live every day at 7:00 a.m. eastern and former house speaker newt gingrich is expected to announce that he is ending his presidential campaign and we will have that live for you at 3:00 p.m. eastern and we will open up our phone lines afterward to get your reaction. tonight we look at the state of black america at 9:00 p.m. on c- span. >> spend the weekend in oklahoma city with book-tv and american history tv. saturday, checked in on literary lights. life. sunday, oklahoma history and american history tv on c-span 3. tour the oklahoma city bombing

memorial plus a look into african-american life in the 1920's oklahoma and native american artifacts. once a month, they local content vehicle displaced cities across the country and this weekend is oklahoma city on c-span 2 and cspan 3. >> the head of planned parenthood wants politics kept out of women's health issues. that is the message that cecile richards brought to reasons to inform in new jersey at princeton university's woodrow wilson school of public and international affairs. the daughter of former texas governor ann richards, she spoke for about one hour and 20 minutes. [applause] >> i have to say i am honored to have the opportunity to introduce cecile richards. she has served as the head of planned parenthood since 2006. every year nearly 200 centers nationwide, this 95-year-old

organization provides family planning, reproductive, and sexual health care to nearly 3 million people. during her tenure, she has expanded the organization's advocacy for access for health care. she has led a nationwide campaign to preserve access to planned parenthood's preventive care through federal programs. she started the youth initiatives program that trains young people each year in leadership skills and health care advocacy. she is invested in private -- planned parenthood online, a web site that provides mobile access to health information and is visited by 33 million visitors every year. under her leadership, the number of planned parenthood supporters has doubled reaching a total of 6 million people. before joining planned parenthood, richards served as the deputy chief of staff for nancy pelosi.

in 2004 she founded and served as president of america votes, a coalition of 42 national grassroots organizations working to maximize registration, education, and voter participation. in 2011, richards was named to time's magazines annual list of 100 most influential people in the world. we are very privileged to have her here. she has been recognized as a national leader by the national council of jewish women, u.s. action, and the prize for creative citizenship. she is a 1980 graduate of brown university. she also serves in her spare time on the board of the ford foundation. politicsalk, keeping out of women's help is being presented as a criminal -- at a critical moment in a nationwide conversation about women's health.

the public outcry after the susan b. komen withdrawal and the reinstatement for breast cancer screening, the debate about contraception and religious organizations, whether they can be obligated to provide health insurance coverage, and even this week as the supreme court hearing on the affordable care act has brought start a attention to the question about what the appropriate role is for government and for non-profit organizations and for insurance companies in promoting women's health. for many of us who study or advocate on behalf of the issues or for those of us who care about the issues, questions about ensuring woman's access to health care are not new ones. researchers at the center for health and well-being and the office of public -- i am sorry. the public of opposition

research has focused on the importance of women's access to run the world. women die from pregnancy related causes each year. about 350,000. princeton scholars like dan cates had examined how access to health care and sub saharan africa impact's the rate. most of these deaths occur in developing countries, the united states has one of the highest maternal mortality rates among developed countries -- 1000 maternal deaths per year. among developed countries, the united states also has the highest incidence of low birth rate and the infant death, something that is not unrelated to maternal health. the steady policy approaches to improving the maternity care

system. my own research shows that extending public health insurance to poor women and children has improved infant health and reduced mortality. clearly, there is a long way to go given that half of pregnancies are unintended. clearly planned parenthood continues to fill a vital need. one of our newest affiliates has done research showing that political participation of facts access to health care and infant health in brazil. when i was preparing these remarks, i could not help thinking about the different parts of miss richards'career looking at political participation and also access to health. it may be that the link between politics and women's health is inevitable, miss richards will speak to that. please join me in giving her a

warm welcome. [applause] >> thank you so much. thank you. thank you for the really nice introduction. it is wonderful to be with you this that the day. it was great to be here all day and with a lot of interesting students at the woodrow wilson school. thank you to all the students and faculty who hosted events and got me around campus. thank you for having me here. i also want to acknowledge the interim ceo of planned parenthood -- anyway, welcome to all of you.

it is nice tv princeton. before i give my formal remarks, you do not know that much about me and i do not know that much about you, i will mention a couple of things. i was born in texas. i was born in waco, texas even. somebody had to be. [laughter] my folks both went to baylor university, which no is the baptist school. there were high school sweethearts and they both went on to baylor. my mother said everything they did was that much more fun because it was either against the royals or it was a sen. -- against the rules or a sin. the baptist convention disallowed six standing up at baylor because people might think you were trying to bet -- you were trying to dance which is forbidden.

[laughter] that is my family upbringing. but it was being at baylor which made them tough. our family was one where every issue and movement back into town the got involved in. i grew up in dallas in the heights of the civil-rights movement. they were involved in that and the woman's movement. our dinner table was not aware you 8 but where you focused on whatever issue they were involved in on the campaign. that is how me and my siblings were raised. we eventually moved to austin. my mother was a traditional housewife. it was the 1950's and 1960's after all. we moved to austin at the height of the anti-war movement. everything was going crazy. she was invited for the first time to run a campaign, which was unheard of for women in that time. it was for a woman who wanted to run for the state legislature.

the whole thing seemed a little bit craft. -- cracked. i thought, and what the heck. i would think -- i will get my hand at it. all of us kids got to be involved. we learned of the political skills you need for a lifetime like handing out bumper stipples -- stickers and yard signs. anyway, the end of the story is, it was a very competitive race but this gentleman one. many of you will remember, but sarah at the age of 26 argued the roe versus wade case before the supreme court. she has spent her entire life fighting for a woman's writes. i feel like my whole life as come full circle. the real moral of the story is my mom kind of got hooked on

politics and she would run for office herself. she did a series of times. she was elected to a variety of offices. it was one moment where the stars and mooned aligned and we elected the first and only completely pro-choice woman governor of texas, my mom, and richards. [applause] i just think about, we all stand on the soldier's -- shoulders of those who came before us. i want to give a special acknowledgment to mom and all the women years ago fought the battles so we would not have to fight them. yet here we are doing it all over again. please all of you who are actual scholars, do not like this said because it will not sound right. life is not one thing after another, it is the same damn thing over and over again.

now i will get into my serious remarks. since this is princeton university i prepared remarks about a topic i think is interesting. i want to acknowledge your fabulous -- what fabulous work she has done here at the woodrow wilson school and how lucky brown university is to steal her away. i mention that because my first experience with planned parenthood was with brown a as a student. i use birth control and college. it was rather unthinkable to go to the campus health center. planned parenthood was the only place i knew that really do everything about birth control. it is kind of funny because a lot of change since i walked to the help center in providence, rhode island years ago. a lot of things have not changed. that is how millions of women first get birth control is that planned parenthood. i am sorry. i have a bit of a cold.

every day hundreds of people, primarily young people come to the health centers and ask the same thing. i need to give birth control and i needed affordable. i do not have money to pay. where i am afraid i am pregnant, is there somebody i can talk to? i think i need testing for rick and aristide. -- for an std. planned parenthood was started 96 years ago. it was out of a concern that with men were unable to get information about birth control, and were unable to get any kind of birth control devices and were unable to plan their families. margaret was drawn to this work by seeing her own mother who had died at the age of 50 after having 11 children and seven miscarriages. her body literally wore out from so many pregnancies.

that is how margaret got into the work. the comstock law prevented any distribution about birth control information. you read about the early days in which women brought diaphragms over from europe in their suitcases and smuggled them through trains. it was not since 1936 that the laws were rolled back and there were not finally repealed to 1970. it was not until 1965 that the griswald supreme court decision actually finally legalized birth control for married couples in america. i am glad we are not facing the griswald decision with the supreme court, i have to be honest. from where margaret began 96 years ago fast forward to today where planned parenthood is, one in five women come to planned parenthood at some point in their lifetime for health care.

3 million patience come every single year. for so many women now, a family planting -- planning center like planned parenthood, that is the only doctor visit they will get all year. so many women put off their health care. they are also getting their breast cancer screening or cervical cancer screening or an s t e test. --some come for prenatal care as well. -- or an std test. over the last year we have seen an unrelenting attack on women and young people being able to go to planned parenthood for basic preventive care. we can talk about all the political battles that have been fought over the last year, but what i would like to focus on for a few minutes here in my remarks is that at this moment in which politics seems to be a increasingly used to limit access to fix education, for

basic for mission for young people and reproductive health care, i actually believed there was a huge opportunity on the horizon. that is through technology. and i think the technology is a way you go a lot -- beyond a lot of the political barriers put up to women for access to care. that is always our goal at planned parenthood. to reduce the barriers to get access to reproductive health care information and services. using technology in a new way is like the latest iteration. health care barriers in this country are difficult depending on who you are and where you are.

people face barriers because of their economics, their background, where they live, their race, their language, their geography. and the united states seeking our reproductive health care services as a whole other layer of barriers whether it is access to safe abortion services or birth control or as t d testing, the additional barriers are the social stigma and -- getting basic answers to health care needs and it limits too many people from getting the care they need. this is my dream to give you a glance of the future where i believe we can deliver information and education and health care and a digital and social age. it is critical that we do so. to level set this, i think it was alluded to already, five years ago when i came to planned parenthood, we started plannedparenthood.org.

this is a classic case of if you build it they will come. the minute we were able to get ourselves together and get organized and every new addition to the site generated more and more traffic. we were finally able to get it or you could type your zip code and find a health center anywhere in america. we became the fandango of reproductive health care in this country. [laughter] that we launched a which is so people could take a questionnaire about what kind of health care might work for them. a simple 12-step questionnaire and women fill that out and it helped them.

3 million patients came from -- through our health center doors last year for hands-on care, last month in february, more than 4 million people came to us on line in one month alone. for access to information that that might not be able to get anywhere else and last year we linked to mobile phones. this year, we estimate we will see 40 million people on line and a half of them will be through their cell phones. if it is not on yourself on, it does not exist in the world so it is transformative to provide access to information at planned parenthood through cell phones. over the last couple of years, i feel planned parenthood has been a living digital laboratory where we could track was on people's minds and what they need and particularly young

people and how they look for it. we have started piloting really innovative programs to reduce the barriers for young people in this country, the whole new generation coming in, to get access to care and try to eliminate some of the barriers we have. it is important we have to do this. a lot of you work in public health. despite all the things we have been able to do in this country, we are at the forefront of so many things, we invented the ipad which has revolutionized the world. we are one of the most backward countries when it comes to sexual and reproductive health care access. the numbers speak for themselves. we have the highest unintended pregnancy rate of any other western developed country. pregnancy in this country is inexcusably high. the vast majority of teenagers

have undesired pregnancies. we know that being a teenage mom is a huge contributor to poverty later in life. it is not only for the mom but for the children. generated more and more traffic. you could type your zip code and we could actually take a control could work for them birth control. care. through their sulfone. it does not exist. we have been a living in the people's minds and what they really innovative programs to whole new generation coming in some of the barriers we have. i know a lot of people worked in been able to do in this country, the i pad, which has themselves. developed country. the vast majority are unintended is a huge contributor to povertychildren under 18 have a 64% issues. of conversation about this isit has been focused on the rate d's among young people. children away. [laughter] they are not having half of the sextet is happening in the country, but they are getting half of the infections for std's. for bad health outcomes, it is disproportionately happening among young people of color and people who have fewer economic options.

thes and teen pregnancies, taking huge toll. what does it cost in taxes in this country? it is $11 billion to $12 billion every year. it is not just about health outcomes, it is a terrible drain on our nation's economy. the thing that is heartening is that we know how to keep young people from being that statistic. there things you can do together to make a difference. many young people deny get birth control information by the time the first time they have sex. generally, parents talk to children about sex. will we talk to teens, they say that their parents never talk about sex. so go back and talk to your child about it tonight. this is politically very challenging.

in utah last week, the governor vetoed any kind of information that would give information to kids. that was a major battle. in my home state of texas where we like to leave the country in things like teen pregnancy and unintended pregnancy and uninsured people, you name it [laughter] education. see how that is working for us. legislatures in other states are making it a lot harder for young people to have sex education. this is one of the most universally -- regardless of religion or anything else. we have to figure of ways to get sex education to young people without having to get it through the legislature, through

the school board control of the barriers that exist. that is where technology comes in here 13-29-year-olds spend 7.5 hours a day in front of the screen grid i do not know what else they're doing. [laughter] if that is my son, if that is what he is doing, everything else he is doing is sleeping. they're looking at the tv or texting could there is a lot of competition and that is where young people are paired for out of five teenagers have a cell phone could by the end of this year, half of them will have a smartphone. they have access to everything. 87% of teenagers sleep with their cell phones right next to their heads. we will soon discover what the medical issues are related to that. [laughter]

and then the average teen 3400 cents text per month. this is something they're living with every single moment of their lives. before, it was getting a car appeared now, it is getting a smartphone. it is bridging the digital divide either through a laptop or stationary computer. because african-american and latino teenagers are more likely to use their phones to access the internet than other teenagers. they live on line. they're not only going to defend websites. they are talking all the time and they're having social information and they're looking for sexual information. news flash.

[laughter] about half of young people use the internet to search for health-related information and it is information that is sensitive, that they may be embarrassed about talking to people about. some of it is drug use, sexual abuse, and depression. -- sexual health and depression this is why it is so important. they are looking for information that they may not want to talk to their parents about or their teachers about. so they go on places like yahoo! and get information. and just read this the other day. this was on answered.com. someone asked "can i use a plastic glove instead of a condom." about that. [laughter] but the website has this as the best dancer "one time, my brother used one -- the best

answer, "one time, my brother get pregnant." [laughter] it used to be that you got that information at a slumber party are on a school bus. now you get it online. the need and the demand to get in this place is critical. we need to be aggressively in the social online sphere. we're getting into these conversations. we know questions that have and frequently asked questions for young adults and we are developing stuff on tumblr and other teen sites where they are having this conversation already. the other biggest demand is parents who say i have no idea

how to deal with the explosion of information my kids are faced with and not able to have a real honest your heart to heart about sex education. this is one of the single biggest things that parents are talking about on blogs. the concrete areas -- i think these are encouraging and i think they can make a difference. the first is texting. the days of the 1-800 number is going away. it is replaced by text and jack. we have -- text and chat. we have a texting and chatting program to get a hold of a planned parenthood person 365 days. and we advertise through programs that children may watch. mtv said to was, you know, we

run these shows, but we do not know a lot about what to say to young people who are concerned about getting pregnant before they are ready to have a child. so we advertise and partner with media entities like that. our first year evaluation showed success. it was the immediacy of what people can get paid the conversations are incredible. we got a text from a young woman last week. again, it is not even like hi, my name is jimmy. "i am afraid i might be pregnant." so we had this conversation. she had unprotected sex the night before. if you do not want to be pregnant, you can take emergency contraception, the morning after pill. and there is a slight delay.

then she checked back a "i can?" and there are exclamation points. you could feel the relief through the text. suddenly -- she was in crisis, terrified she is pregnant, probably did not mean to have sex, not on birth control, and now a person on the other end of the text is telling her, you know what, your life may not be over. again, we could help her get unemployment with planned parenthood so she could get immediate contraceptive. now they can go through text and chat to get information immediately. and avoid an unintended pregnancy. and we're finding that a lot of things -- kids do not even want to say things out loud. how long did she wait before she could it meant that she might be pregnant?

they ask on text and chat the same things you have heard. we learned a lot from these programs. like, i heard you cannot get pregnant on the first time. can you get pregnant if you're still on birth control? can you get birth control without your parents knowing? that is a huge issue for young people. some are quick answers. some are more complicated. but the most exciting thing is we can get in at the moment of need where young people live in regardless of your situation. i think it is the single most promising real-time technology that takes away barriers. these are kids in texas and they have absolutely no one -- not to keep picking on taxes, but it is -- texas but it is the

biggest program of its kind in the united states. another way to rich people is telemedicine. this is something that has already been indicted but we are seeing application for reproductive health care. more than fit -- 50 medical centers already use it. there is the video conference and local care providers and get state-of-the-art testing and treatment. the va has been pioneering this forever. they try to helpveterans in rural areas do not have local clinics where they can video conference with a doctor. so we have been experimenting and have begun a pilot with this as well across the country. patients come into our health center and meet with a health assistant or a nurse and then with a doctor that they can join by videoconference in real time and interact about birth control and std testing. they can walkthrough do in the

blood sample or taking a swab and talking with the patient about what the results can be. and getting into networks where we can provide care. and making sure that we partner with others to do videoconferencing and telemedicine. i grew up and texas -- a group in texas, as i said. -- i grew up in texas, as i said. mind such a decatur was a coach. he -- my sex educator was a coach. he did the best job. -- he did not do the best job. he was not comfortable talking about women's reproductive organs. he did the best job he could but we can do better in this country. traditionally, sex education took place in school because that is where we can reach a lot

of young people. but what you know it is that come increasingly, there are too many places where they are banding sex education. sometimes all it takes is one parent and sex education goes away. even now, only 21 states really require sex education. of course, it is the states that do not require it that have the highest teen pregnancy rates and std rates. two weeks ago, there wasanother study in a long one of study shows that sex education actually help young people change their behavior. it helps them to delay the first time they have sex and it also helps ensure a greater likelihood that they will actually use protection when they actually become sexually active. we know it works but the problem

is we don't have enough classrooms. if i were to ask the number people that we see on line, basically, each month, it is equivalent to about 160,000 classrooms in america. just do the math. this year, there is 1.9 classrooms in the year. we are creating digital sex education based on kinds of behavior change. one of the key things, for those who study behavioral science, one of the ways to have teenagers delay being sexually active -- first, they have sex because everyone else is having sex. they want to be like everybody else. we're getting messages out that change that behavior. when you teach a young person that, on average, people start having sex at age 17, that is the single most important piece of information that will help

them delay the onset of sexual activity. the second important thing is that 80% of young men use a condom when they have sex. that complete increases condom use and that is how we can get to the other 20%. you may wonder how these help once worked. they absolutely work. mental health, smoking cessation, but only a few in reflective health care. -- reproductive health care. we are creating the largest intervention related to sexual reproductive health based on science and what we know that people like to do online, particularly young people. if your love my son, it is play videos and share things. -- if you are like my son, it is playing videos and sharing things. it is really important to use a condom or having a question

posed on yahoo! answered by someone who actually knows what they're talking about. that is really exciting. there is an opportunity here to use videos. we have already seen it, beyond the ones of cats playing the piano, which are great. but young people are looking for this information. the thing about planned parenthood is not having to create a demand. it is already there. we do not have to convince people of things like global warming could we do not have to convince people of poverty. young people are already interested in what we do. it looks different from when it started 90 years ago, but it is actually kind of the same thing. we are reaching more young people and providing information in real time.

the single biggest struggle is dealing with the politics of it all. it is the barrier of politics. every time we made two steps forward, there's another step backwards. partisan politics, rather than public health care policy, is what is driving health care policy in america. there are challenges by congress and other trying to create barriers to education. we see a tax on access to planning, to cancer screening, to pap smears.

i think it is important to remember that the u.s. house of her pretended as a year ago funding for planned parenthood had nothing to do with abortion. the attacks that were made in this congress was about eliminated all the preventive care that we have created. that was literally what was at stake and that is what the house voted to do. we are in the early fighting to get preventive care in this country.

it is an obvious point, but if you really wanted to reduce the need for abortion in this country, would you not come volunteer at a planned parenthood health center? we do more every single day to prevent unintended pregnancy and the need for abortion than all of these people with picket signs will do in a lifetime. last year, a lot of states passed laws that really target regulation of health care reproductive clinics. it makes it more difficult for clinics to stay open. we see a slew of new bills that strike at nothing more than humiliating women. texas has actually passed and implemented the required vaginal ultrasound bill so that women in the state of texas, regardless of what point they are in their pregnancy, they

have to have a vaginal ultrasound before they have any procedure. these are procedures that are not medically necessary mandated by lawmakers who are not physicians. this is politicized. i want to of the size -- i want to emphasize that they just voted down the birth control ban in arizona. in arizona, planned parenthood was started by peggy goldwater, barry goldwater's wife. planned parenthood is the ultimate. we have hundreds of thousands of

republican supporters. we are republicans, independents, democrats because we believe that women's health care --it does not come with a political label. we are using all the tools to expand information and health care access. we use them to advocate and i hope to organize against these efforts. last year, we have seen what young people around the globe can do in the face of censorship and what our supporters can do when planned parenthood is under attack. this is the other power of technology could it is the power to connect people, to tell our stories, to get our message out and to drive social change. in the last year, more than 1 million new people have joined planned parenthood as activists and more than half of them are young people. when the house voted, young people mobilized more than ever before.

that was just the beginning. the common foundation announced their severing their relationship with planned parenthood,more than 1.3 million tweet -- which is what you do on twitter -- [laughter] they occurred in less than three days and drove mainstream media and coverage. that change the story immediately. and the legislature was trying to pass the same bill as texas on the vaginal ultrasound, but women and young people mobilized and made a human chain around the capital. through facebook. they walked that back. texas gov. rick perry, when he ended the state family planning program in texas, thousands of people rallied in towns and big cities and did it through social media.

there are some in this country who wanted to inspect the 1950's. -- some folks want to take us back to the 1950'si take comfort in this fact. but96 years ago, margaret hanger that -- margaret sanger was arrested for distributing information about birth control, literally just pamphlets about birth control. but this coming year, more than 40 million people will have access to that information through our web site. so you have to say there is a little bit of progress. [laughter] sorry. a broker microphone. i hope that works. [laughter] it is not everything, but you have to take hope and opportunity for the future, right? -- in the opportunity for the future. otherwise, you just get too darned discourage. i think there is potential for everyone who believes that reproductive health care,

information, and services should be available to everyone. it can change people's lives. the technology itself will not change the world. but through all this, it can together could think to some much for being here today. [applause] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2012] i don't know who's that his. -- who's that is. >> that was terrific>> thank you so much. . time for some questions. i guess i can take the prerogative as the chair to ask my own questions while we're

waiting for some people to come down. i think it is fascinating that you have all of these different ways of reaching people now. if you could expand one thing, what would it be you would pick out of your initiative? >> it would absolutely be taxed and chat. i read all of the directions we have -- it would be text and chat. i read all the interactions' we have. one of thef funny, real blessings of this work isi get to meet people all over the country. almost every week, someone will come to me and say that planned parenthood changed my life. no one ever forgets having gone to planned parenthood.

is usually a time whereyou may be anxious. you may be embarrassed. you may be afraid of the questions you have to ask. and planned parenthood was there. this is what we see on line could some are so relieved that somebody is on the other end of the wire or whatever it is -- i don't know how it works. [laughter] that can be there in their moment of crisis and you can live truly here this relief over the phone, even if it is a tough situation. i think that is the single most important thing that we can be doing. >> ok. >> thank you for your top and -- for your talk the very important work you do. i have a question -- you touched briefly on this, the legislative backlash we are currently seeing with reproductive rights and so on. i wonder if planned parenthood has a long term vision plan of action in terms of rolling

things back. technology is extremely important for getting information out there. but my next thought is that there's all of this censorship that is happening. in some schools, you cannot access information or in public libraries. on monday and with the plan of action is in terms of rollback these laws. >> right. it did used to be you could go to public libraries, but now youthat is where people are moving to give you can literally get this information into the hands of people that has been his starkly difficult to get. i will put it back on you. my host is your generation. -- my hope is your generation. there are a lot of things that give me hope. i have been an organizer all my wife so despite all of the incoming information.

[laughter] i have seen this last year young people get organized and take on these issues in a way that i have never seen -- that i have not seen in decades. it is not just young women. it is young men. a greater population of the people coming to planned parenthood are young men. they're taking on these issues as well. these issues -- these are issues of human rights, not just one gender or another. i think it is exciting. i just want to know how many people can you bring. i'm old-fashioned organizer. who will stand up at the end of the day and make a difference? in the affordable care act yesterday, the supporters of the affordable care act out number the opponents in front of the supreme court 5-1. [applause]

and a lot of them were young people who got access to planned parenthood or women's health care issues over the last year. i just think there has never been a better opportunity and there has been -- and there has never been a greater need to stand up for your generation and demand the right to ask for health care information and the services that will help you live your life. so that is my charge to you, ok? are you up for it? [laughter] >> i have had the privilege of working in the texas affiliate. >> nice to see you. you have been amazing work there. >> i was privileged to work there. i wanted to ask your opinion on the new legislative trend, like bills introduced four months old, like by agra with -- like the prostate exams to get viagra.

and the things like that. do you think it is a successful tactic? >> i think it is great to call these bills for what that>> most of the bill's letter are. being passed limit women's access to health care. underlying them is a fundamental tenet that women are incapable of making responsible decisions without the legislature intervening in their personal lives. that is absolutely unacceptable. i love the thought that they will equal the playing field. if women are incapable of making their medical decisions, then men must be as well to try it on and see how it fits. i do think social media made a great role in this. there is an example that probably all of you saw. the hearings were held by issa

-- darrell issa on capitol hill appeared and here are five men who are about to explain that women do not need sexual health care. someone took a picture on their cell phone and put it on line and it would viral. through social media, people tell their stories and expose what has been a lot of hypocrisy it around the treatment of women and women's health care issues. now we have the need to do it and we need to be using it. i think it is absolutely transformative. thank you for what you do and for the work. texas is one of the most challenging places now. they're closing centers at the rio grande border. it is a sad day.

they ended the family planning support in that state. >> i just wanted to say thank you so much for what you do. it is a real honor to have you here. i am just learning about the leadership responsibilities you have held over the course of your career and you continue to hold. it is incredible. i was wondering if you have any tips for young people on how to manage your time if you want to -- [laughter] continue to lead in this capacity. >> i am sorry. >> how to maintain the energy to feed on these issues and fight for them even though there's such a struggle sometimes. -- lead on these issues. >> i have no idea on time management. once you have kids, it becomes even more complicated. the only thing i would say -- and some of us talked earlier in some of the of the class's -- i have been unbelievably

blessed in my life to do work that is meaningful to me and make a career of it. all of you young people who are starting out and thinking about public health were working in non-profits or whatever else, if you can find something that you are passionate about and you can do that for your job, i just cannot tell you how blessed your life will be. i can do this into the night. there's nothing more energizing to me then getting to do the work that i do that planned parenthood, to organize more people and young people and interact with them and learn from them. that is my only advice. you will never manage your time. but find something that you like spending time doing and you can do it. so good luck to you. [laughter]

>> thank you so much for coming in spending a couple of days with us. one of the wonderful things about the woodrow wilson school is that all the international students are here, in talking bill today and to students last year with their international classmates, most of them have been shocked at the political turn of events in the united states. i was wondering if planned parenthood is looking to international models at all or is there anything that other countries are doing or not doing in terms of politicizing these issues that planned parenthood is looking at to get ideas of other ways to move forward? >> first, let me join international students in saying that i am shocked at the political turn on these issues, particularly on issues of women's health. and i would also invite anyone

from any foreign country who has any suggestions on how to get out of the fix we are in. i am more than open to suggestion. there will be a point at which folks say enough is enough. and i hope we're getting to that point. in an interesting way, i think it happened in the komkan situation. -- in this susan g. komen situation. our fight was not with the susan g. komen foundation. we share the same goal which iswe want people to get early screenings and self detect breast cancer. it was first that we were out -- it was the folks that there trying to demonize planned were out parenthood. and trying to drive a wedge between us. that was a real problem. and weand the american people said saw that was too far. that is too much.

you cannot play politics with breast cancer screenings in america. and that got turned around. frankly, we have to speak up now and we have to talk about the fact that the issues we're dealing with our health care issues. the one who sees this as a social issues someone who has never used it, right? 98% of women who have used for control are catholic women. so this is a strange social phenomenon. my favorite statistic is that the average woman in america plans to have to 0.3 children, somewhere --2.3 children, somewhere around there. the average woman spent 30 years trying to avoid pregnant because she does not want to be.

that is a lot of birth control. that is not a social issue. that is a major public health issue in this country and we should do everything we can to help them. ok, off the soap box pierre >> thank you for coming and getting this talk and think for your work. one of the things that has shocked me the most about the recent presidential campaign coming even though it should be so much about the election, contraception kept blowing up. 99% of women use birth control, 98% of catholic women use birth control -- it doesn't even seem to be good politics. why is this issue continually floating up despite its political in viability -- inviability. >> ok you are really smart and i agree with you. [laughter] maybe you could talk to them.

i think a couple of things have happened. in the 2010 election when everything that realigned in this country, birth control, abortion, they were not mentioned at all. that was an election the people were concerned about the economic decline, about unemployment, about home floor -- home foreclosures. the new congress, did they start dealing with those issues? no the jobs bill? no. the first thing they did was and the national family planning program. it is not what the voters wanted. we have been on this roller coaster for about a year and it is not what the voters voted forin fact, i do not like to be. that competitive, but after this entire back and forth we did with congress over the funding planned parenthood, planned parenthood's approval rating went up. 69% of people in this country approved a plan parenthood and a 10% of people in this country

approval of congress. [laughter] [applause] i do not think it makes political sense. the concern that i've had has been a race to the bottom. they are trying to outdo them. then the birth control. there is a lot of republican supporters who are discouraged about the turn of events. this republican primary has been a fight for the minds of a small percentage of the public. this is an enormous --

government should not be small and a personal business. it is rewarding folks who are trying to hold this party hostage to an extreme agenda around women's health. i do not know what the end result will be. women will be the majority of voters in november. i believe -- i am grateful to the men in this room. women and young people will probably determine who the next president will be. it is in their hands whether the country moves forward on these issues or whether we move back to the days of mad men and nobody will be able to have

access to birth control. >> we have a question. argument against plan parrot is that they encourage irresponsible behavior -- against planned parenthood. it is a principled arguments and i don't know how true it is. i wonder if you think it is true. >> so there is a couple of parts. there are studies like for years that providing young people information about birth control. the more young people know about sex education and birth control and contraception, they know

about prevention, the less likely there to engage in sex before they are ready. they will at some time in their lifetime. you can teach kids at high school and teach them how to get birth control. the more likely they will use protection, to use birth control or a condom. part of your question is -- i did not have to talk about sex for young people to think about it. i'm not trying to be funny about it. sex is everywhere except when it comes to providing honest conversation and real information. i think of my own kids. they grew up watching "gossip

girl." sex is everywhere. somehow we do not want to teach sex education and provide good access to information. the cat found the bag. young people come to planned parenthood and a text us, often they want to know, "am i normal ?" "is it weird to be a virgin"?" our goal is to help young people delay having sex until they are ready. when did you become sexually active, they use protection and contraception.

that is our goal. good luck. thank you for the question. >> thank you for coming. >> you are the politeness students. really. [laughter] >> you are hilarious. this is a highlight of my wednesday. i wanted to bring the conversation back to young people and the high percentage of voters in the election. there are politicians and other people making decisions for women. do you have a message for these women? this has a lot to do with their personal concerns. you see them backing certain

politicians. is there something that should be done? access to information? what needs to happen? this is important not just for yourself. >> that is a great question. i will put on another hat. we do advocacy, endorse candidates and work in elections. women are watching -- an opportunity to pose things that candidates are saying that relates to women's health care access. it is hard to follow the ball. it is important that women and en know the candidates'

position. this is one thing we hope to be able to provide. it is true about women in general -- they are pretty skeptical of politicians. shocking. they discount a lot of the information they hear at election time, but they trust planned parenthood. they feel we are an honest broker. "here is what these candidates are saying on women's health care issues." i have seen it all. i have never seen an election like this. issues for access to birth control are in the presidential

election. it is kind of crazy. >> yeah. >> thank you again for coming. >> it always thank people as freshmen. that's nice. it is my honor to be here. >> you talk about the services that planned parenthood provide. the first thought for some people is still abortion. jon kyl said over 9% -- i don't think anybody checked that statistics. ?ow'd you change that >> the perfect opening to tell a couple of stories. i want to be clear.

it is important that abortion is legal and safe in this country and that women can get access to it. there are too many people around the world where women die, and they did in this country as well before abortion was legal. that is part of women's health care. more than 90% of our services are preventive care. we just have to do -- we have to continue to tell the story. part of it is true opportunities and part is by having our patient be the face of planned parenthood. there was an interesting moment -- sometimes our opponents give us a little bit of an opening.

senator kyl said that and got called on it. actually was not intended to be eight factual statement -- actually it was not intended to be a factual statements. this is what we do. i was on tv that night. another one was great. the fox newscasters said women don't need planned parenthood. they can go to walgreens. "no, my gosh, women, don't come to us," walgreens said.

steven colbert said code to walgreens -- said go to walgreens. look for the stirrups by the kitty litter. we have to do more of that. we have had thousands of patients tell their story, on facebook, in congress. one woman was a patient in a and was treated for cervical cancer. she went to congress three times and made a television ad. trying to put a face on who planned parenthood is. there was a book, "stories from

home." we got a story from each 50 states and ticket to the senate so they could understand that these were women from every theirthat or right thiwere wrig stories. >> hi. thank you for coming. i am struck that the name is planned parenthood's but we're only talking about one prospective parents. do you have any initiative to bring the man into the picture? talk about how they can inform their girlfriends or boyfriends? how to bring young men in so they can be better lawmakers. [laughter]

[applause] >> i knew you had an ulterior motive. i'm so glad you asked that. we didn't talk much about this. men of the fastest-growing population coming to planned parenthood. we do an enormous amount of education with young men or men who are already parents. we do some of this in new jersey, to help other young men teach them what they need to know. everything from negotiating skills to contraception to helping them to finish their goals and not become a parent before they are ready to take care of a family.

young men are growing part of this and a huge part of our organization. i was in oregon. 1/3 of the young activists are young men. they are amazingly committed and they, the issues from different walks of life -- and they come at the issues from different walks of life. some from a social justice point of view. i have given my pitch about how technology can change the future. there is a new generation. it is so exciting.

the most ethnically, sexual orientation, you name it. that, to me, who planned parenthood is. the gratitude for my mom and others who led the rfight to women's rights, we cannot let them down. these are basic human rights issues. i am glad to see so many men here tonight. le'tt's hear it for the men. [applause] here is one right now. >> h. i. thanks again for coming. everybody heard the comments by rush limbaugh calling a woman a prostitute.

the reasons why you need birth control to prevent cancer. what role do you think sex positivity should have in women's health? it is acceptable to say we need birth control to prevent cervical cancer? or we need birth control because women have the same right to have sex that men do? >> hear, hear. i completely agree. look, everybody is having sex. even members of congress are having sex. it is unbelievable we cannot be honest about these

conversations. i was in arizona two weeks ago. they will pass a bill -- a woman, married, two kids and you want to use birth control and the covered for your insurance plan -- you have to bring a doctor's permission slip to say you're using it for something other than preventing an unintended pregnancy, as if there are better reasons to use birth control. it is ridiculous. it is insane to me. the senate voted that down in arizona today. we are sexual beings. that is who we are.

it is incredible that this country cannot come to grips with that. it is oftentimes that the worst attackers seem to have their own issues with sex. yeah. importantt's really that we stand up for all people to have a sexually a fulfilling life and not to have children when they are not ready to have children. everybody using birth control. it is just crazy. sane. in >> this will be the last question. >> i will wrap it into whatever you asked me. >> thank you for your talk.

i have a hard time trying to understand the politics on women's health. i'm from canada. these state bills that are coming forward -- the strategy is that government does not have a place. health,ng women's government should not be intervening. what this means for the long term strategy by trying to make it a private issue instead of a public issue and bringing public funding into that. >> it is great to be here. what is at stake is, do we believe there should be a public health system in america? women's health is being used as

the lead dog in this conversation. the question is, does the legislature -- does a politician have the right for better information than a woman's medical doctor to make decisions about her health care? that's what this fight is about. whether we believe public health is a good it is a fundamental think we have to grapple with. i will pick on mitt romney for one minute. he brought it on himself. he said the other day we will get rid of planned parenthood. ok, what ever. them's fighting words to me. he said we cannot afford planned parenthood in this country.

if you cannot afford planned parent, you cannot afford on planned parenthood. that was much more a signal. we cannot afford to provide health care for people in this country anymore. the national family planning program that richard nixon signed into law, bipartisan support for decades. entiree going to end the national family planning program. that is a final question of women's health and whether you believe that public health has any value in the united states of america and that is what concerns me and i do think that will be at issue. i am -- it is such an

interesting time. for those who look at public health as a career, there's not been a more important time. public health is a good in this country. here fascinating we're poised on the supreme court decision on the affordable care act. i'm surprised we didn't talk about that. we have to get serious in this country to make sure people have access to health care. i am grateful for this opportunity to be with you. this was really fun. thank you a lot. [applause] thank you. thank you a lot. [captioning performed by national captioning institute]

[captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2012] >> a short while ago, president obama returned, landing on the south lawn back from afghanistan. on our facebook page, we have posted the question -- your thoughts on u.s.-afghanistan relations. the president will meet with a number of diplomats today at the white house.

president obama are arriving at the white house within the last half-hour. newt gingrich is is expected to announce the suspension of his campaign. we'll have that announcement live at 3:00 p.m. eastern and open up our phone lines afterwards for your reaction. tonight, a look at the state of black america from the urban league. that gets underway at 9:00 p.m. eastern here on c-span. >> i did not regard this as the biography of lyndon johnson. i want each book to examine a calling to political power in america. i'm saying this is a kind of political power. seeing what a president can do in a time of great crisis -- great crisis. how he gathers all around. what does he do to get legislation moving, to take command in washington? that's a way of examining power

in a time of crisis. i said, "i want to do this in full." i suppose it takes 300 pages in there. so i couldn't -- i just said, "let's examine this." >> robert caro on "the passage of power," voume four in "the years of lyndon johnson," his multi-volume biography of the 36th president, this sunday at 8:00 on c-span's "q&a." and look for our second hour of conversation with robert caro sunday, may 20. >> four for more world leaders sat down for a conversation about the challenges for global peace and prosperity. this was part of the world summit of nobel peace laureates. the first time this and know if that has been held in north america. chris jansing moderated this panel including jimmy carter, the cal gorbachev, f.w. de

lech walesa.avid lam this is just over an hour. >> good afternoon. hello. it is great to be here and obviously a great honor for all of us to be able to see four presidents, four nobel peace prize winners, four men a part of history. [applause] and while we are getting the audio portion of our program together, i know there were introductions to these four great men, so i will be brief. to my immediate right, jimmy carter, former president of the united states. [cheers and applause] he was awarded the nobel peace

prize in 2000 to four decades of his untiring efforts to find peaceful solutions to international conflict. president mikhail gorbachev of the soviet union, his policies of glasnost led to the downfall of communism and the breakup of the soviet union in 1991. he was awarded the nobel peace prize in 1990 for helping to end the cold war. "time" magazine named him man of the year and man of the decade. president mikhail gorbachev. [applause] f. w. de klerk is the former president of south africa, a one of the peace prize in 1993 along with nelson mandela with efforts to end apartheid and initiate the first fully democratic constitution for south africa. president de klerk. [applause]

and lech walesa was the president of poland, helping to lead the poles out of communism. the end of the cold war. there are the other members, including the pope and mikhail gorbachev. we are proud to have you together on our stage. [applause] is that a high five? [laughter] we are together with men who have changed the course of history, but they are here with

a message for all the young people an audience and who are watching, not just across america but in many places around the world, and that is you, too, have the tools to bring about change. it is very simple. there are many examples. but perhaps the most global one happened in 2010 when a series of protest by young people started that spread to egypt and libya and syria and yemen and became known as the arab spring. they are still riding the future -- rewriting the future of the arab world as a result of what the young people did there, and in the united states, the u.s. have led the occupy wall street movement, to bring about change in the conversation in a way that the news media is covering this very controversial -- consequential

election here in the united states, a change in the conversation in washington, and so we want to talk to them about things about changing the world and also advise for you about how to change the world. our topic is new challenges for peace. president carter, let me start with you. what do you think the biggest challenge is in the world today? >> i think the biggest challenge is the international community to go to war only as a last resort. it should also apply to the united nations and all of the regionals. like the african the union and others. i think now humankind in general are much more inclined to resort to armed conflict instead of negotiations and mediation and a commitment to peace, because all of the major religions say that peace should come first, watching the prince of peace, not war. if we all did that, we would not have any more wars, and i am

not saying that islam and judaism and others, humankind has got to say that war comes last, peace comes first. [cheers and applause] >> are there places in the world, president gorbachev, that give you pause right now? that you think are the greatest threat to peace? >> well, i feel that people are disturbed. people are concerned everywhere. and i think that once again, people are asking the question we asked 25 years ago. will there be a nuclear war? something happening in the

world. -- is there something fateful happening in the world? i have heard that again. i heard that years ago, and now i am hearing it again. and i fully agree with jimmy that we should not be worried. i remember in the politburo, they said it would take a couple of tanks. well, thousands of tanks cannot solve problems. the most important thing is people want change. and people see that often change is not happening. there are opportunities that have not been used, and again, it is a lack of political will, and more than ever before, i am

convinced that without democratization of politics, without political leaders listening, without them listening to civil society, i think we will never succeed. that means thatthe democratically minded people everywhere in the world should unite in should understand. of course, the production, industry, agriculture. that is important, but there is a more important thing. the people everywhere in all countries. everywhere in the world. unless we do that, unless we

have governments practically everywhere in the world take kind of a condescending attitude towards the people, we will never put an end to the kind of problems that we are facing. we have not yet ended those problems. and very often, the old tricks are being used in this new world. just for the benefit of a vested interest. we must unite. we must have solidarity. we must support each other. we must work resolutely to change the world for the better. and i think the awards and the nobel peace prize, awarded it for some contribution, for making some difference, so you,

too, must act. civil society must be more active than before. >> let me ask a little bit about that. i will start with >> the role of the people. and the role of government with some examples. last year, for example, president obama cited a directive to the civilians in libya deciding to allow military power there, and i think many have seen the video. the kony video. millions have now seen this video of the fanatical head of the resistance army, notorious for murdering civilians and kidnapping children. in october, the president dispatched about 100 troops to you gone back to hunt down joseph kony. -- to uganda.

and there are human rights activists. more needs to be downe in syria, to stop the killing there. where is the role of government in modern society? can you make any sort of broad statements about that? has it changed? >> i think governments and the opposite, bad government, lie at the root of improving the quality of life of people. for that reason, i have formed an organization called the global leadership organization. with draw together former -- we draw together former prime ministers, presidents, cabinet ministers, and we are all prepared, and we give our advice not-for-profit, and we give our advice sort of beneath the radar.

advice on how to identify what initiatives to take in order to end conflicts, in order to settle conflicts, in order to govern better, in order to get the economy going, in order to create a better economic climate for foreign investment and the like, so this is extremely important. -- so governance is extremely important. i do not think the united states as the only superpower right now should accept the role of policing the entire world. [applause] in all countries, there are governments. a president said there is a time for a big stick and a time for speaking softly. -- president roosevelt. too much big stick. is it not time for speaking

softly? [applause] of the south african experience, i can testify that we did not change because of oppression, -- because of the pressure, because of the many big sticks wielded. at times, that delayed reform, and president carter was right when he questioned the effectiveness of sanctions and the like, and is not such an effective instrument to bring about change. in the end, peace can only be achieved if you get people involved in that which stands in the way of peace to go to each other. i do not know of any peace

effort, a country torn apart by violence, but conflict, which has been achieved without former enemies sitting down, negotiating, and reaching an agreement which becomes part of an accord, so i am a great believer that the world now needs in addition to an act ive civil society needs a sort of private diplomacy to bring about the change of hearts and minds. if we analyze the root causes of those things which suppress people, which causes so much misery, i would identify some, but there are others. for one thing, we are failing to manage diversity.

with the globalization, all countries are becoming more diverse. an overwhelming majority of all the countries in the world have important minorities consisting of 10% or more of their population. are we managing diversity? how do we make important minorities feel -- and appreciated building block of the greater whole? instead of them feeling and actually being marginalized in the country where they have been born, where their children are being born, and where their grandchildren will be born. and the second root cause of all of the misery and all of the oppression lies in the fact that 2.5 billion of the 7 billion people on this earth live as an absolute misery.

are hungry. live beneath. bread line. so if we look at the bigger picture, i think we need to develop a vision, and world leaders should put their hands and their heads together to develop a vision of how we effectively manage diversity. secondly, how do we win the war against poverty? how do roof refuse that percentage of pepeople living beneath the bread line, giving them a better life, giving them hope, giving them opportunity. [applause] >> president's waalesa, you are someone -- president walesa, you are someone fought to give

people a living wage, to have them work their way out of poverty, and i certainly do not want to draw a direct comparison. when you look at the youth unemployment numbers in the united states and the difficulty even with a college degree now of getting employment, there is some understanding of what it means to fight to be able to support yourself. here is a classic picture. you have may be seen it in your history classes. some of you are old enough to have seen it while we were alive. the class emission of you -- the classic vision of you standing up with workers at the shipyard and bringing about the solidarity movement, which changed, again, the course of communism and certainly changed the course of history. tell me what you think the world today is a protests in society -- tell me what you think the world is -- role is to

day of protests in society. that can alleviate that. >> young people tell the truth. so therefore let us be truthful and implement the truth here, so here i am asking, the chinese nobel peace prize winner, askin yourself in your conscience and ask yourself how we should be a if when our laureate is in prison. what we have been doing, but

returning directly to your question, until the end of the 20th century, places were -- the world were divided, continent divided, and there was a great disproportion in the development and standard of living. in the united states, perhaps you cannot see it that clearly, but in europe, we can see it. we can see it perfectly well. now, we have advanced to the technology so much that it is no longer single states and countries. we have come to realize that we have to enlarge the structure is in which we organize ourselves, and during the lifetime of this generation, we need to quickly and large our organizations, or -- quickly in or nlarge our organizations,

otherwise it will continue increasing in the future. for me as a revolutionary, i believe there are three major questions that we need to answer, and the answers to these questions will determine which way we will lead our countries. the question is what should be the economic system in europe as a single state? and then for the globalized world. not the capitalism we have in place today. we improve it. unless we reform it, it will not survive this century. certainly, we will retain the free market economy. there is no question about that. we have to return private ownership.

but certainly not the kind of injustice that we have. -- that we have in play. on the internet, we can get together over a few hours, and humorous are no longer scared of their neighbors. because we are not willing to fight. the world seeks justice. just checking the weather cheat on them. -- just checking who ever cheats on them. and the development by improving economic systems to prevent the necessary waist and damage. -- waste and damage. this is a question we have no answer to. they tried to riot and get rid

of them by rioting in the streets. the second is democracy. we need responsibility on various levels. today, people do not consider this seriously. they emit some representatives, and the following day, they try to write it and get rid of them by rioting on the streets. democracy. we need responsibility on various levels, where technology should safeguard leaders, making sure they implement the platform, and a question that would really be the fundamental one, what should be the foundation that would allow stable european integrity and stable globalization? ourselves with different freedoms, and this is half of mankind's thinking. for the future of civilization.

the remaining half claims that nothing stable can be established. this will really miss the media. the stands the best of a chance for prosperity. it has to be safeguarded. but when we speak of values, there are so many different ones. followed by different religions. and what is worse, we do not have an entity or in individual that we can all share and values to serve as a foundation for any solution. if we manage to find that we will be, then, th able to begin the contraction that we are anticipating.

i see the challenges and opportunities for us all. [applause] >> i would like to make one positive piece on what president walesa just said, which is the prospect for prosperity, the prospects for the future of the young people out there, and i was looking at some old, if you do not mind me saying, television footage. 1978, the treaty, is that right? the start 2 treaty. and at the signing ceremony, but what struck me was your daughter amy. she would have been 12 years old, and she has a grandson about that age. two grandchildren. do you think these opportunities for peace and prosperity and maybe nuclear peace as we were talking about, but to president walesa's point,

are the prospects for peace and prosperity as good or better for your grandchildren as for amy, and how about moving that forward? >> i think the prospects of peace for my grandchildren are better than they were earlier, and amy has two sons right now. one is 12 years old, and one is just 18 months old. the 12-year-old goes to school. his only textbook is an ipad. he has no other text books, and he is able to communicate with children, for instance, in china. in china, i went to give one lecture, but he communicated with the school children in china about the common things we have to address for the future. i think by the time we go through another four or five years, maybe when the war in

afghanistan is over and iran, and the world sees that peace is possible, then i think there might be a turning of attention for more opportunities for children of all nations to communicate with each other and to learn about one another. >> and does not technology make it easier? we all watched the arab spring. we certainly saw the way the pictures were, for example, in tahrir square, in egypt, when we were able to be interconnected and were able to organize because of twitter, because of facebook, because of the internet. how has technology changed the prospects for peace and for the involvement of everyday citizens to make a better world >> wel? >> well, the carter center is deeply involved in egypt. i will be going down in a few more days, and i do not think

any one of those revolutionary -- would have been possible without the modern technology. the cell phone and that sort of thing. people in communities within libya and within tunisia and within egypt and so forth to gather together with a common purpose, and the point i made earlier about my grandchildren, in the future, we're gong to say not only are the children in china and japan and in south korea, maybe even north korea. the hamas and fatah and the israelis and the egyptians -- those children are going to be able to talk to each other and communicate with one another, so i think what has happened in egypt or tunisia is likely to happen in the future among children of different nations, and they have something in common, the benefit of peace and prosperity and environmental and

equality, i think that will be a major contribution to them wanting to get along better with each other instead of to go to war of the drop of a hat, so i think it is going to been i -- let's go for peace and not war because we understand each other better. >> you and i were talking about presidential candidates who were not going to be allowed to participate. having said that -- i know all of you have talked about your frustrations in not seeing the war come out of a what you have accomplished. we want to work for that perfect society.

is it harder to create peace or to sustain it? >> they are different challenges. and i think both are equally challenging. to effect change, it requires them to fully accept the need for fundamentals. it is the starting point, of how to bring about change, and this is what needs to happen. to leadership needs to except that we cannot just maintain the status quo. we need to change in order to improve the environment in order to bring a better life. -- a better life to our people.

it demands adhering to the -- it demands a different approach, it demands adhering to the cornerstones of the agreements of the constitution, which was negotiated. this was effective protection of private ownership, freedom of the press and freedom of association. all of those are under threat, because it is argued what was good 20 years ago maybe is no longer good today because of bad government. things are not as well as they should be. education has not improved. it has deteriorated.

so, what was needed was a effective governance, good management, and when that falls away, it can significantly damage what has been achieved. through the process of change. >> those their need to be a face to that change? it occurs to me there were faces to the camp david accords, again, these iconic images and we have had. we know mikhail gorbachev was the face of change and nelson mandela is so connected with the end of apartheid. and lech walesa with the solidarity movement. one of the criticisms of the occupied movement is they will

never affect the kind of change they could not, and the coasts -- because they reject being part of the structure, so by not having a face to represent that change, it is difficult for them to do it, and i am sure there are a lot of students in this audience who went to the occupier movements or were interested in them. do you think without a strong leader it can affect change? >> ladies and gentlemen, whenever we looked up the problem, and we have to the respective term. -- respective time and location. it is a different problem when

you have an outsider. a domestic argument. good let's look at it differently. each of you can drive almost anywhere all around the world. why can we do that? it is very much alike. now won the advancement as also does, it -- assaultive us, we have to a depth of things we can have that are the same kind, whereas with the different taxation system, a different social benefit systems. different health-care systems. the disproportions' are simply too big. but is why when we have this debate, vote, are we talking

about respective states problems? we are facing the challenge of greece. they have much better social benefits and poland, and poland is supposed to be helping greece. the discrepancies do not allow us to do that. a similar thing will occur when we come to terms with governments. we should really begin to think what should be the foundations and only then decide what we can afford three today, bearing in mind all of this is necessary when one country dominates the other. then we assisted those who were the fastest runners. we no longer race one another.

and we should assist those who live behind. whoever does not pay taxes is not to our advantage. they mark start a revolution by not paying taxes. everyone is essential. as we must find jobs for everyone. if we felt there will be revolution. the discrepancies are so great, we have of wide platform for integration. these are the challenges and the tragedies of today, but before we were not allowed to ask the

question because we had attacked when another. today, we realize it is to no one's benefit. these discrepancies do not allow us to implement the decision, however. we also thought leaders would have the vision to implement the new parent we can not invent a new vision. hopefully, we can find a structure that will lead us forward. to your specific question, of the singular leader, the answer is now. take who is the singular leader in libya. tunisia? the fact is he did not need a leader to take charge and say

let's all do this, and get us out of this. now, every student who believes in freedom or nt end of war, or peace, justice, or environmental quality, can speak with their voices combined, and a powerful weapon that can change the government, and bring a part -- -- -- bring about revolution. i think there is a good positive signal for people to say i do not have to wait on somebody to tell me what to do. [applause] >> i would like to pick up on that, because i think there is a sense the internet and social media has had an opportunity to bring us together, and president carter, you are known as a peanut farmer.

you went on to become a nuclear physicist as well as president of the united states and a nobel peace prize winner. he is one example. if you were in a school in chicago earlier today, president gorbachev was talking about where he grew up, and it was one of the most impoverished areas, and raised by peasants. can use the globex -- can you speak to youth about the opportunities that were out there, and to say, i came from plains, ga., or from a small town in poland. what can one person june? -- do? >> i think certainly we should

not speak about region we should speak about things we have achieved, and they are important. they must be continued, freedom of speech, freedom of protest. if there is a protest, it may go too far, of but we should definitely preserve the ability of the people, the right of people to peacefully protest, and that is a great responsibility on all of us on the current generation. what i would like to say is but i think the government in many countries understands the importance of youth in every country. we have recently had an election campaign, and there are

some youth organization sponsored by the government. one is called our people. what about the government? what about the rest of the young people? they are not ours? many people do not want that kind of divisiveness, that kind of split of young people into those who are good and those who are not. i think there is a great responsibility of the municipal level and also of the national level to have the right kind of attitude towards young people, confidence and respect.

i am sure young people should not the pactiv on the back, should not be controlled. good at is not a way -- that is not the way to work with youth. we will not succeed if young people are just supposed to do someone sitting -- someone's bidding. i think very often that results in irresponsibility, and distortion of the democratic process. that results in the way real problems are ignored, and that may result in extremist and

fascist organizations and radical nationalist organizations. we have recently discussed this problem of young people, and the leaders of some news organizations -- youth organizations have recently taken the path of some kind of extremism. i think it is only within the democratic city that young people can look forward, debate, shows solidarity. without the democratic framework, we could get something quite dangerous and

very harmful to reuter >> you bring up a good point about two sides of the corn. good one is what we saw with the arab spring, but there is also up a clear link between poverty and youth and terrorism. no longer the greatest threat being the soviet union, but the greatest threat in the early 20th-century was considered to be al qaeda, and i am wondering with the splintering of outside the, the you think terrorism is -- of al qaeda, d do think terrorism is less of a threat, particularly in the way discontent and poverty conceived extremism? >> i think it is a real threat, and i think we should start the

change in approach and ask why do young people learn in the hands of people like the late osama bin laden, who quiz their minds, who motivate them towards terrorism? why are they vulnerable to that sort of thing? i think it relates to issues like bad education, failed education systems, issues like unemployment, and no hope for a better life, because of bad economic situations. they have nothing to lose. there is an element of truth.

therefore, improving the living conditions of people here give where do the terrorists come from? they come from suppressed countries where people are surprised. and they come from countries where the masses do not have a good living conditions, and it is stimulated by a fanaticism, so i think terrorism remains of threat. i think if we want the youth to be activated in a more constructive way, and we need to also remember to heads are better than one. i am sitting next to to people

who made a tremendous difference, but they had organizational structures, and they were right to say, choose your cross, and a line with an organization. people believing in the same thing can do better if they develop new and action plan rather than each of them developing narrowness action plan and promoting it on their own -- developing their own action plan and promoting it on their own. and this becomes part of modern technology, which can exercise tremendous influence. i do not think we should glorify process for the sake of process. [applause]

>> i could see you wanted to get in on this conversation. >> we should start with a proper diagnosis and a treatment. there was a legacy handed down to us. we used to have people trained to fight against one another and arm them, and when they collapse and we loved those people without any money, and they began creating their own private wars, and we continue to have problems. people continue to adopt the same methods of struggle, though their motivation is different year ago -- is different. we need to globally identified

terrorists, and we will have a proper education, a proper institution, so i think with the diagnosis, they are appropriate. the treatment can be appropriate, too, but your question regarding young people and leadership, i know when we were young, and one needed to be more than the other. courage is not as needed anymore. we need to better organize ourselves to face the challenges and we have to meet.

then i had two strong arguments, one was my belief in god, and i see how far i have gotten, but if i was to become the leader today, i would need to adopt a slightly different approach. if i want to be a union leader, i would say in 20 or 30 years from now we would need to solve the conflicts and problems in an equal sided triangle. all the conflict should be solved once we sit down to debate in a three-sided triangle. the other side is business owners, and the other side is the level of the administration, depending on what level our original organization is.

we should meet in a triangle of like this with the first question being what to make of 20 computers. we will never reach an agreement if it were not on a computer, so once we decide, we have a second question asked, about the respective demands. we follow with a third questions. how many variations do you want? only the fourth question is out -- when should we meet again, and this is calculated, and the young people have answered within 20 or 30 years you will

help us solve conflicts and antagonism, and leaving a motion for our lives, and the same should be for political leaders. they should recall every single move of the politician, because i do not want a control of the politicians. i want this shift of records everything in the computer. this is something you have to introduce, because otherwise, the world will not be transparent. i believe this is something we

can reach. that is why i do encourage young people, and then we will test things. [applause] >> i have a handful of questions here from the audience, and i think they are fantastic. sam but it is out -- sam is out there. he wrote which very nice handwriting, do you believes faith and religion have any place in humanitarian efforts? if so, are they a help or a

hindrance? >> i believe they have a positive place to exert themselves in the future. when you look at christianity, whether it is protestantism where catholicism, you find the principles are the same, then it is peace.

>> it creates a extremism. it creates fundamentalism, and fundamentalist in any religion, and then the disagreement can deteriorated into feeling the other person is inferior, and that can go further, and saying that person's life is not significant and i can go to taking advantage of that person

because they are inferior when in my opinion and in the eyes of god, and i think when we look at all aspects of religion, so the common goal could lead to the same goals nobel prize leaders try to strive for and the individual human being can adopt. [applause]

>> there are so many things did have the potential to have an impact, but this comes from brandon. >> i think every country who that should have capacity is the product of developments. [laughter] [applause] we in this organization held in hiroshima a conference in pleading for a world without nuclear weapons. i think the basis of the old

agreement needs to be revisited. [applause] it is good that it failed. it is good we are talking again to iran, but a powerful delegation has started a dialogue. we must stop proliferation, and we must bring down the stores of weapons everybody has who is entitled to have it with international agreements, and the end result is no one can hold nuclear weapons. we should unite to achieve that. it can be done, maybe not in my

lifetime, but it can be done in the last time of young people -- in the lifetime of young people. [applause] >> no one claimed to this question, but it is a good one. how do you get people to care about in justices in the world? a trick question for one of the last questions. >> if i knew the right answer to that question, i could have a new nobel prize. [applause] you cannot come up with a sensible answer, but i think we all feel responsible, so let's

take care of injustice in case we are faced with one. for them to be proper for the world in which we are living and will continue to live, but i do not know if anybody really knows the answer. your request as anyone here have the answer? maybe not. i think we have time for one more question, but perhaps this speaks to many of the issues we have been talking about today. my teacher wants me to work on many different projects, but i do not feel safe in my neighborhood. how can i make my city safer? he wanted me to give that to

president corporate shobes. he wanted to weigh in. >> you have to have more faith. you have to have more faith in other humans, in destiny, and providence. >> the gross inequities within a community between the rich and poor seem to put tremendous pressure on the poor to commit crimes because they cannot support their family or because spain and lose self-respect. they do not feel they are part of society -- or because they lose self-respect. they do not feel they are part of society.

the first is to remove the inequity. the second thing is to make sure the police and officials try to understand the problems in the neighborhoods where a crime eggs this theory give we had a program in atlanta, and we found out of third of a glance of people -- a third of atlanta people were desperately in need. the police had good enough job so they can live in the ninth part, and the same with the welfare officers and school teachers. they did not live in the community where the poor people live, so i think that issues the biggest thing, to let the poor feel like they have an opportunity puree good -- an opportunity. >> i hope you feel as privilege as i do to listen to the

wisdom, and i am going to tweet about is because it is going to be on line, and we want people to have the opportunity to watch it. [applause] and perhaps they can be inspired, as i hope all of you have been, by these words of wisdom, and i hope it helps you think about how one person can make a difference and promote positive change, whether it is in your community, in your home, or throughout the world. and honor, of privilege. thank you. >> you did a great job.

[applause] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2012] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [applause]

>> former house speaker newt gingrich is expected to announce the suspension of his presidential campaign today, ending his bid for the nomination. we will have that nomination lot of it 3:00 p.m. eastern, and we will open up phone lines to get your reaction. later tonight, a look at the state of black america from the urban league at 9:00 p.m. eastern. with congress on a break, we are bringing new american history tv programs in prime time, taking a look at the battle of fort donaldson, the union victory, as well as the shiloh battlefield

on c-span 3. on c-span two, but focuses on booktv. >> between 1971 and 1973, president richard nixon secretly recorded nearly 4000 hours of phone calls and meetings. >> always agree on little things, and hold down the big things. do not give them the big one. >> every saturday this month, hear more of the nixon tapes, including discussions with future presidents, key advisers, and intelligence heads. this week, hear conversations with gerald ford, ronald reagan, and george w. bush. in washington, d.c., listen that 90.1 fm. >> secretary of state hillary clinton and treasury secretary timothy geithner are in china.

we talked about this trip this morning on "washington journal." is there china studies program director. secretary clinton and vice and are holding talks with china. what are they about? -- secretary clinton and secretary geithner are holding talks with china. what are they about? guest: economically, they are about trade relations. the mounting trade deficit the u.s. has. we need china to rebalance its economy as we are restructuring our economy. we will talk about how to proceed on a secured -- we will talk about how to proceed. on the security front, we talk about syria. number 3 always injects itself randomly into this yvette. -- event. host: do these topics stay the same when these talks are hosted? guest: the basket of issues

keeps a certain continuity. there is a basket of cultural and human rights. there is the security basket. what is in the best it keeps changing, or somewhat changing. here's the economic basket and that keeps evolving. for instance, i would say the exchange rate issue between the chinese dollar and the u.s. dollar has been very substantial. now, with some progress in revalue in the r&b -- rmb, it is a non-issue. the basket stays the same. what is in it or the emphasis given to different components changes over time. host: this year is different in the sense that we have a couple of different events happening at the same time these talks are about.

there are stories about the blind chinese dissidents and what is happening with him. what is the difference -- what is the latest and why does this matter in terms of what we are talking guest: : -- what we're talking about? guest: a lawyer was detained and a bruised and under house arrest in his home. -- abused and under house arrest in his home. he escaped. he ended up in the u.s. embassy, apparently seeking medical treatment. it was unclear whether he would seek asylum or he had expressed the desire to stay in his country under safer conditions and his local treatment. overnight, he got the medical treatment that he needed. he went to a beijing hospital under his own volition. he had always wanted to stay in china. he received assurance from the chinese government that he would be able to continue legal

studies. under safe conditions. he made the judgment that that was acceptable to him and apparently left the embassy under his own speed. if this had not been resolved before discussions, that would have been an additional issue that would have clouded the economic and security issues that both sides had initially planned on talking about. there is a whole nother set of issues that you could not write the script for. you have an ongoing transition to a new generation of leaders. and come right you have had, i will say, a purge of the major member -- and, you had had, i will say, a purge of the major leadership. this is revealed -- has revealed fisher lines in the chinese leadership between people that want to accelerate

reform and liberalization and those working in the propaganda apparatus. these two things me up because he became a world issue by virtue of his treatment from the public security apparatus. and so, it is my hope that this will weaken the more retrograde security part of the argument going on in china. the central government has had to promise the u.s. it will protect the chinese citizens against its own local police. needless to say, that is not an invasion governments would like to make. host: david lampton, our guest talking about the u.s. and china. if he went to asking questions about the nature of the talks,

call us on the lines. 202-737-0001 democrats. and 202-737-0002 republicans. 202-628-0205 independents. @cspanwj -- twitter. journal@cspan.org -- e-mail b. with the new leadership coming in place, does that telegraph any possible changes in the nature of the talks about to take place? guest: you are correct. the heir apparent visited the u.s. vice-president biden has been his counterpart in the u.s. government. they have talked both in china before the recent visit and during the recent visit here. actually coming in europe, as well. -- actually, in europe, as well. biden and the vice-president of china have been developing a relationship.

as a government, we have concluded that this is a person with experience in and policy proclivities' we can work with. have the luxury of deciding who it wishes to deal with in china but we have a sense that this is a person of wide exposure. he has been the party leader of the the most cosmopolitan coastal cities. he has experience with foreign trade and economic issues. he has some experience with the people's liberation army, which is present -- it is two predecessors did not. we hope we should assume civilian leadership. i think we have concluded we can work with him and we want to keep pushing forward the dialogue with a new generation. that is why these randomly

intervening events could pushes away from that and are not necessarily welcome. host: david lampton, from john hopkins. we're talking about u.s.-china relations. melinda, you were up with david lampton. caller: hello. i was just wondering, do you trust china's military? considering they are stealing our information from the internet and being given the planes shot down from iran? i mean, i do not trust them. i would not put it past them to attack us. guest: well, you raise a good question. that is the issue of what you might call mutual strategic mistrust in this relationship. certainly, the u.s., not only

the u.s. security apparatus but citizens certainly have legitimate concerns about china detective a. sometimes that is local authorities and sometimes national. sometimes it is freelance hackers in society at large. who china is is sometimes not entirely clear. but, we have some legitimate concerns. some of which, you have raised. of the whole array of security issues we face, it is not the job of militaries to trust each other. it is the job of militaries in both our country in china to prepare for and welcome the eventuality is. i think we're trust comes in is building trust between civilian leaders that presumably are able to control their military and that has not been easy. i think you raised one of the security concerns that is rising

on the american government. and in society. it is not just an assault by both government-affiliated entities and also citizens acting in some on clear relationship with the chinese government. there are government networks and also, attacking intellectual property in the economic area on american corporations and so forth. if you think that america's future is our innovative capacity, howard capacity to add value, new inventions, penetrating our intellectual property and stealing it is really a fundamental threat to american security in a very fundamental way. this is one of the growing areas

of concern and i think, a legitimate concern. i do want to say that china has a much bigger security concern than the u.s. that is when china's leaders get up in the morning, they are not principally thinking about the u.s. or the u.s. military. they have concerns but they are thinking about how to stay saddled with power in china. that is a very turbulent society. i think china's leaders are on balance to have they did, productive relationship with the u.s. i think there are several indications of that recently. certainly, the quick resolution of this embassy standoff on these talks is an indication that the chinese want a relationship, at least a

reproductive -- at least a productive relationship. the job of leaders is to enable security apparatus is to take into account the legitimate problems we face. not to lead the military security apparatus to ride over the relationship and keep in balance our economic interests, cultural interests, along with our security relations. the security relationship is very important. also, we have very important economic interests in this relationship. host: off of twitter -- guest: top on that list would be day in and day out, the korean situation. we have north korea continuing to test missiles.

usually, unsatisfactory. there is the possibility of another nuclear weapons detonations. we are worried about that. china is -- china goes up and down but is exasperated with its north korean friends. it wishes north korea would not keep presenting problems that china has to intervene in because it haswe think that lats latest missile test, the chinese have put pressure on the north koreans to tone down and keep things moderately stable for the next period of time. so, that is very important. the of the unfolding situation with respect to ron in the last few weeks. china has been somewhat more willing to support sanctions on the regime, so it has been

marginally more cooperative there. cutting back on oil purchases from iran, a major source of revenue for them. we're not sure if they're doing it because the price of oil is high and will start buying when the price drops. there is a lot we do not know about the chinese motivation. syria, of course, they have been reluctant, particularly after the experience with muammar gaddafi in india, they are lucky -- they're not looking to move with intervention. >> is that because the is an interest? >> -- guest: the chinese are very nervous, with the libyan situation, about the popular

uprising leading to western support for the incursion and regime change. the chinese are reluctant to endorse any process that legitimates the outside world intervening with domestic circumstances. host: jackson, florida, independent line. caller: this china still communist? -- is china still communist? guest: a good question. do you mean -- do they have eight communist party that is a control oriented party that has its fingers on all of the relevant policy but instead of a of course, china is a country ruled by a communist party. but if you mean by communist

that there is an affirmation and belief in the ideology of karl marx and friedrich engels, the idea that they are in opposition for -- in opposition to capitalists around the world, that capitalism needs to be destroyed, no, and probably has not been for 20 years. in all economic sense, china has been notable by the rapidity of its move toward capitalist economic organization, adopting comparative advantage, meaning that they should trade with the rest of the world, export when it is good at exporting, importing what it is not a good effort -- producing. i would say they are not communist and do not aspire to

be communist and is moving away from that kind of economic and social organization as rapidly as possible. what they are is 83 million people, an organization roughly the size of iran. a means by which you get your hands on the levers of control in society. it is a ruling organization, not a belief in ideological organization any longer. host: tony on twitter is asking how you would describe relations with china over the last four years. guest: i would say come up and down. i think that what is encouraging in u.s.-china relations from a historic view, we have had eight administrations, including richard nixon, who went to china in 1972.

basically, every administration has come in and wanted to just the relationship in some way that they thought their predecessor was deficient in, but as it is -- as they discovered the discrepancy, they moved back to a fairly continuous policy, so you have ronald reagan coming in unhappy with policy. bill clinton coming in not happy with george herbert walker bush. but what has always happened is they have seen the difficulties in dealing with china and have always moved back towards the center. this represents the kind of stable physicians that we talked about in the trade-off between economic, security, and human rights. every administration is looking for the appropriate balance that americans can except, that are in our interests, and that china

will work with. i think president obama has done a pretty good job dealing with china. frankly speaking, george w. bush did a pretty good job in the latter part of his second administration. often administrations have a rocky beginning. in the case of obama, he had a rocky beginning as much as his trip to china did not go how he would have wished early in his administration. we had a series of incidents along the way. the obama administration has been struggling to balance human-rights amongst these other interests. host: lancaster, pennsylvania, republican line. caller: good morning, sir. i was reading on the internet that not long ago, i was

surprised that the chinese war document is based on asymmetric war against the united states. they know they cannot win a guns and bombs war, so they will engage in and a financial control situation with us. if that is the truth, can you tell me why our political leaders would just voluntarily barrault trillions of dollars from people that displayed the kind of philosophy towards us? i will hang up, if you could try to validate or enlighten me on this. guest: i have always interested in the assertion that the chinese military is looking for asymmetric ways to find american weaknesses and overcome them. i think all military's do that.

the u.s. military is looking for vulnerability, potential adversaries to develop means to overcome that. i think that that is the nature of the military, chinese or not. the next question is -- what kinds of capabilities this china trying to develop? certainly, they're looking to trained many engineers, have lots of good math skills in its educational system, and have the comparative the advantage in this new computer cyber area. they have relatively good capabilities for china. china exploits its capabilities to acquire information to the internet, legal or illegal, and also to interfere with american communications and navigation in the event of war.

of course, you have actors in china not acting with government sanction at all. as all societies do. on the financial side, you said the fact that china is acquiring financial power, it has probably about $1.16 trillion in u.s. debt of various descriptions. that is worrisome. i think that the figure is $40 in borrowed money. americans borrowed from the japanese, south koreans, and chinese. but, of course, americans are the largest holder, so you have to keep in mind that americans hold most of the american debt. the chinese, also, because they

have so much debt, are in fact hostage in some sense to the united states, because if we have on sound fiscal policy, the value of the dollar will fall, there for the ball -- value of the assets goes down. china has loaned us so much money that they are in fact dependent on us running with sound economic policy. while we talk about all of the economic grievances we have with china, and they are certainly a legitimate, china has a fundamental bone to pick with the united states about whether we are running sound on this global historic value. they do not think we are being very good stewards of their assets. one of their concerns is when we're going to move our budget more towards balance, raise our savings rate, and reduce our

consumption. in fact, i do not think that the financial aspect you have referred to gives china very much leverage at all. it enters into a whole new set of worries that the chinese have about us and how good we will protect their assets. host: there is an article about a chinese human rights lawyer, medical care, and the assurances that he and his family can live a normal life. is that possible? guest: maybe not normal for china. as i would understand it, we will find out in -- find out more in the next hours and days. certainly he has expressed a desire to remain in china. that was a high priority. i also presume he did not want to leave his family and friends who provided a support network

for him. i would take it, until i learned otherwise, that he did this voluntarily. will he be able to lead a normal life? in this and the central government is undertaking for that affect. when he was headed to the hospital, where he went to the embassy, i understand that secretary clinton talked to him and was clear on what he wanted. she also made a statement about expectations for his treatment. as far as i can see, the administration has done all that it could. apparently he did not ask for asylum. he did not ask for it, you can hardly force it upon him. of course, in china you have this problem of local verses nationalist. can all the people important to

him be protected from the public security apparatus? i do not know. i think it would probably be difficult. host: we have to give back to phone calls, but what kind of support did he get in china? guest: certainly he got support getting out of detention, driven to beijing, the national capital, some considerable distance. he also apparently had some help, including american embassy personnel of some description, getting into the embassy. there was a chain of custody here that appeared along the way. i assure the one of the concerns he had, and concerns the u.s. government had, for what would happen to other people. that was an issue. we will see how this will go. we will see the expectations

that he will go to to go to university, to try to live a normal life. the chinese government has gone to the undertaking that his family can be with them. he will have a normal life, whatever that means. host: florida, democratic line. are you there? go ahead, please. caller: yes, i would like to know if you would not agree with the fact that china seems to be more open to change than the russians were. guest: i think that that is definitely, definitely true. i will do a couple of examples. -- i will give you a couple of examples. if you think about the cold war and you think about how many students and scholars went to the soviet union from america, and how many soviet scholars

came to the united states in the same time. , -- time. needless to say in the entire 70 + years of the soviet union, not many made the exchange. very early in 1978 we agreed to an almost unlimited exchange of students and scholars from china. they have opened themselves up intellectually to the outside world. intellectually, it is not even close, how open china has been intellectually, compared to the soviet union. one of the first things he did

in 1978, 1979, was open up china to foreign investment. he believed the first thing he had to do was open the economy with foreign capital, technology, and management. meeting with robert mcnamara in 1980, he said that they needed help. they wanted world bank money and experts to help them. the hallmark of chinese policy is the shot -- policy of reform and openness. you did not hear that until glass nose in the 1980's. that was not effective, certainly not compared to china. many of the problems that we have with china are really a result of the changes and success of the past. when china was closed off, we when china was closed off, we did not have