the red carpet outside was a mayor -- amazing. >> with more than 9 million views of president obama's appearance and 2.5 -- c-span's coverage ranked among the top 10 most viewed videos. >> next, he army vice chief of staff on brain injuries and poster meant to stress in returning veterans. after that, challenges facing wounded veterans looking for work. then, c-span series on presidential contenders who lost, but who had an impact. will look at the campaigns of republican thomas dewey. later, the executive chairman of google speaking in washington d.c. -- washington, d.c..

>> have you tried the free c- span radio app? >> it is fast, easy-to-use, and appealing. it is convincingly clear. an insanely great deal, considering it is free. it took me about 10 seconds to learn how to use it. >> anytime, anywhere, that streaming audio and, plus the television networks. c-span -- it is available wherever you are. find out more a c-span.org. >> the vice chief of staff for the u.s. army says 66% of most seriously wounded soldiers suffered from traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder. general chiarelli pushed service

for these members. he spoke about reintegrating into civilian society. the military officers association hosted this in washington, d.c.. [applause] >> thank you, sir. >> thank you. it feels like i just joined yesterday. good afternoon. thank you, sir, for that kind introduction. i am truly grateful for the opportunity to join you all. congressman edwards, i know you are here someplace. it is great to see you. this is a terrific form. i have already gotten some feedback.

as vice chief of staff of the army, i do with a wide array of programs and problems. simply stated, i am the guy who is suppose to worry about everything. and i worry about it. i worry about a lot of different stuff. there is no question that my priority is the health and well- being of the force. rest is important. the network, improvements made to combat vehicles and other equipment, cost-saving initiatives. however, unlike the navy and air force, which are centered on platforms -- and i am not in the navy or air force. but they are more platforms centered. the u.s. army is people centered. we are a people centered force. the rest simply will not matter if our people are not cared for

properly. what i would like to do this afternoon is discussed a couple of challenges related to the health and well-being of our soldiers. then i will open it up for questions. what issues do you see from your perspective? what ideas do you have that might help us all? i would like to start the discussion by showing you a slide with three pictures. if i ask you which of these soldiers suffered an injury while serving in iraq and of the anniston, how would you answer? the female in the middle left lost a leg, which has since been replaced with a prosthesis. the young man on the left sustained burns on more than 40% of her -- his body and has undergone several reconstructive surgeries. what about the soldier on the right? most would probably conclude he is one of the lucky ones who came home unscathed, but that is

not the case. the reality is this individual represents men like him who are suffering from the invisible wounds of posttraumatic stress in a traumatic brain -- a brain injury. these injuries are affecting a significant portion of our population. in fact, 66% of our most seriously wounded soldiers were suffering from post-traumatic stress or trauma to a brain injury. a frequently refer to them as the signature wounds of this war. the fact is there are many, many others affected who are not enrolled in our army wounded warrior program, or have yet to be diagnosed. we must get a handle on this. the reality is as we continue to draw down in iraq and afghanistan, we are going to see more and more individuals return

home and stay home for more than 12 to 14 months, many of them dealing with physical and behavioral self-injuries, including depression, anxiety, a traumatic brain injury, and posttraumatic stress. we must also consider the possibility that the current wars will end, but a requirement will still exist for large ground forces deployed to other locations around the world. i carried a chart with me called the "failed assumptions chart." it shows the numerous times over the past 10 years when we have made assumptions about the war or projected for structure reductions and been wrong. we have been wrong 100% of the time. as the saying goes, expect the unexpected. we must also be prepared for a scenario where an unforeseen contingency clauses demand to remain high.

soldiers giving with physical and behavioral health issues do not have the time they desperately need to rest and recover. we need to find ways to help them as well. look at this next chart. as i mentioned, the vast majority of our wounded soldiers are suffering from post- traumatic stress or dramatic brain injury, yet most of us do not recognize these injuries when we looked at the pictures i showed you. in fact, the injuries we believe are most common -- amputations and burns, only represent to & and 2% of the population respectively. the truth is, because we cannot see these injuries affecting the brain, they do not receive the same level of focus and attention as amputations, burns, shrapnel, and other readily visible wounds. there is simply a bias, and i really mean that.

there is a bias, either conscious or subconscious, toward visible wounds or injuries versus those that are not visible. i would be careful in qualifying and bias. it exists everywhere, including in the medical community. part of it, i believe, is a lack of understanding of the physiology behind these injuries. they are real, no-kidney injuries, no different than bullet wounds, amputations, or severe wounds. nearly everywhere i go, i give an explanation of these injuries. i will spare you that today. a big part of the challenge is the call morbidity -- co- morbidity of symptoms. they include irritability, personality changes, and memory impairment. we need to understand how to differentiate between them and

treat them, recognizing that it may very well make matters worse if an individual is misdiagnosed. certainly, the lack of improvement, or in some cases the worsening of symptoms, can be incredibly frustrating for the patient and for his family members. i underline family members. another challenge with respect to injuries of the brain is like nancy of symptoms. unlike a broken leg that is immediately apparent, and in most instances may be treated and killed in a relatively short time, the latency of symptoms that is common to brain injuries often results in diagnosis and treatment. unfortunately, the time between when the injury is incurred and when it is actually diagnosed and treated properly can be fraught with related symptoms such as irritability, problems

concentrating, anxiety, and depression. from the onset of whatever the incident is that causes posttraumatic stress -- it is up to 12 years until someone 6 first treatment. a bunch of bad stuff happens in that time. fortunately, many of our nation's best and brightest women from academia, the medical community, nonprofit organizations, dod, and government as a whole are working tirelessly in this area. over the past decade, we have made tremendous progress in what has been largely uncharted territory, with the development of effective protocols which could be placed downrange to treatment and energy -- and imaging, and devices. we have also made great strides within our ranks. among many endeavors, we have

established a pain management taskforce in campaign plan to adopt best practices are me wide. we have issued much needed guidance in critical areas, such as pharmacy management and pain management, and our medical command recently changed several policies regarding the number of prescription medications and the duration which a prescription may be considered legitimate. these important changes have led to a decreased use of prescription medications -- specifically, narcotics and psychotropic medicine. at walter reed, transition usage has decreased from over 80% to 8.5% in the last year and a half among our wounded warriors. this is a good news story. we are doing our best to replicate it at other army installations.

the problem is having people who are trained in alternative pain management who can work these reductions. this type of challenge will help us and decrease the number of accidental overdoses and drug abuse. these are important elements in the holistic pain management campaign plan. overall, we have made great progress. although i can talk for hours about the tremendous efforts by individuals and organizations, that is not to say there are not problems and areas where there is significant room for improvement. the reality is we as a department and a nation will be dealing with the symptoms and affect of these injuries for decades to come. make no mistake -- this is where your money will be spent. if you are one of those people that that is the only thing that turns you on, ok. this is where it is going to be spent.

when you look at those numbers, when you look at 66% of my most severely wounded soldiers are chromatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress, that is where you are going to be spending your money. this should be familiar to you. we learned many lessons coming out of vietnam. we have all seen images of veterans penniless and homeless, living under bridges. that was and is unacceptable. the reality is these are not new injuries or injuries unique to this war. they have been around since before the civil war, and we know this from research that has been done on the topic of posttraumatic stress. for those of you who have not seen it, i highly encourage you to watch the hbo documentary "war-torn." it provides an amazing amount of the impact of these injuries on

individuals in past wars. there is a segment with a group of world war two veterans that is especially interesting, particularly for someone like me, whose father fought in the war and never talked of his experiences. i would like to show you a short clip. was humorous, it gets to an important point. it is part of a routine by the late comedian george carlin. >> i do not like words that hide the truth conceal reality. i do not like euphemisms. american english is loaded with euphemisms. americans have a lot of trouble dealing with reality. americans have trouble facing the truth, so they invent soft language to protect themselves from it. it gets worse with every generation, for some reason. i will give you an example. there is a condition in combat. most people know about it.

it is when a nervous system has been stretched to its maximum and cannot take more. the nervous system has either snap or is about to snap. in the first world war, that condition was called shell shock. simple, honest, direct language. two syllables. almost sounds like the guns it sells. that was 70 years ago. a generation went by, and the second world war went on. the san combat condition was called battle fatigue. four syllables. takes longer to say. does not seem to hurt as much. fatigue is a nicer word than shock. shellshocked. the battle fatigue. then we had the war in korea. madison avenue was riding high. the very same combat condition was called operational exhaustion. we are up to eight syllables

now. the humanity has been squeezed completely out of the phrase. it is totally sterile. operational exhaustion sounds like something that might happen to your car. then of course can the war in vietnam, which has only been over for 16 or 17 years. thanks to the deceit surrounding that war, it is no surprise the same condition was called post- traumatic stress disorder. still eight syllables, but we have added a-. -- a hyphen. and the pain is completely buried under jordan. i bet if we had still been calling it shellshocked, some of those of vietnam veterans might have gotten the attention they needed at the time. [applause] >> the person who tried to educate america about the battle

fatigue after world war two was none other than audie murphy. he got hooked on a sleeping pill and was himself in a hotel room in texas for over a week so he could get off it. he went to veterans' groups around the nation, talking about what was known as battle fatigue back then. he did not have a lot of success in raising awareness. to overcome the stigma that exists relating to these invisible wounds, and to avoid the same outcome on the other side of this war, we must continue to study and learn while raising awareness of support services put in place to ensure the men and women who selflessly serving our country are cared for properly in the event they are injured or in need of help. as the focus of this pilots, this is particularly important as pertains to reserve soldiers. we are able to more effectively influence soldiers serving on active duty and help them

mitigate stressors affecting them. it is more difficult to do so in the case of individuals not serving on active duty. that are often geographically removed from a support network provided by military installations. they like the camaraderie of fellow soldiers and daily oversight and hands on assistance from members of the chain of command experienced while serving on active duty. in many cases, these soldiers have limited or reduced access to care and services. meanwhile, they are more vulnerable to the challenges of an adverse economy and a troubled labor market, especially for our young people. we are continuing to work this issue very, very hard. we are not going to rest until we figure out how to bridge the divide in the reserve component. we are looking for further ways to establish the reach and accessibility of the services

that are positively impact in the lives of soldiers serving on active duty, and their families. this is a priority. that said, we recognize that the best long-term solutions are at the local level, with the citizens of our communities, colleges, and universities, foundations, industry, and health-care groups. there are private-public organizations whose sole desire is to care for veterans and their families. members of the military, including senior members like me, are limited by law in what we can and cannot do with respect to supporting or promoting these organizations. we rely on others to spread the word and rally around our soldiers, sailors, marines, and coast guard, so that when a young man or woman returns home

to minnesota or iowa, we can be certain they will be embraced by the community and given the support needed to reintegrate back into the lives of those left behind. a look quickly mention one final topic, and then open to discussion. soldiers will be dealing with these injuries for years to come. this is a readiness issue. the number of soldiers has increased 169% to around 20,000. the reality is that number is probably closer to double that factor if you figure in the number of soldiers who are not yet enrolled in des, but cannot be deployed.

some people are going to be given away p-4, the permanent profile. and then they will heal and enter back into the service. others will not. they will remain in that population and finally enter the des. you take 4000 soldiers out of the army, that is the effect of 10 years of work. that is what happens. you ask 1% of the population to fight a 10 year war. meanwhile, the average time it takes to get an active-duty soldier to the disability evaluation system is 373 days. needless to say, this is too long. the system is complex, disjointed, and confusing. dod is continuing to work closely with the department of veterans affairs along with the

military services to make needed improvements. i will tell you i am pleased and encouraged to see the level of collaboration to date. the integrated disability evaluation system is not perfect. however, it does represent a step in the right direction as we work together to address these issues. all of them affect our readiness. we must address them accordingly, not simply as an army or a department, but as a nation. we recognize there will be a requirement to reduce the size of our forces in coming days, as we work through budget cuts, and the drawdown of forces in iraq and eventually afghanistan. that said, we must make these reductions smartly. whatever the size of the army, it must remain highly trained and ready, and not accept anything less. history has shown us to expect the unexpected.

we must always be prepared to meet our obligation to the american people. that is to fight and win our nation's wars. i appreciate the opportunity to join you. thanks to all of you for what you do every day. i will be happy to answer any questions you may have. [applause] >> thank you. questions? >> i am a retired marine. in the panel before lunch, we had a wounded warrior tell us he thought one of the things that needed to be done was for the medical systems to talk to one another. they do not do that today. i know there have been a lot of top dod talks. that still has a ways to go. what about the service man talking to each other? >> general and this is who i

started with on this long journey three years ago. in working the protocols we put in place downrange, those affect all services. general done furred is my partner today. i do not think the relationship between the ground forces has ever been any greater. i will tell you the air force and a navy are in fact asking us, and they have practiced but fully in the development and implementation of the protocols downrange. like anything, it takes time to do those things. but i think we are a lot further down the road in ensuring that as a joint force recognize posttraumatic stress and trauma to the brain injury. the problem -- we like to beat up on ourselves. the problem is the stigma associated with these things is in civilian life. it is real.

i am talking to 500 people in this room today. 400 of you really believe it. there are another hundred that are saying that some of those folks are just playing the system. i know that is true. a brief every formation that leaves in the united states army. i always mother is about 10%. it is like when you talk to the reserve component. the reserve components, there will always be 10% of not get the point. on the other side, the reserve has the same problem in looking at the applicants. it is just the way human nature works. the stigma associated with these is very difficult to get people to understand when you cannot see that injury. with imaging techniques, we can see traumatic brain injury. we are starting -- i am hearing in the research -- to begin to

image changes in the brain with posttraumatic stress. but the call morbidity issues are huge -- comorbidity issues are huge. i think we have come a long way in all the services looking at these. but that is not to say there are not folks out there that just don't believe they are real. >> marine, retired. one of the things i am wondering -- is there any thought of foot of coming up with some special line items to cover these costs that you are going to incur the ax because that are going to be enormous relative to what they have been in past wars. and you still have to maintain a ready force and hardware. that line item, no one is coy to

insist to reduce, i would not think. >> you are exactly right. we are just beginning to understand the second and third order effects of 10 years of conflict, just beginning to understand the effects of fighting a war for 10 years with the first all-volunteer force we have ever fought with. we have done it with volunteers, but never all volunteers. but we have asked folks to do it 3, 4, 5, 6 -- i ran into a soldier the other day who has had seven deployments. these are real no-kidding costs that we are going to incur. i think the absolute thing i would ask this group to do is if you see anybody cutting back on brain research, raise up like a phoenix and attack them. because that is really the problem. get on google and find me an

article where the services are criticized for not taking proper care of folks who lost an arm or leg. you cannot find an article. all you will find is what a wonderful job we are doing with prospective innovation. but every week there is an article about how we are on caring when it comes to the treatment of posttraumatic stress and trauma to a brain injury. we do not have a bunch of doctors who are saying, "i am only going to take care of people who lost a limb." that are not doing that. the problem is the science is so immature. there is no by a marker for concussion yet. i think we are about a year and a half away from having to get, using a device like a diabetic looks at to check blood sugar. we will be able to administer it 24 hours after an explosion and it will say definitively that an individual has a concussion.

do you know how huge a will be, if we know that they have a concussion? or do not have a concussion? what we need to do is to continue to push forward the research in this area and understand the brain. if you are familiar with what i am the key is doing up in boston,-- ann mckee is doing up in boston, she is looking at the mutation of how procaine in those who undergo significant brain events, like football players and boxers. i think she thinks it could have -- i have to do the doctor thing and say nothing is certain in this world. it could have a direct connection to alzheimer's. what happens to folks with alzheimer's. we cannot -- we need to be forcing everybody to continue all the research and good stuff

that is being done to understand the brain. positron emission topography and what that allows us to do in looking at concussions. put up that slide real quick, the first one about brains. this is a picture using positron emission tomography. it is brains from three different individuals. i like it because it shows us this is an injury. i am really getting old. the brain on your right, the normal brain -- a 20% of the energy critic by your body. that is what it looks like when it is normal. 15% to 20% of the injury -- energy critic in the body is burned by that brain. then there is an individual who has been comatose for five years. a soldier is comatose on a

battlefield, we are getting into medical care. the one on the left is a ucla football player hurt four minutes and 20 seconds ago on a field 100 yards long. let us go with 55 yards wide, with cameras and ankles that everybody can look. doctors and everybody can bring him in a halftime. he plays the second half. as is dressing up that night, some because of to him, and one of the trainer says, "if you display any of these symptoms, come to the emergency room. guess what? he goes to the doctor, explains his symptoms, the ticket picture of his brain. he is walking around. that is what his brain was like. that is the problem.

that individual receives second second concussion before the brain has returned to normal, the chances for cognitive impairment rise exponentially. we need to continue this kind of research so we can understand this more. i would ask you all to force that point home. time for one more question, i guess. you guys have to get to the real good food that is out there. >> my name is andrea sawyer. i am the wife of a medically retired soldier, medically retired a 70% permanent. is there in the works any system which will financially protect us when we are forced to be medically retire? for a lot of us, we are getting put out of the military with our

husbands and able to work, and we have to leave our jobs to take care of them. 70% permanent is a $1,300 check after four years. we are having to leave our jobs. while we wait for that region, we are burning through a lifetime of savings, waiting for something and has already been decided on one side of the house. any financial protection in that situation. we are at the mercy of a va system. is there a look at reforming their retirement wage for people who are going to be permanently medically disabled and are not going back into the workforce? >> if the whole idea of a disability evaluation reform is one that is very, very difficult

for people to tackle. it is a huge issue. i could go on for a long time. when you get a chance, come up and ask the congressmen about this reform. there are so many antibodies out there that believe that any form of reform is trying to take away from soldiers the rights they have, and that after 10 years of for the country has decided it is too expensive to do the kinds of things we are doing. we also have a system that rewards those individuals who do not want to get better. i have run into soldiers -- i will only say soldiers -- who say, "why should i rehabilitate before i have gone through the system? all i am going to do is lower my disability rating. that, to me, is a flawed system. it was designed for a world war

ii army, not an all volunteer force. we need to holistic we blow the whole thing up and start over again. but it is probably one of the most -- that is just me speaking. that is good to get me in trouble otherwise. i really believe it is a system that has needed to be reformed. >> i know that was before the veterans affairs committee this summer. >> we have never worked closer with the va to try to get away from the kind of situations you're describing. the partnership has never been better than it is today. i am doing a video teleconference once a month with the va. i have mission commanders and my medical commanders. we are all over this. but the problem is huge.

there is always going to be stories like your story that need to be brought to our attention so we can see if we can do something about it. >> with the medical benefits, when we are leaving active duty because we are being medically retired, we then become way down the list on the treatment facility. but we have to transition into a v.a. system. we have a rating. we are at level 6. while there is suppose to be some transitional help, we are not seeing that it is available to service members. is there a bigger push? i understand it active-duty component should have priority. but one day, we are priority one on active duty. then they are pushed out and our bottom level priority. >> i would really like to talk

to you about that. as a wounded warrior, you fall in line with all the other retirees. let me take that back. thank you. >> the story was so important in a panel this morning. >> there is a neurologist out of the university of florida and the v.a. medical center in gainesville who is currently conducting a study on tbi in soldiers. if you suspect it, they are doing a study, trying to work hard to make sure these cases are brought to light. i wanted to say earlier we talked about how military are

not talking. my husband is airforce. because nobody in the air force gets hurt, we did not have any place for him to go. he went to fort gordon for three months. when he left, he was given a form from the army but said he was medically unfit for duty. we took that to our home base in georgia, give it to our commander, and they looked at us and said it was an army form. there would not accept it. we had to go to the evaluation process with the air force again the we had already done with the army. obviously, people talking is not happening. there are people down whose husbands have just been injured, and they need to not go through those hassles. >> you are right. i can tell you if it wasn't airforce doctor who wrote of a soldier for the same thing, the

wood look at and say it is an air force form. >> i agree. we talked about the wars in vietnam and korea, and how we are only hearing about dramatic brain injury and ptsd with this war. but i would like to remind everybody that our military has the most effective body armor and weapons systems available. that is why more of our spouses and family members are surviving these types of horrible incidents. the army, the air force, and the marines are trying to take good care of them on the battlefield. i am so thankful that my husband is alive. but when he comes back home and has these wounds, i need him to be taken care of at home as well. >> i appreciate that.

i am sorry for what you had to go through. when i hear these stories and time after time again, i honestly believed it relates back to the stigma issue. the medical community is as much stigmatized by these injuries as anybody is. i never said ptsd. i never do. to me, words mean things. when you say that, you might sound like someone had this affliction before. and i don't believe that. i believe posttraumatic stress is a no kidding injury. if you were to get 10 psychologists in here, six or seven would agree with me. the others would say i was nuts, and how dare you say that if you of not studied as long and hard as we have. the stigma is everywhere. it is throughout the service. it is to route civilian life. and it is directed medical community.

that is why we are unlocking the secrets of the brain so we have emperor "of events we can point to. it is absolutely critical. that will change so much of how this is handled today, and stop folks like you from having to go through the pain you're proud to go through. >> thank you, general. >> thank you all. [applause] >> in a few moments, a discussion about the challenges facing wounded veterans looking for work. then, a series of presidential candidates who lost, but had a lasting impact on politics. today, we will look at the campaigns of republican tom dooley. after that, the chairman of google speaking to the economic club of washington, d.c. then, of brain injuries and posttraumatic stress disorder among returning veterans.

more now from this event, looking at challenges facing war veterans reintegrated into civilian society. statistics show that unemployment rate for male veterans 18-24 is as high as 26%. this is moderated by barbara starr. >> give people one more minute or so to take your seats. thank you. ok. i am pleased to introduce our

next panel discussion, deployment to employment. are we really committed to hiring wounded warriors? it's moderator who is an emmy award winning producer and correspondent who is been reporting from the pentagon since 1998. she is profiled numerous wounded warriors, and reported from section 60 at arlington. we are honored to have her here with us today, currently with cnn. she has also worked for abc news. it is an important discussion for us this afternoon to talk about the action and those with some of the realities we talked about this morning, to discuss the challenges and the barriers to providing meaningful employment opportunities to our

wounded warriors. in our panel, we have tried to construct a eighth corporate, government, and veteran perspective. i would like to introduce ms. barbara star. >> thank you. [applause] i want to share something about your lunch speaker, the general picture -- peter chiarelli. i think he is one of the most remarkable officers serving in the military, and i want to tell you why. one night, i was looking at my blackberry before i went to speak -- went to sleep, and i had a long, torturous e-mail from a young army captain i had come to know. he had served in the worst of the combat. you have to wonder how many americans, if you said to them

"triangle of death" would know what you are talking about. i met him at fort hood. he was suffering from a good deal of posttraumatic stress. he had been involved in an incident where he had called in a strike that resulted in a number of civilians being killed. it was a series of circumstances his unit was put in that led to this. he he emailed me saying, "tonight is the third anniversary of my event." i knew exactly what he meant. he had had a new baby. he said his son was five weeks old. "tonight, i wonder if i deserve to have an -- huim." your heart stops when you read that. what do you do? you cut and paste and e-mail the

general. you say, "i need help. this young man is in trouble." i will tell you general chiarelli is also on e-mail at the hour of the night and got this young man what he needed. i have to share that because he is a wonderful officer. we will come back full circle and a limit. the question of veterans unemployment -- as a reporter, you look for the numbers. how many veterans are unemployed? you find a lot of different statistic out there, which one of our panelists addressed. they are all different. the latest round of found this morning was younger male veterans 18 to 24 years old face unemployment rates as high as 26%.

nearly 2.5 million men and women have left the active-duty military since september 2001. that is 2.5 million that meaningful work. the veterans generation from 9/11 is more likely to be employed in things like mining, transportation, utilities, information services, professional and business services -- all the sectors of the economy that have experienced employment declines. that are less likely to be in education and health services, which have added jobs. some of the questions we want to look at today are the basic ones. where are the jobs? all these statistics are meaningless to the young veteran you meet who says, "i need a job, and where do i find it?"

all the statistics and training programs in the world have tremendous value, but to someone who needs work, that is what they need. we will talk about some of that. we will talk about some of the cases i am sure we have all young -- run across of young veterans looking for work. i'll give you two examples of veterans by stay in touch with. i think this will give us a bit of the scope of the problem. a young iraq veteran, home for many years, could not find work. posttraumatic stress. fell into not only joblessness, but homelessness. nowhere to go. it has taken him a number of years. i saw him in san diego. he has finally turned his life around. he is going to start manufacturing his personal hot sauce recipe, and it is quick to

be marketed at whole foods. this is a kid who was sleeping in the park when he came home from being part of the first marine unit into baghdad. i can tell you of another young marine i know who is an amputee , 100% disabled. he is enrolled at harvard, getting a joint degree in business and law, for those of us to consider it is a good day when we get to work in one piece. these stories are remarkable. i and when to stop there. i think what will be really useful is to talk about the programs and a trance. but never forget there is a young veteran out there that need a job. all the washington talks seems meaningless to them when they are looking to pay next month's rent. on that note, we are going to start with our panelists. they are going to introduce themselves and talk about -- we

are going to move right down . that are going to talk about who they are and what that are doing with their company or a government organization to answer this question -- where are the jobs? >> my name is chris. nice to meet you. you have my biography. i am a retired captain. i was lieutenant commander of the first marines, first men in tuvalu sure, severely wounded on april 13, 2004. i was in an attack and sustained in excess of 10 are fiji's -- rpgs. one ripped off my right thigh. the driver became conscious and got me out of the kill zone, only to have the engine seas because the rocket that went

through my leg went to the engine. we were dead in the water in enemy territory. the ambushing force that hit us in the kill zone -- my marines bailed out and set up a hefty defense. one of my gunners pulled me from the track and took me into the house. the doctor put a tourniquet on my leg. sprays of morphine. my lieutenant surgeon was in charge at that point. he coordinated and repel the three frontal assaults and did a liaison with the quick reaction force that had to fight their way into come and get us. i pretty much bled to death. i had filled transfusions. my doctor was not screening blood packs. i do not robert any of that. i just remember waking up. i spent 75 days in the medical

center. it ended up taking the six months to learn how to walk again. i retired april 28, 2007. during that course, i was pretty upset. i was pretty young. i was 36. what the heck was a 36 year-old doing retire? it is kind of like forest gump. he ran for a couple of years. i hand cycled. i became pretty good as a disabled athlete. i started putting my aggression to the road to try to win some races. that did not solve everything. at some point, i realized that as a male -- i believe most of us think of providing for the family and working. i figured that at some point i would have to go back to work. i started interviewing with a

lot of companies and started working with military recruiters. i was having a tough time. i had one reporter looked in my career path, all my education and everything. he goes, "you are not the typical candidate." if you do not have the intellectual capacity to understand that rimming and are pg -- ramming and rpg through your leg of my change things. hopefully, i was able to provide him some perspective. i do nothing he cared. the point is we have to work together. i interviewed with other companies. eventually, i came across operation impact, which is a program for hiring and wounded -- severely wounded service members or their family members.

i have had a lot of success. and grilled karen, the program manager, continuously for three weeks before i accepted a position. i had to grill her about a lot of concerns. i have seen a lot of organizations that hold themselves out. "we want to hire wounded vets." but sometimes, it is like a trophy. i do not want to come into your organization. i want to work. i am wounded. i am not a rock star. i just want to get back to work and contribute to the rest of society. in a lot of companies and organizations, there are great programs. i just think sometimes that are of a little bit immature in realizing what exactly you're going to do with this

individual now that you hired them. i was the first marine officer to be retained on active duty under the combat wounded. a great program, but it was in its infancy. what of the going to do with me? i was stuck in a headquarters billet, in a cubicle with three lieutenant-colonel. i wish some things would have been different about the program. but at the time i was a sick individual, and healthy. i accepted my military retirement -- my medical retirement and got out. like i said, a grilled karen, and she eventually put me at ease. she is married to a vietnam veteran who lost his leg through vascular surgery from agent orange. he was a staff sergeant in the marine corps. having a program manager like

karen who can be a liaison between the veteran and the family member, and also the corporate organization, to get the support they need to implement a program like this was huge. even within the program, i am not going to paint a pretty picture. i have had my ups and downs. but it is a great program. no. would bend over backwards to help and support me. if you want to have a decent program, you have a program manager and that can be that liaison, that understands the veteran and can be a liaison between the veteran and the corporation. but the corporation needs to give the program manager of this support, to slip through retrained as officers. you go to basic training. you go through other training. just like we do college graduates out of school but have no military experience. we put them on a rotation.

if you can implement those types of programs within your companies, the veteran will do anything for you. they will accomplish anything you put in front of them. operation impact -- if the veteran is to severely disabled to work, we will also hire family members. that has been a tough crowd. usually if the veteran, spouse, or parent is taking care of someone so severely disabled, it is tough on that individual to work and perform. that is a tough crowd to try to hire. but that is part of our program as well. i will hand it over to you, sir. it is your turn. >> now i know why you were first to speak. you have quite the story. i am the ceo of caci. i would like to begin my comments not with my own words,

but those of a disabled veteran who works for our company. here is what he says. "i was a little worried about being a productive member of such a high-level technically diversity. but i had on the job mentoring that let me hit the ground running. i do not expect to be treated differently, and do not let my disability keep me from doing the job i enjoy. if i can leave you with one thought, that is what our program is all about, helping people find meaningful careers, disabled veterans, and it brings out the very best in them. for us, this journey began in 2007, when we decided it would make sense for us to do our part to help not repeat the complacency and even distain shown to returning vietnam veterans. it started in the 70's, but

continues today. to many veterans have never really been reintegrated into our society. many of them were never fully treated are diagnosed for their symptoms and their wounds. sadly, the makeup a disproportionate percentage of homeless people in our country today, one of the great shames of america, in my opinion. we decided that this generation of war fighters needed better hope in re-and a grinning. we launched the program to do our part by offering meaningful employment. we called our program "deploying talent and creating careers." we set a goal in 2007 which seems small now, but then it seemed pretty good, to hire 10 disabled veterans that year. we began by assembling a team of

people who were committed to this idea or this goal from around the company. as you might expect, they were mostly headed up by human resources and recruiting people. but a few managers, some of whom were out of the vietnam era and understood the problem, wanted to help. we started working with walter reed and bethesda. later, we worked with the medical folks at quantico. initially, those interactions were met with some suspicion because there is a lot of interactions that happened around wounded warriors as much about publicity or feeling good as there are about real efforts to help in the recovery process and the reintegration process. eventually, because we had some past experience with walter reed through a program called cause,

which stands comfort to americans in uniform services, we worked our way into their good graces, and there we began our program along with the other medical facilities i mentioned to. we also worked with a number of other organizations to begin building a network that would provide us resources and of people who were interested in employment, disabled veterans, are interested in the plummet. we worked with the wounded warrior foundation about the department of labor became a good partner of ours, and the marine wounded warrior regiment. we also worked with werno, which has an amazing intern program where they bring veterans in and helping them learn job skills they need to

have a good career. we also worked with mcguire air force base and fort dix and built our network. today we have turned a network of some 60 other companies that share job needs, skills needs, and resume is for disabled veterans. after four years, think the word is out. externally and internally, within our company, and out there amongst the veteran community, that we are serious about this and anxious to help. we met our goal that first year of 10 disabled veterans. since that time the program has wrapped -- ramped up. we have 4% of our population are now disabled veterans, 585 people. 90% of those to direct contract work, solely doing staff-

functions. we developed an intern program of our own. the intern program helps disabled veterans in terms of acquiring skills on the job. the mentoring program helps them to integrate into our culture and make that transition. and our rate now is over 100 disabled veterans being hired in our company per year, and of 230 of those are combat disabled veterans. we are proud of what we do, and we are proud to be associated with so many other companies. we think if we can get the fortune 1000 to take that challenge, to have up to 4% of their population be disabled veterans we would not back out of this issue. some of the challenges we found along the way that i am sure others have experienced as well is that finding the right skills

that match the job requirement and the right clearance levels as well. also, location is an issue. many returning veterans as part to go back to their home towns where they feel comfortable and can give restarted in their lives, and many of the jobs we have to offer here in this area. it is a little more difficult. when of the other problems we have run into is there is not much flexibility in the jobs skill sets that we are issued by our government clients, and there is not much ability to relax those, to give somebody a star about to give them the benefit of its doubt. we have to take a lot of the burden of helping those people acquire the skills ourselves. i think i will stop there. >> i am going to stick my nose in for a minute. we come up on you and the rest of the panel, talked it us

about vital employment is the issue of that issue of the disabled combat veterans, broaden to us those coming back, enacted by the lack of jobs, what you are seeing in the department, what works, what does not work, and my suspicion is mr. profit and mr. schmiegel also, given the represents, will have other thoughts they have to offer about the broader picture. let's broaden it out for a minister. >> is there anything else you want me to do? [laughter] >> that will be nice. >> first of all, let me thank you all for being here. on behalf of my secretary and the department of labour, i want you to know that although we are

the only piece in all the department of labor that handles veterans specifically, so i am honored to be part of that. secretary solice basically said and made a commitment across the board, as have a few others, the bottom line is we will take care of our and the veterans no matter what. we will do what we need to do to take care of them, to put that into meaningful employment, to get them jobs. i want to be able to put that out there because i want you to know that the commitment does not just come from one level. it comes from the top, across the board. statistics. now, he said 18 -- you said up to 26%. as of august this year we had over a hundred thousand veterans

unemployed. with an unemployment rate of 7.7%, is actually what the total percentage is right now. it gets up to about 26% for the 18- to 24-year-olds when they get out. after a while, that percentage goes down. i was not prepared to give you specifically that. i promise i will at least get that you, and whoever interested, let me know. the bottom line on this is before i get started, i want you to understand who is our veterans. every one of you know what our young women and men are going to. when i say young men and women, i am not talking about the 18- to 24-year-old, i am talking

old. 64-year- they have not had a job for up to 12 years. they go into homelessness, go into different things. that is what happens. whether the economy is good or bad, it has happened. eat during the bad times, we still had veterans on the street. -- even during bad times, we still had veterans on the street. we should never have that. the secretary is part of the homeless council, and so is checketts terry -- secretary shinseki. are working on that as hard as we can, and within dol we had special programs -- we have

special programs. we have homeless veterans reintegration programs, pretty successful programs. bringing in veterans to a certain site, helping them not only do with the fact they are unemployed and on the street, but the first thing we got to do is we got to get rid of those "demons," and i will use crist for second. -- chris for a second. >> i am the demon. >> the point being, when he first transitioned in, coming from a hard life that happened to him, those first few months -- correct me if i'm wrong -- were a little tough to get over. >> a little. >> he has not changed. the fact of the matter is you have to be able to deal with all those issues before you can get

a person to move on. before you can actually do anything. i do not care if you are the best player in the world pick if you do not understand that, if he did not understand that culture, if you did not understand where they are coming from, you can have the best employee in the world, but you will not be able to retain him or her, and you will not be able to work -- to make him work effectively. you have to understand who they are forced. whether they are wounded or whether they are not, whether they were in combat or whether they never even saw a quick sauce something being shot at them. -- even saw something being shot at them. i have four sons in the military. between my sons, i have 12 tours

in iraq and afghanistan. i understand what it is like being a parent waiting for word from your kids. i understand what it is like having one of your sons come back and call you at 6:30 in the morning on a saturday morning, colonel, not using dad, calling you by your rank, saying, do you have nightmares? when you walk down the street, the use now a certain thing that flashes back to something else? having a three-hour conversation with a marine who is an f-18 pilot, who is a phenomenal individual, you have a three- hour conversation and you spend five minutes talking out of that three hours. i tell you that because that is

part of what we're looking at. the other piece is -- and i have to give an overview -- let me give you one big thing that has happened to us that we have noticed. we have noticed that we have an education problem, ladies and gentlemen. not with our troops. but with the people who employed them. i have two gentlemen over here to my left who i am honored because of what they have done in their respective areas to help break that barrier down. then there is a second problem. the second problem is our troops, our people, our young men and women coming back. how many of you have served in the military? raise your hands, please.

do you remember the day you walked into boot camp? remember that day? whenever it was. do you remember what that felt like? marines standing on the offer prince. there were two things going through my head that day. one was, what in got's name did name did i do? you understand what it is like that first day. areas fear, apprehension. you do not know what to do. as the weeks go by, or the time goes by, a gets a little better, the yelling you could understand. you can actually understand

what they are saying to you. [laughter] you get easier, you move sharper, you look a little bit better, and so and and so forth. then at the moment of your life, the moment of truth is that day you graduate. any one of you who have served -- remember that day when you graduate from high school, college, that feeling you had inside? your chest was a lot bigger, he spoke a little deeper. you were somebody. at that moment you were going to conquer the world. that is our guys and gals. we have to make them understand that when they get out and they get rejected the first time by an employer that they will bring

him right back to the day they graduated with -- from boot camp. i ended the vietnam war by myself. i graduated from boot camp said, i am sending this. my point being that is the culture that we have to understand. for the employers, understand what it is these young men and women bring to your table, there'd be a small company, medium company, for a large company. how deep you bring them into your company and make sure they see themselves in that company? how do you make that work? walmart has done its. by having an employer group that involves veterans, all right, guys? to turn around and talk to each other.

the chamber has done it by being able to reach out to the other people and make sure the other chapters understand what is going on. we have gotten together with -- to make sure that's the resource managers, the actual hiring people, understand what an 11 bravo is, because i did not understand. i did not until somebody told me that is an interval hundred -- that is an infantry guy the army. if you do not ask the questions, a resume will get to the interview. the interview will get a job. if they do not ask the questions, you are missing an opportunity. that, i will stop. -- with that, i will stop. >> first of all, barbara and

paul, i realize we're up here with three marines. >> exactly, sir. >> i think things are about even. [laughter] y profit, and i think the thing i would like you to know most about me is i have been at walmart for about three years. the reason i accepted an opportunity to join the walmart team was twofold. first of all, this is not about wal-mart feeling good about itself or me feeling good about myself. this is absolutely about the prospect of creating a positive business outcomes. i think the military community

constituencies are representing the largest diverse talent-rich pool in the world, and if as most of us believe that future will belong to those who win the talent war, if you are not operating in this space, then i think you probably are missing an opportunity. it is about business outcomes. for me, the personal aspect of this was a chance that i'd get to give back in terms of career opportunities and contributions, the family financial security, to those with whom i have had the privilege of serving. that is my way of introduction that is enough for me to share with you. you can ask anything that you would like of me afterwards. when i accepted the invitation

to come and be with you today, i wanted to make sure with the organizers that they understood that i probably was going to gain more from this opportunity than i was going to contribute in value, because we are in the early stages on the threshold, if you will of our commitment to veterans and their care givers. let me share some of the things with barbara's justin, that i think we're doing in this space. let me offer some context. for those of you who may not know about our relationship with the military dates to the u.s. army intelligence officer captain sam walton who served during world war ii. that relationship has grown dramatically over time.

i think that is important because that allows me to talk to lots of people about the compatibility of the walmart karcher -- culture for those who have served in either form. our basic beliefs use many of the same words as i remember from army of values. if you can have a cultural foundation that begins that transition, then i think it is very helpful. others have said this. and i do not need to tell you about the challenging economy, the difficult employment market, but we at walmart feel a certain urgency to act now, because as i was talking to kevin about earlier, the prospect of continued drop-down in iraq and afghanistan, the fact that there

are dramatic fiscal pressures, i am not sure we can feel confident it is going to get any easier sooner. so i think we have to accept a certain bit of urgency. but also need to recognize this is very much a marathon. we need to get this right. as you see played out in front of you here, i hope one of the things recognized is the fact that i am gratified and i can be a -- this is a very growing and deepening public-private partnership. we all need to work this together because nobody can solve it on their own. i can talk at some length about the fact that a we feel a responsibility because of our size and pervasiveness to lead with respect to civic and social responsibility.

the walmart foundation does a lot of work. they are one of my greatest partners, and they are doing cutting-edge work that i can talk about in the wounded warrior community. for those of you who realize as i do, walmart is everywhere, so unlike what paul was sharing, we think we can make an impact in communities across the nation, which is why what kevin is doing isthe committee level important us. the reason we have been deliberate in the subject of today's session is i learned when i visited with my wife at walter reed during my last assignment on active duty, every 90 days or so, that this is a vulnerable population, and cannot make any mistakes here. we got to get this right, and so urgent?

yes, but a place where we can make the mistakes, i think not. i think kevin will talk about joint forces, so i will not do much about other than to tell you i think one of the things that is very important there is what the white house has done is raise awareness, which is a big thing. sapporo it has done a lot of things -- if has done a lot of things to educate people that i think is important. one of the things we thought was important that we did that day was be a part of an announcement where we highlighted what we called the military family promise, which he essentially guarantees --

which essentially guarantees a job for a spouse moved to another part of the country as a result for the uniformed spouse being pcs. trying to turn jobs into careers is an important thing for us to do. we are engaged to rock the spectrum. we have direct transition point engagement. kevin will talk about the important work they are doing. we think spouses are just as important as the uniformed member, so we are much involved in the military spouse employment partnership. we are just beginning some work with the wounded warrior project that we think is very promising and has the potential to scale so that wal-mart will

feel like it is in tactful, and we -- impactful, and we're beginning in the northeast and oregon and washington to get lessons from that, and then we will actually migrate it to the other parts of the business. let me talk about the walmart foundation. some of you may know last veterans day we made a commitment to address unmet needs for military families and veterans at $10 million over five years. in a speech bill simons cave at the american legion at the end of august, we doubled back to $20 million. and it is important because the philanthropic peace with philanthropic peace-- philanthropic piece with the

goes hand ince hand. there is a program called opera or ship with veterans with disabilities, and there is a companion effort that deals with families, representing a consortium of universities devoted to make entrepreneurs out of veterans with disabilities and their families and make them successful. if you do not know much about it, i would encourage you to learn about it. it provides some of the flexibility we think this population needs to not have the typical car rear with wal-mart -- career with walmart or anybody else, but would want them to start their own

business. i had a conversation with barbara this morning, the work she's doing been very important as we go forward with work in this space, because one of the things we must take away any of the hindrances for leaders and hiring managers. with the support of her network, advising our people on some of the behavioral issues they might confront as managers, we think is an important effort. the work in the community blueprint is exciting stuff. then the company home series that the american red cross just announced, which is about reintegration and some of those things we think are pretty important. just a couple of observations, and then i look forward to your questions. that add something to my friend junior, we have a great challenge on our side.

i spend 50% of my time teaching the military about walmart and the other time deking -- teaching walmart about the military. we cannot expect our associate understand the space for which some of them have no exposure. so we are very interested in making sure we do that, and an example of that, the captain and her mrs. are going to spend veterans day with us, and for those of you who do not know them, he is the first and only blind army officer serving on active duty. and we live broadcast this on the walmart network across the net is states, and we want people to see the caliber of the

people we are talking about. we want to put a face on all of this, so that is one of the ways we do it. also, i think it is very important that we do work on the military side to better prepare our soldiers, sailors, airmen, coast guardsmen, to transition from uniformed service. i am off active duty, so i do not have the same problems eight general might have. i think we have a transition assistance framework that is mired in the past. the whole discussion about reverse boot camp and all those things are enlightened, and we ought to give some serious consideration to that, because there is a communication problem here. the people leaving active duty looking for a second career cannot expressed to us what

their career aspirations are or why they should be considered with the portfolio of preparation, experience they have. conversely on the other side, the people listening do not know what they are hearing, either. we have to do work on both of those areas, and a final thing. i would say we at walmart believe when we see an impediment to hiring a veteran or a military family member we must to get on immediately. today things get viral pretty quickly, and it is true inside of organizations as it is outside. we address any of these things that arise pretty quickly. i think i have taken more time than i have shared, but i will -- >> we have 25 minutes left. >> a little bit about my

background. i was going to help frame some of the issues with numbers three, i was a marine for 20 years. i retired in 2009. i was fortunate, i had a mentor, a guy named jim jones. i was lucky to be at the right place at the right time, and i was lucky tom donahue at the chamber understand the value of hiring a veteran. there was an internship for people on active duty, and it taught people in the private sector and nonprofits about the value of hiring a veteran. he was always part of that. not all veterans are that lucky. if you look at the numbers, there are 12 million veterans in the workforce. 1 million of them are

unemployed. that is roughly the same average as the national average. i have to bite my tongue as a veteran myself. i want to give them the answer, are you kidding me? you ask me, why should we be doing a program for veterans? you have to be kidding me. i buy my tongue and did not say that. we make the business case for hiring veterans protect is even the veterans are suffering on average about 9% unemployment, there are specific populations that are really suffering. if you look at iraq and afghanistan, it is 13%. in the ages of 18 to 24, it is close to 30% and appointed. -- 30% unemployment. if you look at reservists, they are suffering from a 14% and

implement rate, and in some areas it is up to 30%. we are at a moment of time if we do not do something about it now, that 9% will grow up to 12% for the whole population, because if we are drawing down the force, that 9% number will grow. we have to do something about it now. when i first came to the chamber, i was tom donohue's chief of staff, and i heard hundreds of fortune 500 ceos saying, you are a veteran. how do we get more veterans in our company? when tom asked me what i wanted to do next, i connected two things. when i left the marine corps and served as the head of a list of assignments. it seems to me if we are seeing this problem in our society and

you have ceo's saying they want to hire veterans, you should start a program to address the two. has been successful because as barbara said this is not about washington talk. chamber made a mistake and hired a marine to do this because it is about actions on the ground, and it is not going to happen in washington. it is nice that we meet and talk about this, most of you get the issue, most of you understand what it is a good business proposition to hire a veteran. right? this is going to happen in the local communities. if we are going to have an impact, if you talk to 95% to leave this service, they have no idea what their corn to do next. they talk about where they are going. companies like walmart, fedex,

tri west, who have a presence across the country, can impact actions on the ground. we're not going to saw that here talking about it in washington. we started a year-long initiative to do hiring fares across the country. i will be the first person to say a tofair is not going to get hundreds of thousands of people jobs straight at the end of this 12-month period, veterans will have jobs. this is about creating movement. core groups of leaders have stepped up and will go to the next adjacent cities. we did not have to worry about that local chamber because when they see this we never have to go back to that city and get paid next year, which will be in 500 communities. i can say with confidence because after we did the first five events, 13 jabbers not on

the list called me and said we know you are doing the first hundred. we're going to do our unpaid send us the hiring our harris logo, because we want to be a part of this. i am confident that with the chamber, with companies come up with government, because we are doing this with joining forces, with the department of labor, we will create a movement. in addition to that we're working on this population suffering the most. the chamber has a program for student veterans, iraq, afghanistan veterans, a program working with the guard and reservists. we have a program for women veterans and military spouses that we're working with the business and professional women's foundation to create a network of mentors, because those populations at issues, too. my wife served with me for 15

years. when we say hiring our curious come people do not say the term "heroes." 90% of our heroes are spouses. most of our men and women meeting of the military have to have dual incomes. the last thing we work on is a program for wounded warriors which is why we're here today. the chamber will do this in a measured way. a lot of them are not doing it for the right reasons. we decided we will do pilots, work in a targeted way to address this population because it is significantly different from all the other populations we're talking about. we are working with the hired harris usa in fort belvoir and fort carson, and be targeted workshops to get them ready, and we do a mock interviews with them so they do not feel the

intimidating far not -- intimidating environment. we engage dod. great that we have a program called operation war fighter. why not do that in the private sector? i can guarantee you we can get 30 companies tomorrow to sign up to do that if the ndaa passes the senate and house root we believe it is important we educate employers, and we will look forward to that. ptsd is not just a stigma in terms of what general corelli address. in doing a service to our service members in terms of telling people about ptsd, we create a stigma and in the employer can near where people are not hiring because they are afraid they will get people -- there are a lot of people who

are fully functioning in the workplace and we need to educate managers about that. the last thing we're doing is creating a network to chambers wrote local chambers of commerce across the country can be connected with other chambers when a wounded warrior is getting ready is lead. when we test these pilots that we can scale them in a significant way once we look at what works. we will scale into the 1700 chambers of congress we have across the country. the last thing i would say, the chamber is not going to stand and be happy with what we do in the first year. we will create a private sector of veterans employment advisory council comprised of the 25 biggest companies in america. wal-mart, tri west, , siemens are all

partners of that pit we will tell the public sector but we need to do to make a bigger impact in the years to come. we will create an architecture to support the work we do in local communities so they are helped the day before and that day after, beat and i think if we are going to have an impact, it is not just big companies. the chamber has 1700 local chambers. we have 3 million small businesses. if we can get 10% of those business and 10% of the veteran- owned small businesses in america committed to hiring one veteran by 2013, we can cut the rate by half. we are going to drive this for as long as it takes to address the issue of veterans unemployment. thank you. [applause] >> we have heard some really

good practical items that these companies are working on. we have 15 minutes left. i want to get in as many questions from the audience as we can. please move to the microphones and did the time constraints only. if we can keep the questions a short if we can, and we will just start right over here. >> i want to thank all the presenters. i'm here with an organization called bright star technologies, and we hire veteran sprit we're interested in this forum because we need information that you are sharing about how to make a workplace connect and integrate lives of veterans. i have two questions. imarily they are prep for captain ayres. what can we do to put additional

pressure on bet centers and the department of labor to provide better employment readiness programs for veterans entering the workforce? and with that, what do we need to do as an organization to provide a truly integrated and supportive environment? one of the top three things we need to have in place? >> the first one is a difficult one because i get my opinions about the process but it could be much more, but it is one of those things. we recognize and everyone in this room and understands there are things we need to continue to work at. that is the beauty of it, trying to talk about it and better the process. bottom line, it boils down to leadership. that is put on the veterans side

and on the employer's side. >> any way you can pick up the employer can be supportive of local labor department? >> working with who, again? >> the problem we have as an employer, difficulty in getting veterans in when we needed to perform our work process these. just kind of trying to work with local service agencies to get really employment-ready people into the organization -- >> i was thinking about marine for life, and as cases like that. >> one of the things i want you all to take away, veterans' employment training services also has what we call our force multiplier out there, and we

work with state work force agencies, and they have one-stop centers, which is what you're talking about. >> yes. >> there are specific individuals in their that is their job the veterans that come through. one of them is that disabled veterans outreach program, and the local and veterans employment. what do you need? the problem that arises is a lot of people know at the one-stop they take care of everyone. they do not know is veterans have priority in that one stop. the lever supposed to reach out to you and get you, what do you need? what are you trying to achieve? who are you looking for? and then being able to match

that with the database. if you do not have that, i can provide that for you, because we have about 2000 trouthroughout e country. >> in the back of the room. let's keep it going. >> we have worked with kevin in a recent national launch with the chambers across the country, which were spectacular. i wanted to say to gary, mike ginny has this institute for medical increase for military families, and when you think about the education piece of it, from the spouse side, the service member cited a veteran'' side, and axle companies themselves, that is going to be the most important. you have to have that mental

health aspect it appeared that peer to peer opportunity you have in these companies posturing those is going to be in the end one of the most important parts of all of this, because if you can get us in the door, and, chris, you were talking about the challenges of trent get the spouse's in , particularly if they are caregivers, one of the most viable things we can provide to you, living with 10 years of war now, you can use us as consultants in how to communicate with veterans, spouses, and get the best out of then. the last thing i would say is metrics. i have seen so much money and passion be flushed down the toilet because no one seems to be keeping track of once you get these veterans or spouses, what is happening. >> you make a great point.

i wanted to add on to that to pick the education peace, and i think it really goes to see the person you have implementing that and being a liaison needs to be an engaging individual that can understand and execute it fit if you hire somebody who does not know it, they are going to fail. adding that the a's and, you have to put forward some of the -- >> way over there. we have six people standing, and i want to get everyone's questions. >> thank you. i want to thank all of those representing the private sector out there for all of you are doing, burch peerlessly the chamber, walmart, with much of the evidence that was missing when we came home from vietnam. that was right after the

television war, for those of you in the audience i commend you for what you are doing, because it will take a private leadership in our society to get the job done. i am concerned about what is not happening at a governmental level and this is directed toward junior. the work force investment act is supposed to have priority services for veterans, and it does not. there has been no enforcement the last 10 years. frankly, the tax credits that the president is talking about is part of the jobs for america act. this will not tip the decision to get people to hire veterans. they will take it on the back end. we can take workforce investment act and if there is the political will, force those service delivery areas to start putting veterans in and use that money as an ojt.

number two, can take a federal contract job listings, which does not help anybody at the moment, and they seem to be engaged in finding employers, or that anything else. it is not supposed to be a revenue enhancement mechanism. it is supposed to be a behavior changing mechanism to get them to hire protected groups beginning with disabled veterans. the question is twofold. what is the department of labor doing to ensure veterans party in service is enforced and implemented in every service delivery area in every community in the country, working with employers to have ojt programs funded and the money is appropriated? secondly, what is the department of labor doing to make office of federal contract compliance not an onerous burden on employers, but to help people change the

behaviors so they hire veterans, particularly returning wooded veterans? thank you. >> wow, i'm on a hot seat across the board. rick, we have discussed this in previous times also. i cannot speak for osccp and that light, and in this case, i will have to go back and find out a lot, because unfortunately i cannot answer those questions to you directly. i will be more than happy to go back and check. >> one of the things i have not heard much about this morning or even this afternoon is the take- based communities. this is an untapped resource that is begging to find an opportunity to serve in not only the reintegration but also to employee veterans. this is for you are born to find doctors and lawyers, school

teachers cannot act of guard reserve people, veterans, retirees, etc. it seems like this is an untapped resource just like i had 60 or families sunup the senate asking what they can do in my small program to help with working with the walter reed when did orders -- walter reed wounded warriors. i will ask you that those should be integrated into the community. >> you make an outstanding point. three years ago, when i grabbed my wife off the deck and was arrested, i educated myself a lot aptsd, but i had to give it something else. i had to find the lord, and that

is where i started my healing process. at the end of the day, it is on me as well as the veteran. at some point i have to say i got to stand up to the plate. it does not give me impunity to sit here and have the behaviors that i was doing. i have to get up off my rear and take accountability. >> it would not be too hard in northern virginia to get for churches and come up with 30,000 people. we have a lot of large congregations. it is there. take advantage of it. >> i do some work with a christian men's bible campus. there has been some work done within the marine corps instead

of turning to drugs or out call for returning veterans, returning to jesus christ. >> get people anxious enough to get up to the microphone. i want them to be heard. short questions and short answers. >> i am an intelligence professional. one of the most important lessons learned from this latest work with the importance of culture. great cultural divides exists between civilian and military culture. only 1% of the population actually serves in the military, and that makes them isolated and vulnerable. my question is, is there a resource, aba handbook, that bridges the cultural divide and educates service members so they

can own their psychological adjustment and well-being, both belonging and getting back into the employment? i will leave mr. schmiegel with a suggestion -- luck is not a reliable source. anyone who would like to answer that question. >> let me tell you something important to us, because for we hire anyone at walmart, whether a senior person or a junior person, we feel confident they can make -- that they will be comfortable in our culture and that we will feel comfortable and confident that they will be successful. the most important asset we have in that regard, frankly, is our cultural foundation and what we

understand to be service cultures. the people who are the purveyors of that on our side are what we believe when we finally get the results of some polling done is well north of six digits of veterans who are at walmart. they are the best people to be able to take care of that for us. >> let's move on. we're going to run out of time. i am being the bad guy. >> i recently transitioned to amazon. this is directed to you, chris. are the examples -- has northrop grumman done to specifically help you in your transition and make you successful? >> one was workplace accommodations, and i moved my

family up here and i retired in texas, where i was born and raised and grew up. moving up here, we have three girls, our oldest has down syndrome, and i am disabled vessel, and i was working with northrop, and my wife might as well as have been a single mother. i got permission from management to work remotely. i can do this remote the, and when i need to travel i can come out and visit with my folks in the program. they have been able to accommodate me there. the program is not perfect. it takes action on both my part -- i can get ticked off here and say, i am mad with the program, i am leaving. two wrongs do not make a right. i should say i think we have areas where we can continually need to improve, and here is my

input. cultural differences is huge. i came from a military organization, and then i dropped into a corporate world. all these new acronyms. i was and education mismatch. i do not have an i.t. degree. having that understanding, having seen mid-level and senior management that understands that and provides a mentor, within the program that will work with me for the next year in program management. and taking actions like that, stepping up to the plate, freeing more 50% effort on both sides is going to help. >> we heard there may be as many

as 85% of g.i. bill users dropping out of college. what can employers do with universities to build a bridge for steadier employment? >> we do -- we have a pretty aggressive campus relations program generally. we have a fairly long relationship with student veterans of america. we are actually looking to better integrate the military aspects into our larger campus relations program that we think will be more integrated. we have a very aggressive intern program. and so, we take pretty seriously how we interact with the

academic committee on a lot of fronts. i do not know if that complete answers that question, but we are aggressive in that space. >> there is one other thing we need to do pick if you look at the four of us who are living, when they make their decision, they have to understand what path they will have to go down to get the qualifications they need to do what they have to do. in our transition process right now, there is no bridge plan for these young men and women leaving, so they make an uninformed decision. the question earlier -- veterans will hold three jobs in the first year they leave. mentors will help, and if they make an informed decision. these are smart young men and women. they need to make a better decision. maybe we should push community colleges. we have to show them that pat and give them up to 30 options

of what they have to do so they can get to their second careers. >> they do not have the plan of what they are to be executing when they leave, and being a part of that transition is huge. >> last question. >> >> i am with the army. i'm a federal employee with the army. right now we have about 9000 wounded veterans. everything i've heard today is right on cue, right on target. and just like the gentleman who stood up this morning and said what is going on, i would challenge labor to do one thing. make the apprenticeship program work. i would challenge the chamber of commerce went in. three years ago we had a summer -- summit for the survivor

corps.at make employers responsible for veterans. >> i'm going to take the reporters private and i'm going to have the last question and my question is going to be to the audience. i want to know, is there -- an unemployed veteran in this room, a veteran in this room that needs a job? and i do not see a single hand. is there a military spouse in this room that is here to look for information because they need a job? i do not want to miss any hands. >> i am a military member that will be transitioning out, medically separated and retiring

soon. that is why i came to find out what is available because i have no idea what the heck i'm going to do. i have not had to look for a job in almost 11 years. >> do you feel that you learned something here today? >> most certainly. thank you very much. i am a u.s. marine. >> tell us your name. >> first lieut. robert keith. i am station in north carolina. >> marine was enough, but i am biased. [laughter] >> first, we wish you the best of luck. we're glad you learn something. >> i will give you my card right after this. >> we will all give you a card. [applause] >> and i say this because -- and then i will stop talking. a couple of months ago i met with admiral mullen and the joint chiefs of staff similarly to this in detroit and then we went to cleveland and a few

other places. everywhere we went it was businessmen and bankers and organizations and all kinds of people in the audience, but there was always one or two if you only open your eyes and ask in the back of the room who came because they read about the meeting and they need a job and they need work people will do what they need to do. veterans will do what they need to do and go to any meeting to find that job. mostly, it is a reminder to me when i sit in a large meeting room in washington -- real people, real veterans, real needs. we thank you all for coming and we wish everyone the best of luck. and we thank our vietnam veterans in the audience for their service. some of us are old enough to remember the polynesian wars. [laughter] and i guess -- the companies in wars. .

pelo0penesian wars. and i guess we will all be back next year. >> thank you. [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2011]

>> still ahead, contenders, our feature on presidential candidates who lost, but had a lasting impact on presidential politics. tonight we will look at the republican tom dooley. after that, eric schmidt speaking to the economic club of washington d.c. and then brain injuries and posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans. and then a look at innovation policy with the former white house adviser. >> midland high school student, for this year's c-span studentcam competition, we want you to tell us what part the constitution has meaning to you, and why. get it to c-span by january 20, 2012. it is less than a month away for your chance to win the grand prize of $5,000.

there is $50,000 in total prices. it is open to students in grades 6-12. for more details, go online to studentcam.org. >> tuesday on "washington journal" a discussion about the role of libertarians in 2012 with nicholas be. after that, a look at u.s. troop drawdown. and later we will talk about the latest statistics of illegal immigrants in the u.s.. that is live at 7:00 a.m. eastern here on c-span.

>> gov. thomas e. dewey reaches over california on his campaign around the nation. striking at communist elements in government, the gop leader draws big audiences. the next step is portland, oregon with mrs. dewey by his side. he makes another stirring bid -- he has at least one ardent supporter. those are some of the region's finest. we will know soon. november is just around the corner. president truman continues his swing around the circuit. the chief executive gets a president. he rides to the home of old friend cactus jack and it's a warm welcome on route. he visits the alamo, the historic shrine of texas independence. in austin, a big crowd to greet the president as he continues his campaign for the lone star state's 23 electoral votes. on his tour, the president spoke and visited with sam rayburn, former speaker of the

house. in fort worth, they try to bring the southern vote back into line. >> "dewey defeats truman," the famous picture of the "chicago tribune" headline from the 1948 presidential campaign. as we know, harry truman won the election. his rival, thomas e. dewey had to accept defeat. we are live from the roosevelt hotel in new york city, which in november hosted the republican headquarters and thomas dewey's campaign. he used this suite whenever he was in new york during 12 years of governor. he and his family and the closest aides gathered in this room on election night. joining me is richard norton

smith. it is november 2, 1948 at the roosevelt hotel. what happened here? >> well, the day began with a virtual unanimity in the nation's press corps that this election was over. it was thomas e. dewey's to lose. there were pollsters who had stopped polling after labor day, they were so convinced there was no contest. governor dewey and mrs. dewey went to vote at midday not too far from here. he got out of his car and decided to walk back to the hotel. reporters thought it was a good sign. he was a new dewey, a warmer dewey that people had seen on the campaign trail.

they had an election night tradition of having dinner with their friend, roger straus, who was a publisher. the family went there for an early dinner. while they were there, some disturbing returns came in from connecticut in particular. thomas dewey had relied on the accountants as much as anyone else, always had a respect for the numbers. the numbers were a little out of sync with what the pollsters had predicted. that was at the beginning of the night-long ordeal in this suite. the secret service had sent two of their top agents here. they thought thomas dewey was going to be president like everyone else. it went on and on. about 3:00 in the morning, the

agents began to slip away. that was their nonverbal way of communicating a truly historic upset was taking place. at one point before dawn, the governor of new york pulled his head through the door and said to a friend, what do you know? the little son of a bitch won. his formal concession came later in the day. >> before we get to that point where he looks out of the suite and sees the secret service is gone, there is a confidence at the roosevelt hotel. describe that. >> the confidence was based upon, very understandably, based upon the fact there was a consensus among people on the right, people on the left, not only that thomas e. dewey was going to win. this is what is fascinating. when you see the iconic image, thomas e. dewey is known as the man who snatched defeat from

the jaws of victory. if you go back and read the contemporary press, everybody from drew pearson to walter whitman, they not only expected him to win, they had praise for the campaign he had run. they thought it was high minded, and they had a lot of criticism for the campaign harry truman ran against him. it is an example of how a snapshot of history can be superseded very quickly. >> we want to show our viewers from that night early on when the returns are starting to come in, thomas e. dewey's campaign manager and the confidence they had early on. take a look. >> champagne flows freely. victory is in the air. the first returns had truman in the lead, but republicans are

not worried. and then he brings good news. >> we now know that governor dewey will carry new york state by 50,000 votes and he will be the next president of the united states. [applause] >> why were republicans so confident they could get the white house in 1948? >> by the way, carrying new york state was no small feat. it was the first time in 20 years a republican had managed to do it. new york was the cradle of the new deal. for him to announce that and it predicted based upon that that victory was in the air, that was perfectly understandable. 1948 -- what we did not know going into 1948, america had become a new deal country.

the death of franklin roosevelt had ended one presidency. the approaching government, the expectation that government would be more involved in insuring prosperity, the government would be used to fight economic downturns as the new deal had in the 1930's and 1940's. whether or not he believed in the success of those efforts, and he harbored great doubt about the success of those efforts, but nonetheless, the assumption was that when fdr died, the new deal died with him. the set of expectations -- the relationship between the average american and his government which had been transformed by the new deal, that was not the case. on election day in 1948, americans enjoyed record prosperity, record employment. the reasons the republicans in spite of that thought they could win was very simple -- harry truman.

we forget today that harry truman in his first term was a very unpopular president. there was talk about the little man from missouri. someone torched by the ghost of franklin roosevelt. the crack, "to err is truman." truman had a very difficult assignment. every president after a war has a process of readjusting economically, culturally, the agriculture sector. inflation, strikes -- all of that came due on harry truman's watch. the consensus in 1946 and 1947 was he did not handle it very well. it was so bad the republicans took congress in 1946, which only fed their expectation that the presidency would fall into their lap two years later. >> how are republicans viewing the truman administration at

this point? >> that is a great question. the problem as there was no such thing as the republicans. that was part of thomas e. dewey's problem. the party was evenly split between what is called the eastern establishment, the old teddy roosevelt wing of the party. charles evan hughes was in that tradition. thomas e. dewey represented that. and then dwight eisenhower. opposed to that were the conservatives, mid westerners, many of them isolationists who rallied around bob taft. he was a son of the former president, ironically who had precipitated the split in 1912. his father had precipitated the split with teddy roosevelt. that never really healed. when republicans took congress, it was the conservatives who became the face of the party.

on the other hand, you had people like thomas e. dewey, many of the governors who were much less cost out to the new -- much less hostile to the new deal, much more willing to work with its promises. >> thomas e. dewey is our contender tonight. he ran for the presidency, he lost, but he changed history anyway. here he is launching his campaign in 1948 and the criticism he has of the truman administration. >> on january 20, we will enter in a new era. on january 20, there will begin in washington the biggest unraveling, unsnarling operation in our nation's history. >> what do you make of what he says there? >> that goes to his strength and the perception of truman's weakness.

thomas e. dewey had been governor of new york for several years. he had untangled it, unsnarled a lot of bureaucratic cobwebs. he had taken what many people would see as a hybrid of conservative and liberal ideas to make government more responsive, in some ways to make it smaller. taxes were reduced to make it from the year to the private -- friendlier to the private sector. when he had done in new york, he proposed to do on the national level. one critical element that sets thomas e. dewey apart is civil rights. he is in the forefront on that issue. new york state is the first state in america to pass anti- discrimination legislation. thomas e. dewey took them very seriously. it did not meet with universal agreement, even with republicans in new york.

but it was something that he cared about a great deal. >> we are talking about thomas e. dewey's campaign. we will be joined a little bit later by his son, thomas e. dewey, jr. we will be taking your phone calls this evening. you can start dialing in with richard norton smith. we are working our way back. campaignto the fall and the issues that are there. is harry truman popular? >> he is not popular at the beginning of the campaign. it is a reversal of what we see now. the president was less popular than his policies. people weren't content with record high employment, but they -- people were perfectly content with record high employment, but they did not attribute it to harry truman.

also, global issues were a huge factor here. one of the things that truman has been criticized in retrospect but at the time was widely praised was running a campaign of national unity in which he tried -- first of all, the idea of bipartisan foreign policy is part of thomas e. dewey's political legacy. it is something that began in the 1944 campaign. he supported truman on the airlift to berlin. he supported truman on recognizing the state of israel. at the same time, he wanted to increase the defense budget by $5 billion. there is no doubt he would have been -- he supported the marshall plan, but he would have asked more questions before just turning american tax dollars over to left-wing governments in europe. it was a campaign that in many ways is what we claim we want in a candidate. it was not hitting below the

belt, there were not a lot of personalities, there were not a lot of name-calling. and the critics said even then that it was dull, lacking specifics. >> is that showing up in the polls? in a dewey vs. truman hypothetical? >> the popular notion is that thomas e. dewey drowned in a sea of complacency. he was taken by surprise by what happened in the suite that night. the fact is, he knew. he was the first candidate to have a full-time polling unit as part of his campaign. he listened to the pollsters. he had an appreciation of their art. he was well aware of the fact his lead was slipping. there were people who came to him in the last 10 days of the campaign and he acknowledged that the lead was slipping. to one of them, he said "never talk when you are ahead." >> what happens next then? are the democrats behind truman?

are they solid behind -- >> i will tell you who was solid behind truman. one of the factors behind the loss, they had organized labor against the taft-hartley act which they saw as an attack on many of the rights and privileges that had developed under the new deal. it put thomas e. dewey in an awkward position. by and large, he agreed with much of the bill. at the same time, he is governor of new york. this is a labor state. this is a liberal state. in some ways, he was walking on a fine line. what it did was organize labor as nothing ever did. 1948 was the single election in which organized labor played the biggest role throughout america. in race after race after race, the democratic ticket ran ahead of harry truman in part because

of his relative unpopularity and also because organized labor turned out in record numbers and voted democratic. >> who are the other players in the democratic party at this time? >> you have four candidates in the 1948 election. you have former vice president henry wallace who believes that truman has started the cold war. truman is atune to the possibility of peace with the soviet union. on the far right, you have thurmond who walked out of the democratic convention because a young man introduced and passed a pro-civil rights plank. so the conventional wisdom was, this would hurt truman. he would lose votes on the left, he would lose votes on the right.

in fact what it did was, it made harry truman a man in the middle. neither thurmond or wallace turned out to have anywhere near the impact it was believed it would have. >> the economy at the time, what is it like? >> the economy is truman's great strength. as i say, record employment. more than that, what he did very shortly in his campaign, he does -- very shrewdly in his campaign, he does to thomas e. dewey what he did to the republican congress. the fact of the matter was, a democratic president riding the crest of prosperity in the fall of 1948 could point a finger at the republican congress and in the fact suggest to people -- and truman was not bashful about doing it -- if you return republicans to complete control of the white house and congress, you can expect to see a return to the economic

policies that produced the great depression. it was not that long since the great depression. people's memories were very sharp. that came into play without a doubt. >> what about the role of communism? >> it is fascinating. truman had taken some heat for -- dewey had taken some heat in 1944 for introducing this charge that fdr had inadvertently allowed communists to take root in his administration. in 1948, i think we have a -- the first nationally broadcast presidential debate revolved around one issue. shall the communist party in america be outlawed? thomas e. dewey takes the civil libertarian view that, no, it should not be outlawed for reasons he expounded. his opponent took the position

that it should be outlawed. it was a turning point. that is also the same year that dewey had to figure out how to handle the issue. >> we are going to get to that debate a little bit later coming up. first i want to show our viewers what tom dewey had to say about communists in 1948. >> some people jeer at the problem, calling it a red herring. some people get panicky about it. i do not belong to either of those groups. we must neither ignore or outlaw them. if we ignore them, we give them the anonymity that they want. if we outlaw them, we give them the martyrdom that they want even more.

we will keep the american people informed where they are, who they are, and what they are up to. >> that is classic dewey. that is very much what his approach was. it raises the fascinating prospect that had he been elected in 1948, we would have never heard of joe mccarthy. mccarthyism would have never entered the language. senator mccarthy, who was in many ways a product of republican frustration over losing an election that they thought was a sure thing. tom dewey was a political boss,

among other things. he would have controlled the republican party nationally. i can tell you, he would have never allowed a joe mccarthy to rear his head. >> we talk some domestic issues -- we talked some international issues. >> we are well into the cold war. dewey is supportive of the marshall plan. he supports nato. to some degree, truman had put america's economy on a cold war footing. dewey is supportive of all that. if anything, he thinks we need to spend more money on defenses. he thinks we have neglected conservative forces. for example, charles de gaulle

who is out of power in france. he thinks a creative american diplomacy could put people like that to good use. >> how does he differ from the other prominent republicans in the party at that time? who are they? >> bob taft, mr. republican from ohio -- it is fair to say he was the champion of the isolationist wing of the republican party. that is to say, the wing profoundly suspicious of international organizations like the u. n. suspicious of, later on, the korean war. suspicious of projecting american military power around the world as opposed to building up a american defenses here at home.

former president herbert hoover would have been in that camp as well. thomas e. dewey is somebody who had morphed. from a young man, he had been an isolationist. one of the interesting things is to watch him become a committed internationalist and a champion of bipartisan foreign policy. >> given that, what is the impact of that attitude on all of his presidential bid? he runs in 1940, 1944, 1948. >> i think it was safe to say it was statesmanlike. it did not win him any votes. in 1944 there was a significant conflict between thomas e. dewey and fdr. they disagreed over the united nations.

specifically, would the united nations have an army that it could employ without first securing the permission of member states at the united states? franklin d. roosevelt said, yes, he supported that. thomas e. dewey was not supportive of that. he said later on that history proved that fdr won and i was right. >> talk about the divide in the republican party over international issues. do they come back together in the 1948 campaign? do taft and dewey come back together? >> it was very shrewd on his part to see that as the achilles heel.

to try to almost eliminate dewey and suggest if you vote for this man that we are right to get is the midwest conservative republican party. to be fact, dewey did very little. he and taft despise each other. their rivalry is one of the great intellectual contests in american history. it is on the scale of jefferson and hamilton. it is about something. it is not just about personal ambition. it is about a different view of the world, different view of government at home, a different view of what the republican party stands for, a different view of what abraham lincoln's legacy is. >> tonight we are coming to you live from the roosevelt hotel here in new york city to talk about thomas dewey. this is our 14th week of the series. our first phone call is brian in springfield, illinois. go ahead.

>> thank you so much for the series. mr. smith, we still miss you here in springfield. >> that is very kind of you, thanks. >> not a problem. i had a question about 1952. i remember reading about an illinois senator who was a taft supporter and a convention here in chicago. he went up to nominate taft and wagged his finger at dewey and said you had led us down the wrong path twice. of course, he lost to eisenhower. what role did dewey play convincing people to select nixon, and what kind of role did he play in the campaign? >> he was instrumental in getting eisenhower into the race. i will tell you a story. at this point, eisenhower was over in paris as the commander of nato.

he really did not want to leave. he did not want to sully himself by campaigning actively for the nomination. at one point, dewey wrote a letter. no copy exists. his secretary for years told me this story. he writes the letter, she mailed it. in it, dewey says that if you don't come home and actively seek the nomination, my fear is that the delegates will nominate douglas macarthur. that was the ultimate hot button to push with eisenhower. very shortly after the letter was received, he heard the call of duty and came home. we talk about the split between taft and dewey -- it was never more dramatic than that night when he wagged his finger at

dewey and said you took us down the road of defeat twice. dewey had the evidence because the next night he was able to -- had the revenge because the next night he was able to announce 87 delegates for eisenhower. finally, dewey was more responsible than anyone else for richard nixon being on the ticket. he spotted him as a young talent in 1948. he brought him to new york to speak at the annual dinner of the republican party. he sat down, he took the cigarette holder out of his mouth. don't get fat. don't be lazy. some day you can be president. >> we will go back to those moments later on in the show. we will talk about his legacy and what he was able to accomplish even though he was not successful for the white house. first, let's hear from michelle

from kansas city, missouri. >> did the dewey campaign actually exploit his ties with the organization in kansas city? some of the things they did back then helped him get in the position he was at. thank you. >> that is a very good question. no, they did not. that was part of dewey's approach which was very consciously to stay away from personal attacks, to keep this thing on a very high plane. some would say vapid, content free. certainly, very little resemblance to a modern attack campaign. >> let's go back to the primary. we worked our way back, fall campaign, general election. let's go to the primary. set the stage for us. who else is running? >> well, of course, bob taft is

running and has a substantial following, not just in the midwest, but throughout the country. harold stassen, who, before he became something of a comical figure, who ran every four years to various levels of disdain, was, in fact, a very formidable candidate. and then you had arthur vandenberg from michigan who reminded a lot of people of the old fred allen character, senator foghorn. he was the quintessential sort of potbellied and pompous -- but he'd become a statesman. arthur vandenberg had undergone this conversion from isolationist internationalist that tom dewey was to emulate, so you had -- it was a pretty distinguished field and it was by no means a sure thing. one other person who wanted to run although he never formally

announced his candidacy, was douglas macarthur who was in the jungles of asia but his agent in wisconsin saw to it that his name was on the ballot and of course, one other candidate, who went to wisconsin, and saw his campaign end there, was the 1940 nominee of the party, wendell wilke. >> let's talk about the impact of the oregon primary and the debate you touched on earlier. why is it important? >> it's important for a number of reasons. first of all, i'm sure it's on youtube, i'm sure it's easy to get. anyone who is watching what passes for debates at the moment among the republican candidates, or, quite frankly, who has watched the fall "debates" in recent years between the opposing parties, i would just urge you, go and listen to the dewey-stassen debate. it is as close in a modern context to lincoln-douglas as

anything could be. it is not a collection of sound bites. on the contrary, it is an opportunity -- i believe it was an hour -- for these two men to develop thoughtful, opposing viewpoints on a very critical and very polarizing issue in america, and to do it in a way that raised the public standard of discourse as opposed to lowering it. >> we have a little bit of that debate. let's listen in and we'll talk about it. >> there's no such thing as a constitutional right to destroy all constitutional rights. there's no such thing as a freedom to destroy freedom. the right of man to liberty is inherent in the nature of man. to win it, and to maintain it requires courage and sacrifice and it also requires

intelligence and realism and determination in the establishment of the laws and the systems of justice to serve mankind. i submit that the communist organization in america and in the freedom loving countries of the world should be outlawed. >> here's an issue of the height moral principle in practical -- the highest moral principle in practical application. people of this country are asked to outlaw communism. that means this, shall we in america, in order to defeat a totalitarian system which we detest, voluntarily adopt the method of that system? i want the people of the united states to know exactly where i stand on this proposal, because it goes to the very heart of the qualification of any candidate for office and to the inner nature of the kind of a country we want to live in. i am unalterably, wholeheartedly, unswervingly

against any scheme to write laws outlawing people because of their religious, political, social or economic ideas. i'm against it because it's a violation of the constitution of the united states and of the bill of rights, and clearly so. i'm against it because it's immoral and nothing but totalitarianism itself. i'm against it because i know, from a great many years experience in the enforcement of the law, that the proposal wouldn't work, and, instead, it would rapidly advance the cause of communism in the united states and all over the world. >> richard norton smith, what's the impact of this debate on dewey's primary bid? >> in the immediate sense, it won him the victory in oregon which was absolutely critical. he had fallen behind. he had gone in as the pre- emptive favorite, having been the nominee in 1944, and then stassen had done well in the

early primaries so it all came down to this extraordinarily dramatic confrontation over this one issue. that's dewey at his best. and there are a lot of people after the fact who thought, if he had only talked like that with that degree of specificity and conviction and credibility, until november of 1948, that maybe the result of the election would have been different. >> how many people are listening to this debate at the time? >> 60 million. 60 million people, it's estimated, tuned into the dewey-stassen radio debate. >> and the role of radio at that time? >> radio was the chief medium by which the news was disseminated and of course this is another aspect of tom dewey. he had come to new york in the

1920's, not necessarily wanting to be a lawyer. he wanted to be an opera singer, heard his voice. it's a very cultured voice, a very trained voice. some people thought it lacked spontaneity, but it's also true that it was the one republican voice that, on the radio, was able to hold the magical franklin roosevelt to something of a draw. >> what if people could have seen that debate? would it have a different outcome? >> that's a great question. dewey liked television. dewey thought television was -- it was like the courtroom, you know, it was -- as a young man, he had become famous as the man who broke up the rackets in new york, who was the gangbuster and inspired all of these hollywood movies and radio shows like "mr. district attorney," and if you think about it, a television studio is not terribly dissimilar from a courtroom. the strength he had in the courtroom, the ability to make his case, to connect, whether it was with a jury or with

viewers, there are some early television kinescopes in his third race for governor, for example, where he is very effective in front of the camera and i think he probably wished, in retrospect, that he could have run the 1948 campaign in front of a television camera. >> let's go to the g.o.p. convention in philadelphia in 1948. how did he get the nomination? were there ballots? >> yeah, in fact there were several ballots. dewey is the last republican candidate who required more than one ballot to be nominated. even though he had turned the tide, if you will, in oregon, there was still determined opposition led by, above all, senator taft, and to a lesser degree at that point harold stassen who made a name for himself as a so-called boy governor of minnesota in his early 30's, a real prodigy. of course, dewey was a real prodigy. anyway, it took, i believe,

three ballots. and then of course you had to pick a vice president. and he wanted earl warren who was a very popular governor of california, and warren would not agree. four years later, he would, to his regret. but instead, to unify the party, dewey picked the governor of ohio, taft's friend, fellow conservative, a man named john bricker, and one of the slogans was, "the war will end quicker with dewey and bricker." >> let's get to a phone call. marvin in los angeles. go ahead. caller: thomas e. dewey was a reasonably young man in 1953 and he, of course, was very influential in general eisenhower running. was dewey offered a job by eisenhower? after all, his v.p., governor warren of california, was offered the job of chief justice. >> that's a great question.

yeah, there is some debate over it. i believe he was informally approached, shall we put it, you know, about the supreme court. when you stop to think about it, really nothing else made sense, except perhaps secretary of state and there he had the next best thing, maybe better, his long-time political ally and his kissinger, john foster dulles. one of the things about dewey that is often overlooked is the extent to which he brought into the american political process a whole generation of very talented people. i mean, dwight eisenhower, richard nixon are the most obvious, but there's a whole host of people who would remain, some of them here in new york, but others, kim hagerty was the white house press secretary, to this day regarded as the best press secretary in white house history. he earned the job in new york under tom dewey. herbert brownell, the attorney

general under eisenhower, was dewey's campaign manager, and the list is a very long one. >> richmond, virginia, you're next. caller: hello? >> you're on the air, go ahead. we can hear you. caller: i'm sorry, can you hear me? >> we can. caller: it's an interesting subject. this was the first presidential election, my mother, a life- long republican, voted in and one of the things she told me was that she found dewey unattractive because of -- she mentioned his greasy hair and mustache. my main interest was understanding the role a future major player in the democratic party, lyndon johnson, played in this election. >> well, l.b.j. tried to get elected himself to the senate in texas so he was not a significant factor in the national, in the presidential

race. dewey's appearance is revealing in a number of ways. dewey was someone who, i think, today would be in despair of the handlers. dewey could not be handled. there were people throughout his career who said, you know, tom, if you'd shave off that mustache and get your teeth fixed. he had a couple of missing teeth from a high school football scrimmage. well, he kept the mustache and kept the teeth, or the non- teeth, for a simple reason, francis dewey liked him the way he was. but you're right, there are times when people, in print, compared his appearance to charlie chaplin or adolph hitler, and in 1948 or 1944, little brown mustaches were probably not a terribly politically potent weapon. >> let me give you a look at the 1948 g.o.p. convention in philadelphia when thomas e.

dewey accepts the nomination for president from his party. honeste's been contention, spirited disagreement, and i believe, considerable arguments. misled't let anybody be by that. you have given here, in this hall, a moving and dramatic proof of how americans, who honestly differ, close ranks and move forward for the nation's wellbeing, shoulder to shoulder. /[applause] let me assure you that, beginning next january 20, there will be team work in the government of the united states of america. when these rights are secure in this world of ours, the

permanent ideals of the republican party shall have been realized. /[applause] the ideals of the american people are the ideals of the republican party. we have, tonight, and in these days which preceded us, in philadelphia, lighted a beacon in this cradle of our own independence as a great america. we've lighted a beacon to give eternal hope that men may live in liberty with human dignity and before god and, loving him, stand erect and free. /[applause] >> thomas e. dewey, our

contender this evening, accepting the g.o.p. nomination at the convention in philadelphia in 1948. we are coming to you live this evening from the roosevelt hotel, where thomas e. dewey, in 1948, was here with his family, with his closest aides to watch and listen for the election results to come in. joining us now is thomas e. dewey jr. sir, bring us back to the 1948 convention. were you there? >> no. >> you weren't there. >> no. >> what were your father's -- what do you think it meant to him to win that nomination both in 1944 and 1948? >> did he want id in 1944? >> you know, i'm not going to be able to answer that because we didn't talk about who wanted what and who was going to do what. we were teenagers and we were in school and my parents, neither of them, was

particularly forthcoming about, i really want that, or no, we won't do that. it's just, you went forward and did what you were supposed to do or what you thought you were supposed to do. >> and what were you supposed to do in 1948 during the campaign? what was your role? >> student at albany academy. >> did you participate at all? were you part of commercial ads or were you out on the campaign trail with your family posing for pictures? >> no, no and no. >> and why not? what was the dynamic there? >> we were in school. that was our job. his job was government and politics and we were, you know, the kids. >> what did you talk about around the dinner table, though? i mean -- >> not much memory there. i think maybe more of what we're doing.

we didn't really talk about what was going on in the campaign and that kind of thing. >> it wasn't a household suffused with politics. >> no, it was not. >> even after he lost in 1948 and 1944, years later, did he ever talk to you about politics? what do you remember him saying? >> he was not very reflective about that. >> he wasn't? >> no. >> what about your mother? what do you remember her telling you about politics? >> no memory of that. >> do you have memories of the campaign in 1948? >> not really, no. >> no. >> were you here on election night? >> yes, yes. >> what's your memory of that? >> watching returns, being sent to bed, and the next morning, i forget, it was relatively early in the morning, i do remember

dad coming into the bedroom where john and i were, in his bathrobe and said, well, we lost. and that was that. >> didn't talk about it after that? >> no. >> just said, "we lost." >> right. >> do you think it was something he carried with him? i mean, as a ball and chain, the rest of his life? or did he, in fact -- i mean, there are people who move on and that's that. but -- >> well, ball and chain, no. i don't think he ever thought very much like the biography you're currently writing. he never thought, oh, well, that was something i could have done differently. maybe he did, but we didn't hear that. he went on to do his job, which was being governor in new york, until -- and fully hoping to retire in 1950, which he, then,

his sense of duty, when the koreans went to war, his sense of duty impelled him to, you know, take four more years out of what would have been a very good legal practice, and run for another term, to make sure that he could hold his republican coalition of mostly governors, many in the northeast, together to get a non-taft candidate in 1952, which he thought was necessary to get the presidency. >> it's consistent with what you say, that i think might surprise people, is that your dad, in his early days, certainly never thought of himself as embarking upon a political career. that is to say, someone seeking office as a way of making a living. when he first came to new york, it was at columbia law school, and a friend asked, what do you want to do in life? and he said he wanted to lead a great law firm and he wanted to

make a hell of a lot of money. and he did it, but there was this 20-year detour along the way called politics. >> 24 years. >> what kind of man was your father? >> in what respect? >> i mean, you know, what was his style like? how would you describe him? >> how might he surprise people? the images have come down, the man on the wedding cake and the stereotypes that have been produced by and large because of what happened in 1948. if he were to walk in that door, what would it be like to be around thomas e. dewey? >> well, you know, it's a type that i think i'm not sure we see anymore. he came from a small town in michigan. his father had died, as you know, very early in life, and

he had a very strong mother, and he emerged from michigan with what used to be called the protestant ethic, and those ideals, and they never changed. >> he was a workaholic? >> he was that. he was that. i mean, he loved his golf game and he loved his farm, but he was taken on to do four or five different jobs and each one he did well enough so that the next one came along. >> one thing, i guarantee you people don't know, in 1937, after his success with the gangbusting, breaking up the rackets in new york, getting luciano, for example, john foster dulles tried to hire him at sullivan and cromwell for $150,000 a year. >> 100 is the number i remember.

>> ok. in any even, a lot of money. >> yes. >> and he was drafted, literally, drafted to run for district attorney for new york county for the grand sum of $20,000 a year. >> right. >> we're going to get to the rise of your father and how he came to national prominence, but, richard, given what tom dewey jr. has said about his father, take that and describe for us his campaign style. >> it differed, frankly. it's interesting. for someone who has sort of been often caricatured, he's actually a much more dynamic campaigner. when he ran for district attorney, for example, in new york county, new york county was one county and there were people all over the burroughs of new york city that day who wanted to vote for thomas dewey. thomas dewey wasn't on their ballot. he had electrified this city

with his exploits taking on the rackets. and because new york, even more then than now, was the heart of american communications. you had the loose press. you had, obviously, the radio networks. i mean, to become a phenomenon in new york meant potentially a national phenomenon. tom dewey was the inspiration, i don't know if you ever saw the movies, but hollywood was cranking out a movie a week at one point in the late 1930's, inspired by his exploits. in 1939, 37 years old, the district attorney of new york county, is leading franklin roosevelt in the gallup poll by 16 points in a mythical matchup. it's hard to imagine. it went beyond hero worship, but it's hard to imagine -- i

can't think of anyone since. i mean, lindbergh, in his own way, in his own sphere, you know, at one point had that kind of universal appeal. but your dad is still, i think, a unique figure. some people compare rudy giuliani as a prosecutor to your dad. >> rudy does. >> i was going to ask you. what do you make of that comparison? >> let's leave it at that he does. >> ok. >> no, there was an aesthetic there and the good baritone voice and of course the courtroom theatrics, which was perhaps -- certainly was a revulsion against the excesses of the 1920's, which were still very much in memory at that point. >> sure.

>> and against the continuing mob scene headquartered, in many respects, in new york. >> and the alliance between the mob and the political machine. that's what, i think, people often miss. there was a relationship of mutual dependence that maybe grew out of prohibition. jimmy walker, you know, had not been out of city hall all that long. as a boy, in michigan, your dad had it drummed in his head by his father that tammany hall represents all that is evil and who could have predicted at that point, you know -- there's one other aspect, one quick thing about your dad which was clearly a limitation in an era of popular campaigning. what your godfather, arguably his best friend, elliott bell,

an economics writer for the "new york times," would have been secretary of the treasury in a dewey administration, when he left the administration to make some money, governor dewey's counsel came to him, looked at the letters drawn up to mark the -- and he said, you know, these are all wrong. they're too formal, there's no intimacy here, there's no warmth here, and your dad said something to him i think is so revealing, he said, i'm not going to display my emotions in public. >> ok, i was not privy to that. but that surprises me not at all. >> there's a kind of integrity to that but it's also a political limitation. >> we need to -- >> yes. >> we need to go ahead to election night, 1948, because we want to talk about his national prominence coming up here. so what happens? what are the results? >> well, the results, truman is

re-elected by about two million votes. he has a rather healthy -- i think it's 303 to 189 in the electoral college. if you look at the electoral map in 1948, it would be of very little resemblance to today's. dewey swept the east. he did very well in the industrial midwest. he lost the farm belt and he always said, when people asked him to explain 1948, he said, you can analyze the results from here to kingdom come, the farm vote changed in the last 10 days. >> how did wallace and thurmond do? >> they brought up the rear. thurmond did carry several southern states, 39 electoral votes. wallace came in fourth and did not carry any states. >> what about the coverage of that night, the media's covering it? how long does it go? >> it's really the first

election where television is a factor at all. it's a fairly minor factor, but the nbc studios had cooked up this huge model of the white house and they had, interestingly enough, they had a parade of donkeys all ready to go through and around the white house as soon as the formalities were observed and your dad was proclaimed the winner. no one had thought to weigh in a supply of democratic donkeys. they had republican elephants, rather. that, in a nutshell, is what the media expected that night. >> richard norton smith and tom dewey jr. are our guests tonight. as we take your calls live from roosevelt hotel in new york city. our next discussion here is about his rise to power, his national prominence. and part of that is his role as a prosecutor.

here's a little bit from his 1937 bid to become district attorney in new york. mostu've been given a difficult task, but an opportunity to be of great help to the people of this city. what can we do for you? >> i need a small squad of detectives who will go to work on this job as they never have before, who will know that the mayor and the commissioner are behind them personally all the time. >> is everything set? >> he's got a full list. every gangster in the mob is launched this minute. >> any sign of a leak? >> they don't suspect a thing. >> it's 10:00 tonight, pick up the 15 ring leaders first. here are the sealed orders for the men. >> with crack new york detectives, dewey's roundups were skillfully directed. mob after mob were taken by surprise. simultaneously all over the city, the underworld wases

rounded up. >> we have made a real start on cleaning the gangsters out of new york. for 20 years, the underworld has preyed on our people and robbed them and then frightened them into silence. but now, the day of fear of the gangster is coming to an end. >> richard norton smith, how does he become a prosecutor? >> well, as tom said, went to university of michigan, law school, came to new york originally thinking -- he loved music, a life-long love. i think he was surrounded by music growing up in michigan. and actually, that's where he met mrs. dewey, as well. she had a love of music. eventually he settled on the law and wound up working as assistant u.s. attorney. a man named george medali who was his mentor trained him above all in thoroughness.

the dewey hallmark was we talk about him as a work alcoholic. in one of the early cases, i mean, he had his men go over 100 -- they traced 100,000 telephone calls and 200 bank slips in order to get a boot lerg name waxy portman proprietor of the eureka company in many ways symbolic of this alliance between corrupt -- well, prohibition-defying elements and the government, local government. >> so i want to get to a phone call here. but i want to go through some names. dutch schultz. >> well, dutch schultz -- you had portman at the bottom. schultz took away gordon's empire which was largely based

on alcohol. but not only alcohol. there was something called policy, the numbers game. and it was gambling for the masses. and again, this helps explains dewey's appeal across the demographic range because millions up in harlem in particular -- millions of poor people were being taken advantage of in this game. the money was falling to the under world. doug schultz was making $20,000 a day. >> lucky luciano. >> he was the significant step above. doug schultz decided that he would assassinate tom's dad when he got too great and actually the underworld decided that was a step too far and before dutch could carry out his plan, mr.

luciano took care of dutch. >> the impact of this to your family, were there threats to your family? >> well, sure. >> what was it like? did you know about it? >> no. i'm three years older than john. 1936, happening here in 1937, i'm 4 or maybe 5. and they -- being the people that they were they would not share that with us. >> what would tell you about that time? >> no. well, there was illusion to it. but one found out for oneself. >> what did you find out about that, tommy? what were they doing or others doing to try to protect your dad and your family? >> well, he had 24/7 protection and the card, a detective and a driver. i think it was later, the only incident that we did find out

about was the missed opportunity to kill him. he had -- he went across the street 96th street where we live to have breakfast every morning and doug schultz had arranged to have the boys there on a morning. and it would have been curtains, except that day he got up early and went to the office so they missed it. and shortly there after, the boys took care of doug schultz. >> do you think you weren't aware of it because your dad didn't let him bother him? just kept to his routine? was that his personality? >> yes. >> he just went forward? >> right. >> it is said -- it's maybe an exaggeration. i remember doing research for the book that your dad had developed a habit at that point in his life quite understandably that he maintained in his life.

when he was in a restaurant, he would sit with his back to the wall. >> always. always. >> you remember that? >> yes. yes. i don't go back to, you know -- >> sure. >> to the 30's. but every time we went somewhere, you know, and later years, it was always back to the wall. >> let's get to a phone call. august has been waiting for us patiently. august, go ahead. >> oh, gosh. it's an amazing story because in 1948 my family moved up to duchess county in new york. during that time i was going to school. after school, i used to work with governor dewey on his farm on reservoir road and it was amazing because his farm was probably one of the first farms that came up with automatic milking machines. mrs. dewey had a beautiful garden that she maintained for many years.

i remember he had his own personal guard house in front of his mansion. and in 19 -- i think it was 64, 65, their barn burned down. they had a terrific fire, unbelievable. and i worked for little thomas ed mur row on all those farms up there in new york. it was amazing. those farms were so large and so big, they had to raise crops of corn and we bailed hay and it was amazing. it's amazing that i was listening to this program and couldn't believe it, that i'm sitting here, i'm 68 years old and i worked on his farm bailing hay and farming. >> thanks, august. let's talk about the farm. your father ran in 1930 for governor. he loses and then buys the farm, the caller was talking about. he made a name for himself at

this point. decides to run for governor. why, richard norton? >> i could always expect attribute that to his youth. -- at only speculate that it was a throwback to his youth. he had come from a farming environment. in fact, during world war i he was too young to enlist an he worked on a farm in the owasso area. my sense is and you thought much better that he was very happy being a dairy farmer. it was a side of him that probably would surprise the public. i'm not sure that your mother was wild about it. i'm not sure you were wild about living there. >> what was it like? >> well, we were given a choice and i guess to some extent she wasn't either. i remember he was very pleased as the caller had said very pleased to have the early stage milking machines because i remember the period before

that, i mean, we -- in the very beginning when we first, i think, we rented in 1937 and then bought in 1938. i mean, people would be horrified today. we were drinking unpasteurized milk because that's one did on a farm. and then of course, when he became governor, that guard house was insisted on by the state police down there by the entrance. but, you have -- you have a very good memory of all that, except i would not put ed murrow and ed thomas in the same category as farmers. they were people who had some land but they were basically broadcasters and they were there for-weeks. -- for weekends. >> the caller refer to a man shed -- >> that had a mortgage on it for a very long time. >> which one? >> the house at dapplebeer. >> it wasn't a very big one but it did get paid off. >> why was it so important to your father? >> i have no idea.

he just loved farming. this was his number one farming. -- no. 1 hobby. >> what was the significant of this area where he buys the farm? >> duchess farm is just gorgeous. a little bit of historical footnote. 1934 is the only election where both candidates come from the same county. >> john, you are on the air. john in eugene -- >> hello? >> we're listening, john, go ahead. >> hello. thanks. this is a great series, c-span. i've really ben enjoying it. quick comment and then question. professor smith, i always enjoy hearing you. i learn a lot. i did not know that organ played a role in thomas e. dewey's fortunes. i must correct you on one thing. over here we pronounce it oregon

not ore-gone. >> i stand corrected and it is not the first time. >> second question. could you comment on the republican race for in 1944? was there a race in the campaign itself particularly from the republican side? thank you. >> well, there was a race in 1944 which is interesting because frankly, i don't think -- i'm not sure governor dewey thought the nomination was necessarily worth all that much. certainly he wanted a second shot at the presidency. -- certainly wendell willkie wanted a second shot at the presidency. general macarthur's admirers an we have reason to believe that he would like to have been nominated. taft flirted with it for a while. but he went john bricker who we already mentioned to sort of run. it was in some ways a half hearted contest. governor dewey did not announce his candidacy, i think until the last minute.

it was a quasi draft and it's an unusual year because it's wartime. and the great issue -- anyone who won the republican nomination would have a challenge. it's not just because you're running toward this formidable wartime commander in the middle of the war but you don't know when the war was going to end. and the dewey appeal was that if america was at piece in 1945, it was believed that he would have a much stronger electoral taste than if the country would be at war. >> in naples, florida next. >> good evening. thank you very having me. i want to comment richard norton smith for preserving the history which is so important to america. they both do a great job. and in regards to mr. dewey, his passion with music from

michigan, richard dreyfuss says in mr. holland's opus. music is not about notes on a page, it's about having fun and passion. that's what dewey had a lot of passion which is missing today. today it's texting. nobody communicates and i think we're losing. we're losing that. and what mr. norton's doing god bless him. you know, i work with governor rockefeller and i met him being in politics and part of that and also the history of the roosevelt hotel is important. i was fortunate enough to work with phil and tony who did the bully french connection, and we shot a scene from the 7-ups in that hotel. and i was in that hotel, you felt a part of history. and the waldorf astoria had a train that teddy roosevelt would -- a hidden train station

underground that teddy roosevelt would have come in because he was in a wheelchair, they didn't want to photograph him. so you're all doing a great job. and god bless dewey for what he did because those are the times when people were close. it was an intimate looking -- working situation. today people are tweeting and it's very distant. and we in the baby boomer generation, we have a sense of stories, great stories. the next generation, they don't even know -- they can't even converse with you sometimes. so again -- >> all right. we're going to leave it there. we're going off on another area. >> how important was music in your parent's household? >> well, dad came to new york to go to law school. my mother came to new york to study singing having won a contest in oklahoma where she came from.

they met at the studio where they both studied. dad also supplemented whatever -- he didn't have any income, i guess. we supplemented by singing in synagogues and churches, etc. of course, my mother went on stage singing. i would say it was very important then and it diminished for both of them. >> really? >> well, they -- they were great opera fans and they had the box at the metropolitan opera which i still have. and they enjoyed the opera very much. i don't think they went to the symphony very much in their later years. while it was extremely important of getting them together, i think it wasn't all consuming later on. >> were there big theater goers?

>> fair. not terribly. >> thomas e. dewey is our contender. he ran in 1944 and 1948. he also ran in 1940. we want to show you the campaign announcement in 1939. >> i think i'm confident and that of my associates in the republican party in the state of new york. i appreciate your support. i shall be glad to lead the fight. >> that was tommy dewey and his campaign announcement in 1939, goes on to run for governor again in 1942 and wins. why did he decide to run? >> one thing that should be mentioned about 1940, he made history in 1940. he had the first female

campaign manager that year, a woman named ruth anna mccormick simms. her father was mark hannah, no mean political operative himself, but it was -- it's revealing -- you mentioned him singing in synagogues. one of the things that he did when he was -- in his legal career particularly the racket days when he put out sort of a -- tough inside. 20% of the lawyers were applied at a time when the old law firms didn't necessarily hire jews. i mean, that's one revealing aspect. >> and let's take a little bit more about his record. he runs more with governor in 1942. what does he do if that position? >> oh, gosh. i would call governor dewey a liberal.

-- a threat to the liberal. -- thrifty liberal. he used to say that before there was government, there was mayhem. and government rose to meet man's needs. and in the modern industrial society that we live in, that means as much economic security as is consistent with individual freedom. so it was that constant balance. in terms of the operation, he cleaned up the cobwebs in albany. albany had been run by one party for 20 years. there was waste and fraud and abuse. but in a more creative way, he cut taxes every year he was governor. >> an his record on civil rights? >> he was out in front. new york stated that because of governor dewey passed the first anti-discrimination legislation at the state level in america, it was to be in discrimination or for racial reasons in employment.

>> los angeles is next. joe? >> i want to say that i really enjoy his books and how he speaks on tv. my question is about polling. i had heard during the 1948 election and i don't know if dewey was the first one to actually hire pollsters. but one of the reasons that the polls were wrong is that sample with people on cars, that people had drivers licenses and that led to a wrong result about what the election was going to be. i just want to get more information about that. >> that's a fascinating question. one of tom dewey's best friends was george gallow. it was a personal friendship. but there's no doubt. dewey was fascinated by the science of polling and that's how he regarded it. the big problem in 1948, i think is that they stopped polling.

they stopped, even the late polls which by the way, show. i mean if you look at the race they're anywhere from a 5.3 to in one case a 9.3. it's not the kind of overwhelming cut-dry that one would believe. but the demographic issue is legitimate. in 1936 the reason that the famous literary digest went out of business is it predicted landon would beat franklin roosevelt. it turned out that it was a telephone pole. in america in 1936, the people who did not have telephones were likely to vote for f.d.r. >> david in sioux city, iowa. >> first time caller for me. so i'm a little bit nervous here. he knew everything about law. when the radical president -- --

when he ran for president, you have all these other issues like helping the poor, that kind of thing. what were his strengths and what is his worry? what was he lacking and needed a little bit of help? thank you. >> what were his vulnerabilities? >> oh, i think curiously the flip side of his traits there were a lot of republicans. there were a lot of conservative republicans who never forgave him for being a new yorker. i mean, new yorker's has been the city that people love to hate or at the very least like to misrepresent. >> hold on. would you father consider himself a new yorker? >> oh, he did, absolutely. >> he did? >> yeah. that was back in the days and i did get this from my parents. that so many of the people at the time in commerce and in other areas in new york were transplants from somewhere else

as they both were. and they thought that that did not bar them from being real new yorkers. i think there was a cultural divide in some ways which is still with us in some senses. at 44, he had a difficult different situation. the 8000-pound gorilla was to ensure of his health. -- franklin roosevelt and's help. -- franklin roosevelt's health. we now know that f.d.r. was dying in the fall of 1944. but it was not something that you could possibly touch. and the other was the award with pearl harbor and there's speculation as to what if anything the president might have known? and i i think your dad would have some fairly good views on -- fairly pronounced views on the subject.

>> that's correct. well, there was -- not ironclad but presumptive proof that we have broken the japanese code before pearl harbor and did nothing about it. and that was once spread at the time and in fact, i think in the book roosevelt set the colonel up from washington to see him during the company. -- during the campaign. he said i just you're not going to mention this because there are police who use the same code which is and cost lives. he sucked it up and never did mention. >> but, it is a logical assumption that general marshall would not have acted on his own. >> that's my assumption. >> yes. >> james, in los angeles? >> yeah, i'm a -- i was 20 in 1947 and a top secret technician in carswell

what i'm commenting on is dewey was way ahead in the polls and he ran the dumbest campaign i've ever seen. he was -- he didn't attack truman and he ran as if he was already president. truman was broke. he started a blockade. pearl harbor is being set up by roosevelt. then he just acted like he was going to win. he didn't attack. truman was broke. and he recognized israel and they gave him $100,000 for his company. and he squeaked out a the

victory. dewey should have been a shoe in but he had the worse company in the history of american presidents that he probably did good in new york. >> richard norton, thank you. >> i've thought that he was a better governor than a president. -- what had been a better president than he was a candidate for president. >> why? >> it is universally recognized today with al smith. >> recognized as what? >> as one of the absolutely finest governors in a state who has had a history in gubernatorial leadership. one of the first people who invited up to albany was, a l smith who had a fallen out between f.d.r. and the two couldn't be more different and yet they just absolutely clicked. yet, the reporter said to al smith.

what do you think of that guy? he said there's only one thing wrong with that guy, he's a republican. ironically for all of their differences, they were great administrators who were what i call practical liberals operating within a balanced budget within the taxpayer and a productive private company. -- private economy. and what does that do for the republican at the time? >> well, it made new york one of the most watched in the country. -- one of the most republican states in the country, from being one of the democratic states, that gave as fdr. they gave us al smith. they gave us the new deal. we have not mentioned herbert lehman, the man he almost defeated, the man who had appointed him the gang buster somewhat relatively earlier. herbert lehman was very disturbed and popular governor

-- very distinguished and popular governor who because huge favorite to win another term. it's a tribute to the campaign, the excitement that dewey created that he won by 1%. four years later, there was no doubt that you know due bi- would win. he's the first republican in 20 years. and he went on to build an organization some might call a machine. but it was an odd organization. it was a good government. if you can imagine such a thing. >> john in -- >> go ahead. >> i'm not sure that i would -- organization, yes. machine, no because it didn't outlive him. >> you're right, machine didn't outlive him but machines can be personal rather than ideological or enduring for that matter. >> like the subject of your next

book. [laughter] >> yes. he appreciates that plug. >> let's hear from john from crown point, indiana. >> yes, during the 1944 campaign, tom dewey delivered, i think one of his best speeches of his career in oklahoma city. he really took off the gloves and hit roosevelt. now prior to that he delivered what i call 1948 type of speeches where he talked about home, mother and god and the american flag. but after that oklahoma city speech, i think that convinced most republicans they had a chance to beat him. -- to beat roosevelt. i wonder if he had the effect it had on the republican party in 1944? >> thank you. >> that speech reverberated in ways that no one could imagine at the time. there had been -- remember the

famous speech in d.c. someone said there was a contest between their dog and coat. -- roosevelts dog and dewey's goat. he was running under this campaign. we go get into this. it was the prosecutor. he brought everything together. all of the allegations of new deal, incompetence, new deal. economic failure. on and on and on. >> you are talking at what point now? >> this is in late september, about a month before the election 1944. i think a lot of republicans at that point were close to despair. they -- he gave the speech. the campaign was broke. dewey and his friends raised $27,000 in order to put together a national radio network. he delivered the speech.

it was galvanizing. a pole of 40 newspaper correspondents, 23 of them had come out of roosevelt. -- said that he had come out ahead of roosevelt. he had the league change. but the irony is, he later decided and he said, the most important thing of this speech. its impact on the road, four years later. if you want one reason why, he ran in 1948. he told a friend that was the worst speech i ever did. it was terribly uncomfortable. >> he didn't want to be the prosecutor. i mean, i think there was some element that he didn't want to be elected as, you know, as the honest cop. i mean, he wanted to be more than that. and it was something about that speech. and i it's hard to believe that -- i have been led to believe that your mother also thought that it was some how a departure in terms of dignity and the respect that you show the

office, effort, effort, effort. did you sense that tension at all? >> first of all, i was not 12 yet. >> you were not consulted on this. >> no, never. so i've heard no personal knowledge. but that would have been her view. >> where did he come from? -- where did she come from? where did that view come from? motherink she and dad's disagreed on practically everything. but they both have the strong sense of what you have to be dignified. by't demean yourself attacking the other guy. not necessarily smart in politics but they were who they were. >> let's show a moment from tom dewey criticizing the new deal.

>> the record of this administration is one chapter of that failure. but still, we agree that the new deal is a failure at home, but its foreign policies are very good. let me ask you, can an administration which is so disunited and unsuccessful at home be any better abroad? >> no! >> can an administration which is filled with fighting and that fighting were we can see it be any better abroad where we cannot see it? >> if no! >> these things we pledge to you. an administration in which you will not have to support three men to do one man's job. [applause]

an administration which will root out waste and bring order out of present chaos. an administration which will give the people of this country receipts to the taxes they all for thedon't -- value taxes they all paid. an administration free from the influence of communists and corrupt big city machines. an administration that will devote itself to the single- minded purpose of jobs and opportunity for all. [applause] >> richard norton smith, we are in the 1944 campaign, how does he position himself to take on fdr and truman? >> it is really a question that he cannot answer as to what the status of the war will be.

there is no doubt that he ran against fdr and what he called the tired old man. i think it was as close as you can get to raising a health issue. there was a sense of intellectual exhaustion after 12 years. what dewey represented was youth and the vigor and energy. in a way that john kennedy symbolically represented more than a turning of the page from the oldest president to the youngest president. he had the same quality in 1944. he could point to his record in the new york. he had not gutted the social programs that people had come to expect. he made them work better and cut taxes at the same time. >> who was his vice presidential pick? >> a fellow governor from ohio.

cker.brinke not someone he regarded as a scintillating intellect. he had bad luck with running mates. he referred to them as that big dumb swede. i do not think he was a performance -- he was a fan of his performance before the supreme court. you might know better than i. >> no. >> what are the results of the 1944 election? >> he came closer than anybody else. of the four people ran against franklin roosevelt, he came by a considerable at about closer. he won 99 electoral votes. someone did the math afterwards. the shift of 300,000 votes in the right states would have actually given dewey a majority in the electoral college. it was the closest race since 1916.

to get let me add bill in tennessee to the conversation. >> hi. i was wondering. you were talking about earl warren, i think i am right about this. he was the governor of california. if dewey had won california, which i think he maybe had lost to truman by a few votes, would dewey had swung the election or would he have one? >> the answer is no. you are right, he came within 18,000 votes. it was close in california. california was much smaller in 1948 than it is today. an alternate theory can be argued that the man who thought he was going to be governor dewey's running mate, a republican leader in the house from indiana who served in that role until 1964, charlie

hallock was a representative of the farm belt. it can be theorized that if there had been somebody on the ticket who was a sensitive as hallock was to the unhappiness of the farmers that perhaps some things might have been done differently. who knows? >> let's go back to the 1944 campaign. he loses. he makes a concession speech. i want to show our viewers a little bit of that. >> it is clear that mr. roosevelt has been reelected for a fourth term. every good a american will wholeheartedly accept the will of the people. i extend it to president roosevelt my hearty congratulations and my earnest hope that his next term will be speedy victory in the war, the establishment of lasting peace,

and the restoration of tranquillity among our people. i am confident that all americans will join me in a devout hope that in the difficult years ahead, divine providence will guide and protect the president of the united states. >> when does he make this speech? >> he made it the day after. there was some grumbling up in hyde park that he had not gotten the concession on election night. he says to an aide, fdr had worked himself up into a lather over your dad. i think it was personal in this case. anyway, the last word on election night before fdr goes to bed was, i still think he is

an old son of a bitch. did your dad talk about roosevelt? >> no. >> ever? >> no. >> that is fascinating. >> just another example of turning a page. he is not tomorrow to talk concerned. -- he is not tomorrow's concern. >> it is not that it was a painful chapter that he did not want to revisit, it is just -- >> if there was pain, we did not see it. >> or talk about it? >> you cannot talk about it unless you saw it. you are back to his mother and his wife. stiff upper lip. >> can i ask you one quick -- i was told by somebody who was at the law firm. it's almost too cruel to be true. one year he went to the christmas party -- one year for some reason -- the band played

"hail to the chief." the story is he turned it around and did not go back to another firm christmas party. is that possible? >> it sounds out of character and impossible. >> what does it sound out of character? >> had the band -- remember this was his law firm. had the band done that, i think he would have gone on, he would not have walked out. you forgot earlier his major walkout in the 1956 convention after dirksen had dismissed him. he was introduced to give a speech.

he got up and walk all the way down the aisle and out of the auditorium. gone. take that. >> i think he had been waiting for years to take that walk. >> he did say that. >> it must have been very gratifying. >> he is referring to the law firm that his father was partner of after his political career was over. he was a partner in a law firm here in new york. what about the role in that? >> the law was something he wanted to do. politics was a detour. i think the idea of really creating or recreating a firm -- i guess he did not found it. he remade it. >> it was an old firm which he

joined and became dewey- valentine. they had about 90 lawyers when he joined in 1955. he attracted many of the big companies in the united states, foreign governments. when he died prematurely in 1971, it had 300 lawyers. >> let's get to a phone call. >> mr. smith, talking to hank who is the biographer, he has said that charlie was under the belief in feet through support behind mr. dewey, he would be the running mate in 1948. when that did not happen, it may be the only regret he had politically was with dewey --

>> you are breaking up a little bit. i think we lost paul. do you want to take that? >> i heard the same story. there is no doubt that he thought he was double crossed. people hear what they want to hear. there is no doubt that hallock thought going into that convention that he had an understanding with the dewey forces that he would be on the ticket. >> hi. the disney character dewey was named after thomas e. dewey. how did he feel about that? >> i did not hear that. i apologize i did not hear the question. let's move on to cheryl in bakersfield, california. >> i have been calling the

series. the one thing that comes to my mind is, what was his relationship with the tammany hall people in the new york city during that time? my mother comes from brooklyn. my father was a californian. it is amazing they always split their votes in the 1950's and 1960's when i was growing up. my father changed to republican when he ran in 1948. thank you. >> you might say tammany hall was the making of tom dewey in some way. he had it drummed into his head that tammany hall was the epitome of political and civic evil. he would spend a significant part of his public career demonstrating the truth of that. >> hello. my name is adam and i am a college student.

i actually read part of the book that mr. norton wrote about dewey. i was just wondering -- what did dewey think about his chances of going into the 1948 campaign about winning the race? i know that dewey was supposed to win that race. maybe mr. smith can talk about what were his prospects about winning the 1948 campaign against roosevelt. >> now the 1948 campaign against truman -- i think the 1944 campaign i am not sure he ever really expected to win. i think he expected to win four years later. again, as we talked a little bit earlier, he was not a complacent figure sitting unquestionably on his lead that

you might think from some of the textbook accounts. he was very confident of the -- very cognizant of the fact that public opinion was a dynamic thing. he sensed slippage in the last few days of the campaign. i think he felt he was almost trapped. he had a strategy that brought him this far. there was no reason to believe it would not carry him across the finish line first. >> as thomas e. dewey, jr., told us tonight, his father turned the page and moved on. he goes on to still play a role in party politics. what is it? what is the influence? >> imagine being an elder statesmen at 46. that is something. >> and he continues to be governor of new york. >> he remains governor of new

york for another six years. he wanted to retire. he wanted to get on that business of creating a great law firm. but the great work came along -- the korean war came along and the party had no one else. he was nominated, he ran again. he was reelected. he was very glad to leave four years later. in between, you have an extraordinary show of political strength. i don't think anybody would have predicted where he and his organization -- his national organization at really puts dwight eisenhower over the top, write a platform to the liking of the moderates in the republican party. he brings richard nixon on to the national scene at the age of 39. i would have thought your dad saw some of his younger self in young richard nixon. they had some temperamental similarities. >> they did.

i think it is easy to say that geography had a lot to do with it, just as it did with earl warren in 1948. it is also important that you mollify the taft wing of the party. while they are not selecting somebody from the taft wing, nixon was seen as the closest possible guy. i was there when my dad said, there is your vice-president, to eisenhower. >> where were you? >> i was at the convention. i was not in the room. i was opening doors and carrying the notes as a college sophomore should do. i know that is what happened. i don't know if it was a temperamental likeness or if it was getting the taft wing on board. geographical balance was a big

thing like -- it was a big thing back then. >> what your dad used to say, at the end of his life he said, everything came to rule for me. -- too early for me. a shrewd observation. he always like to surround himself of people who he said careers were ahead of them. the fact that nixon was 39 years old was a way of not only mollifying the taft wing of the party but projecting into the future. >> he was successful at keeping the taft wing at bay? >> yes. senator taft unfortunately died in the very early part of the eisenhower administration. it was very touching to see him go to the hospital. he slips into visit taft. finalt've been a surreal

meeting in the hospital. i would have loved to be a fly on the wall. >> do you know anything about that meeting? >> no. >> let's hear from bob next. >> good evening. what did governor dewey think of governor rockefeller as the inheritor of the east republicanism? >> i will defer it to tom who was there. >> you go first. >> there is some debate on that in the book i am working on. i have not quite made up my mind. tom dewey was much more of a fiscal conservative than nelson rockefeller was. there was a meeting toward the end of his life. they are at a party. dewey says, you know, i like you. i am not sure i can afford you.

governmentroach to was much more fiscally orthodox. he hated debt. nelson was less restrictive in that regard. >> that is a very nice way rockefeller, they did not attend the convention because the rockefellers going way back had been -- his largest campaign contributors, they worked hard for him. they were good friends. my take from that was he thought the party should be nominating richard nixon in 1968. he was not going to get involved. >> it has also been suggested that, quite frankly, his law firm -- he had reasons not to alienate nelson rockefeller.

>> i don't know if it had anything to do with the law firm. they were never the rockefellers' law firm. i don't think there were economic reasons. i think by that time, he felt uncomfortable with the amount of money that nelson rockefeller had been sent. -- that nelson had spent. >> let's hear from debbie. she had been waiting. >> i have a very interesting subject to talk about. sarah palin and todd palin and i have been conversing on sessions on the internet facebook. since the occupy wall street has started -- [unintelligible] >> debbie can you relate this to our topic tonight?

what is your topic about tom dewey? >> my question is why haven't democrats put somebody else in -- biden in office and sent barack obama back to africa? where he was born? >> all right. let's go to pennsylvania. >> in 1944, i am a world war ii veteran. i still have a good brain. but i still remember things. i feel like 1944 -- it was roosevelt's time. i think dewey was a very smart person. they just wanted to keep him in office because they were at a board. i think if they were not in war, dewey would have won hands down. >> that is exactly as i said earlier. that was the conundrum.

you could not know. it is interesting that that comment all these years later reflects what dewey believed. the strategy was that in a peacetime environment, as grateful as people were to fdr, remember what they did it churchill, they would have been willing to turn a page and embark on a different kind of domestic policy. >> let's go to bill. >> good evening. i am residing in virginia now. as a youngster about 13 or 14 years old, i grew up about 3 miles from governor dewey's farm. i had an occasion on more than one time to caddy for the governor at quaker hill golf course. on one particular time, i remember after the afternoon was getting late and his golf partners -- lowell thomas, judge murphy from new york

city, edward r. murrow -- they wanted to continue playing at the park. they asked me to caddy. it was getting late in the day. i said that i am about 8 miles away. i need a ride when we are through. one gentleman spoke up and said, don't worry, i will take you. when they finished, that man got in his car left and i when they finished, that man got in his car left and i was stranded there. governor dewey saw to it that i had a ride back to the village. i would never forget that. i was very grateful for him. >> that was bill in new york. mike, staten island, new york. >> had mr. dewey won the 1944 election, what would be his

policy as far as ending the war? >> 1944, did he say? ok. >> i think it is a fair question. if you look at the calendar and you see where the armies were in january of 1945, i think at that point announcing defeat was only a question of time. how dewey might have conducted diplomacy differently if it had been him meeting churchill and stalin -- >> what about the atomic bomb? do you think dewey would have done that? >> it is hard for me to believe that any president after we had spent $2 billion to do this think -- knowing that if he did not use the bomb and if the war was prolonged -- quite frankly

it might be subject to impeachment. what was the point of -- i think in the retrospective argument over troop and whether it was moral to use the bomb, it is hard to believe any american president not taking advantage of the opportunity to end the war that the bomb represented. i cannot imagine tom dewey would have -- >> on your earlier comment. dad was bitterly critical for years after about giving away all of those people in eastern european countries into the slavery of the soviet communism. he was consistent on that subject. >> i would love -- i would give anything to see your dad sitting across the table from joseph stalin. somebody who had prosecuted gangsters all of his life.

>> let's try to get a couple more phone calls and hear as we wrap up tonight's "the contenders." >> thank you very much for this wonderful program, part of a wonderful series. historically toward the end we did get back to the question of foreign affairs. my question has to deal with professor smith's reference to his role of an adviser in for policy at what the relation between the two was and what that had to do with dulles becoming the secretary of state in the cabinet. >> i think you are absolutely right. they all fit together. the relationship was a uniquely close one. intellectually substantive. at one point, your dad appointed him to the united states senate seat which he was unable to hold onto in the election.

there is no doubt that john foster dulles became dwight eisenhower's secretary of state as an outgrowth of the long record of association of creative foreign-policy position he had had with tom dewey. >> he was one -- maybe the most senior of dad's group of advisers that went to washington. he mentioned tom stephens, there were quite a number of them. >> one of governor dewey's great innovations was the new york state freeway. it probably did more for new york city's economic development than everything since. the man who built the freeway

was burt ptolemy. he went on to build the interstate highway system under dwight eisenhower. >> i want to throw out a couple of names as we finish here. >> one of the many of surprising aspects of a surprising life. in 1964, dewey was at the white house. lbj wanted to get him to chair a national crime commission. in any event, he backed off of that. he pointed out to lbj, if you look at the schedule of your convention in atlantic city? he was meeting with marvin watson who was the president's top aide. anyway, there was a day set aside as a tribute to kennedy. it was up front. dewey pointed out that if this happens, jackie will be there, teddy, and the entire family.

there will be an emotional -- before you know it, bobby kennedy will be your running mate. the president on the phone and called watson and said it moved kennedy from day one to day four. hubert humphrey became the running mate instead. he was in his debt until the day he died. >> they were social friends. >> they were social friends. >> they spent parts of winter together. i even went to the races with them. >> we are all out of time and gentlemen. i want to thank the both of you for being our guests and talking to our viewers. talking about thomas e. dewey. our contender in our 14th week of the series. i want to thank all of you for calling in. a big thanks to everybody. [captions copyright national

cable satellite corp. 2011] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] >> of next, google executive chairman eric schmidt speaking to the economic club of washington d.c. then peter chiarelli on brain injuries and posttraumatic stress disorder among returning veterans. then a look at u.s. innovation policy. later, discussion from the ronald reagan presidential library about the role of the cia in the fall of the soviet union and the end of the cold war.

>> michele bachmann is here though, i understand, and she is thinking about running for president, which is weird, because i hear she was born in canada. [laughter] yes, michelle, this is how it starts. >> it is so amazing to be in washington d.c., with all this history, all these amazing building is, and yet here we are at the hilton. [laughter] the red carpet outside was amazing. who are you wearing? what does it matter, i am going into a hilton. >> with more than 9 million use of president obama's appearance, c-span is ranked among the top 10 political videos. watch them on line on our youtube channel. >> tuesday on "washington journal," a discussion about the role of libertarians in

campaign 2012 with nick gillespie. after that, a look at the logistics of the u.s. troop drawdown in iraq. later, we will chat with jeffrey passel and later statistics of illegal immigrants in the u.s. that is live at 7:00 a.m. eastern, here on c-span. tuesday, a look back at some of the tributes and memorials held this past year. we will begin at 10:00 a.m. with a tribute to bob dole. just after noon eastern on tuesday, the memorial service for former fourth lady betty ford passed away in july. journalist cokie roberts was among the speakers. also the unveiling of the statue of gerald ford in the capitol rotunda. members of congress spoke at the

event. you can watch that tomorrow at 1:35 p.m. eastern on c-span2. >> next, remarks from google executive chairman eric schmidt, who spoke recently at the economic club of washington d.c. about the history of google and the companies latest efforts in the mobile world. he also warned against an internet piracy bill making its way through congress. the stop on line piracy acts, which he said would result in the development of software that could be used by other countries to promote censorship. >> today we have eric schmidt, and i would like to introduce him and then he will make some remarks, and then we will have time for questions. and i have your attention for a moment, please? thank you. eric schmidt is the executive chairman of google, and for 10 years and served as its ceo, from august 2001 until april of

this year. during the time that he served, its growth was phenomenal. when he joined the company in 2001, it had $20 million in revenue, no cash, and no earnings. when it went public, it had a market value of $23 billion. it went up as high as a market value of $230 billion, 10 times higher than the ipo price, and today has a market got 2 of $202 billion. it is the fifth highest market value of any company in the united states. this was a long way from the company that eric joined in 2001. he had previously served as ceo of novell, which he sold to cambridge technology's, and then joined google in 2001. he is a native of the washington area and was born at dwi hospital in washington. -- gw hospital.

he went to yorktown high school in arlington. he was a start academic performer there, and graduated with one year less of high school than normal, and also was a track star. he went to princeton, graduated from princeton in electrical engineering, and then went from princeton to the university of california at berkeley, where he got a master's degree in computer science. in 1982, he got a ph.d. in computer science. from there he went to work at xerox corp. they had a famous research center and he worked in their computer science lab. from there he went to work in a few other technology companies, and ultimately went to work at sun microsystems or he was there for software manager and rose to be the chief technology officer of sun microsystems, and then was recruited to become the ceo

of novell. today, as executive chairman of google, he is actively involved in a number of public issues and they do not talk about, and in many ways is a public face of google. he also has time for other outside activities. he has served on the board of trustees of princeton university and carnegie-mellon and serves on the board of the institute for been steady. he is also an adviser to the president of the united states. now he serves as an adviser to the president's commission on science and technology and chairman of the president's commission on innovation. eric has a wide range of technology issues that he is expert on, and he will talk this morning about something i think you will find quite interesting. then we will go back and talk to him about some of the privacy issues now in the forefront. it is my pleasure to introduce a real technology leader in our country, eric schmidt. [applause]

>> thank you so much. this is a wonderful group, and david has been a colleague and friend for more than a decade. i have been looking at society and technology now, especially in my new role, and i think all of us would agree that society should organize itself so that people can go and search for their dreams, and they should be able to achieve what they really want. we have the emergence now of an interesting new phenomenon. it is as though we have to match rival systems, we have a system that we know today, government, politics, law, which in many ways are beginning to converge around international law and other things that all of your experts in. we have another society that is emerging, which is the society of cyberspace, which has come in many ways, it's on unifying principles. all of you are familiar with

them. they are beginning to become an conflict in some places. re empoweri people in the way they were never empowered before, so you can think of this as a community of citizens, and then a society of governments, and i've become convinced as they work it ou a new equilibrium emerges which is, in fact, better for both, that the cyberspace world, one that i spend a loot of time in -- lot of time in will ultimately serve to keep governments,s and especially the bad governments we know of in other places of the world, more honest in many, many ways, and it also some of the bad things going on in cyberspice will be addressed by the way that the physical word, by the governments and so forth handling of it. to me, the way this will play out has a lot to do with how our political systems work, and since we're in washington, i thought i would ask a relatively simple question, which is how

ng is the future? anyone have an opinion? now, most of you would say your own life or the life of your family or your children or your grandchildren or what have you, but if you're a political person, it's two years or four years or six years in some country, and if you're a government official who does not have a budget, it's a week. [laughter] so when you think about the intersection of all of this, it's important to understand that the intersection of incentives because ultimately human systems are flawed. they are not perfect, but they are often driven by incentives we construct for them, and now with our world and with the interpret, we can actually measure these things, study them, and try to really understand how it plays out. now, in the united states, the president whose speech last week talked about this. my assessment of what's going on in the western world is the

western world is dealing with two fundamental crisis. the first issue has to do with globalization, and this interconnectedness that is happening naturally is not going to stop. the technology's going to continue. there's all sorts of reasons why we're interconnected, the world is getting smaller and a livable place, but the other thing happening is because of business innovation and so forth and so on, the western world has a jobless problem, but when i look at it, and i spend time talking about it around the world, i'm convinced there is an answer, and that answer is the hard answer, unfortunately. investing in education, especially math and science education, creating models for innovation in your country and so forth, getting rid of roadblocks to creating new businesses because that's ultimately where the jobs are created. what's interesting in my traveling now and when i come back to the u.s., i read the

paper and so forth, and it's as though many of the debates are fact free, and one of the things that we can do n is -- [laughter] i mean, am i saying something that's a surprise? i think it's true; right? i'm a scientist, so i looked there, i look on the internet, and you can actually answer these questions, so i was looking at, you know, i was in europe last week looking at the dollar, okay, and there's a $20 bill, the back is 5 picture of the white house saying "in god we trust." repeat after me. i have 5 new, new saying. in god we trust, all others must bring data. . .

>> we are seeing the emergence of a number of global scale platforms that are impressive in their reach and their ability to change the world. i will pick four. obviously one of them is google. let's take apple. i was on the board for a while. consumer platforms, the best in the world in most cases. that is a platform that is scalable. they do a very, very good job. let's look at facebook, a people platform. again, a global platform for people and the way they work together. all of these companies compete with each other in various ways. amazon, the platform, and google as an information platform. the scalable mid-court architect terse that the technology is delivering are rolling through the incumbency's of one time or another political systems,

business systems etc., etc. and a number of other companies' lobbying to be on the list or replace companies in that regard. the construction of these is probably the most important new sort of business story we see today. the corporations are very high and they ar not done. the year just beginning. they are just beginning because of more's law that says computers get faster and double every twoyears. that means every two years the computers will be 30 times faster. do the math. the connectivity allows us to do amazing things and google and other companies are working hard on the future and ability to predict things like new people to new ideas. so my view if i've met this out is we should be very optimistic about all of this. the world is not perfect but the world is going to be a much safer place, much more informed.

the value of the platforms, and i think american values, speaking as a proud citizen, the thing we can bring to thworld will cnge a lot of the countries and risk people out of poverty. we are in this perverse situation it's more important to have a mobile phone than to have running water in your home. that is how powerful drug of information and connectivity communication and globalization really is. my own view is over the next five for ten years the computers and humans will be distinguishable. or not mergingtrust me. humans will be very good at what we do. and tuition, fund, innovation, innovation, things we know and love about yourself and computers will get extraordinarily good about the things they are very goodut which is the needle in a haystack probls and infinite memories.

so why go somewhere i want my phone to remind me i was in this city and i did have a good time and here's where i say it and all of this is possible on this device. when i say it's possible on this device it's important to remember it is connected to a network many people work very hard to build which is remarkable in and of itself the wireless network and the lawyers network and they are super computers which are in fact answering my question. so why don't think of this as my mobile phone i think of this as my personal supercomputer that can answer any question i care about in life. thank you very much. [applause] >> it really does say that by the way. in god we trust. >> where's the other part though? >> and new currency. >> thank you very much. i want to talk about the questions some of the things you

talked about before we leave up to that. i want to ask a little about your background and how you helped build google. you were minding your own business, and all of a sudden john as i understand called you up and said you should get to meet these guys starting or running a company called google and use i have no interest in that. is the right? >> we had a fund-raising party at joh chambers house and he came up to me and said ther is this interesting company, very good salesman, i immediately assumed it was a terrible idea. [laughter] and he badgered me and said you should at least talk to them and on the theory that you should talk o people and john has good ste in people i thought i would go visit them. spec you interviewed them -- >> was very strange. it was some place i had an office in which was bizarre itself. you walk in with and they have an office of a share and they havell this food, for me i

guess, and they had projected my biography on the wall and they proceeded to grill me on my views of the technology called proxy caches. there was a pretty big ego at the time coming and i thought this is strange about 25, you know, sort of pretty strong minded, and they were absolutely wrong in my opinion and i was right in my view. so we had this huge argument for an hour and a half, and then they said goodbye and you didn't know how the interview went. >> it wasn't an interview it was an argument. [laughter] the funny thing is as i am looking out the door i had this sense that i would be back. i had too much fun being right and then to be wrong, and the postscript is important to state that they're under a winning argument was the device that i was making would completely fail because the adoion rate of the

internetnd improvements in fiber-optic would make my product useless. they were completely right. [laughter] which is very humbling to have a 25-year-old do thato you. it's also very important the only reason we bought youtube is that you to needed this device and we built the privy that i was right. [laughter] >> it's said that they interviewed or had arguments with ten other people before they got to you. have you ever run into these people and think they could've done the same thing that you did? >> they had interviewing people you have to spend the week interviewing them so they went skiing with people, this kind of thing. i declined. two of the people -- what is interesting is one day i was talking to john and said i'm the luckiest guy in the world for having this opportunity, generally in my view. and he said no, you're not. what do you mean? you did one thing right. and i said what? he said you said yes.

two other people said no. i want to pause there to say something about saying yes in life coming and we tend to sort of we know everything coming and i knew everything and trust me, i really did know everything and they were wrong and i was right, i'm still sore on that, but somehow i said yes to a new opportunity and change my life. >> have you ever run into tose people who said no? >> yes. it's a pleasant conversation. [laughter] i'm very nice to thm. >> so when you showed up to work there when you sold your company in the early days, you had a tiny little office and then one day you shall what in the office and somebody's in your office and he's just kind of takeover your office. how does that work? >> early google was bizarre. it was run like a garage with school and everyone had an opinion which is good for a startup, i think. so i had been assigned a

office, and eight-point office by myself with a door and i had a computer and my little desk and one moing i come in and there's a gentleman who had moved in to the i said hello. he said hello. what do you do? iowa programmer. what do you do here? you know, i've moved in. i said well why did you move fannin? my office is very crowded. and i said well we're is your office? he said this is my office. i'm over there. i had five people and you were never here. laughter because at this point i had a problem because i did not want to create a cultural for dhaka, which would be to do something. so, what to do. so i asked my secretary and she said yeah he just moved in. okay. [laughter] she said go talk to wayne which engineering. he said yeah, absolutely i told him he should move right in.

i said thanks, wayne. so he has a little desk and we literally sit closer to this and he is a programmer, he is doing his programming which not familiar with produce and again you are the ceo. [laughter] i sit there with my computer and the phone rings, we use the phone occasionally and maybe a few weeks into this he's playing his music which is falling. i'm suspicious that he is listening. so one day i'm on the phone with the a regional vice president of sales and we are having this discussion about the quarter and this was a quarter where we were on track for according to amid about 118 of revenue. this was based on his survey and the analysis and to making sales and this was something i had a lot of experience doing. you try to judge. you don't want to overcome that them.

and amid this is excuse me, but i know the revenue numbers. and i said how do you kno the revenue number? i just solve it. i said how did you solve it? what i do is i build the hour system, i can calculate it. this is the number, 142 million. so i decided i would not tell amid that i knew this. so for the next month as the numbers slowly came up, i was busy spending more money ahead because i knew this fact. and so i learned something about business which i did not know which is you should be able to predict your business down to a few dollars in terms of revenue outlook just from statistical measurements and so forth. and gole one of the things we did is this sort of analytical measurement down to the second. i suspect some business and social net works to do this because you can do it. amid and ibecamebest friends. estimate is he the person that came up with the slogan do no evil? >> he is one of them. >> what does that actually mean? >> i assume it was a joke.

they like to play jokes. one day we had one of sight that was first and last. larry showed up and they listened and so forth and at the end they said the most important questionnaire is it the 100 billion-dollar corporatn, and i aid does tha mean revenue or evaluation? they said it doesn't matter. [laughter] i give up. i will never be able to work with you guys. i found out later that this is something that they did with everyone. but in the early days -- >> so i'm sitting there and they would do these things and i figure this is a joke this is a normal place. we are sitting there and there is an ad product being proposed and one of the engineers whose name is rahm -- i'm at the end the tabe and this is the original building i remember -- he pounds the table and he says

that would be evil and it's like a bomb goes off in the room. i decided just to watch to see what happens. so then the whole schedule gets thrown away. they spend an hour and a half having a detailed conversation with the particular advertising change crosses the line and they ultimately decided not to do it. the real reason don't be fooled works is it is a thing you can pull out in the company. it is a clever design. it means and please feel like they can speak out against the ceo, against the executives. >> when you joined the company, conventional wisdom in silicon valley was the search was an afterthought. was thought that portals were the way to go. so what was it that actually google did that make its search engines so much better than everybody else in the zoom past the ever engines that were out there of which there were many others before google. >> in 1998, 1999, larry page

wi sergey himself invented a pain shrink. a different way of linking to read up and told them the portals use it based on the form number of clicks and things like that. the court of google innovation that brought us to sort of today is the analysis is not around how many times you get hit or so forth. it's more about two points to do. mathematically for those of you for technical it is an inverse transform over a billion yen at matrix, which you take all of the links and you sort of invert and then figured out the structure. it was invented as i said by larry with the help of sergey. it is one of the most widely cited papers in the industry. and i would argue that if you want to create a company of google's scale, you need that kind of innovation. you need some kd of organizational access. >> early on they had some people would call with a graduate school kind of atmosphere on the campus and so forth and they said as university prossors can take time to do other things

in the employee can take 20% of their time doing what ever they want. does that produce any ideas that were useful? >> it is another corporate of the value still in place today. what we say to the technical folks is you can spend 20% of your time working on anything you want. and these are engineers. they are not that exciting. [laughter] they tend to work in the area of their expertise. and it does two things. first, they're has been a series of product sales to read a lot of the map stuff and research innovation that comes to this. somebody tinkering or some new idea that they have. but there's another thing that it does in the culture of the company. most american corporations and even worse outside of the company outside of the u.s. are very high article. the ideas come from the top, the leadership comes from the top and so forth. it doesn't bode well when you are managing creative people. i don't believe it is a good way managing a company at all, letting the people generate ideas and then you sort of kroll

from them. in the 20% case what happens is you get a sort of middle manager who is on an ego trip. well you know, you've got to do this, anall of us have either done this or have been part of it. under huge pressure and so forth. the employee can look at that manager legally and squarely in the eye and say i will give you 100% of my 80%. i will do everything i can in my 80%. i said these people work very hard. we did a lot of productivity of them plus we bring them lunch, breakfast, dinner and they bring their pets. there was a problem. i had to establish a rule that you could not live in the building. [laughter] you actually had to have a residence. it was against the law to reside -- >> these people were coming together dry cleaning -- >> we did everything. but you had to have a bed somewhere else or stay in a hotel. >> what is it like to run a company where you have to founders, three of you kind of running the company. you're the ceo and they were the

founders that can the stock. how did you resolve things when you disagreeamong ourselves? >> generally come allin the first place it is always in my view is better to have a partner or to long as they have the same goals. even though we would argue violently sometimes over things and people wou sort of assume this is terrible the way we worked out, they are strong-willed, strong-willed as well, but we all have the same incentive which was to build a great corporation. i think if you had that and people are at least at some level socially compatible they will be separated by age and have the same professors, similar culture of background, similar search of personal views of life coming and so we sort of segregative around. i worked on building the organization making the trains run on time, running the meetings, establishing the intellectual basis. they ran ahead. so there was never the meeting that i was an involving product where they haven't already had the meeting and will board by nine. there was never a situation i

was able to add value to what they were oing. cause they literally were running ahead and so my job was to catch up and make sure the company was behind it. >> people frequently google themselves i gather to seeat if you've ever googled yourself what comes out -- it is important to the state employees a ceo can not change any result in any order especially if people that like the order will call us know, we do not change it. and in fact one of the crown principles o the company is the answer is we give our independent of any other factors we get lots of criticisms about our ranking but also it involves making the decision and these are the best decisions the ranking of a rhythm can make today but of course it's changed. to get tired of google it is

that you and/or sergey and leary had to interview the people oral for c. can you still physically do that and what is the best way to get hired? i heard it's harder to get hired at google than to get her harvard. >> statistically it is true. we run -- this was a leary idea to run the hiring committee's different than the nominee to the companies higher. the way you how your people is a manager knows somebody and they like them and work with the men have good references you hire them. we reject that pattern that one yet we do is run hiring patterns like a community does so whelp hire the person independent of the job so we bring people in and say we are hiring people we won't tell you what you are going to work on. it also helps us ith our intellectual property protection and people come. the hiring committees were interesting. as we study the question of how many interviews did you have to have? this poor gentleman we

interviewed 16 times before we rejected him. it was sort of out of control. so why initially mandated the number to eight maximum number of interviews you would give people before you decide because if you were interviewing people that many times, they are on the edge in which case you are better off letting them work somewhere else. we've since modified that to the magic number of five. what we do this we correlate the outcome of hiring in our feedback post hiring compared to the feedback before and found this productive tdo so basically you can run of committee in five interviews and off yougo. when he went public it was a complicated style called the dutch auction. why does he use that style and reject what was then and will st.? and was that the right decision? >> google is in the business of what is called botched options. what happens is you advertise on

google, published a price that you are willing to offer to have this and coming and we will give you the price of the person who is lower than you so you are guaranteed a price equal to that price or lower. and this produces the most efficient option possible. we probably run more in the world than any other organization and probably will always be doing that. so when we face the question in public, the question is do we want to go through the traditional mechanism of underwriting, which was largely the negotiation, and one of the board members said the problem of interest, self-interest between the bankers said the company is an unsolved problem. of course at google we decided we would try to solve this problem, and we were carried in the press for this for many, many reasons. what happened was i got a letter from a little old lady or and of little old ladysaying that she did not want to have access --

she wanted to double to purchase the stock and not be limited to the institutional investors so we embark on this process which is the hybrid where people could both retail and public investors could bid on the price. but for reasons that i don't think that we never understood, the outcome that we got was pretty similar in my view to what we would he gotten had begun an institutional, traditional institutional thing. i wouldn't say that our experience proved one thing or the other. >> when you did go public you created a fair amount of wealth and silicon valley and elsewhere. how do you deal with the effect that hundreds of your employees were not fabulously wealthy? with a still working as hard and how did the change of your culture of the company? >> people joined thcompany to change the world, not to make a large amount of money so for them it was entertaining that all the money showed up. and the google as a phenomena was so fasturing this time we

simply had a decade's worth of experience in a year. see you have ipo, career path make too much money what to do with my life, so forth and the role 30-years-old. it's all compressed. but the same movie just run a faster. thsame will occur now when the bubble with of the ipo in 2012. they all go through the similar phenomena because these are young people and they also join the company's four reasons. >> for example, facebook was a company some people say is going to go public next year. is that one ofyour biggest competitors now; is that your biggest competitor for what you're tying to do? >> today we have one very clear competitor which is microsoft. we used to have two competitors wi yahoo! yahoo! largely outsourced stuff to microsoft, so we see them as the sort of core competitor. we have additional competition from different quarters. facebook is the competitor with a lot of properties and also

with attention. we are morlikely to face new competition. there is lots coming in the vertical the applications that answer questions. we haven't talked about a very much yet but the mobile phones, people search differently on the mobile phone in the next year more searches will come off of mobile devices and more pages than on the pcs and macs. it is a huge change so that provides a new competitive front. >> 20% did that produce ideas like an google earth or google news and have you made money from all of the 20% kind of things? >> google news was 20% time and it was an acquisition. one of the things we haven't talked much about is a lot of the acquisition to the small companies for talent and typically larry and sergey would buy them and tell me after the the demint wch was always exciting. [laughter] to see what showed up. very nice people, always. [laughter] so android showed up, google earth showed up and they said

this sort of technical framework which we would then plow resources into scale. >> recently you said that you would buy a company a week and you don't disclose them. he said you didn't necessarily feel you have to disclose them. why is that? >> generally we do disclose them. maybe in some sense we afford it or they are too small. the ideals acquisition as for technical people who can solve a very precise problem who are brilliant and don't have a lot of the high valuation already. a quarter of the search is still on the internet or alleged to be pornographic. >> that's not true. the number is significantly lower. >> lubber or higher? >> lower. thank goodness. >> how do you deal with the issue of pornography and people living searches through google? how do you keep that -- >> since the beginning of the company, the company had saved

search moderate, and so you are unlikely to encounter pornography unless you are looking for it, in which case as long as it is adult pornography it will show up. one of our employees, matt, would run an internal test. i walked in and felt a stran culture. his wife would bake cookies and if you could find porn his wife would givyou a cookie. as we have a company full of people searching for porn to try to break the porth algorithm. i said come on, match. but indeedit is how the company is sort of police did. >> today let's suppose somebody is going up for the senate confirmation and the senate were to call you and say we would like to see rather this person has looked for pedophilia kind of searches. can we actually google in a single person in the country of the world has actually looked for and you can give that information to the government or

to a google employee? >> we would only do so under a large number of court orders. so that's the first answer. there are situations where we maintain people's increase and in fact you'll see on the website is quite a detailed. it is identifiable to the ip address is on the order of a year. this is important. identifiable to the address is not only to do, david. ford said with your surgeon from your corporation that would show up as a corporation it wouldn't be identifiable to you. we have had a series of cases the government has decided to do broad subpoenas where we have fought because we want to respect the rights of individuals but it is true that for a program of time the record of the searches is retined, and then at a certain point we analyze it and we cannot mize it

in a certain way that you couldn't go back if an employee were to do what you are describing the would be fired. >> could a google employee let's say they don't like this person that they think that they are running for the wrong kind of things on the search and could that person get access to the information? begin would be extremely difficult because they did have to do the targeting as well as get into the data logs. we haven't ha such a situation and we've had a lot of protection. right now in china you have had some discussions back and forth. what is the current situation? are you staying in a china or -- >> the government has a truly bad set of censorship laws. they are active in the censorship and it is illegal to talk about them certainly and china and dangerous to talk about them even here. but roughly speaking, if you cricize some of the senior political leers or talk about certain religions and so forth, it is very much a crime and you can be -- all sorts of bad things can happen to you.

so after trying to work with that for about four years, four and a half years, we decided we couldn't deal with it anymore so we moved to the over china. they alays say one country, two systems. we like the other system better, which is hong ong. china is organized in the great fire wall which we are not allowed to reveal the existence of but i can give you the url address so you can look at it yourself and it's been heavily studied by many people here. the fire wall is a series of service is basically tt when you go through, will allow you are doing and if it is one of the forbid in terms and what ve you it shuts down the connection or puts it up for review and that's technically how it works. it turns out to be one of the firewalls between hong kong and the mainland. if you are in hong kong you can see all of google and if you re in beijing and i was very few weeks ago you can't see the same thing. the way you get around it is using a technology called the

virtual private networks and all of the americans that were there know about this. if you have chinese colleagues they will tell you about it. they are well aware of them and so they play walkae. bpm wham. there are techniques they're using about the censorship which is quite bad to the estimate there is legislation in congress now that you for opposing dealing with the so-calle i guess dealing with the pirating of copyrighted for mission. why are you opposed to this? >> mostly because it criminalizes the intermediaries. the first comment i would make is that please, don't steal copyright content. it's against the law and we need these people to be able to build of their businesses and to actually make money. google exists to take people to high-quality content. i hope that is clear. the problem is that industry has overreached. what they've said is we are

going to criminalize the structure of the internet itself. so if someone posts copyrighted copy the video, we are going to force the intermediaries which include google and many others and so forth to take down the link. this is known as censorship of the internet link. if you do that, you were doing the same thing all of these other governments want to do. so two reasons this is imrtant. the one is this is a problem we want to develop the tools we in our country to follow the money the people who are making money from the pirated content it is illegal. and with the internet we can find them and they can be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law and they shoulde. we can track it in all sorts of ways. but if law passes there will be large number of american farms who will build a very, very powerful filtering content

technology which will then be a very much used of the world and i can assure you i hope not in america but all these other countries i visited they are going to love hacking away at the structure of the internet to recall that free-speech, all the stuff they don't like and the internet will get balkanized. >> you recently said that google tv would soon be embedded on all of the televisions in the united states or of a world. what will google tvd and why would be embedded? >> it is on its second version anwe are in the process of obtaining agreements. it's free by the ways to please feel free to use it on your television s well it's by the television manufacturers many of them putting on a high television's it is the first system that various television and the internet world. so you turn on and watch television. the moment you want to you can switch over to you to be and the other vdeo services etc. and you can see everything.

but more importantly, you can now write a program that will intermix the two. so in television you can overlay the data sources. this has been a dream of people in the media industry for decades and it's based on and tried and chroma which is a successful grocer and operating platform from google that in large people devolving for it. what is interesting is it is very controversial because people are afraid somehow is going to interrupt the way that television should be working. my view is that it will cause people to watch more television. they will have a second screen somewhere and the game consoles. if there's any way we ca get the integrated to promote more television. spec today use and more time in washington where you were born as i mentioned earlier and grew up in this area. you would not because you love the area so much but --

>> i love to the senate. [laughter] i have a great deal of respect for the senate. >> to spend a lot of time dealing with government officials. ytd google has attracted so much attention? yourroduct doesn't cost anybody money. why are so many people upset about some of the things google does? >> i think in the first place, the folks that are lookingt google here and in europe have a job to do, and there are plenty of complaints about google almost all it seems to me from the business partners who were unhappy with something the we did and we are a pretty big fish in the ocean, what ever met before you want. it's also been funded by somebody who should know better which is microsoft and so there is a lot of evidence that this is largely about competitive dynamics. i said in my testimony that it's very important to understand that google does not block access to anything. if we make the innovation we continue to offer the information that we previously

did. i feel like it this point we told that story and it is now a legal matter. i'm quite confident we are in good shape. >> you spend some time with president obama and you were a supporter of his. would you say that silicon valley is today as supportive of him as they were when he first ran and would you ever consider going into the government full-time? >> the latter one is tolino but had -- not only no but heck no. [laughter] you had your share of dealing with the government. i know you share my view. i ntinue the support of te obama administration and what they are trying to do with silicon valley, it is in california obviously and it tends to be united as fiscally consertive and socially

liberal. so there's very little difference betwee the democratic and republican people within the committee that i live in and we live in our own little bubble. we have not only does and economic sittion the rest of the country has had and so forth so i don't think that silicon valley is a particular predictive group of the rest of americ the president clearly has strong support although not as strong as it did before. as you know in the presidency, the presidency is the choice about a person and people make that decision for many reasons, not just the programs and what have you. >> we have a great deal of wealth by almost any standard and you were a young man buy almost any standard so what would you like to do with the rest of your active years? would you like tosy at google as another company and spent time of philanthropy? what would you like to do the next ten or 15 years? >> for me personally i am

interested in the future of everything. the ride that i have had it's hard to explain because it happens so fast and it will happen again and again and again because the nature of the internet in the societ. they will be threatened and or changed by all of the things i'm talking about. i'm also not quite convinced many governments will be effective and fall about necessarily the unitestates where they don't anticipate the empowermt that the new technological model was providing. those are the problems. >> i think we've time for questions. people can raise their hand and there is a microphone there. so, you are also a pilot as understand and wanted to learn how to fly and you had time to fly while you are also working? >> i fly with professional products i should add. i sort started flying when i was at noval because it was hard to

do a turnaround you only have one of turnaround in your professional career, so that was mine. they are very difficult. i learned how to fly in and the instructor said basically you have to focus on this or you will kill yourself. so it was a good focusing device. >> anybody have a question? back there, yes. stand up. there's a microphone there. >> first f all, thank you for coming. i find it absolutely fascinating just a couple of things. today i noticed the magnetic poles was one of the discussions. what do you think of that? and then i often use google earth. what is the information used for? >> mauney view on the magnetic poles is that we should have a physicist expert on such matters. [laughter]

the consensus on the physics is a pretty the best i can undetand consensus of the threats rom the nuclear age it isn't a high one although it is at least possible but there are many things that are possible. but again, let's have the fact based conversation and say with nuclear weapons if the nuclear proliferation, the very real danger of people stealing the stuff and dirty bombs and those sort of things that we are all well aware of. there are the two major threat to society and loss of life. the first is nuclear war which we hope will never happen and the second is the compound accelerating effective climate changef that occurs with water and so forth at the skill possible we don't really know. with respect to google birth, and using informatio what kind of information do you mean?

>> google earth [inaudible] >> in the first place when you are running google earth, we don't know ere you are so spend as much time in north corrine as you like. [laughter] google earth, even the lie in a pilot i did not appreciate how it was to have a third dimension not the worst. did you know fred siegel have now proven tat cows of range themselves in a magnetic field direction? this is discovered using google earth by scientists who must have nothing else to do looking for cows and their alignment and heads and tails, a particular order. no one is quite sure. is one of the mysteries of the modern age. [laughter] the impact craters that hadn't occurred before. we have been able to charge the loss of the by university and the changes and so forth. in really remarkable ways. the thing out google earth is

the pictures of instantaneous for many reasons. we did not want to have to deal real-time satellitfeed. so there's a wait-and-see in that part of the design. >> witthe devices do you use? do you use an ipad? >> everything. space your on facebook use twittered. >> google plus. [laughter] >> i would encourage all of you to us this not just google or anybody else. the reason is that there a differences between them. i think you learn a lot like playing with them. your children will use them all anyway. you ght as well just sort of spent the time. it is what our age is about. and i marvel and at what people are willing to say and do and construct and build. today it wasannounced in the of crossed the million mobile the