i grew up on college campuses. my father was an educator. i grew up on black college campuses. these campuses were peopled by jewish immigrants, escapees from the holocaust who could not live in germany anymore, but who had found a home here in the country. they had found a job in this country. i remember a man who had two daughters. fales. dr. fales had a thick german accent. his son wore lederhosen. they drove us crazy. [laughter] the can this had a fair

complement of these immigrants who were just wonderful people. they were well-educated. this was at lincoln university. after that, morehouse, spellman, clark. and where i lived as well. populated by jews who had found a refuge on american soil. these were the first people i knew to be jews. when my family moved to atlanta, we got to know this rich heritage of jewish atlantans. the leo frank story was not prominent in my life, but i knew about it. i had a friend that used to work for the "washington post" who told me that his grandfather

was shipped out of atlanta after the leo frank lynching. i just found out recently. the idea of sending your children away for fear that a terrible thing would happen to them is so disturbing to hear. i knew jews from the time i was a kid and i got to be an older person like i am now. i was always grateful for the commitment they have to justice and fair play and the way they expressed it and carried it out. >> when the refugees came into new york, there were all trying out various places to get jobs. a lot of the universities were not allowing jews in to professorships. there was a lot of discrimination. but so many of them contributed to the south and black life in the south by going to the major universities.

>> there was a jewish professor who created more than one dozen ph.d. candidates out of his students. i cannot remember his name. >> i will think of it by the time we go home, but i know who you mean. [laughter] i was fascinated by your reference in the film to the fact that your mother and her friends, and your grandmother, who was at lucille's friend, had thought that they had assimilated. >> it is true. >> and the shock that it was when they figured out they were, in fact, set apart. i would like to go back a little bit more into that history and talk about the resentment of the north and the resentment of

industrialists that helped to create the climate that led to the lynching of leo frank. and what of the things that fascinates me about it is, a famous atlanta newspaper man credited with coining the phrase "new south," had specifically gone north to ask industrialist to comes out and build factories. when they did, however, it seems they encountered a great deal of resentment. >> those jews that came from germany were not allowed to practice professions like law and medicine. they had to be merchants. my family, too, there are peddlers. that is how they got there. there were respected in business, but they were not respected socially.

i think what made me want to write a "parade" was a couple of things. one was, i'm pretty sure that 99.999% of me believes leo frank was in this horrible tiny price lies that maybe he wasn't. he did a couple of weird things. the night of the murder, he called the factory. it was a saturday night. he called the factory and spoke to the night watchman to see if everything was all right. he had never done that before. i would like to think that -- but i think, as a writer and for the actors who are playing the part, it gives them a little gravitas with it. the other thing that began to

eat at me was the plight of the white southerners. those people whose family is believed, possibly mistakenly, but believed with all their bodies and souls and hearts in the cause of the confederacy and gave their lives. and the ones who did not give their lives came home missing limbs or shellshocked or pretty much destroyed. and not only that, the yankees raised the taxes so much on the little farms that these people were forced out of their rural lives, forced to go live in cities like atlanta, and put their children, like mary fay, at age 11, to work. these people, until 9/11 happened, were the only americans who had been defeated or occupied.

and their occupiers took over. it was a bitterness that certainly lasted until the end of the civil war, which as a child was called the war between the states because it was not civil. as a child, that was before vietnam, so it was still pretty fresh. and there were very am bitter about what happened. somebody had to pay for what was going on. and it's interesting that the newspapers began to stir up this case, which was a murder, but there were a lot of murders. atlanta had always been a murder city. it was ballyhoo that had been

stirred around. there was this ugly little jewish yankee with little glasses and he was the counterbore for the purpose of the villain, lowering this girl into his office and murdering her. anti-semitism was not a big thing before this, but became a raging fire. it was ripped up by the prosecuting attorney, who became the governor of georgia. the kkk, which had been a benevolent organization before the war, turned into the organization we know it today.

there were always two sides to it all. it seemed so dramatic to me. aboutre reading recently the populism, the populism of the late 19th century and early 20th century for reason of current economics that i do not need to go into. but watching the tom what character was fascinating to me in the play. i am thinking that, once again, money interests were able to use the death of this working- class girl, whom they could not have cared about, to their own ends. am i wrong? >> know, you are right. and watson is an interesting figure because the statue is on capitol grounds. i was in the legislature for 20 years. i saw it every day as i came and

went. there was a movement underway growing out of that attempt to get a pardon for leo frank. eli can help me here. watson, as a younger man, hagel different personality. he was trying to get together a coalition of blacks and whites, and had he succeeded, the south would be an entirely different place than it is today. but he did not succeed and he became a different person, and evil, evil person and wrote to the governor's chair on the back of this. >> he was a demagogue, really. >> yes, a terrible person. >> he was the one who wrote articles like "jesus was not a jew." >> that was real? >> yes. >> i was fascinated by that. jesus was not a jew? wow, i was fascinated. the south is full of

fundamentalists, but i have never heard that. [laughter] >> one of the interesting things to me is the growth of a real connection between fundamentalism and judaism in the last 30 years. i travel a lot and inevitably, when i go to the small towns they say, well, the christians here are the best friends that israel has. and there is a fascination here with israel. the israeli consulate has a special office in atlanta to take care of demand for these trips to israel. people have urged for curriculum to be created. i have a job as a foundation giving money away in israel. i made it 25 trips to israel over the last 30 years.

it was amazing to see the fundamentalists coming in. and it would ask questions like, is that the real place that jesus stood? and pretty soon, they kept digging down in jerusalem until they could guarantee it really was the real place. this connection on a home town level is really interesting. i remember a guy who said to me that his best friend had caution him, as i was caution as a boy, that you have to convert or you are going to hell. he was a childhood friend who really cared about me. i was done because we knew each other so well, but as i thought back on it, historically, it was a kind of love. >> what did he say? >> he wanted to save me and i was asked about that. what do you say to them? i say, whatever you think is ok with me, right now, we are

really good friends and let's stay that way. that was a good way to handle it in a small town. >> as a long time zionist, how do you feel about this new valley of fundamentalist fascination with israel? >> this is a complicated question. [laughter] the holding amazes me, honestly. as a boy, the questions i got on the street were a little different. people did try to convert me downtown because my father was mayor. we were a known family and if you could get the most important jewish family to convert it was a kind of lynchpin and we would all fall into this together. my father handled it much more beautifully that i did. he would take me to these tent meetings that would happen every june with the evangelists. >> the revivals? >> yes. >> wow.

>> he would welcome them and say, we have american here today and it is the same religion and it is the same religion the savior. [laughter] my father had a prayer. i do not want to say because it is funny, really. at one point, some guy came up to me and just grabbed me by the collar -- i was a kid -- and he said, do you want to come down front and turn to jesus? and i said no. and he said, come on down. and i said, i cannot do that. i remember being scared and running out of the tent, to tell the truth. >> those tents are scary anyway. >> and to have him actually tough on me as a really scary,

too. but as i grew up, i learned to sing christmas carols. but i would skip words. it would be "on word mm-hmm soldiers." [laughter] >> i was in the atlanta boys choir. at easter, we appeared in the auditorium and we were these white robes and form the shape of a cross. and i had a solo in "lord, i want to be a christian." [laughter] i sang my solo and i sat down and the kid next to me said, aren't you a jew? [laughter] so, many years later, i said to my mother, why in the name of god did you let me do that?

and she said, well, you had such a pretty little voice. [laughter] >> this is so funny because i was in the christmas play in the sixth grade. they went up and said, now, you are going to be the tax collector. [laughter] typecasting. [laughter] >> with that, i am going to open the floor to questions from the audience. i told you they were wonderful story tellers. [applause] so, please, bring your questions. yes, ma'am? >> my name is mia. i am currently playing lucille frank in the production of "parade" at the university of

virginia department of drama. two of you said you have memories or connections to lucille or her family, and i would love to hear any of the stories and memories you have of that after the trial. >> i did have a connection with lucille frank. when i was a small boy in the 1940's, she was a friend of my grandmothers and play canasta with my grandmother's. unfortunately, i was a little boy and friends of your grandmothers are just old ladies. [laughter] i do not remember much. but one thing i always knew, anytime anyone mentions ms. lucille frank was that she never changed her name. she worked at a fancy dress or, j.p. alan, and she worked at that dress store and my grandmother said she always

beside her checks "mrs. leo m. frank." that is why i put in the play that she is a georgia girl. she never left. she stayed mrs. frank. i think she was a remarkable woman. she was only 22, 23 when this happened. from the time she was 23 to 25 -- and she was a very sheltered southern girl -- she was exposed to this mad media thing. i think she handled herself with remarkable dignity. >> it is a prominent name in atlanta and you would hear of the seligs here and there. she was thought very highly of. as you play her, make sure you play her as someone who is thought very highly of.

>> thank you. >> in your book, there was a point you mentioned that when he was in the senate, he was offered a seat on the supreme court. this would have been the first time a jew would have been -- way, way before brandeis. >> the famous killer of millard fillmore was stuck with the same problem today, he could not get his nominee through unless the nominee was in the senate. benjamin would have taken his seat. he would have been the first jew 60 years before brandeis had he accepted. but in those days, it was a big honor to be a senator. you got to practice before the supreme court. you were the only person allowed to practice and you could make a good living as long as the conflict of interest did not bother you.

i think he was just born for the senate. he was a wonderful speaker. i could go on and on about benjamin. he was also offered the ambassadorship to spain by buchanan. and it must have been a temptation for him to return to that country. but he did not do that. >> i just did note as a journalist that ely said that in those days it was a great honor to be a senator. [laughter] noted for the record. >> good evening. i'm steve richard, a past president of conservation battle israel in biloxi, mississippi, which was destroyed by hurricane katrina. there is an institution of

southern jewry in southern mississippi that is either very small or part of a collection of almost abandoned synagogues of people that came either for agriculture or retail stores at one time. i was wondering if any of you could comment about what happened to those jews. any observations about all of those abandoned places throughout the south? >> an organization that was founded by macy heart of the jackson camp in mississippi, he was faced with the problem of synagogues closing because the jews were leaving mississippi. incidently, after the franc case, 3000 jews left atlanta, roughly half the population. it is extraordinary how

frightening that case was. it is worth remembering. he got a lot of money, $5 million, to set up this organization in new orleans. it sends rabbis out and teachers to do curriculum too small jewish community is all over the south. they have people traveling to armenta -- bar mitvah and other events. the new technology makes this a real possibility. >> i live in macon, georgia from 1951 until 1992 when i escaped. [laughter] i'm serious about that. i wanted to know if we could have some comment about whether or not there are differences in

the way that jews treated black people at the time that the civil rights bill was just beginning. because i found that jews in the south in smaller towns like macon, georgia were very heavily pressure because they were scared. they did not put it that way, but many of them were not able to help people very much. i remember i was a part of the academic world and we got plenty of pressure. and the klan was rampant in macon. i wonder if you could comment about any observations you have about how the inside/outside jews felt during the civil rights movement and then if you could comment about the black/jewish relationships after 1980.

>> on your main question, my general perception is that southern jews were a step ahead of their christian counterparts in relationships between blacks and jews. they genuinely treated blacks better than the native white population and you preferred being with them then being with these other people, not that they were perfect people, but better than the other people. >> i think they treated black people a little more civilly because -- my husband's entire family is in the retail business. they treated them with more respect but i did not see a huge amount of courage as far as helping with the civil rights movement, or trying to help

people who were improperly accused and incarcerated and so forth. i have always felt like southern jews were just like other people, maybe a little different. that is why i wanted to know your observations. >> you have to walk a mile and another person's moccasins to understand this. i know you were there, but for the department store owners, for the people that had stores, it is not unlike what my father did. and this is all over the south. they were the first people to allow blacks to try on clothes before they bought them. they always treated them with respect. there was a farmer who made a lot of money in tobacco during the season. the farmers would come in and they would have their money tucked in their shoes. and i thought it was funny. and my father took me aside and said, don't you ever laugh at one of my customers again. i was interviewing a woman -- a

couple in a williamson and they were picketed. he said, i never understood it. we were one of the first to allow so many things. and his wife said, about how you would feel if we were not the only store in town been picketed [laughter] >> there was a man who was called down to the police station who argued that we should not be attacking him because he was jewish and if we just gave him some time, he would convince all the others to integrate their stores.

and we said, no, we want all the stores integrated and we want it right now. we were down and impatient. he lost his temper and said, i do not care for another negro ever comes in my store. but i do not think he really meant that. because he felt what that man when we stopped coming into his store. but he was a decent man. he felt that if he integrated his store, the anti-semites in atlanta would attack him, and i think he was right. >> [unintelligible] and he had a temper, and he lost. i think it was the whole jews were a step ahead of the non- jews when it came to integration. but this character in my play

who does not want to go to the dinner that was given to honor dr. king for winning the nobel prize because he's worried it is going to hurt his business, and he did not go. he felt pretty bad about it, but he did not go. this lady is right. that happened. a higher up in the business world they were, the more frightened they were. they have more to lose, like anybody else. i have always believed that i have been proud of the jews during the civil rights movement because i think most of them went to bat, or a lot of them did. >> when mary fagan's descendant issued the list of the georgian is involved in a lynching, did that come as a surprise to many people, or were they so well

known and accepted? >> and no, after the list came out, it was recently. it was horrible because the list of the men the purchase pitted included a former governor of georgia. these are the men that actually strong him out. the former governor of georgia, the mayor of marietta, and down the line. the sheriff of marietta. and the judge. they were all there a lynching. and if you have ever seen real photographs, leo frank was lynched in his nightshirt. and the night shirt had gotten

sleeves because what they did was they set off pieces of his nightshirt and sold them as holy relics for years. it was sickening. >> i was always under the impression that this was a mob and nobody knew who they were and they broke into the jail and they took him out and lynched him, right? and it was not that at all. it almost changed the leo frank story. they had determined that he was guilty and needed to be punished. and officials of the town, including a former governor and a future governor, they just declared that he was guilty and their job was to -- there was always a mystery on how the mob got in there so easily.

it turned out that these people had a lot of influence with the jail, cutting the budget and that sort of thing. they were simply let into the jail to do this. i thought about it and, yes, it does not change the story, but it does. because the vengeance was official. and it was sanctioned by legal personalities, including a judge. it shows you how anger was. they thought he was guilty and he got what he deserved. the museum in atlanta put on an exhibition that took them five years to correct. they had a lot of original documents, among them a document from william smith, who was jim kotalik's lawyer. on his deathbed he wrote a note saying, on my death, i believe

that leo frank was innocent and of good character. they have a copy of that in the museum. many people have regrets, but many people did not. they sent me a tape of this one woman related to her. and she was just ranting. and they will always feel that way. in the end, there will always be people on both sides of this. it is just the way it is. there were a few years ago, papers discovered of leo frank, papers put on the wall, posters and so forth, and notes from him and so forth. a one of them made me think when i wrote the introduction, what is it that leo frank must want? all he wanted was truth and justice. and i do not think he will ever

have either one. it is just with us. that is just the nature of it. >> i was editor of the paper in atlanta in 2000. my personal reaction was the same as eli. i had grown up in the rural south, alabama, with the idea that active members of the kkk who would carry out this kind of lynching were uneducated, rough, crude people of a different class. certainly, that other clauses knew this kind of behavior was going on and approved of it, but did not dirty or bloody their own hands with it. certainly, the leo frank case taught me that is not true. some of the descendants still in the area were quite

embarrassed. i am sure, rumor that their ancestors might have participated, but that is easily enough discounted. some of them were very embarrassed when it was publicly revealed in documents. >> steve ohny spent 17 years on that case and he teased the stories out. that is how the larger story got out. >> following up on that, coincidentally, i was wondering if there had been any sort of

reaction -- in the decades following, as history usually does, any groups looking back and whether -- apologies or anything else or any kind of statements that were issued in the decades following until present day, i guess. >> apologies. >> do you mean public apologies? >> yes. >> as mr. bond has told you before, there was a big movement to pardon leo frank. itt was it, the 1980's when finally happened? there was a man who was a boy that worked up a pencil factory.

he was 14 years old, i think. he saw jim connolly carrying mary fagan to the basement. and he went home and told his mother and his mother said, don't tell anybody. connally said, if you tell anybody, i will kill you. and he told his mother all of that. so he never said anything. but when he was dying in the 1980's, he was an old man. he said, i cannot die with this on my conscience. i saw this. it became more clear. when "parade" opened in the late 1990's, tom watson brown said [unintelligible] i'm going to come to new york and straighten that out i do not know what that means. [laughter] but it is still going on. she has a great niece or

something that puts those little pink bows in her hair and talks about her great great aunt was a martyr. and she was. that little girl was 13 years old and she was murdered when she was working in a factory making 10 cents an hour. it was 10 cents a day. you are right. 10 cents a day. you cannot forget that. that is what i know about that. >> thank you, everybody, for coming. mr. uhry, i have a question about any negative backlash you received to writing and then producing this musical. even just painting a posthumous

pardon for the offering was very controversial. i was wondering if you could speak to that. any backlash? >> backlashes about writing a "parade?" >> yes. >> not really, just my mother. [laughter] she was not happy. we did an opening at the fox theater in atlanta it has thousands of seats. it is about 20 times bigger than this. and it was around the same week that the list of the men that had done a lynching, so it was a kind of hot topic. i thought, oh, my god, what my going to get myself into? the show was received very well in atlanta.

the only thing i know that is of interest to a lot of people is that the fellow who was playing frank was at a bar in new york and he got picked up by hugh dorsey's grandson. [laughter] >> these two names are familiar names in atlanta today. and you knew them, or the descendants of these two men, and you knew their various reputations. the night my wife and i came, it was just something. no one has mentioned the temple bombing.

the jewish synagogue in atlanta was bombed in 1958 and between 1957 and 1958 there were eight bombings of jewish buildings in the south. us surprised that none of have mentioned that. >> i dealt with that in my other play in "driving miss daisy." i guess, the only answer to that is the prejudice start pretty hard. >> it is interesting because the city of atlanta rallied to this moment. a place of worship was bombed. that is offensive. and an article was written called "a bomb that healed." she was referring to the franc case. suddenly, the mayor of atlanta was joining in and they could

not do enough with the churches. there was rallying all over the christian community. it was very inspiring to see the christian community react that way. something terrible had been done to a religious organization. very moving. >> there is a wonderful book by melissa fay greene called the "temple bombing." a wonderful book. >> i have lived in atlanta since the late 1980's and there is a very strong jewish committee there as well as a strong black unity. in the play, the press comes off very badly, obviously. what you may or may not realize is that cynthia tucker has been the voice of reason in atlanta, in a strong way for a long time and she has now left us. [laughter]

and as one of the people who was devastated about this, my question is, what do we do in instances like that? we have very few strong voices in the press in atlanta. we have you, and jay and mike, but that is pretty much it. how do we move forward if the press is not going to be bold? >> that is an excellent question i asked be like a question a little while back about fundamentalists and the zionist and he said that is such a complicated question. there is no right and -- no short answer. you have done me the same in turn. let me just say i had a great career at the atlanta journal constitution and i still miss it.

and i am one of those journalists who does believe that the press has a special role to play. let me say, however, that i did say to offered earlier that during those moments in the play where it was clear that newspapers were whipping up a frenzy, i took it personally. and it was absolutely true. they did that -- yellow journalists, they were called. whipping up their frenzy for the race riots in atlanta. happily, newspapers became much better than that and i think the atlanta journal constitution shared very progressive leadership, at least as early as the temple bombing. the writer won his pulitzer prize in part for a column he wrote about the church and school, about the temple bombing.

i think in a fractured media climate, we are going to have to work very hard to cultivate voices that leave the committee in the right direction, because i am a little worried. we have not talked much about this tonight, but i am worried that it seems to me that it has this free-floating rage toward the other and it has to land on something other. and at the moment, it has landed on immigrants. i am concerned that we have to figure of a way to cultivate those strong voices of community leadership. i will be thinking about that. i am coming back in january. we will have to get together. [laughter] >> my name is linda.

i am a recent williams college graduate. i'm happy that mr. bond is also familiar with williams. my question has to do with the reaction that blacks in the south had to the lynching, and also, the bombings that you mentioned. you talked a bit about jewish support for the civil-rights movement, but i'm curious if that relationship was at all reciprocal. and maybe if you could relate it to maybe a more recent relationship between jews and blacks. >> julien, before you answer, i wanted to ask alfred earlier about a scene in the play. there was a scene where the butler and the maid do a song. the whole nation is upset and black folks are swinging from the trees all the time.

tell me about that. >> i did not write that song. jason brown, a new york jew, wrote that song. [unintelligible] [laughter] we talked a lot about the position of blacks, and we did not want it to be just about jim connolly, because that is an incendiary person. although, delicious to play if that is your part. he was the smartest person in the show. although, he is a sociopath. that made it complicated. but we wanted to represent the middle class working south. and it was true that there were black people swinging injuries all the time, but the thought of a white person? swinging in the trees all the time, but the thought of a

white person swinging in the trees, everybody went crazy. we wanted to show that, and i think that is something jason did very well. >> julien, has to a question earlier and you said you would disagree about the broken relationship. >> it strikes me that this ancient relationship, which has had rocky moments and the ups and downs is at present as strong as it ever was. blacks and jews and vote together like no other people. they vote for the same candidates like no other people. they are solidly in support of each other's efforts for betterment and civil rights. i do not like to hear that the relationship is broken. it is not what it ought to be in the best of times, but it is certainly not broken. it was the question? >> my question was if you could speak a bit about the black response to the lynching, and

the various bombings that you mentioned. >> the temple bombing is peculiar because the fbi, the police department and others were on it. and many black people in atlanta said, hey, our places are bombed and i never see this. a gas station across the street from the temple, somebody reported that a black man had come to ask for directions to the temple. for a moment, he became a suspect. although, i do not think anybody knew who he was or where he was. the idea that this black guy did it was abhorrent to many black atlantans. and they said, why is it always us? why are we blamed for these things? why doesn't anybody pay attention when our places are bomb?

it was the kind of reaction. but i do not think it was a majority reaction. but i think it was a normal reaction. you know, my place was bombed. why didn't you do something about that, too? >> we want to get as many questions as we can. >> my wife and i lived in atlanta a number of years and we are members of the temple that leo frank was also a member of. thank you for the wonderful, musical, that we saw yesterday. one of the most memorable lines for me -- and i cannot remember if it was dorsey or one of the other officers who said, we cannot just hang another black man here. we have to pin this on leo frank. it was a fascinating line. i was wondering what was behind that. >> i was not present when

officer starnes said something like that, but it was the general pervading attitude. when you think about it, it was a little bit like we invaded iraq after 9/11. there was such public outrage at what had happened to this little girl that they had to do something. they had to find somebody to pin this on. and that character was referring to the old janitor. he swept out the factory and he found a body. to pin this murder on this religious old man just was not going to cut it. i suppose that dorsey thought that leo frank was guilty, but i don't know. dorsey is a smart man. and i doubt it, too.

what i was writing the show, i had to believe a lot of this stuff to write it. i did not just want a bill and that was out for political gain because i could not manage to make this man human. i think that somebody somewhere believed that leo frank -- i do not think that tom watson or dorsey believed it, but i think there was enough. but somebody important had to pay. poor little old leo frank got the dial turned to him. >> my question is about the creation and collaboration behind the show. how did you decide that a musical would the -- it is

unlike any musical i am familiar with. and jason was a young man, 24, at the time of writing the show. and how you worked together and came up with the collaboration. >> it happened because i had written a play called "and last night of ballyhoo." the director was a friend of mine and i gave him the place to read and he said, what are all of these jews so hysterical about assimilating. and he said, because of the leo frank case, really. and he said, i know about it a little bit. tell me about it. i told him the outline and he said, that is a musical. [laughter] and i was a little taken aback.

[laughter] but almost in the next second i saw what he meant because it was so deeply, profoundly emotional. it hit deep emotions in so many people as i said before, it was like a stone in the water that just kept getting bigger and bigger. that is when i called my mother and said, guess what. prince wants me to do a musical with him. and she said, oh, my god, it is leo frank. [laughter] i had just done some work with liasson high and he had just written a musical that was about as depressing as could be. and he did not want to do another one that was depressing. and his daughter, daisy, had worked with jason. i talked to jason a long time about the south.

i felt torn. i loved the south. every time i fly into atlanta and see that red clay, i am moved by it. i told jason all about. we did a lot of research. we saw pictures of mary fagan's actual grave, which says something about the old red hills of georgia. and jason is very talented, and he did not write anything and did not write a thing. six months went by and i remember it was snowing. and i went to his apartment and he played me that song and i started to weep, which is not something i usually do. i felt very lucky. this is not about a bunch of

rednecks by killed somebody. this is about people who were defeated. this is about the politicians who used them. this is a tragedy where everybody lost, except the politicians. and he got it. and when i saw the show here last night, i realized once again that more than 50% of this is jason. i am very lucky. >> i am so sorry, but we have come to the end of our evening. i think we should, once again, thank our panelists. [applause] a very entertaining evening. [applause]

>> i would just like to say, thank you to the panelists, and thank you to cynthia tucker. i could not have picked a better moderator. thank you all very much. thank you, ladies and gentlemen. if you have not seen the show yet, please come see the show. it runs through october 30. and next week we will be having another community conversation about the lincoln legacy project. thank you very much. [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2011]

[no audio] [no audio] >> i draw a line in the dust and tossed the gauntlet before the seed of tyranny and i say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever. for most >> of his life, george wallace was an advocate for separate case in. he ran for president four times and lost. one of those efforts cut short by an assassination attempt.

this week, george wallace, from the "is mentioned in montgomery, alabama, live tonight at 8:00 eastern. >> this past july 4, in a ceremony aboard the u.s. constitution in boston harbor, simon winchester became an american citizen. >> i decided that i would take all the necessary steps. there is a 10-question exam and i got one of the questions wrong. >> which one? >> miles trillion from was also up for citizenship -- my australian friend was also up for citizenship. i got a question about what color the white house was. it was what is the american national anthem.

i said it was america the beautiful. >> all for 21 books, what the rest of our interview with simon winchester sunday night on c- span "q &a." next, it is [captioning performed by national captioning institute] and after that -- next to this "washington journal." later, african american actors discuss issues and hollywood and then preventing concussions in youth sports. our guest on this morning's "washington journal" financial reporter ylan mui. then steven emerson