nuclear weapons, and this applies to all of the states in the middle east, and israel specifically, we will view it as direct -- requiring the kind of response we would make if we were attacked ourselves. i frankly think that's far more credible and more of an umbrella for everybody than the notion well, perhaps, if the iranians have the bombs, maybe they will threaten someone and maybe not. in the meantime, maybe the israelis who will do this -- we're clear on this, i think the kind of statistics you cited regarding american public opinion, regarding israel public opinion, regarding the majority of the jewish public opinion in america, would support such an -- and i think that is a better way of avoiding this the uncertainties involved in this.

we should have that conversation and the second thing that i worry about is i have no doubt that the arrangement that the doctor described would deter

iran with a nuclear weapon from attacking the united states or one of their neighbors with a nuclear weapon. i think it will have to be done by the united states. i think we have worked

capabilities, and i think it is not fair to put this on the israelis. one of the things i liked about president obama's speech was he said, iran is not just israel's problem, it is the international community problem as well. i think that is right. we do lead at the international community. >> i agree with it, it has to lead come up as to lead responsibly. the business about the international community sounds good, but if there is a war, there are no illusions about it, we will be alone. >> there is a very impressive history. it is not characterized by suicidal.

i have dealt with them. under very difficult circumstances. they are clever, devious, manipulated and they do not keep promises. but they are smart and concerned about self interest. that is not the behavior of a country that is suicidalthat is not the behavior of a country that is suicidal. to start a war are believe is suicide. good parts but is an interesting -- >> but as an interesting conversation. i want to talk about the palestinian conflict. it is back in a news. the egyptian military was panicking because out as the one thing they fear -- because that is the one thing they fear if there is so full of salt in, and there is no firewall. there has not been much of

violence. there is our own election that has distracted people. it has led to be an -- lead people to think about is not important in foreign policy. you have dealt with the middle east for decades. let's start with you, dr. brzezinski. how important is the israeli- palestinian question? >> it is very important. it is overshadowed right now by other issues like iran and egypt, so it is not at the top of ohio, but it is an enduring problem -- up the top of the pile, but it is an enduring problem that ultimately will be a mortal threat to israel,

because if that issue is not resolved in an equitable fashion, the chances of israel becoming an integral part of the middle east decline, and if the middle east is going to assert itself, if it becomes self contained and self- assertive, for israel is not very promising, so i think from a moral point of view this as an important time -- an important priority. i think the majority of israelis and palestinians are prepared for a settlement, but it will never happen without

american initiative. >> to you agree? >> no one has worked harder to try to come up with ideas to try to make it work. i think for the near-term negotiations are not on. there is too much talk about iran. it seems the prime minister netanyahu wants negotiations without an outcome, and their politics do not permit it, so what do we do? the thing that is so important is what the palestinians have done over the last few years, which is to build a society under occupation with security forces taking responsibility and for the government

responsibilities of a free state. there is economic progress on the west as saying. life is better. it is why the west bank has not turned to violence. i think it is important that be preserved, not just for the benefit of palestinians, but also to keep it quiet for israel, and i think what can be done -- israelis are talking to palestinians about how the process can continue, how a security is maintained so israelis can step back and quietly seek more territory for

palestinian security presence and allow greater palestinian economic and activity on the west bank. but as the kind of thing, as jesse jackson would have said, keep hope alive, allows the palestinians to observe the progress they have made and avoid violence. i think that is the most we can do, but it is important to do. >> we only have time for a couple of questions, so please come to the microphone if you have questions. i just want to mention, dr. brzezinski's new book, a brilliant new book -- he signed a couple of copies of side, and somebody will ask you about it, because in your description of distribution of power to asia

and your prescription for an american resurgence has stabilized international borders but will allow us to deal with common issues for humanitarian and -- for a humanity. new interesting ways to judge the expansion of the west -- you interestingly expand the west to include russia and turkey. it is something i hope somebody will ask about and get to address. >> the short answer is part of turkey is in europe. >> let's start with a question during your >> thank you for the excellent -- let's start with a question. >> thank you for the excellent conversation. i am curious about the growing rift between ahmadinejad and the supreme leader and everything that is an obstacle or opportunity to negotiations. >> i am looking at your

questionnaire, but perhaps the question that was not asked is to ask the american public if they believe negotiations will lead iran to its ambitions. >> i am pessimistic on the negotiations but think they need to be tried, but we have been at this for a while, and it goes to the question of ahmadinejad and the supreme leader. interestingly enough, we actually have an agreement negotiated with iran to expand -- to extend its agreement and ultimately disbanded it.

ahmadinejad as ran under the idea of the those people were traders, and he wins and restarts the nuclear program, and we have been trying to get to the agreement ever since with no avail. ongoing negotiations seem to be supported by the supreme leader, and every time they seem to make progress, ahmadinejad would make a public speech, and it would all fall apart. now appears ahmadinejad might think it is in his interest to negotiate a deal and the supreme leader may be the problem. the problem is the supreme leader is calling the shots, and he is increasingly support

of less by the old clerics and more by a new generation that are heavily in the forces that are in security services. that is not his base of support, and there really is a question of whether he is so in on this issue that he can give it up. i think the only way to test is to try to have negotiations, but i think we should not ease off on international pressure, because i think that is the only they have come to negotiations, and i think that is the only way you would get a deal acceptable to us if they thought survival was a state -- at stake, so i am pessimistic, but we will see.

>> please introduce yourself. >> good afternoon to the three of you. you talk about the issue of trust or lack thereof with iranians, and you remind me of the former secretary of defense robert mcnamera, and one way of making your position very effective to emphasize with the enemy, you are aware of the the u.s. toppled iranian democracy in the 50's. they support another dictator later on. you invaded iraq shortly after calling them part of the axis of the vote.

did you think empathy is a good thing, or do you think it is playing with fire? if you could wind into the dynamics of negotiated between at camp david. you feel that given the current updates -- debate, if you had a democratically electable leaders, you would still be able to conclude the peace between israel and palestinians? >> probably not, because probably of motions would have complicated the process, so it took leaders from both sides to strike a deal. you have a point. the fact is the experience of

the iranians in the '20s century we did a 20th-century in the west was not a pleasant -- the experience of the iranians and the 20th century was not that pleasant for them. we played a role but alienated a good portion of the politically active iranian public. this is not a case to justify it. i was engaged with an attempt your address the challenge, and my answer was to impose martial law when undertake broad reforms and concessions, but it was the other way around. but was not tried.

those who argued made the argument explicitly that he was the gondi of iran, is something that has not been brought up by five, so we are at a dilemma. good -- brought up by fact, so we are in a dilemma. >> you can understand their narratives. the question is where you go with that when they are still supporting terror and threatening the state of israel. you have got to try to understand that. our negotiators have got to try to understand it, but it cannot excuse behavior or allow you to give the past to behavior that

threaten our interests. but i am going to take the last two questions. the time is tight, and we are going to have to make do with that. >> i am a second year government and politics major, and i am hoping to get your opinion of how optimistic you are and how an israeli or american attack on iran would affect their rising up given the sense of nationalism in the country. >> mr. hadley suggested for the next one or three years there would be no movement on the palestinian-is really issue, and you suggested you could preserve the status -- palestinian-israeli issue, and you suggested you could preserve

the status. what could you do where a two- state solution is possible? the you believe -- you believe they are giving mr. netanyahu, a free pass? >> what ever you like to answer. take your pick. >> my concern about its slipping in time is that it is not a static arrangement. you can have political freedom on the west bank, and you can update the palestinian condition, but something else is happening, the construction of settlements triggered when the peace process started, there were 8000 israeli settlers on the west bank. that becomes increasingly

difficult to deal with, so long for there is no process in peace, the greater difficulty achieving it. >> two thoughts. prime minister netanyahu is focused on iran because he believes it is a threat to israel, and you can understand that. there is an issue with several minutes. the bush administration had a solution that did not get adopted by president obama's administration. there is another issue, and i am very supportive, but there is an issue of whether any palestinian leader can accept this agreement. there have been very good offers made to president abbas,

and both said no, so if you are an israeli, you are saying, is in the palestinian able to except an arrangement that is a compromise, or can they only accept something that is 120%. there is lack of trust on both sides, and there are reasons for that, and they are of burden on negotiations. in terms of iran, i am a freedom guy, but i think the iranians are a great people, and the idea that they are going to accept what the current regime offers when the region is calling for more freedom and democracy and people are taking responsibility for their own freedom, i think of some point

freedom is going to come to iran, but it is going to be hard. this regime is very dug in. we have the revolutionary guard. it is -- it will be very difficult. i worry it will be very bloody. i think one of the down sides of a conventional invasion of iran, is it will cause people to rally around the regime. people are nationalistic, and regrettably, i think in the short run, it would cause people to rally around the regime. at some point people would say this does not work out so well. i would hope so.

i remain optimistic, but the american people with the day comes. >> i want to announce another important conference to borrow sponsored by the gulf war institute here our campus. this is about the political role of the military in the middle east. that is tomorrow morning at 8:45. she promised you and in some back -- intellectual treat. i think we have had an intellectual treat from to extraordinary experts on american foreign policy. you have both honored us. thank you for coming. [applause]

[captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2012] >> in a few moments come at last night's speeches by republican presidential candidates you can bridge and rick santorum. -- newt gingrich and rick santorum. >> several live events to tell you about today. the senate foreign relations committee looks at the situation in sudan and south sudan. witnesses include actor george clooney. at 12:20 president obama and prime minister cameron will take questions at a joint news conference. later, the official visit to the

u.s. continues when the president host a state dinner at the white house. you can see that live at 6:15 p.m. eastern. >> see spam's 2012 local content vehicle takes our "book tv" programming on the road the first weekend of each month. -- cspan's 2012. >> mr. noll was a local mayor. n. he accumulated over 200,000 volumes. if we have a gem in the collection is one of the books rearmost proud of. it is in the original binding from 1699. it was once owned by a very famous scientist. he has written his name

"newton." >> american history tv look as civil war practices. >> pioneer medicine is a long stretch from what it is today. you consider the things we take for granted today when we go to the doctor, things like the area being as turn-free as possible or the doctor has washed his hands. we use the term loosely for doctors would retire talking early medicine. a lot of the doctors and our region were self-taught or had worked under someone else that was self-taught and were getting ready to retire. they would learn as they went. >> our tour continues from little rock, arkansas. >> newt gingrich came in second

to rick santorum. the former house speaker spoke in birmingham, alabama. this is about 20 minutes. ♪ >> thank you. thank you for the warm welcome. it is great to be here in birmingham. let me begin by saying how grateful we are to the people of alabama. we have truly enjoyed our time here and are humbled by year overwhelming support and prayers. we are engaged in this race because we believe america is at a crossroads and we care deeply

about the future of the country. in a few months, we will face the most important election of our lifetime. our only opponent is barack obama, and we are committed to removing him from the white house. [cheers and applause] over the last week, president obama and the white house seem to have gotten the message. they have stepped up the rhetoric against new gingrich and his plan to maximize energy production. it is clear americans are eager to develop our abundant energy resources. newt gingrich is the only candidate with the experience and knowledge necessary to rebuild the american that we love. [applause]

he has a successful national record of creating jobs, balancing the budget, and reforming our government. we need a leader with a bold solutions to create a better future for all americans. di believe that leader is my husband. please welcome the former speaker of the house and the next president of the united states, newt gingrich. [applause] >> let me thank all of you for your hard work and all the work you did. i particularly want to thank wagner who has been tireless in crisscrossing the state. delightful that they are with us tonight. we congratulate them on their 54th anniversary. i also want to thank michael who

from the very beginning help us put together a campaign here in alabama. obviously, we would like to come in first -- i would like to say i congratulate rick santorum and a great campaign. he has won a victory in both states. he has worked hard to achieve it. i know how much he and his entire family have put into the campaign. i congratulate him on a positive meeting and -- a positive evening and results. we are going to lead alabama and mississippi with a substantial number of delegates, increasing our total going towards tampa. we are very grateful to you. he made the outcome possible. with your help will taken a much bigger delegation to had yesterday. thank you for that. [cheers and applause] i emphasize going to tampa

because one of the things tonight approved his that he lead media's effort to convince the nation that mitt romney is inevitable just collapsed. [cheers and applause] the fact is in both states the conservative candidates got nearly 70% of the vote. if you are the front-runner and you keep coming in third, you are not much of a front-runner. [cheers and applause] frankly, i do not believe that a massachusetts moderate who created romney care as the forerunner of obamacare is going to be in a position to win any debates this fall. that is part of the reason i have insisted on staying in the race. we need somebody who can go toe to toe with barack obama and

debate him and when debates decisively. [cheers and applause] --debate him and win debates decisively. i will always remember campaigning in alabama because it was here in the last week that the issue of gasoline was crystallized. we have not always gotten our message across in terms of getting as many votes as we would like, we clearly were changing the national dialogue all week. the president has now made three speeches and press conference on energy, the white house press secretary has attacked me twice. we were told the secretary of anti energy, dr. chu, announced this afternoon that he actually was not for european level prices of gasoline. he had changed his mind.

[cheers and applause] i would say in the middle of a campaign in these two states, we are already impacting the national debate on a scale that all of mitt romney's at money has not achieved. we are doing it because ideas matter. [cheers and applause] adhere the reagan tradition of visionary conservatism is based on proverbs and the very deep believe that without vision the people perish. i believe we need a visionary leader who is prepared to talk about a dramatically better future with dramatically more jobs, dramatically more energy, and a much safer and stronger a america. that is the key to winning the fall.

not all of this patty maloney, but the really big choices. when i went -- not all of this petty bologna, but the real choices. he wrote an article and walked through step-by-step why it was possible. the fact is, it is very possible. [cheers and applause] than yesterday, steven moore reported these numbers are so amazing -- i think the fact of want to talk about substance is what makes the campaign different from other campaigns. is the reason we will go all the way to tampa to compete for the nomination. we need in a time of great problems greece solutions. substance requires actually knowing something. -- problems great solutions. substance requires a actually knowing something. virtually everything president

obama knows is wrong. ronald reagan used to say it is not what they do not know that is so frightening, it is what they know is wrong. we were told by the u.s. geological survey in the 1990's there was 150 million barrels of recoverable oil in north dakota. this was a period when liberals told us we are about to run out. we have no future. new drilling technology came along. we are now told that in fact as of this last week they believe there are 24 billion barrels of recoverable oil in north dakota alone. that made me feel like i had to change my speech. up until last week i had been saying there was 25 times as

much oil as they thought. it turns out the current estimate is there are 160 times -- 16,000% more oil in north dakota and then they thought there was a 1990's. some experts believe that number is off by a huge number. future technology will lead us to find about 500 billion barrels of oil. i am not try to fill you up with numbers but i am trying to give it. about a general direction. an american president who believes in science and technology would drive the price of gasoline below $2.50, would eliminate our dependence on the middle east, and we would never again out to a saudi king. [cheers and applause] -- bow to a saudi king. [cheers and applause]

so you have my promise. at a time i hooch's evening we have ended any news media talk about the inevitability of their hand-picked candidate. at a time we can forget about trying to nominate a massachusetts moderate and start talking about when the primaries are over. who would do the best job of representing america, governing and winning the election against barack obama. let me just disclose this observation about something senator wagner said earlier. i hope it is something you will take to heart. i am grateful in mississippi and alabama. i have had wonderful relationships and friendships. my daughters, we have all had a terrific time here.

jimmy has already got a commitment to go bass fishing. ray has indicated he thought he could give jimmy a fairly good afternoon of that. from his standpoint, this is already a successful evening. we have all been out campaigning and have had a wonderful response. we are grateful. what will become a challenge as we have three or four days of the news media and it will say, why does newt gingrich not quit? the recycle this every six weeks. the biggest challenge is, and getting money because we came in second. between santorum and myself, we will get over two-thirds of the delegates. the person who gives me hope and who makes me stay in this race and makes me committed to

carrying ideas all the way to tampa is samuel sanford. he is an unemployed person who decided after hearing my speech on c-span or on the internet that he really liked what i was trying to do on gasoline. we talk about the fact you can go to newt.org and get one gallon of newt gas. he went on line and he gave two dollars -- $2.50. he mitt romney has all of these millionaires that uses tax money people gave them. he has money. we will not compete with money. we have 175,000 donors -- over 95% of them have given less than $250. i called him, and it was a very

humbling call. i got him in the afternoon after he had gone home from his cancer treatment. he took out of his savings to 50 because he wants to be part of saving america. that to me was such a humbling conversation, the dedication that he had to america. his commitment to the people's campaign. his unwillingness to give up and let millionaires' row over him. that meant a lot to me. i won all of you to know that with your help, if he will go back and face but, if you twitter, if you use e-mail, we will continue -- if you facebook, if he twitter, it will be obvious when the campaign is over the front runner did not get there. thank you, good luck, god bless you.

♪ ♪when it comes crashing down, and it hurts inside, you've got to take a stand, it don't help to hide, well, you hurt my friends, and you hurt my pride, i gotta be a man. i can't let it slide. ♪ ♪ i am a real american. i am a real american. fight for what is right. fight for your life. i feel strong about right and wrong.

and i don't take trouble for every long.♪ ♪ i got something deep inside of me, and courage is the thing that keeps us free. i am a real american. fight for the rights of every man. i am a real american. fight for what's right. fight for your life! ♪ ♪ i am a real american. fight for the rights of every man. i am a real american. ♪

rick santorum one of the

primaries in alabama and mississippi last night. he spoke to supporters. this is 15 minutes. [applause] >> one more thing. he talks kind of funny. he things we talk funny. because of that, i decided he deserves to be an honorary cajun. [applause]

>> thank you. [applause] >> we did it. [cheers and applause] thank you very much. first and foremost as we continue this campaign and continue to work hard. i want to t why everybody. -- i want to thank everybody. i get this question all the time. the most common thing i hear from people -- i know i am not alone, people say "i am praying for you." [cheers and applause]

i just want to each -- i just want to thank you for that. that is what this race has been about. people said, you are being outspent. everybody is talking about all of the math and other things that this race is inevitable. for somebody who thinks the race is inevitable, he is spending a whole lot of money against me for being inevitable. [cheers and applause] this is a grass-roots campaign for president. who would have never thought in the age of media that we have in this country today that ordinary folks or crossing this country can defy the odds day in and day out.

i want to thank the people of kansas over the weekend. i said when i was in wichita -- i know i did really well because my wife spoke of that caucus. [cheers and applause] the first couple of times i got this from some reporters who were doing interviews with me and karen, it is funny. now it is becoming annoying. they keep telling me, you should speak glass and let karen speak more. you do better. -- you should speak less and let karen speak more. she has been an asset to the campaign. she has been an amazing gift to me and these children, john, daniel, sarah, marie, and patrick behind me. this team appear on the stage has just delivered time and time again. i just want to thank them again

publicly for all they are doing for us. [cheers and applause] my daughter elizabeth is in hawaii. tough duty, i know. we are counting on her to surprise them all out there with the results tonight. when you wake up in the morning, we will see how well my daughter did. thank you for the sacrifice. i always have to say, i know she is watching me at home, by 3 1/2 year old. glassy. i love you. -- bless you. i love you. this campaign is about ordinary people doing extraordinary things, sort of like america. sort of like america, going out there and exceeding expectations. going out there and defying the odds. we believe in something that is

bigger than ourselves. that is what america has always been about. it has not been about self. it has been about giving and trying to do something for somebody who needs help more than you do yourself. i looked around. the crowds that we had an alabama and mississippi. i just have to tell you, i was so encouraged. all the polls were showing us trailing. they kept coming out and saying, we believe the new. we are going to work hard and make the difference. i just want to say to the people of alabama, you need a great difference tonight. thank you very much for your support. [cheers and applause] i do nothing there was a single poll that had me anywhere close to winning mississippi. not one. yet, i knew when i was

traveling and around whether it was down to the gulf, the people that i men and the passion in their heart, they understood how important the races for themselves and their families and for the future of our country. i end my speech by talking about the declaration of independence and how we have to pledge to each other our lives, our fortune, and our sacred honor. every generation does. [cheers and applause] the people of this country, the people who are out there who are affected when gas prices go up, the quality of their life is affected when the government is irresponsible in their responsive to the needs of

average people. particularly when it comes to gas prices in this country, i am here in lafayette, louisiana tonight. [cheers and applause] i wanted to be here because of them. this is the heart of the oil and gas industry and the gulf coast. [cheers and applause] this administration almost put this town under with the delays in permitting that are getting worse and worse and worse and as a result, the ability for the men and women who drill these wells and service these wells to go out and earn an income and more importantly, for them to get the oil and gas into the shore so we can use it here in this country. we are seeing gas prices at what are projected to be historic highs.

yet this president almost put this entire region out of business because of the extreme environmental policies of the administration. we wanted to be here in lafayette to say to you people struggling from energy prices, we will but this town back to work to you can go back to work and have a higher quality of life. [cheers and applause] i finally just want to say to the people of mississippi, i can not thank you enough. i do not know whether the race is called or not, but i can tell you this. what the people down there did in spite of all of the odds and money being spent, all of the establishment -- all of the establishment being on the other side of this race, you

stood with a guy who comes from the grandson of a coal miner from pennsylvania, but you knew he shares your values and was going to go out and work for you to make sure that this country was free and safe and prosperous based on believe in free people and free markets and free economy and of course the integrity of the family and faith in our lives. [cheers and applause]

now, missouri is next. we did well in the primary. we hope to do even better in the caucuses this weekend. next week we will come back here and we expect a huge when. -- win. [cheers and applause] we will compete everywhere. we will compete everywhere. the time is now for conservatives to pull together. the time is now to make sure to make sure that we have the best chance to win this election and the best chance to win the

election is to nominate a conservative to go what against barack obama who can take him on on every issue. [cheers and applause] if louisiana, missouri, illinois, and, yes, puerto rico which we are heading to tonight -- we will spend two days campaigning in puerto rico. we want to make sure everybody knows we are campaigning everywhere there are delegates. we are going to win the nomination before the convention. [cheers and applause]

if you folks do your part and you help us like the folks in alabama and hopefully the folks in mississippi dead -- in mississippi did -- [cheers and applause] you do your job next week, we will nominate a conservative. if we nominate a conservative, we will defeat barack obama and send this country back on the right track. thank you, god bless. [cheers and applause]

>> c-span is road to the white house coverage continues this month with the republican caucus in three primaries. on saturday, but the misery caucuses will continue choosing delegates for the national convention. -- the missouri caucuses will

continue choosing delegates for the national convention. in the beginning of april, contests and the district of columbia, md., and wisconsin. to learn more about the candidates and issues, go on line to c-span.org/campaign 2012. >> british prime minister's davit cameron's but is it to the david cameron's visit to the united states continues. our coverage continues on c-span when president obama and prime minister cameron host a news conference. then later when they have at state dinner at the white house. you can see that live at 6:00 eastern. in a few momen,