cannot with the first new cr -- we came out with standard.t new crib it has to undergo a test that will challenge whether or not is strong enough to be moved in a nursery without coming apart. what has happened in years past, we have learned of a number of deaths where the dropside became detached foro the crib.

we recalled millions of them, the various manufacturers, to get them either of the market or either have a retrofit kit to it would keep the dropside form moving and kp the cribs safer. we now have a new standard in all the cribs sold after june 2011. the new cribs will be on the market in june. host: when there is a recall issued, is it always voluntary? guest: almos all of the hours are voluntary because we work with industry to issue these recalls. if manufacturers or retailers know of the defect, they have 24 hours to notify us. most of the time, we will have industry worwith us so that we can get the product off of the market quickly.

therefore, most of them are voluntary recalls where we work together. host: water some products right now recently -- what are some products right now recently that have been under scrutiny guest: you can go our new web sites, saferproducts.gov, and you can see all of our recalls. we recall products daily. if youo on saferproducts.gov or our app, which is cpsc.gov, you can see the numr of products that we recall. we are always looking at children's products -- lead, cadmium, those toxic metals -- we make sure they are removed fromhe market if they are hazardous to children. host: we are going to put up the numbers on the screen if you would like to talk to inez

tenenbaum, chairman of the consumer product safety commission. please allow 30 days between your calls. you can send a tweet to -- or an e-mail to -- how is it that lead has popped back up as an issue? i thought lead paint and products had all gone away at some point. guest: what made lead such a prominent issue was the number of recalls in the children's products and in toys in the 2007. these were high level, high profile recalls that received a tremendous amount of attention from the media.

congress voted on a new law. that was in 2008 in the past almost unanimously in the house and in the senate. everyone was behind this law because it set limits on the amount of lea in children's products. 300 parts per million for lead content. this august, it will go downo 100 parts per million of lead .ontent in children's products manufacturers must submit their products to a third party laboratory and have them tested before they can be sold in the united states, and that was a major step forward to making sure that lead did not exceed those limits set by congress. it also required the consumer producsafety commission to come up with new mandatory

regulations on infant durable nursery equipment like cribs, bath seats, baby walkers. it was a very positive thing in terms of the safety of children. host: jim tweets in to you -- guest: well, for children's products, they must be tested before they make it to market by an independent third-party laboratory, or you can have your own firewall laboratory if you are a major manufaurer, and >> we are going to take you live to the u.s. institute of peace. senator john mccain will be given the acheson award and he will speak on middle east policy. it is just getting under way,

live here on c-span. >> good evening. i am ag said a vice president of the united states institute of peace, and it is with great pleasure and great warmth that we welcome you to our new and permanent headquarters in the nation's capital. [applause] in just a few moments, richard solomon will formally introduce tonight's special guest and recipient of the dean acheson award. i am glad that senator mccain is in the house, and i hope you will join me in formally welcoming him deceiving.

[applause] i would also like to acknowledge the presence tonight of some men and women from the department of defense, civilians who are being deployed to afghanistan to help the afghan ministry of defense and the interior, and they have been training in part with usit's academy, and as they get ready to think about heading off to kabul, i wonder if they would stand and be recognized. [applause] the institute of peace with lysol like to thank the lockheed market -- the institute of peace

would also like to thank all lockheed martin corp. for their generous support of the hospitality for these events. now a special treat that is not in your program. neatng senator mccain's and special relish it united states navy and a long, dedicated service of senator mccain and his family to the navy, we have asked teh sea chanters of the u.s. navy band to perform a few pieces in his honor, knowing usip as a special connection to the navy and have been good enough to come, and would you stand for the national anthem. >> ♪ o say can you see by the don + early allied by the

dawn's early light what so proudly we hail by the twilight's last gleaming to the perilous fight or the ramparts we watched or so gallantly streaming? rockets' red glare the bombs bursting in air gave prove to the night that our flag was still there does that star spangled banner yet wave

o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? ♪ [applause] >> now a few words for the narrator for the sea chanters. >> good evening, ladies and gentlemen. it is our pleasure to be with you this evening at the u.s. institute of peace to celebrate senator mccain's accomplishments. we have a very brief program of patriotic songs for you that we hope you enjoy. o beautiful for spacious skies for amber waves of grain

for purple mountain majesties above the fruited plain america america god shed his grace on thee and courn thy -- and crown thy good with brotherhood from sea to shining sea

o beautiful for dreams they alabaster cities gleam america america god shed his grace on thee and crown thy good with brotherhood from sea to shining sea

america america america! ♪ [applause] ♪ >> the freedoms we cherish to not come without price. the night it's states sailor has defended this nation from its birth to this planet -- present

day. with the devotion to duty and the willingness to sacrifice, the united states sailor exemplifies the navy's corp. out use of honor, courage, and commitment. we honored that valor and we salute their sacrifice. ♪

>> and now a tribute to all our veterans in the audience this evening. if you have served this nation, please stand proudly as we conclude with "armed forces on parade." it has been an honor to be with you this evening.

♪

[applause]

>> wow. i want to join our exec of vice president and welcoming you to our new home. we have been here just a little over two months now and we are just getting a feeling for some of the remarkable things that

you can do in this space, this great hall. it has a resonance that i think has moved us all a great deal. i got to tell you that in an earlier event there was a children's choir up there that sank was -- christmas songs to the construction people who built this building. you cannot see, we have our staff working away their late at night, being paid overtime for the work that they do. we want to thank especially the navy sea chanters. really, very, very inspiring. this is the first lecture in this, are permanent headquarters, and a series of presentations by senior officials was conceived by our board member chairman, and unfortunately, he cannot be here

today, but i want to recognize with us, george and nancy. we're pleased they can be with us. the institute is indebted to the u.s. navy in their generosity and important in making available to us this building site, referred to as navy hill, the site of the first navy observer try. back in 1996, i approached the undersecretary of the navy richard danzig and inquired if we could build a facility at this site. the secretary said if the institute can keep us out of just one war, it will have more than justify the deal. it is often hard to prove something you have prevented, but we do feel a deep obligation, given the use of

this historic site and this dramatic architecture to fulfil our congressional charter, which is the focus on preventing, managing, and resolving international conflicts by political means so that deadly violence and war is not the outcome, so that the many conflicts situations we know exist all around the world. in the years since the institute's creation in 1984, we have become an active and productive partner of the organizations and individuals in the peas building field, and not least, our military services and certainly that includes the u.s. navy. today the institute is working on the ground in atarax -- in iraq and afghanistan to promote political stabilization, and our efforts are enabling troops to redeploy while leaving behind

more stable political environment, saving lives and money in the process for it a few years ago, the chief of naval operations asked us to get him together with a humanitarian assistance approved -- to prove their disaster operations, and we helped two communities with ground rules as was awarded navy relief operations, most recently in haiti. the institute is active on the ground in the arab world, working with reformers and with the words on issues of coalition building, non-violent opposition, inter-faith recognition, and the promotion of justice t. non-violent political change prevents the need to commit military forces, unfortunately, we're seeing now in libya.

again, an example where we cannot say -- we can say prevented action makes a difference. these are a few examples of conflict management and peace building. i do not want to take more time from our primary speaker, but to the cost event is one of the series of presentations to site -- designed to honor our 51st secretary state, dean acheson. the phrase we most frequently associated with dean acheson is "present at the creation." acheson served the truman administration from the and the world war ii to the end of the cold war. he helped create policies that the us peacefully to the decades of confrontation with the soviet union. the truman doctrine, the brandenton woods institution, te

marshall plan, and the nato alliance. today we know -- today we are in a time of profound changes, and we need a person like dean acheson to adopt our policies to the new area. our keynote speaker has provided a continued to provide such inspired leadership. senator john per mccain's record of public service is exceptional, from his years of heroic service and sacrifice in the navy to almost three decades in congress, he has been a leader on issues of war and peace. he understands first hand the power, the uses, and the limitations of america's military. he understands the importance of the policy and civilian support for peace building efforts. he understands the importance of

political reconciliation as was so evident in his support for normalizing relations with vietnam. today one of our greatest foreign-policy challenges is figuring out how to deal with the era-shaking turmoil and transitions under way in the arab world, and we are truly honored to have senator mccain speak us today about america's policy interest in a revolutionary middle east. senator mccain. [applause] >> thank you. thank you. thank you, dick, and thank you very much. thank you for that kind introduction, and thank you for this surprise of the sea chanters.

it is always wonderful to see them and i think many of you may know i have two sons, one a navy pilot and the other enlisted in the marine corps and served in iraq, anbar province, as a combat infantryman, and there is a certain amount of competition between the navy and marine corps, as you know, and probably the best line i heard from my son who said, the marine corps, is part of the department of the navy, the men bought the apartment. department. [laughter] my other son was not amused. i want to thank you for your leadership at the u.s. institute of peace. i appreciate your work, the brief amount you describe from a very large amount of work that you do here in washington in the

field, to help prevent conflict, which is directly relevant to and support of of our men and women in uniform. i want to thank dick for acknowledging that this event and my remarks tonight on the middle east were planned in advance of the president's speech at the state department today. it is impossible to upstage the president, especially one as eloquent as president obama. anyone who is tempted to see a conspiracy as a far higher estimation of my speaking than i do, and a law were estimation of solomon's judgment that is a program. one thing we can agree on is i certainly got a nicer of venue -- a nicer venue. [applause] i am deeply honored that deliver

dean acheson lecture, but as a career legislator, i am not as that any kind words for him. after all, here's how acheson described his interactions with congress -- in making our calls, particularly in the seneca, we learned to bear the irrelevance with more than patients as it ate up precious time. this served -- those who served do me less justice for these anguishing hours. some things never change. i am especially honored to speak with you this year on the 10th anniversary of the attacks of september 11, 2001, i am very pleased that osama bin laden not be around to mark the occasion.

the president deserves the credit he is receiving for that of her achievement, and i especially commend him for ordering a rate rather than simply turning the compound into a smoldering crater. courage.k real decisiondent's preserved many lives and gave us the certainty bin laden is dead. this is a major setback for the global terrorist movement, but another reason -- but another reason development -- i am referring to what is called because arab spring, the massive and was entirely peaceful uprising is for freedom and justice that has fought across the middle east and north africa this year. perhaps the most remarkable thing about this movement, it is not about us. although millions of people have

taken to the streets in protest, filled with the outrage, i cannot recall seeing one american flag burned, nor can i recall seeing one israeli flag burned. instead, the demonstrations have been a collective demand for human dignity, economic opportunity, and peaceful change, and in this way, the arab spring's profound as repudiation of everything osama ever stood for. it should put to rest the idea that arabs are not capable, not fit for democracy. we did not initiate it, the arab spring should be a clarifying event for the united states. in the decades since the

september 11 attack, the old regional order in the middle east has been in a steady state of collapse, and now many of the last remaining pillars have either fallen or are badly shaken. this should give us pause. if history teaches us anything, it is that revolutionary moments like this one always have the seat of chaos and conflict sewn within them, and indeed, we have can already see the dark forces of sectarian strife, religious radicalism, and rapacious regional powers lurking in the background, eager to exploit this moment for their own sinister and spirit we cannot be paralyzed by this taconic change. instead, we must work to shape it. in the last few months i have visited nine countries in the middle east and north africa, in addition to israel and the west bank.

among the many democracies at the kids and young revolutionaries i have met, there is definitely a degree of skepticism, even a certain amount of anger, toward the united states. many of them believe we stuck too long with the rulers never try to overthrow. this does not mean that they want america to be neutral or non aligned. to the contrary, they want american leadership and they want us on their side for their cause, but not dictating to them, but supporting them and assisting them. i believe this arab spring is the most consequential geopolitical event since the end of the cold war, perhaps since the fall of the ottoman empire, and it is an opportunity for the united states to better align our interests and our values in the region, where they have often diverge. it is an opportunity to real -- to rebuild consensus that

existed in this country just a few years ago, that promoting human rights and democracy in the middle east is not only in our moral interest, but also in our strategic interest. just as dean acheson joined forces with senator arthur vandenberg to solidify the civil war consensus of containing communism and supporting free peoples, this is a moment calls for similar national unity. this is a moment when we must clearly define what we stand for, not just what we are against. in short, this is a moment when america must lead. question for us now is, what will be the contours of the new regional order in the middle east, and how can we support our friends and allies in building it? i would submit to you that we should focus our efforts on four strategic objectives.

the first objective is the peaceful change of regimes that are anti-american and hostile to the democratic regional order that we seek to build, but simply, these are regimes that are incompatible with the freer, more peaceful middle east, and at the top of the list is the current government of iran. it is clear that the iranian regime has no plans to bargain away its nuclear weapons programs. it is using this threatening person to further hegemonic ambitions in the region. iran operates a network of terrorist crises and military intelligence forces that use every means at their disposal to destabilize the air france, disrupt democratic transitions, and so it sectarian conflict. although the arab spring is a repudiation of air around us goals and should serve a check,

iran is doubling its efforts to sew chaos. that is why our strategy should to thequeeze ariran toughest sanctions we can muster and speed up the moment when the green movement inside iran is able to peacefully change the regime. in addition to iran, i know some have and attain the belief that assad or for, but at this point, as assad's tanks are terrorizing the country, the regime soliciting council and suppression from the rulers of air around, and with the death toll in syria closing now on 1000 civilians, to believe that

despite all this that assad is your forked is an exercise in gross self deception. lest we forget, this is a regime that has the blood of hundreds of u.s. troops and countless iraqi civilians on its hands, that serves as the main gateway for weapons. is a major statement, a sponsor of hamas and hezbollah in the region it is seeking to divert attention away from its own internal unrest by fomenting attacks on israel possible orders for it for those worried about what my follow assad, i must ask, how can it be worse? the strategic impact of regime change in syria could be enormous. remove a longstanding threat is

year, commissioners -- diminished access arms. we must do all that we can short of military action to help the syrian revolution 60. i commend the president's from opposing additional sanctions against syria officials, including assad, and i would urge the administration to ratchet up the pressure in concert with the e.u. and turkey. the president should also call for a plea for assad to go, just as he did with mubarak and cgaddafi. we must seek regime change in libya, furthering the goals as it should. what i would like to see us do differently is move away from an incremental escalation of pressure in favor of a more decisive course of action.

that is why i have called for giving america's unique strike aircraft into the fight to destroy his command and control. that is why i have urged the administration to recognize the transitional national council in benghasi as the of the legitimate voice of the libyan people, and that is what i want to see a greater role in support to the opposition, including money and the facilitation of arms. my colleagues and i will soon finalize legislation to transfer billions of dollars in gaddafi's frozen assets to the libyan opposition. i still hear it said that we should not do any of this because we do not know who the opposition is and that they could be al qaeda. this is just ignorance. i visited last month where i met

with the opposition. the prime minister got a doctorate at the university of pittsburgh. the finance minister was teaching economics at the university of washington in seattle. some are former members of gaddafi's government. others are lawyers, doctors, women activists who fought gaddafi in the courts. if these people are al qaeda, then i am a liberal democrat. one thing is for certain -- the surest way to get out hide in libya is true is stalemate. ultimately, my trip left me optimistic about the future of the freed libya, an amazing experience in civil society is is occurring in the liberated parts in that country. media outlets, police forces, and other institutions are being built from scratch.

gaddafi has left the country little in the way of institutions does not -- to dismantle and much in the way of frozen assets, more than 100 been dollars and total, to pay for future reconstruction. all of this makes me hopeful that the viet is well-positioned for a democratic transition which is all the more reason to increase our efforts to get gaddafi out as quickly as possible. as we work to support democratic revolutions in these countries, our next objective should be to consolidate democratic transitions in countries where they have already begun, especially in tunisia and egypt. tunisia is where the arab spring started, and thus it is strategically important for democracy to succeed there. egypt, of course, is the heart and soul of the arab world. for egypt to emerge as the successful democracy would be a

gain changer in the middle east. it would become the anger of stability in an entirely new regional order. not surprisingly, both tunisia and egypt have significant challenges to overcome in their democratic transitions. both countries have a huge amount of work to do if they are to hold free and competitive elections and a few months. the sticks of which are vitally important -- the stakes of which are vitally important. both countries are facing an explosion of political activity. tunisia has 65 registered parties, which will make it harder for secular groups to compete. both countries and this is very important are facing serious short-term economic difficulties as a result of their revolutions. there tourism sectors have been shocked.

when we visited in february, weast stayed in a huge hotel. we were the only ones there. similarly, a few weeks ago, a higher, the place was deserted. expectations in tunisia and egypt are sky high. everyone expects the benefits of democracy to come quickly and all of once, and many fear what will happen if these expectations are not met. as one woman tossed rights activist told me, it is not the first election we worry about. is the second election. these young people appreciate are some assistance with their alexis, but what they want most from america is our investment, support in creating jobs. for this reason i support the new economic assistance

initiatives that the president announced today, from forgiveness to the announcements of free enterprise funds. i have worked with senator john kerry to draft legislation for many of these new initiatives, and they can make an important difference. altman the, no one should expect congress to pass a marshall plan for the middle east. these new members were elected cut spending, not increase foreign assistance. that is just a fact. if we're on to help countries like tunisia and egypt to grow their economies, we are need to be much more innovative. we should begin of negotiations on free trade agreements with egypt and tunisia and explore ideas for new trade areas in the middle east and north africa. we will be to find ways to marshal support of our private sector as well as the generous the of what the partners --

whose leadership has been indispensable. it is in the speeders -- spirit that i will be teaming up with others to go to egypt and tunisia next month. our goal is to reinforce the message that greater economic reform can lead to greater foreign investment. there's another country that should continue to emerge as a pillar of stability in a democratic middle east. that is iraq. i travel to baghdad two weeks ago, and its system continues to take two steps forward and one step back. it is largely going in the right direction. the key decision now is whether we will keep a small military presence in the country beyond this year. the goal of such a presence would be to help the iraqi security forces killed gaps in

their capabilities, such as intelligence, stability operations along the arab-kurd fault line. i am confident this can be a cornerstone in its continued development as an example of peoples with different faiths and ethnicities can live together with peace in the heart of the middle east. the third objective i would propose is the hardest of all. it involves merging some of our must import security partners, governments that share our interests, but not always a our democratic values, to embrace reforms as a means of stabilizing their countries. if the arab spring teaches us anything, it should be this -- when people have no voice in their political systems, their demands will only grow more radical and eventually they will take these grievances into the streets.

though it is difficult for her jeans to loosen their grip on power, i believe there is no alternative to such a process of evolutionary reform. ultimately, this is the best way to stabilize their regimes, protect our interests, and enhance our partnership shared some of our friends have embraced this bargain, the king of jordan, the king of morocco, the sultan of oman set out reform agendas, and the challenge for them is the implementation. some of our close friends, however, are any more challenging position. in our rain -- bahrain, rather than more crackdowns, the

king might consider initiating new reforms unilaterally which can move the country to a constitutional monarchy. united states is fully committed to our partnership with the kingdom of bahrain soil of its neighbors, but we want them to stay on the right side of history in their countries because that is for the united states must and will remain. the final objective we must pursue is the vision of two states, israel and palestine. living side-by-side in peace and security. to be sure the realization of this vision has got more complicated with the recent reconciliation between fatah and hamas. there's a lot of questions be asked about this unity government, but whatever the outcome of a palestinian you need the government must

state that it recognizes the existence of this year, because the end of the conflict, and of the occupation, and the creation of a palestinian state will only come as a result of negotiations between the parties, not unilateral declarations at the u. n. although the arabs spring has not been about is sure, there are those that want to make about israel in order to distract attention from their own failings. i worry how they stalled or does your ratings attrition between palestinians and israelis might play in the new democratic politics of the middle east, and i will be eager to hear from prime minister netanyahu when he comes in town next week. the four objectives i have suggested tonight, changing anti-american regimes, consolidating new democracies, reform, and renewing israel-

palestinian peace efforts, could form the basis of a new regional order in the middle east, one that is beneficial to our interests, aligned to our values, and consistent with the aspirations of people across the region. however, there is need for some straight talk. even under the best circumstances, a democratic -- is like to be a very different place to navigate and the reason we have been accustomed to. this is how a jordanian official described the difference. for years, the united states has paid all sell for its policy in the middle east. now you will have to pay retail. engaging in retail politics in a democratic bill little east and north africa will not be easy. we will confront new political actors, particularly this line must, who are not inclined to

the less favors and would prefer to keep us at an armed's link. many of these two actors will be hostile to our interests and values. but through it all, we should judge a future government in this region not by the nature of the people and groups that compose them,. do they abide by the role all? how do they up hold democratic processes? do they honored their international agreements who do they foster peace and security? ultimately a more democratic middle east will be one in which countries are more willing to go their own way to do their own thing, to reject our advice, we cannot change that. but the important thing is these will be their decisions. they will have a choice in the matter. it is the people of the broader

middle east will be determining their own destiny. we may not like the decisions that free peoples will make, but we must recognize that it is this freedom, this dignity to choose and govern's oneself, that is that true source of lasting stability in the world and the ultimate remedy for violent radicals of. if there is any consolation in the fact that osama bin laden live as long as he did he got to witness the beginning of an era that he fought so far destroyed. the very people he tried to convert the his was a way of thinking, saw them rising up by the millions to reclaim their dignity and sees justice for themselves, not true mass murder and self-destruction, to political freedom, economic opportunity, and peaceful

democratic change. this could be the death knell for that round -- brand of global terrorism that attack us 10 years ago, and i for one am happy that osama bin laden got to hear it just before a team of american heroes and it is wretched life. thank you very much. [applause] >> we are deeply appreciative, and as a modest token of our appreciation to have you with us today, this is a little way of putting something on your wall, if there's any room left on it.

thank you very much, and they all very much for joining with us today. -- and thank you all very much for joining with us today. [applause] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2011] [captioning performed by national captioning institute]

>> a programming note, we will air these talks after midnight. coming up in about an hour, we will bring you the comments from earlier today of president obama. he spoke about the east policy and laid out a number of programs and ideas concerning the middle east and north africa. his comments at the state department -- you will see them tonight at 8:00 eastern on cnn. lots to talk about tomorrow morning. there will be a roundtable

discussion about the president's comments with akbar ahmed and aaron david miller. then maureen mcavey will talk about a new report the united states is falling behind in its infrastructure services. as always, your emails, phone calls, and sutweets. from lectures and history, cleveland state professor on the music of duke ellington. look at the smithsonian's efforts to preserve the jettison bible.

and the 50th anniversary celebration of the freedom ride, when 13 men and women boarded two buses bound for new orleans. get the complete schedule c- span.org/history. >> this weekend, c-span2, the gate is byrd -- the g aithersburg . plus a panel discussion. will get the complete schedule at booktv.org. >> robert talked about the

developing economies in the middle east and africa at the speech at the committee. he emphasized the importance of maintaining social safety nets to allow them to pursue changes. >> it features two veteran friends of global development. former senator chuck. both are known to you. he was a vice chairman international. he came to the world bank in 2007. prior to that, and he is one of the fastest acts in washington survey and the white house.

he is a graduate from harvard. chuck also became an academic. these are some of the world's largest corporations. he serves on the important board. he is a twice veteran of vietnam and a former businessman. the title of this segment is called "developing challenges and a resource constrained area. since there is our unconstrained, they can go wherever they want and this discussion.

when it is over, you can decide which of them it was. [applause] >> good morning. i am the straight man. we are very pleased you are here. by personally am most appreciative to have an opportunity to share some of his thoughts with you. thank you for coming and taking time this morning. we find ourselves this morning with your responsibilities in a serene world. there is not much going on these

days anywhere. would that we will try to invent -- cloth that we will try to convince some issues to stimulate that. as we all know, the president is going to give a speech in a couple of our worries about a part of the world that is combustible, complicated, and interconnected. all 7 billion citizens of the world are affected. when i say that part of the world, i mean the african nation does fall within north africa across the middle east --

african nations that fall within north africa and across the middle east. i know you were recently in north africa. you gave a speech last month about some of these issues. if you could take a few minutes to hear from the audience and give them your sense of where the world bank is going and lighted these complications, is the world bank relevant, what can they do? let me remind the audience. we will take half of our time this morning for your question. with that -- >> i want to have a special thanks to you. i told him yesterday. i was of visiting a member of

the u.s. senate. i will go there with congress. all of you are aware that they are always under some significant stress. i always appreciate the ongoing interest that he has had. bill has been an incredibly strong supporter. it is great to have them. he has been active in trying to make the case. i also want to thank all of you. you cannot see this in the newspapers. this kind of identifies this. what i often talk about is this sense of separation. at the heart of all the issues of the day, we are at the heart

of that issue. if you think about it, we are much more actively engaged in that. it is something we are connected with. one of the things i know that the committee has done over the years, i was with secretary baker at the treasury department. it is be able to get a broader look at the institutions. we hope we can get some of your support as we go forward with that. many of you know that they really stepped up in significant ways financially since july of 2008. we have done about $170 billion and a large amount of

dispersants as well. s. shareholders then agreed to an increase. we have 85% of the boats in. we have this. one of the points on this is while it is important to get the additional contribution from the united states, that is really not my fundamental concern. my fundamental concern is what happens to the u.s. if they do not go through the capital increase. is there an aggression of with

the u.s. will go along? these are on the front and center. the middle east and north africa could not be a better place to start. this is one of those issues that while i will not draw a direct analogy to 1989, it is one of the seismic events. i personally believe the reverberations will be felt for years to come. they will have different circumstances. if you look at the history of economic development, and asia they wanted a political economy. they have models of success. one of the ones that i suspect we are looking at closely in and we are looking at our men armed

with the bank is to try to make sure that while we cut the circumstance the more we can move along quickly in terms of the broader reform process. this is going to be good even if some have turned in the process. more particularly, a couple of the basic things that i have been trying to explore, i was recently in tunisia and more -- morrocco -- policy is equally if not more important. this is a question of how you use this moment to take advantage of a revolution in some countries.

it also requires that we as institutions change. traditionally, economists are wary of short-term god creation -- job creation. we now have some good experiences of the ways he can help create jobs in the short term. it is a way that is constructive. we have done this in iberia and afghanistan. it depends on the wage rate. we are trying to help them design short-term job creation. another element we learned is the good safety net programs. it is not just the stability. the good news is that when i

could talk to the to medians -- tunisians, it is not to sharing about america, but now we have wonderful examples. he can have some pretty good socials support groups. a third at that is focusing on the private sector. tunisians i think are truly cognizant of the fact that what they really want to do is to get there and in terms time and then be able to drive the financing. there are steps they need to take on the regulatory side.

others are still working the way through the process. they would be stressing with incensintensity. we organized barry interesting arab voices -- very interesting arab voices. what kept coming out again and again were cries for dignity and respect. it is connected with calls for freedom and liberty and change. one of the points i stressed is how we work with current --

countries and how it needs to change. the openness, and the transparency. we have a very interesting and powerful set of legislative changes that that this. this is critically important. you are in transition. he had transition government. he will have assemblies. as all of you know, there are fundamentals about people doing special deals. " we are emphasizing is that sometimes economists say this is

not economics. we do not think this is the case. what we have seen is the steps along corruption and openness and social accountability. this is good economics. this is a need to transform the baying. it very much fits things going on in the middle east and north africa. >> let's go to sub-saharan africa. many of the same kinds of challenges and issues but different. >> the focus is on increasing what we have seen.

this is an incredibly diverse region. i think we would try three categories. you have about 1/3 of the population in countries that have been growing 5% or 6% a year. with those countries are most interested in our infrastructure, energy, regional integration -- a lot of them are small. using agricultural as part of building productivity. in some ways if you cast your mind back, it isn't too different than what you have. about 1/3 of the population are

in countries that are energy deficient. for those countries, it to be a .uestion of government spendin d the benefits is not just our finance and rolled. it is experience regain the hard way over time. there is about another third in countries that we did our most recent report on that are the other state. they drag down themselves, their neighbors. there are stories for you have a cycle of violence and governance. we did this to try to say let's cross the discipline.

you often have been saying one thing in the development people saying another thing. it is how you build this. it becomes a critical element. one of the interesting tests we are finding is -- 17 know we have created a management corporation. with in that corporation, we have created a $1 billion fund that is focusing on equity investments. there are some pension funds. when i talk to the investors i said what brought you into an

interest in sub-saharan africa. they said they now know markets are risky to. we do not know it yet where to go. what we are trying to do is kind of set the path away for these as potential investment vehicles. for the banks it is very important. this is a fundamental complement to raising debt or making loans. we are now basically going where the money is. we are trying to connect them to an intermediary. this offers a huge potential. of the next couple of days we are going to be talking about something they are working out with singapore.

it comes from emerging markets. another element that connects it is increasingly there is self- help opportunities. when you talk about sub-saharan africa they are talking about business models. >> thank you. we as so many issues to cover. i think you summed it up pretty well. we of 20 minutes for questions. -- we have 20 minutes for questions.

as you know, there is a re- evaluation going on in u.s. policy to try to address some of the hypocrisy of a supporting democracy and many of these countries person is some of our policies that have supported dictatorships. the world bank has a similar problem. your active in supporting some of the barre regime as that have -- some of the very regimes that have been displaced. in terms of the international finance corp., they are still helping some of these.

what are the similar hypocrisy's? >> cuts this fall. we have 187 shareholders. this well we can make as a country whether it is dealing with malaria or met management. our best approach is to do is in a transparent way. some of these revelations that were created were started in the middle class. some of this was a benefit. let's take egypt.

when to recognize they had some reasonable growth. this is still a sporadic system. there is nepotism and takeovers. nevertheless, what we have is a situation where there is a critical need not to retreat from reforms. we try to learn the lessons from other developing countries about to have job creation and international orientation. other than oil, they stand out as not being connected. they have about 60 million people. egypt has about 80 million

people. south korea exports more in a week in egypt does in a year. there are a lot of reasons for this. it is much more broadbased with what they had. now they can learn from other developing countries. at the same time, they try to focus on the changes that can be done in terms of openness. we worked with reformers. they cannot get this through the system. should we stop? do not work with them? zadari wait for things to be perfect? you give me an economy where there is not a correction. that does not mean we turn a blind eye. one of the best ways to fight

corruption is to get the beneficiaries involved. he might also use electronic media. we are developing these capabilities of they can report back. i think it is a cop out to say we should wait for this. we are not only -- we are at the frontier whether it be environmental are human rights are other issues. that has an effect on the overall business climate.

i would put it this way. the world is the reality that it is. he could wait until it is perfect or you can try to transform it. -- you can wait until it is as perfect or you can transport it. i assume you will have ups are down. >> good morning. briefly to follow up, we discussed the issue of dignity. isn't it time for the banks to lend direction to civil society? my colleagues been been say that the idea of going to correct

-- to the's governments does not work. we were not allowed to create an international chapter. isn't it time to find a way to deal with civil society? thank you. >> as i suspect you know, one of the major ideas that i launched in this speech was the notion that the bank has considered taking this next step and how we can support civil society directly.

i want to give it jim credit. he launched this himself. about 50% of our projects now engage the beneficiaries and the development of the project. a lot of what we are doing, whether it is dealing with the environmental aspects or the programs are having local councils decide on their priorities, there is a whole series of these we have been involving. it is only part of what we do. just as the group has evolved so we created them in the 50's, what about the private non- profit sector. this of the one of the issues we recognize.

there is one for our board to do that. i was trying to keep up this issue. they are always sensitive. i think we can work through these issues. a lot of our delivery programs now work with civil society groups. there is a whole realm of possibility here. what i was trying to do in the speeches that i think this is the next page we should try.

the british have a special development funds that do it. the japanese has had a special trust fund that will so these are initial steps. and again, i'm just explaining to you the context in which we work. we have 187 countries, representing all different political systems. i'm making the case that involvement of beneficiaries and societies is an important part of development regardless of your political system and how can we support that. >> yes? just a second. >> i have two short questions. first, do you have any special program to promote economic freedom when international investors going into emerging market, they need stability and economic freedom. i am wondering if you have any program addressing this issue. and second question, china has

now, about three trillion of her currency reserves. why do you still issue them from time to time small money for different enhancement programs. >> on the first one, yes, you might know we have something called the doing business report, which evaluates the legal system of countries about taxes, the ability to set up a business, licensing, which countries have used quite effectively to drive their own reform process. in addition, i.f.c. has an advisory arm has an arm with flckets all these countries to improve the legal system and our i.f.c. team works with the world bank team so when you're talking about natural resource development, the way countries have done this in a way that's

more inclusive so if you have a particular area of interest, we have offices in over 100 countries. meet with the country team. they're there to provide support because we want to draw in the private sector. that's a core element of what we're about. i would go a step further. part of this is, in addition, we're trying to develop markets and institutions and capacity so we've been trying to work to develop domestic currency bond markets which have helped countries to be able to deal with some of the downturn, whether it's micro finance markets, whether it's carbon trading markets so part of our role is? institutional development. your second question -- china. very good question. and it's an issue that i talked about with hank paulsen when the started at the bank. there's a view in some quarters that said, look, the bank should just deal with the poorest

countries. at a time we've got all these changes in the international system and we're trying to out how multilateral institutions change with the circumstance, i think it would be a huge strategic mistake to take the countries that are middle-income countries or moving in the process and say, you're no longer part of the bank system, because if i think about climate change, trade, south-south investment, learning from other countries in terms of how they've done different programs, i want these countries to be active participants engaged in the bank so that's why with share holding, with staffing and others, it's very important. now, particularly with china, we have a certain amount of lending we do to china but frankly, they're not looking at it for the money. they tend to have rather small projects that they use as pilots to develop knowledge and experience which they then expand.

about 80% of those are environmental. i think it's a good thing that china improves the environmental context. then we're drawing china in to be a partner with the rest of the things we do. of you know we have ida, grants or no-interest loans for the poorest countries. we had a record ida of $50 billion we were able to put together. i went to the chinese and not only did they make a regular contribution, but i said, you used to be an ida beneficiary, could you think of prepaying some of those benefits early and that's exactly what they did. my point being, there's a lot of ways that we can take the brazils, the russias, the indonesias and others and engage them for a broader development purpose sunned build a stronger international institution because these countries will

continue to play an important role and i want them engaged as stakeholders in the institution. >> yes? >> president of the council of scientific society president. food and energy are the fundamentals across most of the globe and making a society develop and both of them are becoming constrained by available water. because of climate changes that are beginning now and beginning to accelerate in various places, that's probably going to become exacerbated substantially over the next generation. are you doing anything to focus on that, to create incentives to go for not using more water but figuring out how to constrain and diminish the demand for water? >> yeah. let me start with food and energy and come to water. i'm glad you raised this. >> let me remind you, mr. president, about four

minutes. >> o.k., one minute on each topic and it's nice because the interesting part is food and energy are increasingly linked. if you look at the food and energy price linkage over the past 10 years, it's much more interconnected. part of this is biofuels and part is the use of fertilizer and production and transaction of agricultural goods and part of it is people using commodities as an asset class. one of the big themes we had in the spring meeting and i've been focusing on at the g. 20 because i think, for a lot of reasons, while the increase in commodity prices for agriculture provide an opportunity for increased production of agriculture and over time a supply response and ways we can look across the value chain to use this as an anti-poverty program and develop growth, in the near term, stocks are

relatively low and if you have exogenous weather events, you have increased chance of volatility plus the linkage to the energy market so we were to do things on the supply side with public and private sector but also one of the things i've suggested to the g-20 is ways we could make markets work better to manage the volatility -- information of stocks, special humanitarian reserves, not having export bans, particularly for humanitarian suppliers. so that's a big area of our work. water, you're exactly right, key interconnection. we're doing a lot of work in this area in both the public and private side. we did work with mckinzie that analyzed countries. we did initial set of four, five, under water use and water patterns, how it was for public sector use, some of the issues for manufacturing and the start is michael bloomberg has a great

line, he said, in god we trust, but everybody else bring data. so it's often useful to start with data in some of these situations but here's the real core issue that we're trying to work with governments, in a lot of countries, people have gotten used to having water for free and most of you probably wouldn't be here unless you have some interest in markets and economics. it gets really hard to get people to be able to manage water more effectively if you don't have some pricing system. now, you can have pricing systems that have, you know, certain amount of grant water for low-income people and other uses but one of the core issues in dealing with water policy, both for conservation, but also for ultimate use and production of water, is going to be have some reasonable pricing system and we're making progress. just to close on this, one of the best things i've seen about

the bank over the course of the years is, we now have a lot of evidence from other developing countries which we can bring around the world and i'm sure jim had this experience, too. as an institution, we tend to have the knowledge and learning development in regions. what we're trying to do with open information systems and structural changes at the bank, is to share much more of that knowledge across regions. bob, we are grateful for your leadership, your continued focus. we want to also thank the i.m.f. for hosting this with the bretton woods foundation. you. with that, we shall let you escape and save mankind. [applause] >> coming up in 20 minutes or so, at 8:00 eastern, we'll bring obama's comments, his speech on u.s.-middle east policy earlier today at the state department. also earlier today, doctors at

memorial herman hospital in houston provided a medical update on congresswoman gabrielle giffords. the neurosurgeon says the arizona democrat is doing well after wednesday's surgery. she underwent surgery to replace a piece of her skull that was removed to deal with swelling after she was shot in the head in january. the briefing is about 25 minutes. >> good morning. my name is dan walterman. i'm the period and c.e.o. of the memorial hermanm healthcare system. today's program is to bring you up to date on the surgical events yesterday for congresswoman giffords. with us on the front table here, in the middle is dr. don kim.

dr. kim is chairman of the department of neurosurgery at u.t. health and also the director of the misher neuroscience institute at memorial hermann, on his right is dr. gerard cisco. dr. gerard is the chief medical of tear memorial hermann and the chairman of the department of physical medicine and rehabilitation at u.t. health. and then on dr. kim's left is tia karunz, chief of staff at the office of congresswoman gabrielle giffords. we'll start it off with dr. kim updating you on yesterday's events and at the end of the discussion, we'll open it up for questions. dr. kim? >> good morning. yesterday was an important step in gabby's recovery. she had two procedures yesterday

and i'll describe both of them to you. the first was a cranial plasty and then she had a shunt placed at the same time. as you know, the cranio plasty was for the skull defect. it was an implant we used and it was something we planned to do around this time. gabby had also developed a condition called myohydrocephalous. hydrocephalous just means water in the head, in latin, and it's a condition that develops in many patients who have a brain injury. we produced daily clear fluid that bathes our brain called cerebral spinal fluid. that fluid is also reabsorbed on a daily basis and when there is injury, that reabsorption can be partially clogged, like having a partially clogged drain. when that happens, that fluid can build up and that's

something that can be treated with a shunt. because gabby did not have a -- have the bone, that fluid was not causing her any problems because it was coming out under the scalp and she was recovering and proceeding with her rehabilitation. we waited until now to do these procedures for several reasons. first, we wanted to make sure there was no infection or other problems from the initial injury that can complicate putting in an implant. and second, we wanted to see if the hydrocephalous, or the water in the head, would resolve on its own because many times it's temporary. when it became clear that it would not resolve, we felt that this was the optimal time. so she had the implant put in and the shunt is a permanent,

completely internalized system that goes into the fluid collection. it's entirely under the skin. it goes into the abdomen where it's reabsorbed. you can't see it from the outside and patients, many patients in the u.s. have shunts. it's something you can have for the rest of your life and doesn't impede anything. both were done yesterday. the procedure went well. she has woken up and is at her bay front from before the surgery. we did get a c.t. scan to check on how everything looked. the shunt is in good position, the implant is in good position and everything looks great. at this point, we are starting bedside rehabilitation because she's so soon after surgery, we're not going to start the full rehabilitation probably for about two days and dr. francisco

will talk about that and we expect her to be here until some time next week at which point she'll go back to the in-patient facility. >> thank you. since she's doing very well after the surgery, we have agreed to start some therapy today and tomorrow and we're going to progress this as she improves further from the surgery. once she goes back to tiered, we're going do another reassessment and decide whether or not we will merely continue with the program that was interrupted by the surgery or maybe upgrade it because it is not rare that after these procedures that dr. kim described to you earlier that patients who receive the shunt do even better so i am so looking forward to that and hopely we can upgrade her rehabilitation program when she comes back. even though she's here, i'm still overseeing her

rehabilitation care and when she transitions back to tier tier, dr. kim and his team will be assisting me in the congresswoman's care. >> with that, why don't we go ahead and open it up to questions. are there questions from the audience? yes? >> you mentioned that after a shunt there can be improvement. can you elaborate what kinds of improvement and why would that be? >> the fluid is pressing on certain parts of the brain. once the shunt relieves that fluid, then there will be more chance for certain parts of the brain to heal. i won't be able to tell you exactly what i expect will get better, but i'm optimistic that when she comes back next week we're going to see a lot of positive changes and this will allow us to upgrade the rehabilitation program even

more. >> can you say how long the surgery was yesterday? >> the surgery, we say from skin to skin, which means when you make the incision to when the closure was done, was about 3 1/2 hours. >> what made you to decide to do the surgery now? >> we talked about this exact issue and he always said he wanted her care to be at the optimal time and not to be around his shuttle schedule or any of his work issues so i just felt that this was the right time to do the procedure and that's why we did it. >> you're talking about increasing her rehabilitation. she's going to be remaining -- from the inpatient setting. when do you anticipate that could happen?

weeks, months, days? >> as i said earlier, i'd like the opportunity to reassess her when she comes back to tier and over the course of the next several days or few weeks, we'll decide what's going to be the best for her once she's discharged from the hospital. >> could you describe in detail the cranio plasty, what part of the skull is replaced, what you replaced it with, how the procedure is done? >> as you know from our prior conferences, you know, about this much bone is removed to help relieve the swelling. we have two options. one is either to put the patient's own bone back or to use an artificial implant. in her case, her bone was in several pieces because of the kind of injury she suffered and plus, parts of that bone were contaminated with a bullet coming in so there may be germs

so i didn't want to take the chance of increasing the infection risk of this procedure. because it was an implant, either way, infection is a problem we worry about. so what happens when we are not going to use a patient's own bone, which obviously is modeled perfectly in the skull, nowadays the technology is this to regenerate her skull based on the c.t. scan, then the computer can make an implant that fits perfectly the defect. and then we can place it on the model of her skull to make sure it fits and then when we go into surgery, it would be rare -- it hasn't ever happened in my experience where the implant is off and doesn't fit perfectly. it's synthetic material, usually made by hydroxyapatite ceramic and interestingly, it's porous, it's designed that way. and over the next several

months, her own bone cells will migrate into this porous material and lay down calcium. so, if in two years somebody gets a c.t. scan, you can see the new bone having formed. >> how big is it? >> it's about this big. [inaudible] >> nobody is excited to go to surgery but on tuesday, i mean, i can say she was very pleased that this step had come. we had been talking about that. this morning, you know, she looks great. i started calling her gorgeous gabby today and i think -- she hasn't looked in the mirror yet but as soon as she does, she'll

be very pleased. >> does she have to wear a helmet to protect her skull in the hospital or while traveling to florida? what's the situation? >> if you have the bone flap off, you don't have to wear a helmet all the time but whenever you're in a situation where you might fall or trauma can occur, you need to wear it. she does not need to wear the helmet anymore and since she came out of surgery, she has not worn it and we can start the rehab again without her having to wear it. >> during p.t. or o.t.? >> yeah. >> while she travels? >> yes. >> can you assess her progress, how is her progress and tell us when you think she might be able to return to work. >> i'll start with that. i would say first that if you think back to our first press conference here, we were talking when she was aware of her surroundings or whether she was

out of her coma. it's only been about four months and really, for a patient to come this far as she has in that period of time after the kind of injury she's had is almost miraculous. she has made tremendous progress. the rate of recovery, though, is variable over time, and we can't predict exactly how much more progress she's going to make going forward. so it would be very hard to say if and when she can return to work but she has done very well so far and we hope that that progress continues. >> i'm sure you all saw the video of her ascending the steps last month. that was three or four weeks ago. all i can tell you is that she's recovering very nicely. that was three or four weeks ago, imagine what she can do now. she's doing very well. in terms of her condition, it

has improved significantly. we're having more meaningful and fun conversation. she's cracked me up several times. she's made some jokes. had very good social conversations, as well. in terms of returning to work, i agree with dr. kim. it's really quite difficult at this juncture to make any guesses as to when she will go back to work. this is something we will reassess when she goes back to tier and maybe even after her discharge from tier. >> [inaudible] >> exactly what kind of walking activity. >> you might upgrade her now that the shunt is in. what do you mean by upgrade? what would you change? >> that will depend on the positive changes we see next week. we can increase the level of

activity, come up with new activities to train her in. >> can you give us any more the shunt, about scientifically, what it's made of, where it's attached. you say it runs under the skin to the abdomen. it's hard to envision. >> i wish i had a picture, but if you look at a picture of our brain, inside is a cavity called the ventricle. it's just another word for cavity, really. and that's where the fluid is. and that nude is -- fluid is generated inside and flows around the brain and is reabsorbed on the outside of our brain so the shunt is a little tube made of elastic plastic that passes through the brain into that cavity and it has holes on the end and it comes through a very small hole in the skull and then it's attached to a valve that we can regulate how much fluid flows and the valve

has a pressure sensitive mechanism so it only flows when a patient needs it. if her hydroself -- hydroself louse resolved on its own, the shunt would turn itself off. then it has more plastic that goes into the abdomen. we can do the procedure with two incisions, one in the abandon and for her, it was right here behind the ear. and then we have a hollow tube we can pass between the two incisions that goes into the subcutaneous space. it's just fat so it passes easily. once the tube is across, we can pass the catheter through and when he take the tube out, it's entirely under the skin. so it's not visible. it's something that nobody would tell somebody has. patients often even forget they have it after a while and we can change the setting with a magnet without having to go back to surgery and we can turn it off

we want and because of the valve, it will regulate itself virtually. >> dr. kim, were you ever in contact with her husband directly? are you going through nasa? have you talked to him directly post-op? >> i've emailed him several times since the surgery. we talked about the possibility of all this before he went so we have been able to communicate with him and he's aware of what's happening. >> i've spoken with him. i spoke with him once yesterday afternoon when the surgery was almost complete and his brother, scott, spoke with him last before he went to bed yesterday that was after the surgery was complete so we were able to get the good news up to space. >> can you tell us what her attitude has been since she came back from seeing the shuttle and coming back here? after all the excitement, what's it been in the past few days? >> it's been a big week for us.

we knew the surgery would be on wednesday. she's excited. it marks a major milestone for her. she hates the helmet, she tells us about it every day and she actually -- someone wrote 5-17-11 as the final date, like that's it. so it was an exciting week for her and she's been looking forward to this for a while. >> you mentioned something about contamination. are there any bone fragments still there? >> yes, there are. before we did the surgery, we did scanning to make sure that there was nothing that looked like an infection. the precaution, i also scanned her to make sure all of her arteries are o.k. and everything looked perfect. >> i know mark was hoping that her hair could stay. i'm sure you have to shave it. >> it wasn't much of a decision

because the main thing we worry about with this surgery is the risk of infection. on a per-100 patient basis, it's not that high, but it's much higher than other surgeries because we're putting in a large implant that blood doesn't flow into and if it does become infected, it's a lot more -- we have to remove it, clear it, put it back in and it's weeks of hospital hospitalization. mark mentioned that to me. i said, mark, it's hair, it will grow back, and i want as little chance that we'll have a problem as possible so we shaved everything off. i think it looks cute, if you ask me. and her hair will grow back evenly and soon. >> what is the per-100 infection for this and for more general surgeries? in general, it's about 1% or less in general. for this, it's several times higher, 5% to 10%.

>> a couple more questions then we'll wrap it up. >> you mentioned bone fragments. where are they? >> that's kind of a technical answer. there are just a few fragments that are scattered. it's common after gunshot wound for little fragments to remain. >> are they in the cerebrum? are they in the brain itself? not easily removed? >> no. it would cause more injury and if there isn't a problem with infection, for example, then the brain adjusts to it and there's no long-term consequence to that. >> aside from her going back to work, is there any time line for her being discharged and continuing therapy on an outpatient basis? >> let me rephrase that. we always have a general idea, but as has been mentioned many time before, in rehab, we do