sector as a high level executive and most importantly, today, i have the opportunity given by the thai people throughout the country to be prime minister, the first woman prime minisr of thailand. even though i feel i have great fortune but the reality today is that in all regions around the world, women still face many challenges such as gender inequality and women have less education. the studies have shown they received less education than men, they have less access to capital, it's more difficult. it makes the income be less, and therefore unable to develop the family. more than that, there are women who are victims of sexual harassment and violence and violations.

with regard -- there are hampers to women such as their physique and strength but i see that being women there are many advantages of strengths which can make us equals and work with men as equals. whether it's being meticulous, the understanding of problems, the ability to be coiliatory, and also the mother instinct, which understands children and youth. and understands the weaknesses and frailts of women we can -- trail tis of women we can resolve. another study is women have better capabilities to make savings. about 70% to 90% of women that are coming from generations of women come back to family, so i believe that. if women have the opportunity

to express their strengths equally, it would be an important factor that would help pursue sustainable development and also promote security. today, if you ask me what's the population of th a, i women and women around the world, it is 50%. it's another gap, another potential we should use so they can contribute and have a role to play, whether it's in the society, economics, and politics. therefore, the creation of the empowerment of women must begin with changing deep root problems such as in culture and society, these perceptions, and more importantly, we should attack a problem at its grassroots. for my government, the pulse is clear in which is to create a national women to women fund, first time ever in thailand and

hope this will hp women become a major force in building society in the country. this fund will not only resolve basic problems of women such as to get access tounding and to resolve the violations of human rights that happens with women, it also will be an important factor in developing the potential of women so that they can contribute themselves and sustain themselves, their families, and to devep their strengths and networking of women throughout the country. in addition to helping women, i have -- i am able to support the idea of the girl effect. so they will have education. a girl, a educated girl, it is valuable and you can create a strong contributor to society in the future. from statistics that we have seen, women have had education, the opportunities to be aroused

or have violence against them has been reduced. if given opportunities for women for education, especially for girls, then it will enhance opportunities for income generation for the family and this will increase. therefore, i underscore the fact that girls and use for women are an important aspect of the development of the society, economy, and global politics. i really hope the exchange of views that we have today in this debate which comprises both men and women with great success in these areas and those who understand the problems of women, it will be another important step to increase momentum forward to develop the role of women and to have them as a higher role, as an important force, equ with men finally, may i take this opportunity to inform you that

thailand will be the host of the world economic forum on east asia in bangkok from may 30 to june 1 this year, under the topic, there will be scussions on the development of the world -- economic development of their aspects and role will women and is another important aspect we will discuss. i will invite all of you to understand thailand and join this meeting and this world economic forum we will host and also may i take this opportunity to inform you that we have a thailand night at the central sport hotel this evening. at 7:30 p.m. until 10:00 p.m. tonight, and you will see the culture of thailand and also the potential of thailand. thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen. [applause]

>> thank you very much, madam prime minister. in a little bit i'll invite some questions from the audience so keep in min audience, think some questions up in just a little bit. michelle bachelet, your role with the u.s. women invest ways to address all kinds of global problems. and you've been i think very articulate about the fact this isn't a matter of charity, but a matter of actually solving problems, that women aren't the problem, they're the solution. can u talk a little bit about how this -- how investing in girls does actually solve global problems? >> first of all, even the prime minister mentioned some of them. we know, for example, when investing in education for girls, and particularly not only in primary education but secondary education, we will see an important drop on early pregncy and that will lead to an important drop of mortality

because the majority of women mortality in developing countries is mainly between 15-19 years old. so that's an important issue. the other thing is the early marriage, particularly early forced marriage and has been seen as issues, also, the race of getti infected with h.i.v. or acquiring aids. the second thing that is very portant is in terms of an extra year of primary school produces a boost on a girl's eventual weight on 10 to 20%. an extra year in secondary school has a very important respect, 15% to 45% in future wages for girls. the second thing is when we know, according to the culture organization, that if we would give women the same asset to women as men in terms of access to land, to credit, technical assistance, water and so on, it will increase the national yield crops in 4% and it will

permit us to take care of hunger 100 million to 150 million people. so there's so much evidence that investing in girls and in women is not only, as you say, i said with other words is not only the right thing to do, it is the right thing but it's a smart thing to do. >> if there's an economic return here, this is a pretty smart community of investors here. if there's an economic return, then why doesn't the market invest in girls by itself? why do we have to intervene? >> well, i have been asking myself that question because as you see, not only on international community, in any politically correct statement, women are essential. you mention it, we're essential in the development area, women are essential in the development as a whole, but it's not happeni. why? i believe probably because we need to work much harder with the business community so they can increa the opportunity

for women to have possibility of better jobs. we need to increase the opportunity -- we need also to, i would say, work at the country levels in terms of how we ensure that women not only study the traditional study usually as caregivers with ver low salaries, but also go much more in science and innovation, technology and so on. so it must be done by the private sector but also by government. >> archbishop, you and the eldersre addressing all kinds of global problems all around the world, and y one of those you and your colleagues have really chosen to focus on has been the empowerment of gir and in particular the end of child rriage. why do you giv such a priority to focusing on girls? 123 the answer is obvious.

we've already heard. but, i mean, when young girls are involved in sexual activity , infant mortality increases. but very straightforwardly, the evidence is that -- if we do not in fact end child marriage, we can say goodbye to six of the eight millennium government goals. you won't be able to do anything about poverty because a child bride has to drop out of school usually, that means she's not going to be employable, or if employable, at very, very low salaries. the health question,

universalizing primary school education make -- maternal health. you go on. and why don't we get it into our heads that the solution is straightforward and simple. we won't make it without the women. [applause] >> god told adam, you know. it's not good for this guy to be alone. [laughter] it is part of whoe are. for instance, things like

compassion, gentleness, caring i mean, those are part of what it means to be feminine . and i think hitler happened because his mom did not cradle him and so he ended up with no sense of security and went out to try to prove that he was someone by clobberg others. women are totally indispensable for the continuedxistence of all society. >> thank you. [applause]

>> i need help. i'm looking at the men. please make sure that the don't have weapons. >> everybody's been disarmed, i hope. i'd like to tu the conversation to what specific kinds of interventions will actually make a difference. we can agree on the need for much greater equality but of course whether we're talking about south africa or whether we're talking about the corporate suite in new york, there is profound inequality, and we all know that. what can we actually do to go about creatin that greater equality a to the extent many of the people here come from the business community, i'd like to ask you, you're somebody who pioneered this, what can one do and, you know, what are the returns, the profit making point of view, why does it make good sense if a company to take those keends of steps? >> sure.

first of all, i look at it from two angles to try to close the gap. one is as michelle said is the right thing to do. but second, and what really motivates me even more is my bablet -- ability to generate better performance and better profits for my institution and for the whole of the economy. if i look at the world population female represent over 50% of the population. if we do not incentivize that big portion of the population to participate in the development of the global economies, we never are going to achieve. we never are going to achieve. we need the whole population. forget about male, female. all of us are part of the same global economy. and the world.

so we need to work hand in hand. of course, how can we close that gap? there definitely are different ys. one way i'm trying to follow which is an individual interest, because of the second reason that i pointed out, the economic reason, so in my own organization, what i made sure that i hire pple based on merit, not because they're male, not because they're female, but i do want to have that diversity, because i truly believe if i'm sitting around a table with my executives and they're all male, if i add another resource were that incremental value will be minimal and eventually it will diminish, actually. if i bring in a female to that

table, that person will add different ideas, different angle of thinkin and probably -- not probably, i know, that person will improve the performance of the whole team. now, the way i look at it is it's the responsibility of the governments, of the policymakers to initiate from the beginning, from the youth level, to force the education of the youth to show that male and female are both equal and both needs to contribute to the well-being of each country. second, and i know it's a controversial area, but quote as. -- but quotas. i reallyelieve quotas, in all but of course to tie it with merit.

i believe quotas are very important. >> isn't there an inconsistency there between quotas and merit? isn't there a tradeoff? >> no, becausen all of the studies, nick, ok, chose that women, they do better in universities, and they actually contribute -- if we look at the fortune 500, 25 top companies that we call them female friendly, they showed higher performance. >> and one of those no doubt is facebook. >> definitely. >> and cheryl sandberg gave a terrific speech, which i commend to you -- commencement speech at barnard last may i guess it w, looking at these issues. and i really encourage you to go and google it. but can you talk a also bit -- >> really?

>> or -- >> it's on youtube, which is google. >> can you talk a little bit about not only what the corporate sector needs to do to create greater opportunity for women employees but also what women themselves need to do. >> i think all of these relate, that what we basically have is an ambition gap all around the world. we have equality nowhere for women and we have two very different forms of an ambition gap. in the developing world, as many people sit here, we have an ambition gap at the societal level. we say we want to educate our girls as much as our boys but we don't mean it. we don't really do the things we need to do. in the developed world, we have an ambition gap at the personal level. and the data shows this superclearly. in the united states women got 50% of the college degrees in 1981. 30 years ago. 31 years ago. and ever since then, women have made progress at every level, every year they get more college degrees, more college

degrees, they enter more jobs and become more junior managers. they've stopped making progress at the top in the last 10 years. we're basically stuck in corporate america, 15%, 16% at c-level jobs and board jobs. if you look at the numbers around the rt of the developed world, the numbers are way worse, not better. and there's still complete agnation. and if you poll women in the developed world, they're not as ambitious as men, so whether it was a study in "the economist" published and if you ask women to identify very ambitious, 36% will say that. inhina or brazil, brazil is 69% and china is 66% and india is 85%. so ironically, in the places where you have the equality of education and women are even exceeding men, you actually don't ha the personal ambition, ambition levels. and i could go in all day the reason of the root cause but i'll hit them very quickly. we don't raise our daughters to be as ambitious as our sons.

last month there were t-shirts sold at this jamboree which is a very large chain of kid stores that said smart like daddy for the boys and pretty like mommy. not in 1951, last month. little girls are called bossy. anyone in davos a girl is called bossy? i challenge you, go find someone and watch them call a little boy bossy. i don't see it. they're not bossy, that's the natural order of things. then is goes all the way through. we tried to equalize things in the work force. we haven't equalized things in the home. in the united states if a couple both work completely full time, the woman does more than twice as much in the home as the man. you can't get to equality when you're not in the home. and the most important point is that success and likeabili are positively correlated for men and negatively court-martialated for women. as the man gets more powerful and successful, he's better

liked. as a woman gets more powerful and successful, shes less liked. so from early childho through marriage, through adolescence, all the way through, we reward men every step of the way for being leaders, for being assertive, for taking risks, for being competitive and teach women as young as 4, lay back, be communal. and until we change that at the personal level, we can't change this. and we really have to go out there and say, there's an ambition gap. we want girls to be as ambitious as our boys. we need our boys to be as ambitious to contribute in the home and we need our girls to be as ambitious to achieve in the work force. [applause] >> well taken, cheryl. but isn't there a danger, then, you're letting c.o.'s off the hook that they can say, well, i'd love to create greater equality in the work force, but until parents raise their daughters with greater

equality, then i can't achieve it? i don't want to let these -- let people here off the hook in a sense. >> i never let anyone off the hook, good point. eql maternit and paternity. how do we expect our husbands to do as much as the wives if they don't get equal leave? it's ok as a woman in the work force, sometimes not alws to leave and take the child. we need to let men leave and take care of the child. we need flexibilityf all types. we need men to understand the success andikeability point and women, it is superimportant if you watch -- and i'mure everyone here had this experience. you watch the c.e.o., typically a man, talk about his senior team. he goes around, talks about everyone's strengths and weaknesses, right? we've all seen this and get to the one woman that reports to him, he says she's great at her job but just not as well liked as the man, with no understanding that, of course she's not, that's what the data shows really clearly. we need to understand that when

men negotiate for their own salaries, everyone wants to work with them more. but when women negotiate for their own salaries, everyone, men and women want to work with them less. you teach people that -- i talk about this hugely openly and the next time a woman sitting across from a man and she negotiates, they have a different reaction. and that really has to come from the top and understanding that there are different challenges and the structures to support them have to come from the very top. >> so guys, you're back on the hook. now, we all agree about the importance and the benefits of educating girls, seeing the girl effect come to pass, of achieving greater equality. i mean, at the world economic forum, they believe in that and yet 83% of the people here are still male and so i wan talal al zain raise the issue of quotas and talk among the rest of you, is it a way to accelerate progress, would you

recommend that? i'll throw that open to whoever wants to grab that. michelle? >> the experience isn't always interesting, five, six years ago, they first of all offer voluntary quota at t boards of the c.e.o.'s, it didn't happen and they have to meet it but after five years when they finish all the votes of the companies, all the studies show higher performance. so it's not because one of the thing is, it's not quota for quota, it's what our women can contribute, what can they do better? and all the studies show that women can improve the performance, being on a board, being in a senior management team, being at a different position. so all on quality people can improve the quality of politics and can improve also the kind of policies that they implement and really i think that it's true that we have to link quota with marriage. why do we only ask that when

we're talking about women. we also need men in any position to be with the right capacity and with merit. so i think it's at the end is a false dilemma, because to women, do we ask them to be perfect? we need everyone to be as good as possible. >> as you know, india has passed legislation to require 1/3 at any one time of the local -- there has been good research showing it rests in better outcomes, in particular more investment and water. would anyone else like to tackle that issue? >> i have lived in a society that charge me on something very silly.

the color of my skin. people talk about us. they legislated about us. then, lo and behold, they are surprised that because they have not invested in us, they have not asked us how we feel about whatever, they are able to pontificate about us. we were discriminated against for things on which i can do nothing. i can try until i am blue in the face.

i cannot change the color of my skin. weave moved it from there. we penalized people for something we think and do nothing -- the agenda. we were surprised that laws are made that benefit others -- look, they are not so od. well, then the world looks up and you remove these artificial barriers. the wod discovers, hey, nelson mandela coming out of this

community. i believe we are impoverishing our selves when we do what we do to women. we are actually made for this interdependence. each brings gifts and attributes. when the men came to the truth and reconciliation commission, almost invariably, they td a story about themselve equally, when women ce almost

all of them told a story about somebody else. >> about others? >> yes. we are really impoverishing ourselves. guess that will develop as they mention two other guests. >> we then find ourselves very interesting. -- week, menfind ourselves very interesting. i would like to open it up to some questns to the audience. raise your hands if you would like to ask a question. we have a couple of microphones up here. >> hello.

>> there is another microphone coming toward you, i think. >> i am from asia, korea. we are very much discriminated. i appreciate what you said. we do not have to imitate man. i think it should be based more on a vision. our vision should be succeeded -- i look at the un. this is such an important, it is

so sad to see such an important work like the copenhagen treaty fail. i am wondering how you can take millionss initiatives, of women can talk about this issue. >> we are short on time. >> can i make one last comment? >> 10 seconds. >> in thailand, i know about sex

trafficking. could you stop women from infant age serving man for sexual slavery? thank you. >> you know, i think your question on an addition to lead and ambition based on vision -- they are not mutually exclusive at all. a lot of people, men and women who have a really big ambition to change the world understand the need a leadership role to get there. we really do in order for women who have vision to be able to have impact, it has to be ok for them to have the ambition to lead as well. without it, i promise we will stay in a world that is completely run by men. >> i want to add one little thing to that question. i think it is important to have the ambition. it is important from home.

it is important also and society to have models. she was 9 years president in finland. she went to kindergarten and ask kids with the wanted to be when they were older. the typical answer -- firefighte dtor, lawyers. she asked a little boy, do you not want to be president of finland? he said, not in this country. man cannot be president. all his life he has seen a woman in the presidency. in my culture, ambitious camby positive force depending on how you use it for. we have an opportunity now.

in june we have the highest level summit on not only climate change, but sustainable development, social economy -- social economics. we are working very strong to make a reality all of these political can correct statements. we are working very strong. we will have a high level -- fema head of government and also -- we need men and women working hard for women's rights. >> on the problem of women in thailand. the first thing, we have to go backo the root cause of the problem. education must be in place to give them the chance to study

and equalize between male and female. we have to bridge the gap. we said of the foundation of female -- is the first thing that helps feed mills on financials. they needed to survive themselves. this is the first thing that our foundation starts to help women advance on the financial. give them the opportunities to get the knowledge and held them. the female youth, i think this is small importance. -- this is important.

education for females. last thing that we need to keep the role of everyone to understand the underneath -- as a female myself, i can say as long as we give opptunities to them, of course men and female must complement together. the qualifications for capability ofhe job is even more important. that we cannot separate between men and female. it should be equalized. we have to give the chance for both male and female and politics, especially in

thailand. it will be symbolic of nonviolence. i think if we have a proper person of male and female mixed together so we can fulfil things -- e-mail cannot do better than female -- female cannot do better than male and some areas. move thailand for for consolation in a peaceful way for my country. >> thank you. [applause] >> i have to also say, you speak better english than i do. we will take maybe a couple of more questions, and then we will try to answer them collectively. we are running low on time.

>> thank you very much. i am from kenya. i want to agree that the sociization of children, we treat them differently. whatever differences created in the home, it takes effect for a long time. we a still searching for those women to come forward in spite of the fact they have given us a greater numberf women. i wanted to ask, how did you deal with the socialization early in the years? you say that you have them at this level. how did you deal with it?

>> i must say, there is no ambition gap in this audience. i would like to encourage other questions. we will take a few questions and address them together. >> they brought out the subtext of the violent abuse that really permeates the life of the poorest won in the world. what are some signs of hope that work in that area? >> i am very interested in sex election and how this very fundamental on choosing of girls before they can even prove themselves and provide models for other women in the world -- how does that affect you? >> let's take those questions. also, just to mix it up a little

i will throw in one more. the question i would like to throw out is whether a world in which there is greater gender parity would look particularly differt. it always strikes me that the strongest and best advocates i know for greater equality are notleeding heart columnists, not any of us here, it is the hard bitten american generals in afghanistan. more girls are going to school in a particular district, there will be fewer attacks on soldiers there. you get these general sitting around a conference table. in one moment there are talking about air strikes, and in the next they are talking about trying to get more girls in school. they know the difference it will make for security in afghanistan. you andt we start with work our way back. would this work look different

and be different? >> i started my career working at the world bank and i worked on leprosy in india. the saying in the early990's was, you have to make sure the money goes to the women. the women will spend it on their children and men will spend it on whiskey and other women. the data is pretty clear that women spend 90% of their income on children and with men it is something like 30% to 40%. i think it will be a difference. i think it would be a more peaceful world. if you ask her what needs to change, she is very clear. she says women in power. women and power do not have guns and they do not rate people. i also would say we might as well try it. -- womennd power do not have guns and they do not have -- they do not rape people.

warrant buffett has famously said one of the reasons he has succeeded so much inife is he only had to compete with half of the population. why not use the talents of the entire population to address a very considerable needs that the world has? [applause] >> for me, i go back to my original point. the world bank, they came up with a study that shows there is a direct correlation between growth in gdp and greater gender parity. if i look at it from global economy, it has to be better. >> thank you. >> first of all, early child

education is very important. boy and girls learn and grow with the same valleys and opportunities. second and very important, look at text books, films, television. which are the images they are sending? and hours it was always the doctor was a man and the woman was a sexy woman with a short skirt. we changed all of this stuff and we put women and girls and a position of power. i think we need to look at it. many of families leave when they have a son, older pents stay with him. when they have a daughter, the daughter goes to court -- the daughter goes to live with their parents' house. what are the things we need to change so we can really have a

better world for all? we would have a world without hunter, or poverty -- at least less hunger and poverty. hopefully more peaceful, and more equal and balanced. [applause] >> there is no question it would be a more peaceful world. other whothink of a matt carries a child for nine months in the womb happi saying i do not mind if this child becomes

-- the women in and of themselves, those who bring to life and are nurturing and help us to becom more -- i will use the expression "the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world" is ture. it is true. i think men aremongst the most

insecure creatures in the world. in order for us to compensate for this, we are macho. and yet,ho are the people that we admire most --revere? it doesn't turn out to be the mach you could say many things about mother theresa, but macho would not be one of them. even when you look at someone like gondi, it is a tough gentleness that is something

that we -- i would hope before i go into the grave i might see a world which is more gentle, which is more caring, which is more sharing. in our country, we have an pression that a mother can share even the eye of a fly. women, generally, are those who nuture, who bring to life and who hold life together. and for goodness sake, have

teied for centuries. we have made a mess. let them try out. [applause] >> would like to add that if women have more chance to be leaders, i think first on social, that is something the males don't have. you would see the world would have somebody caring for the children. this is a good combination between male and female. for the women to more in the number of the leader, they can be both over private sector and

government. female is more detailed and more concentrated. we need somebody who has the ambition, vision, and somebody to keep more detail and concentrate on the details. that is where i see the strength that the females have. the politics are nonviolent. angela merkel is a symbol of nonviolence. this is the world democracy. the passion of female can help the world and can help problems

as long as we sit down and talk together. it is significant, we need somebody to help the country. it has more chance to female, we will have a chance to increase the stability of the country. >> i must say this panel addressed the question of whether greater female participation reduces violence. here we have a panel that is half female, and it is less violent and more civil than a lot of world economic panels. do you not think? i wrote said the central challenge of slavery and

totalitarianism, it will be to achieve greater gender equality around the world. i would like you to think -- i would like you to join me in thinking this panel for a terrific discussion. [applause] thank you. >> to amar not on c-span, from this world economic forum, the heads of the world bank and international monetary fund and other world leaders that they talk about the future of the world economy. but no one is immune in the current situation. it is a crisis that could have collateral effects of around the world. we will hear from others, but what we are seeing in numbers

and forecast is that no country is immune and everybody has an interest in making sure this crisis is resolved adequately. >> i have been in public service and public finance for over four decades. let me share with you, i have never been as scared as now about the world, what is happening in europe, looking at the crisis we had in 1980 and the crisis in the 1990's, this is a very big issue. first of all, i agree entirely with christine that nobody is immune. we are all connected with each other. >> you can see this whole discussion thursday night at 8:00 p.m. eastern on c-span. we will have more from the world economic forum on friday, including a panel on the political and economic future of africa. plus, the ceo's of several major

corporations talk about the role their companies are playing in the global economic recovery. >> coming up, president obama speaks at the groundbreaking of the african american history museum on the national mall. the defense department gives an update on operations in afghanistan. later, a discussion about legislative efforts to improve cybersecurity. >> tomorrow on c-span, the house democratic steering committee held a hearing on women's reproductive health. a woman who democrats wanted at an oversight committee hearing will be included. that is at 10:00 a.m. eastern time. the white house ally this new internet privacy initiative. we'll hear from the commerce secretary and the chairman of the federal trade commission. live coverage begins at noon eastern, here on c-span.

>> it is our calls to dispel the hard decisions in the delusion that a world of conflict will somehow mysteriously resolve itself into conformity if we just do not rock the boat or irritate the forces of aggression, and this is hogwash. >> past candidates campaigned for president. we look at 40 men who ran for office and law. go to our website to see video of the contenders who had a lasting impact on american politics. >> this is also the time to turn away from extensive preoccupation overseas, to the rebuilding of our own nation. america must be restored to were proper role in the world, but we can do that only through the

recovery of confidence in ourselves. >> today, the smithsonian institution broke ground on the national museum of african- american history and culture. speakers include president obama, former first lady laura bush, u.s. representative john lewis of georgia, and the museum of the director. the national african-american museum is scheduled to open in 2015. congress has pledged to provide half of the museum's $500 million projected costs. from the national mall in washington, this is an hour and 40 minutes. >> ladies and gentlemen, please welcome phylicia rashad. [applause]

>> good morning. it is indeed an honor and privilege to welcome all of you here today for this ground- breaking ceremony of the smithsonian national museum of african-american history and culture. this is a milestone. this is a milestone moment, not only for the smithsonian, but for the united states. today, we take the first step in creating an iconic building that will house something truly wonderful. seum with the power to change hearts and minds and ultimately, the nation.

your being here today speaks to your support of this spectacular effort. creating this museum has captured the attention of government, private citizens, and has also drawn on the commitment of corporate america, a community groups, and school groups. today, we salute this undertaking with extraordinary music and inspiring speakers, all in celebration of this moment and the american spirit. [applause] ♪ ladies and gentleman, the president of the united states and misses michelle obama. [applause]

please remain standing for the

presentation of the colors by the smithsonian institution office of protection services honor guard and the national anthem performed by denyce graves.

♪ o, say can you see by the dawn's early light. what so proudly we hailed, at gleaming.ht's light whose broad stripes and bgiths t -- bright stars through the perilous fight. we watched itrts

were so gallantly streaming. glare, theket's red bombs bursting in air, gave proof through the night that our flag was still there,. . o, say does that star-spangeled banner yet wave. o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

♪ [applause]

>> please join me in welcoming the abyssinian baptist church. >> i am delighted to have been given this opportunity to say a word of inspiration concerning the national museum of african american history and culture. african-americans -- what is africa to me? copper sun or scarlet see?

jungle track or regal black? when men -- women? three centuries removed from the land. spicy grove and cinnamon tree. what is africa to me? i sing america. i am the darker brother. when company would come, they would send me to the kitchen. that is all right. i was black and go to the kitchen. i would eat and grow fat. tomorrow, i would be at the table. company would come and they would see how beautiful i am. no one would ever send me to the kitchen again. yes, i sing america. my country ties of thee. sweet land of liberty. of the icing. this may be the land of the pilgrim's pride, but it is also the land where my brothers and fathers died. let freedom ring.

[applause] yes, let freedom ring. ring for the jaunty -- the aruba. dream of a world where man -- global breast the earth -- love will bless the earth. all will walk in freedom's way. dream of a world where black or white, whatever race you become a willing to the bounty of the earth and everyone be free. credit -- wretchedness will shine its ugly head. of such a dream, our world. i have a dream today that everyone would not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. everyone, the poor white --

everyone, the negro. everyone, the red man pushed from deland. everyone, the immigrant. oh yes, america was never america for me, but yet i swear this oath. america will be an america is becoming because so many brave men and women have fought to preserve the integrity of the land of belfrey and the home of the brave. -- bed linen of the free and the home of the brave. -- the land of the free and the home of the brace. -- brave, . the 369th harlem hell fighters.

the tuskegee airmen. america, america made by gold refined and tell our success -- barack obama in the white house. until all success, martin luther king jr. on the national mall. to all success, the national museum of african-american history and culture. every game divine. peace be unto you. god bless america. [applause] >> ladies and gentlemen, please

welcome stanley thurston. [applause] >> music from the church has touched hearts and stirred souls for generations. it has suits in times of trouble and inspired the weary to do great and noble things. today, the heritage signature chorale will perform a landmark liturgical work, "my soul is angered in the lord." -- anchored in the lord."

♪ in the lord. in the lord. my whole being anchored in the lord. my soul has been anchored in the lord. in the lord. my soul has been anchored in the

lord. in the lord. my soul has been anchored in the lord. ahcnored inhas been -- anchored in the lord. in the lord. in the lord. my lord. my soul has been anchored in the lord ♪ ♪ in the lord. my lord.

my soul has been anchored in the lord. god almighty. been anchored in the lord. highly a. -- hallelejuah. my soul has been anchored in the lord ♪ [applause]

>> souls during, indeed. -- soul-sitrrintirring, indeed. creating this museum is a grand endeavor. a grand endeavor in the visionary leadership of this country with courage and willingness to dream big. such a leader has been guiding the development of this museum for six years. his efforts have brought us this moment and his guidance will take us to the day when the national museum of african- american history and culture opens its doors on this spot. please welcome the founding director of this museum, kibbue bybcg -- lonnie bunch.

[applause] >> thank you. what a grand and glorious day. they said it was going to snow. [applause] president and misses obama, members of congress, the smithsonian area, the presidential commission, the council, distinguished guests, and your friends. i am honored and humbled to welcome you to this ground- breaking ceremony for the newest museum of the smithsonian institution, the national museum of african-american history and culture. i just love to say that. [applause] your presence today is a clear reminder of the unflagging support and leadership that you are provided today.

we are at this moment. we have come this far, not by faith alone, but because of your belief in the importance of this museum. while there are too many donors and supporters to name, i want you to know just how much the smithsonian appreciates the support of president obama, the congress, and of all the corporations, foundations, and individuals in communities across america who have given so much to make this moment possible. i especially want to awknowledge the council of the museum that is co-chaired by two members. you believe when there was not much to believe in. we are so grateful for your leadership. [applause] today, in the words of

washington d.c. public lewis alexander, we call lost dream back. we begin to make manifest on this sacred space the dreams of many generations who fought for and believed there should be a place in the capital that will help all americans remember and honor african-american history and culture. equally important to this vision was the need to make a better all who visit the national museum by using african american culture as a lens to more clearly understand what it means to be an american. so, with groundbreaking -- we market a major milestone. this museum must tell the unvarnished truth because this will be a museum that will have moments to make one cry or to

ponder slavery and segregation. it will also be a signature museum, designed by a gifted architect of that source on the resiliency of a people. -- that soars on the resiliency of the people. it will remind us that there are few things as powerful as a people. a nation. there is nothing better than honoring all our ancestors by remembering that reverse history of america. as with any endeavor of this sort, it has not been without challenges in difficult moments. the support has come from unexpected quarters. a man shined shoes in a texas

airport to said to me, while he is unsure exactly what would be in a museum, he hopes it would be in his word open-" -- "the only place where his grandchildren learn about his life." the woman who cleans the museum reminded me that she is tired and able to retire, but she wants to continue to work so she can claim at the museum. -- clean the museum. [applause] i would be remiss if i did not think the entire smithsonian family for helping this museum make a way out of no way. the leadership -- i want to nod to patty for all our support. -- her support.

[applause] i want to awknowledge the gift of the national museum of african-american history and culture. [applause] while i may stand in front of you, they do the work to make all things possible. during the great depression, historians were hired by the federal government to interview formerly enslaved african americans. toch when asked if the experience of being in slaved still mattered, he answered, though the slavery question excels, the race question will be with us always. ideas on our highways. it is in our religion. it is in our thought. all the day, every day. what a gift you have all given by helping to museum

so that everyone who visits will realize that we are all touched, shaped, and enriched by african- american history and culture all day, every day. q i very much. -- thank you very much. [applause] >> please welcome the mayor of the district of columbia, vincent gray. [applause] >> good morning. not to worry, we have decreed it that would be no more snow in the district of columbia, ever. [laughter] it is my honor to greet you on this suspicious occasion here in our great city. you have gathered here today to break ground on the site that will provide the foundation much more than just another new building in washington, d.c.

today's groundbreaking is a milestone that fulfills the dreams and aspirations of many generations and honors all of those on whose shoulders we stand at this point. this is a museum for all americans. it will celebrate every american story, not just black history. the fact that the museum will be completed in 2015 is significant. because, that year, we will celebrate the anniversary of two significant events in our nation's history. 2015 will mark both the 150th anniversary of the constitutional abolition of slavery and the 50th anniversary of the voting rights act of 1965. [applause] the 13th amendment fundamentally change our constitution and our nation. the voting rights act allowed

america to fulfill its promise. one of the great african- american leaders who helped guide our nation to live up to its own creek now has a monument dedicated to him, not far from here. just last month, we celebrated dr. martin luther king jr.'s birth. a few months ago, we dedicated his memorial. another national monument that was a long time coming. his dream was that we could all come together to make our nation and our world a better place. his message was not for one racial group, but for all people of all backgrounds, ethnicities, and creeds. this museum will be a tangible manifestation of dr. king's dream. as the mayor of a city that is central to the story of freedom for all americans, i eagerly anticipate the completion of

the national museum of african- american history and culture. i am proud of the district of columbia for being its home. thank you very much. i look forward, as all of you do, to 2015 where we will reconvene for the official opening of our new museum. thank you very much. [applause] >> we all know that the smithsonian institution is a place of learning. it is a place where history, art, and culture comes alive in a vibrant way. helping to make sure this has happened is a force behind the annual folk life festival, which draws more than 1 million people to the national mall 40 of glory this week's -- ford two glorious

weeks. he helps guide the work of the history and culture museum, including the one for which we are breaking ground today. it gives me great pleasure to present at the smithsonian's undersecretary for history, art, and culture. [applause] good morning. -- >> good morning. only once in a generation have citizens in leadership of this country gathered to sink a shovel into the ground of this national mall to establish a museum, a library, an archive, or gallery. let us reflect on the history that we -- leaves -- leads us

here today. in february of 1862, with the civil war raging, the smithsonian hosted a series of abolition reflections. president abraham lincoln, leading officials, and audiences attended. newspaper coverage assured of the nation knew about these elections. their aim was to convince the president to end slavery. week after week at the smithsonian, people spoke. frederick douglass, the great american auditor, -- or a tour, was scheduled to give comments. such were the divisions in america that joseph henry, science adviser to the president, said, i will not allow a black man to speak in

the rooms of the smithsonian. frederick douglass was denied his place in the national museum. the irony was that the secretary's most reliable staff member was an african-american poet, self educated scientist. he built the exhibits. he made the -- he served for 54 years. many other followed ground. they developed programs to leave the institution. the historical record is checked. notably, in 1891, the smithsonian's nationals to open its grounds to african- americans on easter monday, given that the community was not allowed to participate in the celebrations on the white house floor. well into the 20th century,

curators purposely excluded african-american history. in 1947, the dependence of christian tried to integrate the collections by donating the medal of honor this black won.er had one -- they were rebuffed until the secretary of the smithsonian intervened. in 1968, many advised closing the smithsonian museum to keep the people out. the secretary did the opposite. keeping the doors open extra hours in order to let everyone in. we have come a long way since joseph henry uttered those words. we cannot change what he said, but we can correct it. with this building, we can proudly say, frederick douglass's words will be heard

in the rooms of the smithsonian. [applause] so, too, will the voices of millions of others. this museum makes for more of the inclusive -- and inclusive smithsonian and america. this is good for this country and the world. the co-chairs of the advisory council have played key leadership roles in assuring that we hear that many compelling voices of our nation's history. please give a warm welcome. [applause]

>> on behalf of the advisory council of the smithsonian's 19th museum, the national museum of african-american history and culture, we would like to extend our appreciation for you sharing this incredible moment with us. we would like to thank all our founders. it is an honor to celebrate with president obama and mrs. obama. a fabulous honor. [applause] your all dignitaries. i would like to make mention that the district representatives are here as well as some many of our great reporters -- supporters and

distinguished guests. all of you have helped achieve this milestone. one of the things i would like to do, because nobody gets anything done by themselves or even with a beautiful partner. we have a council that has been with us on this journey and with lonnie. i would like them to stand and receive your applause. [applause] if i can be allowed one moment for personal reflection before i turn it over to linda. this of the victims of this date to me. -- the significance of this date to me. history is written by the women.

history is written by the women. to me, the reality of this museum puts in! exclamation mark that after 400 years of tragedy and turmoil and turbulence, we won. [applause] >> well said. as members of this council, we have had the pleasure of witnessing a vision take place. this will encourage us to remember, reflect, and rejoice. one that will help us better understand the whole, optimism, strouble, determination, and triumph of the american story. today, we will break ground for a museum that has been a long time in the making. i am delighted to introduce one of the champions that made it a

reality. congressman john lewis is a symbol. the last surviving speaker from the 1963 march on washington and a hero of the civil rights era. in february 2011, john lewis received the presidential medal of freedom. the nation's highest honor. [applause] he sponsored the legislation in the house of representatives to establish this museum. ladies and gentlemen, please welcome the honorable john lewis. [applause]

>> good morning. >> good morning. >> thank you, window for those kind words of introduction. --thank you, linda for those kind words of introduction. what we witnessed today it will go down in history. it is the substance and validation of our dreams. it is the moment our people protested, strouble, and longed for. it is the moment millions of our ancestors believed in. it is that point of critical mass when an idea become so

powerful, it leaves the rims of inspiration and becomes visible, even to the untrained eye. this is an idea whose kind -- time has come. when i think about all it took to reach this point, the civil war veterans who took up the calls many decades ago and the long years of silence -- what i think about the plane crash that killed one champion from rural alabama who spent more than half of his congressional career introducing the museum to you only to have it end in the back partisan effort -- in a bipartisan effort. this reminds me of the words of one of my favorite poets, langston hughes.

the name of the poem is harlem. he says, "what happened to a dream deferred? does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? infected like a sore? maybe it just sags like a heavy load." today, we must think the white house and the congress -- think the white house and congress. the smithsonian board of regents, the secretary, the director of the national museum of african-american history and culture. in the entire staff. -- and the entire staff.

it is these people who have taken a dream deferred and help it find it placed -- its place in history. this is the beginning. there is still much work to do. we must not shrink. we must call upon the courage of those who were in the strouble long before any of us were born. -- in the struggle before any of us were born. we have to tell the story of african-american contribution to this nation's history from slavery to the present. it without anger or apology. the problem we face today makes it clear there is still a great deal of pain that needs to be

healed. the story told in this building can speak the truth that has the power to set the nation free. i look forward to lonnie bunch. i look forward to the day where i can search through bid archives, participate in the programs, rest my tired feet in the cafe -- [laughter] and the inside the granite walls of the history whose time has finally come. we did not give up. we did not get lost in a sea of despair. we kept our faith. we kept our eyes on the prize. thank you. [applause]

>> thank you. inspiring. it gives me great pleasure to introduce to you another renowned supporter of the new museum. governor sam brownback served 14 years in the senate prior to becoming the governor of kansas. his commitment is based on his deep commitment to human rights. while in the senate, he called on the u.s. to condemn the genocide in sudan and introduce legislation to ban him and trafficking around the world. governor brown back sponsored the legislation in the senate to establish this museum.

please join me in welcoming governor sam brownback. [applause] >> what a great honor -- what a great honor to be here with you. this is a momentous occasion and i am proud to be a part of it. in kansas, we have a sense of history and destiny. we are one of the few states that was formed for a cause. our cause was to end the barbaric practice of slavery. john brown was one of our most famous residents. the president was also a resident of kansas, at one time. john brown's legacy is a mix of righteousness, violence, and

zealotry. his cause was the undoing of the enormous crime of slavery. before he was executed for treason, he spoke these haunting words. "i, john brown, and now certain that the crimes of this deal to land will never be seen -- will never be purged away but by blood. " a great deal of blood was shed. the nation had a long way to go before we could realize the goals laid forth in our founding documents. blatant bigotry, a casual disrespect, and an ever-present disregard to the dignity of african americans was the role and not the exception in our land. this even after legal segregation was ended. after dr. king marched on washington. after rosa parks refused to give up her seat. after those three shots rang out

in memphis and another american poet and profit was called home to be with the lord. the african-american people have experienced the worst of our shortcomings as a nation. the shortcomings of justice. compassion. humanity. this museum will allow the culture and the identity of the african-american people to be celebrated as one that chet these unconscionable circumstances, met unparalleled challenges, and rose to an unimaginable achievement. the groundbreaking of this museum could not be more timely. some good cynically see it as an attempt to gloss over the sins of the past or to pay back the injustices. it is neither of those things. it is a celebration of a uniquely american triumph of will. to consider this museum and

airing of grievances is to sell its georgia. it is -- sell it short. it is a celebration of the triumph of the african american people. [applause] this museum cannot be for caucasian grandchildren to see how awful the crimes of the password. or for the african-american children to see how their past was treated. this is to see that triumph of great americans. [applause] in 1957, dr. king wrote these words -- "the end is reconciliation. the end is redemption. the end is the creation of the beloved community.

we are one step closer to that vision today. god bless you all an thank you for being there. [applause] >> learning american history through listening to music could be considered a short cuts. that is unless the teacher is the star, thomas hampson. then, it is being transported. he is revered for his interpretation. he has long been an advocate of american songs. he graces this celebration with

works by two american composers. [applause] ♪

♪ morning angel, silence your way and raise your head from your hands. weeping angel, on your pinions trailing -- the white dove stands. weeping angel, -- ♪

♪ morning angel, silence your way and raise your head from your hands ♪ [applause] the gift to be simple.

tis the gift to be free. tis the gift to come down where you ought to be and when we find ourselves in a place just right, it will be in the valley of love and the like. we shouldn't reshape -- turn. ♪ tis the gift to be simple. tis the gift to be free. tis the gift to come down where

you ought to be. when we find ourselves in a place just right, it will be in the valley of love and delight. ♪ [applause] >> lady sentiment, returning to new -- to you, lonnie bunch. >> as i mentioned, this museum is because of a wonderful array

of supporters. i want to it knowledge our youngest donors. -- awknowledge or young as donors. when students learned of the museum, they started an effort entitled to make a change with change. last year, the students collected $600 inclines to present to the museum. -- in coins to present to the museum. [applause] today, they are here with their second gift. please welcome them. thank you. [applause]

[laughter] [applause] [laughter] [applause] >> as we say in my neighborhood, cash makes no enemies. let us be friends. [laughter] i am so moved by that. i want to thank them so much. it join me in thanking the montessori school. [laughter]

>> generosity comes in all sizes. no list of american composers is complete without the name edward kennedy ellington. duke ellington. he called his music, american music, not jazz. brethren jazz. he gave america memorable music for more than 50 years as a composer and a band leader and a pianist. there is one pianist that keeps the ellenton legacy alive. his name is jason moran. last summer he walked away with three major awards be -- best pianist, jazz album of the year, and artist of the year.

today he is performing the ellington classic, "i like the sunshine." please welcome jason moran. [applause] ♪

♪ ♪

♪

♪

♪ [applause]

>> that was jason moran. the smithsonian magazine recently dubbed him "keeper of the keys." after that rendition of "i like the sunrise," i think we all know why. [applause] thank you. every day millions experience the wonder of the smithsonian. children engage with timeless artwork in all of its museums. teachers spark the fascination of teenagers with science lessons. researchers navigate the badness of the ocean and explore the biodiversity of panama.

guiding is dr. wayne clough. he is overseeing a program which includes the construction of the smithsonian's 19th museum. we are breaking ground today. [applause] with a doctorate in civil engineering from the university of california, he was president of the georgia institute of technology in atlanta. as head of the smithsonian since 2008, he has put the smithsonian's attention into what he calls for a grand challenges. -- four grand challenges.

unlocking the mysteries of the universe, valuing world cultures, and understanding the american experience. it is with honor that i present to you, dr. wayne clough. [applause] >> thank you. thank you. thank you very much. thank you for that very kind introduction. wow. what a beautiful day. it is an honor to be here with president obama, mrs. obama, all of these distinguished guests and wonderful friends who are here. it is a remarkable day. at the smithsonian we strive to provide a way for america to see the world and indeed the world can see america. today that picture comes sharply into focus. the national museum of african- american history and culture ads

essential chapters to the american story. voices silence in the past will be heard here, and now, and in the future. we realize this dream thanks to the generosity of the administration, congress, and the american people. working together, we bring americans -- america's treasures to americans across the country, around the world, and best of all, it is all free. [applause] no inflation here. [applause] when this was started, there was a staff of exactly two. no concrete had yet been poured for this museum, but lonnie had created a strong foundation for

it because today he is more than 20,000 artifacts. in addition to education programs and a vibrant exhibitions, in 2015, visitors will witness the history when this new building opens its doors to america and the world. it will join our 18 other smithsonian museums which tell the stories of all of the people who made this country great. our existing museums and this secretary will support lonnie and this museum. allowing us to fully speak to african-american's contributions to art, history, culture, and science. many call this the edit -- the museum advisory council. and for helping bring all of this project to fruition. we are honored to welcome president mrs. obama. thank you for being with us. [applause]

thank you so much for encouraging many smithsonian initiatives. we are here thanks to the leadership of many. president and mrs. bush were essential. local officials made it happen. this was a bipartisan effort, echoing this museum's message of unity. what a magnificent location to view the powerful symbolism. it is a fitting home for this museum, invoking the thread of the american tapestry. even as we break ground on the national mall, i want to make sure the entire country watching our web cast and we reach way beyond the nation's capital. if you cannot come to us, we come to you via a new technology and our 170 locations around the

country and our traveling locations. so that the teachers and students were watching, imagine your school in a few years and what you might receive in terms of information from this museum. maybe a hologram of martin luther king might walk right of the steps of the lincoln memorial and into your classroom. but we do not have to wait for the future. we have the world in the palms of our hands today. that is where you'll find the missing bone in -- where you'll find the smithsonian. we add to the voices that inspire us to recall the past and eliminate the presence and ensure a better future for all. thank you very much. [applause] thank you. [applause] so please welcome a valued friend to this smithsonian, and one of the dedicated council

member, mrs. laura bush. [applause] >> thank you, all. thank you everybody. thank you very much. thank you so much. thank you. thank you very much. thank you for that introduction and good morning to everyone. good morning president and mrs. obama. director lonnie bunch and all of our distinguished guests and everyone who joined for this important location. it is especially fitting that we are dedicating this plot of land on our national mall for a museum that remembers, reveres, and celebrates the great struggles and even greater contributions that african- americans have made to our nation's history. just down the road from here, both the white house and the capital were built in part by

the labor of african american slaves. we do not know most of their names, but they left a lasting legacy in the bricks and stones and beautiful craftsmanship that now houses our democracy's most of vital institutions. hear, too, in this city is where a young congressman named abraham lincoln was horrified by the sight of a slave pens standing near the grounds of the capital. a year later president lincoln would sign the transforming emancipation of proclamation. here is where the great abolitionist, fredrick douglas, came to offer counsel to lincoln. it was welcomed by the president into the white house. here on this very mall is where the rev. martin luther king, jr., stood and cheered his dream

of a nation where we are all measured by the content of our character and where we join together at one table, the table of brotherhood. here in this city is also where president lyndon johnson fought for and signed the landmark civil rights act of 1964. today, african-americans helped lead our nation in all facets of life from government to the military to the law from business to the arts to medication. this museum will share those stories and pay tribute to the many lives known and unknown that have so immeasurably reached our nation. the fabric of american history and culture began as a bipartisan effort through

legislation sponsored by john lewis and max cleveland. my husband, president bush, was proud to sign it into law in 2003. and to envision the museum to be built on the mall where we honor artists, inventors, explorers, soldiers, and statesman. i am particularly proud of the museum's vision which is dedicated not simply to this building, but also to reaching out to communities around the nation. the museum has already begun traveling exhibitions and artifact preservation programs. it is a museum dedicated to welcoming all americans, whether or not they will be able to travel to washington, d.c. i am glad, too, that this building will stand next to the monument to our first president, george washington. a man who fought for liberty and

two came to recognize the evil of bondage, freeing his slaves in his will. side by side, these two spots are symbolic of our own national journey. for the stories that will be preserved within these walls, the stories of suffering and perseverance, of darien, of imagination, and of triumph are the stories of african americans. but there also stories that are for ever woven through the heart of the fabric of our nation. thank you all and god bless you all. [applause]

>> is my honor to introduce a friend, a scholar, a two-time this is, and morris apparently, a new chair of the smithsonian board and my boss, christopher douglas. [applause] >> mr. president, mrs. obama, honored guests, good morning. on behalf of the board, i would like to welcome all of you here to this incredible ceremony. i would like to also congratulate the council of american history and culture. the museum's dedicated staff and the founding director, lonnie bunch on achieving this historic milestone. [applause]

that we are breaking ground for the construction of the museum's permanent home is a testament of a shared vision and hard work. in 2003 they were honored when congress passed and bush signed legislation establishing the national museum of african- american history and culture within the smithsonian. since that time, the regents have made opening the museum our number one priority. the legislation also passed regents with want to be particularly relevant to our gathering today. we were asked to six -- to select the site for the new museum. over the course of two years, we listen to a passionate discourse on the museum through public town halls and on the internet. we consulted closely with the museum council and other stakeholders. we considered a number of

attractive alternatives, but in the end, our decision was easy. we recognize that the story of african-american culture and history is essential to the story of america. it is a story that we believe can be best told from america's front yard -- the national mall. here, at the foot of the national monument. next to the museum of american history, in view of the capital, and within blocks of the white house. sometimes location is indeed everything. this side underscores the smithsonian and the nation's commitment to telling the whole american story. as a scientist and educator, i was taken with some recent photographs of president obama hosting students at a science

fair at the white house. by opening the white house doors to outstanding young student scientists, the president sends an important and inspiring message to young americans. that science and learning are critical to the future of this nation and a top priority for us all. [applause] since 1846, the smithsonian has been opening its doors to scientists, artists, or those just seeking to learn more about themselves, the nation, and the world. we are grateful to the president and mrs. obama for their inspiring support of education, the smithsonian, and it's wonderful and important new museum. it is now my great honor and

privilege to welcome the president of the united states. [applause] >> thank you. [applause] thank you. thank you so much. [applause] thank you so much. [applause] thank you very much. [applause] good morning, everybody. i want to thank france for that introduction and for her leadership at the smithsonian. i want to thank everybody who helps make this day happen. i want to thank laura bush, secretary salazar, sam, my hero, congressman john lewis, wayne

clough, everyone who is made this possible. i am so proud of lonnie who came here from chicago, i want to point out. [applause] i remember having a conversation with him about this job when he was starting to embark on an extraordinary journey. i cannot be more proud of the work he has done. i promised to do my part by being briefed. as others have mentioned, this day has been a long time coming. the idea for a museum dedicated to african-americans was first put forth by black veterans of the civil war. years later the call was picked up by members of the civil- rights generation. by men and women who knew how to fight for what is right and prescribe for what is just. this is their day. this is your day.

it is an honor to be here to see the fruits of your labor. it is also fitting that this museum has found a home on the national mall. as has been mentioned, it was on this ground long ago that lives were once traded. where hundreds of thousands once marched for jobs for freedom. it was here that the pillars of our democracy were built often by black hands. it was a long piece -- it was along the spite of the monuments for those who gave birth to this nathan -- for this nation, those who worked to perfect it. the generation will sometimes remembered difficult, often inspiration, but always central roles that african-americans played for this country. this museum will celebrate that history.

our earliest days have been confined to dusty letters and faded pictures. the time will come when few people remember drinking from a colored water fountain. or boarding a segregated bus. or hearing in person dr. king's voice from the lincoln memorial. that is why what we built here will not be an achievement from our time, but will be a monument for all time. it will do more than simply keep those memories alive. just like the space museum challenges to set our sights higher or the national museum encourages us to look closer or the holocaust museum calls for us to fight persecution wherever we find it. this museum should inspire as well. to stand as proof that the most important things in life rarely come quickly or easily.

it should remind us that although we have yet to reach the mountaintop, we cannot stop climbing. that is why in moments like this i think about my daughter's. i think about my daughters and i think about your children. millions of visitors who will stand where we stand a long after where -- long after we are gone. i think about what i want them to experience. i think about what i want them to take away. when our children look at harriet tubman's shaw or the plane flown by a -- , i do not want them to be seen as figure somehow larger-than-life. i want them to see how ordinary americans can do extraordinary things. how men and women just like them had the courage and

determination to right a wrong and make it right. i want my daughters to see the shackles that bound us slaves on their voyage across the ocean and the sharp glass that flew from the 16th street baptist church and understand that in justice and evil exists in the world. but i also want them to hear and learn about the negro league and read the poems. i want them to appreciate this as not just a record of tragedy, but as a celebration of life. when future generations hear the songs of pain and progress and struggle and sacrifice, i hope it will not think of them as somehow separate from the larger american story. i want them to see it as a

central part of our shared story. a call to remember that each of us is made in god's image. that is the history we will preserve within these walls. the history of a people who, in the words of dr. king, it injected new meaning and dignity into the veins of civilization. may we remember their stories. may we live up to their example. thank you, god bless you, and god bless the united states of america. [applause]

>> at this time i would like to invite the groundbreakers to gather at the steps of the stage here. once you are ready with your instruments. [laughter] i wo to invite everyone to join me in the countdown.

5. 4. 3. 2. 1. break ground. [applause]

>> for the finale, it will be led by combined choirs. accompanied by the u.s. navy band. we also have -- we also ask our guests to come and join us.

let's welcome to the stage denise and thomas. [applause] ♪

♪ ♪ of a new day begun march on till victory is won ♪ ♪ stony the road we trod, bitter

the chastening rod felt in the days when hope unborn had died yet with a steady beat, have not our weary feet come to the place for which our father's signed ♪ ♪

♪

♪ lest our feet, stray from the places our god where me met thee lest our hearts, drunk with the wine of the world we forget thee shadowed beneath thy hand, may we forever stand true to our god, true to our

native land ♪ [applause] >> ladies and gentlemen. please stand as the president

and first lady depart. [applause] >> before i say goodbye, would you please join me in honoring the wonderful work done today by phylicia rashad. [applause]

well, there was supposed to be a voice of god, but you have to settle for me. [laughter] please enjoy yourself. we are having a reception and, again, let me thank you very much. this means a great deal to dismiss any that you came, that you care, and that you are a part of this. thank you all very much. [applause] [applause]

if the path between washington and richmond is a cow path, that is a wireless. that is the way to think about the difference. i am started to think about this

early. the birth idea was a how would we exploit -- a very important work, exploit. the first discovery because -- it is amazing how easy it is. the nsa has two missions. code breaking and code making. you think this is easy in a networked world. what about us. i started to worry about us as a country and how independent we are. we are truly dependent on visual aids. let me jump to a statement cut of the facts. we can talk about them if the panel are the audience wants to talk about them. there is no corporation in

america that can successfully defend itself. the most sophisticated have been penetrated to the point of capturing source code, business plans, innovation, or research and development. i remember going back to my experience at the nsa about how easy it was. in a wireless world, the right place, right frequency, right and cannot, right time. if you are in a wired world, it can be data in motion or it can be data in it -- at rest. you put it in a folder and lock it in a safe. it is hard to get to. the whole paradigm shifted pretty dramatically. i want to make a comment about the bills being debated on the hill. first of all, thanks to the

members and senators who read the courage to put this forward. it was time. it was over time in my view. i want to say thanks to the gentleman on my left and right because they did the heavy but thing. members can set the trend, but someone has to write it all out. when i look at bills, my view is it is necessary that both of them are insufficient. both necessary, but insufficient. there are two framing arguments are concerned -- privacy concerns -- we cannot allow the government to look at domestic networks because they go too far and intrude on personal privacy. it at should be captured in the legislation that eventually comes out that that is a violation of the law. on the other side of the coin is while we do not want to touch

the industry with regulations, i want to give you an example. i would submit that there were not adequate market forces in the cold war to produce the capabilities we need to prevail in the cold war. we did prevail. it was largely the contributions of the private sector because they could build faster, cheaper, and better. it had to be harnessed in a way. we had a national consensus. both parties were in agreement that we wanted to contain communism. we did that over 50 years. in my belief, we are facing something as significant, but there is no forcing function to cause us to do the things we need to do. there are unique things the government -- only the government can do and we need to harness that capability. i mentioned the nsa and

codebreaking. nsa can see the globe at network speed. if you see it, it has to be seen with machines. if you react to it, you have to do it from machines. if you see an attack or penetration or whatever it might be, you have to block it at network speed. the current drafts -- drafts, though they are important and all we need them, concerns about privacy and regulation are not allowing us to get to the point where we do the things in legislation to set the legislation framework to allow us to part is the best development that is needed from government and the private sector, the way we share the infoatnetwork speed.

there is information in both drafts. having been an observer and a participant on the government side and the private sector side, particularly focused on information sharing, i submit that unless it is required by law or is incentivized in a very significant way, you will not have information sharing. it will not happen. i know that through firsthand experience and my time in the military in the various agencies when i saw agencies with similar admissions that perceived themselves as being in competition. they absolutely refused to cooperate or share information. thanks for the time. i hope i did not go on too long. >> secretary chertoff. "i want to thank frank for moderating and setting the tone.

it is a very opportune time to talk about this issue. i am conditioned to agree with everything mike mcconnell said. i want to underscore the fact that progress is taking this up. people say things do not get done in washington. this is an area where there is an urgent need and things are getting done. it may not be the bill's being discussed, but they are a good starting point. let me cover three points? this is a serious. . there may be many watching on c- span. it is a serious problem. i would still tell you that you will find people who will say it

is overblown. it is not that big a problem. it is hard for me to understand that because i open a newspaper every day and see a story about a communications company which was reported to have had an advanced persistent threat, basically wholesale theft of biscuits basic information and data going to another company. that raises a very serious issue. i might think to myself at the outcome of what i read was a good outcome, but it raises questions. even at a less sophisticated level, the rise of hackers, such as anonymous, which penetrate and released proprietary information, is becoming an increasing problem. you really have to either have

your head in the sand to think this is not an ongoing economic and security issue, or you have to simply view those as not having serious concerns. we worry about whether we are losing jobs. at a minimum, we should insist on a fair fight, meaning we do not get our stuff stolen from us. the problem is very real. unlike other security problems we have dealt with, in the world of cyberspace, it is much more complicated. first of all, the battlefield is not at the border or the perimeter. the battlefield is here at home. it is in the private sector's phone network. most of the impact is felt not by government agencies, but by the private sector. unlike the traditional notion of

security where the government owns the holding -- owns the whole thing, you are at a bystander. in the area of cyber, the private sector is very much a combatant, very much in the middle of the problem. it is ultimately the private sector's corp. -- operation, its control systems that are the highest valued targets. another challenge -- basically, on like what we have seen in terrorist attacks where people die and things get destroyed, that is essentially the target. that is where the impact is felt. in the area of cyber, particularly with attacks rather than exploitation, the impact is global.

the idea that i can watch my own domain or my own little enterprise and can take care of myself really misses the fact that everybody's enterprise, whether government or private enterprise, is dependent on the acts and omissions of everybody else on the network. that makes it more complicated. less challenging a complication, the very nature of what the internet is -- cultural a station. the internet grew up with the assumption that those people participating in the network would be trusted people who had a commonality of interest. the fundamental architect -- architecture of the internet is openness. any data anywhere as long as you are connecting somewhere throat wire or wireless -- that is the

exact opposite of what we have accepted as the premise of security in prior centuries. you put them in the safest place. you put them in your desk drawer and someone has to get into your physically in order to see what you have and perhaps steal it or destroy it. that presumption of openness, which is a good thing, challenges how our security operates. let me talk about the bills for a couple of minutes. i have three of fundamental items of importance. any bill that has to prevent -- present a good start dealing with this problem i think the three core elements are these -- first, information sharing. second, liability and liability

incentives to drive information sharing. thirdly, it -- there does have to be some standard setting and a requirement for meeting those standards. let me tell you why i. these are three fundamental flaws. the way you learn about problems in cyberspace is by getting experience in what those problems are. if ever -- when everybody fights alone, everybody is at their weakest. you observed them, analyzed them, and disseminate the information. it is critical to avoiding replication. the more you see in the more you know, the better you are at defending yourself. if we are isolated in our response the to these threats, we are simply giving the adversary the ability to repeat the same technique over and over

again. information sharing is foundational. here i would agree that there are great incentives. many companies understand, but they concern -- they are concerned about loss of competitive advantage. they also are concerned they are creating liability. you have to use the rules of incentives. that drives up towards information sharing. there are some interesting approaches taken in the various bills about information exchanges. what is critical is information has to be confidential it has to be anatomized a certain degree. it has to be shared in a way that does not create a competitive disadvantage. there has to be liability protection for those who do share. for those who do not share,

there has to be some kind of liability disincentive. you have the information, what do you do to build structures of the defense? you are talking mostly about the private sector. the government is. to do what it is required by law and executive order. -- government is going to do what is required by law and executive order. the market can take care of itself. we need innovation. innovation and the market are important roles. -- the important roles. the market will fail to do an adequate job. if i own an enterprise and it is worth $1 million, i will not spend $10 million. if that enterprise fails and the collateral consequences are $1 billion in losses, then i have a

cost to failure that far exceeded the enterprise. as long as we have entered dependents and rely on critical s infrastructure and people getting to the business of critical infrastructure, we need to make sure, first of all, there are adequate incentives for them to invest appropriately. psychic that there is a level playing field for people who want to under -- second that there is a level playing field for those who want to under invest. we have to destruct 8 -- construct a system that incentivizes. that is why the approach dhs did with the chemical industry saying these are the general standards and general requirements. if you need them, have a nice life. if you do not, you get to raise

your game. flexibility, innovation, all different ways to skin a cat, but in the end, you do at to show that you have achieved results. you have to make sure we are not under investing. before i conclude, the irony is when i talk to people in business, -- in business, i often think they do not realize how much it is in their interest to have standards set. without standards being set, you will get standards, but they will not be as thoughtful. attorneys will go in front of juries and set standards. having spent a lot of years in the courtroom, business leaders will not like the way their

standards are set. i would argue that intelligent, standard-based regulation with ample room for innovation and credit for what you have done will serb business interests as much as it serves the national security. >> mr. secretary, thank you. you have put an awful lot on the table. i know the bills touched to one extent or another palace optically on these issues. i have been on the budget of the school of thought, mitigate, do not regulate. there are areas where markets will not be enough to ensure that we get to that point. i would be curious how some of these bills address these issues. maybe three taught -- 3-5

minutes on the substance of some of these bills, specifically looking at what is going in, what are the key components, what are the enablers to incentivize or this incentivize information sharing -- disincentivize information sharing. tommy, you have been driving a lot of this. give us an idea of where things stand right now and where you see things going. >> i would be happy to do that. i want to spend a little bit of time talking specifically about some areas where the market is inadequate and pick up on what secretary chertoff said. first, some brief background. senator reid has been working with 6, 7, or eight different committees to bring together a range of the proposals spending across a number of committee

jurisdictions on cyber safety. i like the goldilocks analogy. first of all, it is one of the supreme compliment you can give a legislator when happy people think it is too much and how big it is too little. that is a compromise. i think that is where we are moving there are really three polls we've tried to navigate. the security pole, the pole with regard to business concerns, and the pole of a civil liberties concerns. try to find the balance that takes into consideration all of these concerns has been released difficult. it has taken us out three years to do. we have work to pull in a number of different elements into the building, including critical infrastructure regulation,

performance standards, research and development, but also privacy protections and addressing all these issues which concern to the business community clearly in mind as we do so and try to calibrate each thing so that all three of those poles are in balance. as has been noted, the most controversial issue is the critical effort structure regulatory framework, which provides dhs the authority to, on a targeted basis, set performance standards on critical infrastructure that meets a certain threshold. that means a threshold in these control networks that are critical to national security either because their destruction will cause a huge loss of life, or a systemic economic disruption that will damage and

natural -- national security capabilities in the united states. the concept of letting the market drive security is really important. that is one of the ongoing conversations we have had with the business community. for a lot of people involved in the bill, where the market is able to drive security and innovation, that is what we want to see. i do not think anybody wants to get in the way of that, but there are areas within the critical infrastructure sectors we are looking at where the market is unable to drive security and animation. i want to pick up of what secretary chertoff said. there are a few reasons that are important to understand. when you are looking at private sector innovation towards security, when there is competition in place, there is a real turn toward security. when i go home and make a

decision about where to get my internet service, i do not have to use comcast. i can use any sort of different providers. when comcast provides extra security for my service and i know my service will be more reliable, i will go with them. i may go to verizon if they can show me their abilities over what their -- over their competitors. in places like the electricity sector, i do not have a choice. i by make electricity from pepco. they lack the competitive incentive to look at security. that is where the markets do not have the same sort of incentives are pushing security. that is the case of a lot of the

critical infrastructure we are looking at. the electricity sector, nuclear facilities, transportation sector and things like that. the second area that is important to understand is the range of different threats we face. you can chart them out and there are incidents or attacked that are high-probability and relatively low-consequence. there is sort of a range where the probability goes down and the risk goes up. at the far end of that chart where you have the low probability but high consequences attack, those are the ones that are important to our national security. it is a pretty low possibility that a sophisticated actor will enter into a nuclear facility's data system and cause a nuclear meltdown. it is certainly possible, but it is not a high-probability attack. if that happens, it will be a

major event for our national security. that is exactly the kind of issue we are concerned with here. because there is low probability, there is not much incentive to invest. the notion of putting in a huge amount of resources for events that are unlikely to happen does not make as much business sense. the market fails to incentivized board's security. there was an article yesterday talking about how the nsa is a warning that in a couple of years, anonymous will have the capability to take down significant portions of the power grid. frankly, i am surprised at this would take a couple of years. i would have assumed this was

something they were moving to more quickly. down towards the end of the article, it was talking about how the electricity sector has made some investments in cyber security, but has not put in some of the safeguards that would prevent someone taking down the power grid. there is not a match up between capability and intent. there are actors out there -- iran, north korea -- that have the intent but not the capability. there are actors out there who have the capability -- russia and china -- a people do not believe they have the intent. we can go back to the cold war metaphor. right now, i think russia has however many thousands of nuclear warheads pointed at the united states. it would be absolutely negligent for us as a government and as a defense architecture to not defend ourselves against the possibility of that threat. it is the same thing in cyber

were you not only have a lot of cyber weapons pointed at us, but i think most security experts would assess that there are already cyber tools -- trojan horses or back doors -- put into our network by our adversaries and they are just waiting for the switch to be plucked. it would be negligent for us not to address those threats. to do so, the government needs to be able to work with critical effort structure. that is what our bill tries to do. >> one thing i want to underscore before jumping into questions -- i am not sure people realize that your last statement -- flip the switch from computer network exploit to

the pact is one of intent. if you demonstrate the capability to exploit, if your intent is to attack -- i think that is worth underscoring. we have not seen at these attacks. what we have seen is the exploit capability back to the tune into an attack. quickly on some of the other components of the senate bill? >> first off, i would echo what tommy said. probably one of the most controversial elements of the bill we are trying to deal with is protection of critical infrastructure. there are a lot of things in the bill where there is broad agreement. information sharing is one of those. everyone agrees we need to address that. senator collins has been working

on that issue for years. we are very fortunate. senator collins and senator lieberman have the kind of working relationship where they have teamed up to work on this problem. they introduced a bill that congress that was reported by the homeland security committee. they -- just last week, they introduced a bill along with chairman rockefeller and chairman feinstein that we hope will be the basis for senate debate on this issue. if there are three things that are driving us on this, the first is to prioritize the greatest risk. that is why we are focusing on critical infrastructure. we are progressing not on critical infrastructure writ large, but those systems and assets within the critical infrastructure that, if damaged, could cause catastrophic harm. the second thing is to take full

advantage of existing structures and relationships. we are trying to take a bandage of existing regulatory regimes where they currently serve a purpose. we are trying to take advantage of best practices that currently exist in the private sector. we are trying to take advantage of the expertise where it resides. we are trying to leverage the expertise of the nsa rather than we creating it. we are trying to leverage the expertise of the private sector. it is only through a process of collaboration with the private sector that we identify the best practices that should be the standards are the most critical

infrastructure. those are the things we are trying to do through legislation. sometimes it is hard to get language perfect. perfect should not be the enemy of the good. there is consensus on the need to act. our hope is that action will address these areas of highest risk. >> nec did a great job of describing some of the points of our bill. secretary chertoff described the bill quite well when he talked about some of the flexibility in the chemical facility regulations. we are focusing on the most critical. the way we define it is a those that could reasonably lead to mass casualties if disrupted or damaged. catastrophic economic damage and a degradation of national security.

within that, we are progressing on those where the market forces need security. if you can demonstrate you are sufficiently secure -- there is a provision that would give the president authority to -- we want to give the owners and operators the flexibility to meet any performance requirements how they think is best. they know their systems best and we do not want to be in the process of telling them how to do that i will add quickly on information sharing -- there are obviously some other proposals out there and we think they are very serious efforts at trying to address the problems out there. the information sharing provisions in our bill take down some of the legal barriers that

hinder the sharing of cyber security threat information between the government and private-sector. we also try to incentivize that. we provide some liability protections narrowly focused on that sharing of cyber security threat indicators. that is one of those i will highlight laughed. the cyber security threat indicator which basically allows cyber entities and to share with each other. they are basically a kind of defined by two prongs. the cyber security threat indicator indicates an attribute of a malicious attack. that is kind of spelled out and the bill a little more. the second prong is efforts have to be taken to scrub at of viable and flow. i think what we are talking about is a narrow slice that

would really help companies and help the government know the risks that are out there and share information in real time to prevent them. with that, i would turn it over. >> tom, i understand that chairman rogers has a bill that has passed through committee, very heavily puppet on some of the issues we have addressed in terms of information sharing, providing the incentives, maybe some disincentives to not share information. can you give us a quick snapshot of the status? >> over on the house side, speaker john boehner at a task force to lay out a broad framework of policies for the house. each individual chairman is supposed to work within their jurisdiction to set that framework.

chairman of rogers asked us to take a look at what we can do to solve this problem. obviously, this will not be a complete solution to the problem, but we can make an important contribution. i leon we came -- early on we came across a model. the information they are gathering overseas, it is a very narrow, but it is scaled very well. we based our buildup on that structure. it allows the -- we also had a go at trying to knock down those barriers to information sharing. they found that evoked going out bound to companies is going pretty well. not a lot of information is going back.

there -- we talked to about 130 folks in the private sector and talked-about the issues. then we tried to knock all those barriers down in that process. what is great about the model is it is hard to see innovation when we are having problems. china is stealing our intellectual property every day. we talked about the historic transfer of wealth going on between the united states and china right now. they are stealing the research and development companies rely on to create jobs. the chinese are stealing that

wholesale. we need to do a better job of helping companies to defend themselves and get those attacks. the private-sector just need some help. they should get the benefit of that data. there is a pretty good consensus that this is a good model for going forward. there is some disagreement about how to get that done, but it is encouraging there is a similar thinking on both sides of the aisle about the problem. our bill is bipartisan. it is very narrow. 13 pages. we tried to do it in plain and bush agreed in it we got that done. -- plain english. i think we got that done.

>> processes still continue to stymie some of the sharing from top down -- the federal government to various entities. i hear the same. we got the defense industrial base votes in the audience will have some questions. mr. lungren has dropped its bill. it's out of subcommittee. >> essentially the bill that pom talked-about, the porn very task force, the committee took upon itself to draft a bill within

its jurisdiction. it was not meant to be comprehensive in any manner, but within the jurisdiction of our committee. it was essentially three big pieces. burt, the role and responsibility of the department of homeland security. i know the secretary is familiar with the lack of legislative a authorityt dhs -- o4 that dhs has. we wanted to codify the mission of dhs and make sure they have their role and responsibilities clear. the second piece touches upon the various aspects we have already heard, including the protection of critical and infrastructure. we take a bit of a different approach to it. of the throne very task force

found that while regulation is not our first choice, there is a role or the government in protecting the most critical. in trying to determine what was regulated, how it was regulated, and who did the regulating was the path we had to determine in the committee. what we tried to do was build upon the department's definition that was also used in the senate bill. a facilitator of critical after structure if damaged or misused would cost systemic problems in economic markets or really degrade our national security. but that is just one ticket that we have in order for this regulatory burden to come down. in our conversations, we have

heard quite a bit cut of it, yes, we open the paper, we see these problems, but what are the risks to me and my critical infrastructure? there are many companies out there that do not -- that are in constant contact with fbi or dhs. they know what is out there, but they cannot put their finger on it. we ought to write the government to inform dhs to engage the private sector and identify rest on a sector by sector basis. the government coming in with operational knowledge, the public -- private-sector with their knowledge of their own networks. they can come to the table and agree upon a set of identified risk for their sector. that is made available to everyone as a whole. those people who do not have constant contact with the fbi are put on the same playing

field as those who do and can address those in their networks. the second step is to take -- collect existing performance standards. we are not about going out and creating new ones, but identifying existing identifiable, recognizable performance standards, collecting them, and evaluating them against the rest. you it is an athlete have -- you recently have this performance standard mitigating this particular risk if implemented appropriately. the vast majority of the economy -- that is where this ends. the private sector can let the rest, the standards, and make their choices according to their business sense. this is on the assumption that even if you were not going out to cadet -- protect your clients

or partners, you need to protect your investment. there is that one element that we believe there is a government role. that is part those who are currently regulated -- the nuclear sector, the electric sector, the water treatment facilities, financial-services -- and those that fall under this "public-critical infrastructure." only if you are currently regulated and only if you fall within this public-critical infrastructure do you work with your regulator to review existing regulations to match up against the unidentified risk. if there is a gap between current emperor structure and identified wrist, you fill in

the particular gaps. this builds upon the expertise of current regulators and cuts down on any potential conflicting regulation by another organization. those are the first two pieces. the final piece of is trying to improve information sharing. in the course of our meetings on this legislation, i always try to ask folks if current information sharing and mechanisms are working as efficiently as possible. i have yet to find someone who says the status quo is acceptable. what we have tried to do is get rid of the legal barriers that inhibit information sharing, much like tom and the senate bill does, but we tried to band together to create an environment -- we need to work

together and pool information and expertise. we established a national information sharing organization that is a voluntary, third party, a not-for-profit organization that sets up an and afloat, sharing -- that sets up as an information sharing exchange facilitator. members can view the charter, understand what information is shared and not shared, who wrote it will be shared with, who it will not be shared with, and decide whether this brings value to their enterprise. we are hoping that not only the exchanging of information, having membership come to the table and say i just saw this on my network. i did not know what to do with that -- that technical assistance will be available. and modernization will be available. government participation is key to this, ringing in

intelligence. beyond just the information exchange, we anticipate they will also facilitate a common operating picture. bringing together a whole pot of information they would not ordinarily have. those sophisticated members can then monetize that and build it back to the various parts and services. we have done away with many of the legal barriers for information sharing, try to put in as many liability protections as possible. shelving it from state and local disclosures. making sure the idea is to share cyber security threat information for cyber security purposes. beyond that, if a member fails

to use the information appropriately, and there are provisions in the law that would make sure that that is taken care of. right of action against a malicious actor, that is what it is saying. we are trying to create a structure around information sharing. provide appropriate oversight. these are sensitive issues we are dealing with. putting a structure around at enables appropriate oversight. it also gives people a one-stop shop. they do not have to worry, do i need to go to the fbi on this? i can go to the national information sharing organization and get that expertise. our bill is not a silver bullet. it will not solve all problems, but we believe it does put a

framework together that solves some of our issues. >> thank you, kevin. as you can see, a number of areas are covered in the various bills. i will open it up to questions here and turn it to the audience. perth one in information sharing. i think it is fair to say that there are some differences between the house permanent select intelligence, homeland security, and maybe between homeland security government affairs, and house homeland. i want all of your quick spot. it is fair to say that the national security agency has the capacity, capability, and were recalled. the department of homeland security has the statute to be able to engage in this period is the current memorandum of and the standing sufficient or do we

really need to enable that activity? i would argue yes, but i would be curious what some of your thoughts are. what other impediments, if any, from making that a reality? secondly, a philosophical question -- it can no longer be government lead, private-sector follow. the private-sector owns the vast majority of the emperor structure. they are the energy of innovation. the backbone of creativity. is not all big industries. a small and medium-sized businesses propel us forward. what, if any thing, can induce changes in behavior vis-a-vis the insurance sector or anything that has celt initiated standards and best practices? finally, my last question, it is

more philosophical in nature. looking forward, is the 80% solution enough? i would argue we can not far wall our way out of this problem. i read the op-eds of the significance of chinese, russian capacity. we are not going to far wall our way out of the problem. if we get to the point where we have that solution and can tailor our efforts to more sophisticated actors based on practical techniques, do these bills get us to that point? i do not know. i would be curious what all of your thoughts are. ultimately, do we really need to demonstrate an offensive capacity? do we need to be the cyber --

need to do the cyber equivalent of nuclear test? now we a dodge it. it is by an official government reporting. -- we have to acknowledge it. it is an official government reporting. why do we not start with you, jeff? >> forgive me, but can you read the first question again? >> first question was specifically looking at nsa and dhs. >> i think senator lieberman is very committed to harnessing the expertise and capability at nsa. i think part of the bill, we think that dhs has been playing

the intermediary role for some time. it is probably best housed in dhs. leverage the capabilities of nsa through dhs. >> insurance, reinsurance? anything to induced that sector? >> i have not considered that myself. the network of cyber security exchange -- this may reach out to more sectors, but we basically want to move on basic -- on existing capability. we want to -- who are eligible to be cyber security exchanges. we incentivize sharing information with those, whether

federal or not federal. basically establishing those procedures to link this network of exchanges will facilitate the sharing of information. i think that is just an important. we wanted to make. >> finally, threat actors -- the higher end of the threat spectrum -- do you feel this legislation would impede some of their capabilities? >> i think from a defensive , yes. tha there are obviously persistent sides out there that are difficult to defend against. by skipping some standards, we can get to that point. i also think that on the economic side, the information sharing is key. >> on information sharing, it is

important to understand there is lots of types of information sharing. there is where you have a bunch of companies that engage in similar activities and face threats. they need to protect themselves as an industry. the really big fish in this is when and if you look at the company's and entities involved in running the networks, running the internet, the top 5-6 feel like 80% of the network traffic in the world passes through their pipes. if you are able to add that and develop that common operating picture, that is a game changer in terms of the threats of you are able to see all across the world and the way you are able to collaborate and share information on how to stop those threats.

the mou that allows them to collaborate is important brigid lot of -- is important. 2 hearken back to what admiral mccullough said, all of them are necessary. you need to be pushing information sharing at all sorts of different levels and with a number of different points of endicott -- entries so it is easier for the government to share information across the board. i believe the insurance question -- i will leave the insurance question to others. >> what about small and medium- sized businesses? we are talking about the owners and operators >> absolutely right. i think the legislation --

owners and operators. >> absolutely right. i think the information sharing bill is a huge part entities from small, medium, large. in some of the other bills you see pushing for research and development, pushing for workforce development, national cyber scholarship program, putting out performance standards more broadly, not just entities. also working on international standards -- all of these things are present within the legislation. >> one more thing, the car out for it. can you explain that very briefly in your bill? >> i do not want to take ownership of it or anything, but i sort of challenged the notion that this is it.

the philosophy with which they embarked on this process is working with critical and for structure should be an outcome based process. when you are talking about outcomes, you are talking about not saying you need to have this particular technology or configure this technology this way, it is rather unique to look at the entire ecology in your network, find the source of vulnerability, and addressed those from a system wide standpoint. if you are talking about electricity, you can put in the greatest technology to stand between the public safety internet and data system that operates the grid. you could put in firewalls and spent millions of dollars to make sure no one can benefit from the public internet, or you

can do all of that radio shack technology. both of those approaches lead you to an outcome that is more secure. the approach we have tried to put in place with this legislation allows for an entity to make the choices that work for them in order to get to that outcome. the provisions you talk about that say no, you cannot regulate the design and development of specific technology -- that has been the philosophical approach to this all along. as we have tried to explain that the loss of the two people, there was some concern there may be over reach within the implementing that policy optical approach. the bill writers decided it would be better to make it apparent to everyone that we were not just talking

philosophically. we work true to that approach and wanted to make sure it was implemented that way. >> admiral, i was fascinated by your eight-story building. christ, i just said something -- >> i just said something. there are various levels of internet service providers. the big ones are carriers. they see about 80% of the world's traffic. if you put that together, you have a tremendous capability. i think we have a 95% solution. we are building fences around embracing it. what do i mean by that? where in the world do we have the best understanding of what is out there? what might they do to infiltrate

or cause harm or whatever? it is the nsa. why do we not task nsa to establish a total and flow awareness center -- information awareness center? influences are what we create. lips sink ships. the world has changed. a internet service providers and all the players, put them in a facility. everybody sees everything. you have authorities to do things to in this nation. you have a parties to conduct law enforcement activities. -- all parties to conduct law enforcement activities. enforcement activities.