kind of intestinal disease and he was a very tough man. he had survived winters in michigan and minnesota. he had survived the deserts of mexico. he was rough and ready. the one thing he could not survive was mid-19th century medicine, and so, when he got sick, he was bled, and they did all sorts of other things including giving him mercury, which would have killed him if he had gotten enough. he may have died from an intestinal virus. he may have died because the doctors killed him. what we do know is that he died very suddenly. great shock of the nation. perhaps taylor was the last president who could have managed to somehow change the civil conflict.

because he was a southern slave holder who -- he did not believe in spreading slavery to the west. he thought all the territories taken from mexico ought to be free. he was a man who was willing to stare down and if necessary, lead an army to suppress southern, at the nationals, the - anti-nationals, the suggestion of secession. at one point, but texans were planning to march into santa fay, and taylor sends troops. one can imagine that if they did this again, he would have said i would that be happy to personally lead the army to austin and personally hang the governor of texas. way jackson said he would personally hang the governor, which in part and the nullification process in the 1830's. >> a couple of quick questions. i read that mrs. taylor was a

devout episcopalian and she promised got to give up the -- romised god to give up the pleasures of society if her husband returned safely from work. >> i have read that as well. in several different publications. i don't think she realized that when her husband came back from the war, she was going to end up being first lady. so hard to say, but -- >> bethany johnson went todid she play any instruments that we know of, and how old was she when she died? >> she was born in 1788, so that makes her about 65. when she dies. >> she died by many accounts from a broken heart. she was show -- so shocked.

she was convinced that zachary taylor was poisoned. >> that is right. >> that was a story that stayed with that retailer for many years. in our lifetime, zachary taylor's body was exhumed. determine he was not poisoned. >> to determine the cherries and the milk. >> no poison. >> when fillmore becomes president, he gets letters from people saying that taylor was poisoned. --ricans or all conspiracy americans love conspiracy theorists. >> we are probably not alone in that. let's listen to sean in columbus, ohio. you are on the air. >> i was wondering if it is true that when margaret taylor prayed for her husband's defeat for the presidency, she was that much against it. when she an invalid in the white house because of difficulties of having so many children? >> i don't know that she actually prayed for his defeat.

she was not very happy with his victory. >> many of these stories are written well after the fact. as a historian, we have to question where is the source of these stories? if you hear the stories told in five different stories and it turns out it is the same story told over and over again. we don't know if it is true. there's a story that apparently he was on the steamboat when the movement was to make him the nominee and somebody asked him who he was going to vote for. taylor said i am not sure, and the man said i am voting for taylor. and why will you not vote for taylor? he does not know he is talking to tyler. he said i would not vote for taylor because i personally know his wife does not want him to run for president. taylor was very unassuming and often did not appear to be who he is. there is a true story that when he was in mexico, he was

sitting in front of a tent, not with his general's stars on, and a young officer came up to him and said, will you shine my boots? thinking he was just an enlisted man. the next day the officer came to him as commanding general. >> this is the second time in history a president dies in office. there is a vice presidential succession. did we do a better job with it the second time around? it was not a constitutional crisis the first term. >> quite frankly, they never fixed it until after the kennedy assassination. with the 27th amendment. >> when harrison dies, the question is, does john tyler become president or does he remain vice presidents and acting president? that is something the constitution does not addressed. john quincy adams, who hated

john tyler, used to refer to him as his accidentcy, rather than his excellency. by the time fillmore becomes president, there's no question the vice-president will be inaugurated and sworn in. he is now the president of the united states. fillmore and graciously asked margaret taylor to stay on in the white house as long as she wishes. she moved out two days later. she had had enough. >> you told us earlier about the new york and baton rouge access. we will learn more about that from video. here is a bit of the millard fillmore home that you will see now on the videotape. [video clip] >> we are in the home little home that belonged to mildred and abigail fillmore. they did meet when they were both teachers. they both had this desire and love of reading.

abigail was brought up in a family that had many books. her father was a baptist preacher, and he loved to read. so she was surrounded by books her whole lifetime. househe moved into this with millard fillmore, she continues that. they had their own personal library, and she wanted to let young people learn extensively about the world as it was. this room that we are in is actually the focus of the entire house. history is made right here. she independently employed herself as a teacher. she tutored young students in the evening, mainly in the course of history. this would have been living room, but also serve as their kitchen. here in front of the fireplace, they would spend hours by the light of the fire. they would do their reading and

writing, and abigail fillmore cooked in this very room. this was her kitchen. here we are in the fillmore bedroom. their original staircase had quite an angle to it. we do believe there was a wooden ladder at the time when they lived here. as a young wife and mother, dressed in a long skirt, and with a toddler on her hip, she ascended that ladder into the bedroom. in this room have the fillmore bed and dresser. we know that abigail was a wonderful seamstress. a do have her quilts here, very colorful quilts here call the tumbling blocks pattern. this was a very busy place. east aurora was a vibrant community. was frontier, but it was developing.

she would have had many visitors. she would have had many people come in to have tea. we can envision abigail having a very full life. her days were full. we do see her as a hospitable young woman, young life, young mother, a teacher. >> that house is still available to visit if you are ever in east aurora, new york. the 13th president of the united states was the last whig president. this is picking up on something paul said earlier. all came from modest means. all the presidents before brought personal wealth to the white house. this begins a series of presidents who are more or less middle-class. what is the impact of that on the institution? >> long-term, i think that what we see with the fillmores was something of a change that will follow through in the 20th century, looking forward. but the economy -- the civil war is a giant hiatus in terms

of business. who were the others that are not wealthy? >> there are four presidents before this, counting fillmore, who are not welcome. -- wealthy. the two atoms. dams. john quincy adams is probably close to being wealthy at the time. martin van buren comes from a middle-class family. millard fillmore grows up in abject poverty as does andrew jackson. millard fillmore's family does not own their land. abigail fillmore, abigail powers grows up, her father dies when she is two. they don't have very much money. she becomes a schoolteacher. she is the first first lady to have worked outside the home.

she not only worked outside the home before she was married, but after she is married for the first few years, she works as a schoolteacher. when he is starting his law career. these are people who have experienced poverty and have not achieved anything other than middle-class status. after her death, millard married very well. >> paul has written a book on millard fillmore. here is his biography if your interested in reading more about our 13th president. it is still available where you shop for books. we have about 20 minutes to learn about the fillmore presidency and about abigail. she brings a sensibility to the role of first lady. how'd she approach the job at a >> what she is known for, her legacy, is that she created the first white house library. what her father left to our -- her mother when he died when she

was just a little girl was books. they kept those books and it became the core of her education, and obviously instilled in her and love of educating others. the congress appropriated $2,000 for the president to establish a white house library, but it was pretty much understood that she would be the one who worked on the library. she really prefer to read and engage in intellectual pursuits. but she did her duty, you know. she helped her husband, and she had a bad ankle, as i recall. she was injured. had a bad ankle, as i recall. >> she has an injury shortly before he runs for vice president and she cannot stand. she cannot go to receptions and stand, so she avoids things like that as much as possible and let her daughter do much of the role of the white house hostess.

she is a woman in her 20's. >> the introduction of the white house library became a controversy with congress. i read that she successfully lobbied key committee members to bring the library to the white house. what is the story there? >> she would go out to dinner parties talking with them. it was the standing that she could not do. but she obviously convinced them. here comes $2,000 to set up a white house library. inwhich was a lot of money those days. >> which was a lot of money, and, of course, it had to be for the president to buy the books. the president was being president, and, apparently she did a very good job of selecting a broad category of volumes for the library. she was interested in music. wasn't she, paul? >> they were also very interested in geography. they loved that.

they are very interested in the world in that respect. she is the schoolmarm. the little film about the fillmore house, there was one slight error. they were not both teachers. millard fillmore was actually her student. two years older. >> she was 21 years old and she was teaching in a private academy, and millard fillmore had been apprenticed to a textile factory to learn how to run of making -- cloth making machinery. this was during the 1830's in the middle of the depression. of 1837. panic the factory late of everybody for a while. so fillmore used this term to go back to school, and fell in love with his teacher, and she fell in love with him. now, it is hard to tell from the pictures we see, but both of them are described as being very, very attractive people. sayn victoria would later

after he left the presidency that he was the most handsome man she had ever met. that might be and exaggeration. here you have these two young, handsome people, and miller fillmore is over 6 feet tall at a time when most men do not growhe must have been a striking figure. they glom onto each other and have a very long courtship. because her family does not want her to marry. that ultimately do not marry until about five or six years later. at first the court ship was by it letters. aurora and then goes to buffalo, where he becomes a lawyer. thanks for waiting. >> i was just wondering, did mrs. fillmore -- what did she do after she got out of the white house? >> let's deal with the white house years first, and we will come back to your question in just a little bit.

darrell is in tuscaloosa, alabama. >> did the white house have plumbing, and if it did not, when did they get plumbing? are they still in use today we learned about gaslamp coming to the white house and heating. what about plumbing? >> fillmore is credited with having the first bathtub in my house. it is not clear if it is true. this is the problem whenever you say what is the first in the white house. we do know they installed either the first bathtub or a new bath tub in the white house. religion -- a if question from gary robbins and -- played a big part in their life and their presidency? >> that we take that, because it is important to understand how it worked. abigail is the daughter of a baptist minister and she is raised in a baptist community

in rural upstate new york. they are raised in the middle of nowhere in central new york. poor part of new york. she is a baptist. millard has various religious training growing up. but they were married by an episcopal priest, because in the town that abigail lives then, by this time, the most prestigious churches the episcopal church. that then moved to buffalo and become unitarians, because of the smart and successful people are becoming unitarians. so, in fact, religion for the fillmores reflects what i would call as their journey from poverty to middle-class status, to ultimately a secure position in society. got changed churches as they up the social ladder. >> we are going to learn more

about her love of books and her establishment of a white house library in this next video. [video clip] >> when abigail came to the white house, there were no books, sothis bookshelf was part of the first white house library that they were able to get congress first white house library, which still exists today. we know today that first ladies have causes, andliteracy and reading would have been abigail fillmore's cause. it was very important to her as a teacher. glove andd that passion for books right with your into the white house. she suffered with illness as first lady. mary abigail would have been a hostess for many of the events. this would have been one of the many items used during entertaining at the white house. mary abigail followed in her mother's footsteps and was very educated herself.

she spoke five languages. she would play the harp for congressmen who came to visit the white house. musice her piano in her -- and her music books that she would have played from, and we when she wasr harp in the white house. she we say she entertained, literally entertained. >> the room in the white house that the bill morris established as their library was in fact an oval room. this is from our white house documentary when we visited there. that room during the fillmores time was filled with bookcasesit became a salon. how did they use it? as a salon. >> wasn't useful in their legislative role? >> she participated in the formal dinners downstairs, but

there was receiving always going on. the white house had very little privacy. she was known for her interest in writers. >> she had charles dickens come to the white house. she was way ahead of jackie kennedy. she brought some of the leading lights into the white house. she was interested in these more intellectual, literary pursuits, and with her bad ankle, i don't think anyone understands what those receptions were like when they threw open the white house for thousands of people. several hours of standing. >> hours and hours of standing on your feet. >> but this a largely created, -- this salon she created, it would seem like a very intimate place to bring key members of congress and others. was it a way to be at the inner sanctum as the president and advance his goals?

think there were few congressmen in those days that were interested in talking to a novelist or a cultural figure like that. she brought the woman known as the swedish nightingale. i think that in a sense, there is a bifurcation here between abigail fillmore creating a cultural setting that the former schoolteacher really do.s to as a mother, she is always a schoolteacher. she writes letters to her children at various times in their lives. correcting their spelling in these letters and giving them lists of spelling words to learn. she may also be always educating her husband, who is not quite as well educated and she was. ofleast for the early parts

their lives. >> what turns of titles and offers were in the first library in the white house? do we know? >> it was a mixture of a lot of the classics. >> shakespeare. >> a lot and shakespeare. >> probably a lot of histories. >> history. >> probably a lot of geography books. they were very interested in that. s president film work since commodore perry to open up japan, this is in part because fillmore has a personal interest in it things foreign and exotic. >> it is so important, but we have to talk about the major legislative peace, because zachary taylor died just as the compromise of 1850 was being debated. millard fillmore picks up the debate over that legislation. what is the significance of the compromise of 1850? what did millard fillmore do? >> it was introduced by henry

clay, the disappointed guy who did not get to be president. the goal is to solve the nation's problems. as it emerges in congress, it is a series of separate bills, not one bill. among other things, it will organize the new mexico territory that includes arizona, the utah territory which includes nevada and utah and parts of colorado. it would admit california into the union as a free state. it also would prevent the sale, the open auction of slaves in washington d.c., but it would also give millions of dollars to texas. it would subdivide a portion of the mexico and give today what this west texas to texas, which previously, no one had believed belonged to texas. and most importantly, created

the fugitive slave law of 1860. it is an outrageously unfair law in which alleged fugitive slaves are not even allowed to testify at hearings on their own behalf. if a free black is used in new -- is seized in new york, the man cannot say no, you have the wrong person. it created draconian punishments for anyone interfering. fillmore pushes the fugitive slave law, sit, almost immediately after it is passed by congress, and in very aggressively enforces it. >> how did the compromise of 1850 work into the timelines of abigail fillmore? do we know about her position on slavery and how it might have complemented or been different from her husband? >> what is odd about millard and abigail is that they come from a part of new york known as the burned over district.

it is said that the fires revival has been burned over so often, it was the most antislavery part of the united states. it was the center of the anti- slavery movement. startingeward a, is his political career. just down the road, frederick douglass will live in rochester, new york. neither of the phil morris ever lift a finger to fight slavery. they never show any hostility to no sympathy whatsoever to free blacks. it is really quite shocking that about this. when he is running for a vice- president, and accused him of helping runaway slaves escape. in a letter that is so shocking i would not say it on air, he

says incredibly horrible things about black people, like why would i ever lived my finger to help them? >> going back to her love of books, didn't cause any national trends in education or any library expansion? >> to my knowledge, no. but you have to look for the long term. they did not have the instantaneous communication. her books were not going to set off a trend for banks like modern communications do. what we are beginning to see as we go into the second half of the 19th century is normal work for middle-class women, teaching and so on and so forth. obviously they would be aware that they had a first lady who was a teacher, an honorable profession, and having that

library certainly was known. >> banks are waiting. you are on. >> i was just wondering how many children did the fillmores half? >> two. >> two. >> and one of them served as the house. time is short, let's hear from ben next, watching in los angeles. n, you are on. what is your question? >> what was his foreign relations policy like back then? >> mm-hmm thanks very much. what was his born relations policy? >> in part it was to enhance trade with europe and other countries, so rescinds perry to japan. washe term, japan completely closed to the outside world, and still more sense of the united states naval vessels and says we are here, you are

going to trade with us whether you like it or not. the japanese refer to it as the dark ships. i saw an exhibit in japan of japanese cartoons in which perry is portrayed as a monster. that thought this was horrible. he also negotiated treaty with switzerland to allow trade on equal terms for a swiss and american citizens, but the treaty has a clause that says this can only happen if people switzerland. many swiss cantons did not allow jews to own land. when fillmore was told about this, he said it should not really be a problem. he does not seem to be interested in issues that would involve minorities. he later becomes a know-nothing. catholic activist. >> we have a short time left.

from pacifica, california. what is your question? >> thank you for this series on the first ladies. met charless dickens in washington. they did not host him at the white house. also, they did entertain washington irving and william make peace thackeray. reportedly, they got him not to sign the fugitive slave law. buffalo was the most prominent washington johnson. >> tell us about abigail fillmore's legacy. would you like to start? >> learning and literacy. books. >> and the fact that she might have influenced literacy by being a working woman. >> yes, yes. careers for women. >> sadly, she dies very shortly after, and her daughter dies two years later. i can only say that there is no documentary evidence whatsoever

that she advised fillmore not to sign the fugitive slave law. people like to throw this out there because they want to enhance people's reputations, but there is not any evidence whatsoever. >> abigail fillmore died in the famous willard hotel just very shortly after the inauguration pierce. we got a lot of tweets about the barbara bush connection, telling us her name was actually pierce. >> yes, it is. barbara pierce bush. >> thanks to both of our guests for being here. historicalnks to the association for their help throughout this series. [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2013]

first ladies, influence and image, it has jayne pearce, and harriet lane, the niece of president james buchanan. time in the white house has to do with grief, with the killing of her sons, one in a

train derailment. harriet lane, the first woman referred to as first lady, who was a first-class hostess and a strong lobbyist for native american rights. though popular, she was branded a southern sympathizer leading up to the civil war. more on jayne pearce and harriet lane at 9:00 p.m. eastern on c-span, c-span3, and c-span.org. and our website has more about the first ladies, including a special section, welcome to the white house, produced by our partner, chronicling life in the white house during the tenure of each of the first ladies, and we are offering a special edition of the book of the first ladies of the united states of america, featuring a biography, comments from noted historians, and bought from michelle obama on noted force ladies in history.

$12.95 s c-span.org/products. c-span, created by america's cable companies in 1979, brought to you as the public service by your television provider. julie doyle and josh reddick thompson are the third prize winners in the c-span student cam video contest. their message to the president is about the role of small business in the u.s. economy. >> dear mr. president, with all the items in your agenda and you have to consider, we believe the internal growth of our economy comes from the top, particularly in regard to small businesses. these are local businesses with 500 employees or less and represent 97% of all business. they havet 18 years, generated 64% of all new jobs and paid 44% of total u.s. payroll. with this in mind, small businesses need to continue to grow.

thank you for your consideration. >> when i took over as chair of this committee in january, 2009, our country was facing the worst economic recession since the great depression. the u.s. economy had lost 818,000 jobs in that month alone. from september, to designate a desk through the end of 2009, the great recession wiped out 7 million american jobs. in the face of tightening credit markets, insufficient resources to assist small businesses, small businesses were struggling to keep their doors open and the primary agency responsible for assisting them, the small business administration, was itself struggling to keep up with demand after a significant budget cuts that happened in the previous years. >> small business and innovation is the backbone of the american economy where most new businesses start and it is where growth occurs.

from small to medium-sized businesses. it is also where many people get work experience and expand what work is about. it is literally the backbone of the american economy. so goes small business groups so -- growth also goes the united states. >> our prosperity is mainly due to small business owners. and the people willing to take a risk. they are on by local people and -- owned by local people, and they invest. i think there are more of the community. they support local projects financially. better than large corporations. >> people from the community get involved in different organizations.

really happening is going on. you start to realize how much of a variety we have and there are so many things to do and get involved and that are entertaining and healthy and fun and also are good intellectually. i think, as our kids get older. >> small businesses are part of the community and they are invested in their city so they have more membership to clubs and services so it is more important part of the social fabric of downtown, locally owned businesses. their success is tied to the success of the community. they don't mind being engaged socially and economically in terms of the city they feel is their home. not just a place that happen to be assigned by a corporation. >> we have a smaller staff, much more close-knit, goes by their own roles. rules.

>> it is important and i what to do everything we can to have small businesses that are growing and driving because it means a stronger economy for of us. network of small businesses locally that have helped our economy do very well. small businesses provide that stable employment overtime because many small business a owners are also hiring and invest in the communities in which they live. that means those communities are more sustainable. therefore in the long run, it provides more opportunities for people looking for jobs. >> i have definitely noticed a slowdown in my business. at times, it picks back up. >> sometimes customers to that you are going to do like the big box store like hang to merchandise for three

months and decide to return it. i don't have another store to send my merchandise to like the big stores do. it is harder for smaller businesses to operate like that. i tried to explain that as far as how long we keep things out and if they want to return it and whether they get their money back or credit or whatever. it has got much better and i explain to them that we cannot operate like the big stores do. >> a startup is not proven so many times you cannot get funds to start from scratch with no proven track record. that is a major issue and if you have a new idea and you don't have a proven track record for your business, that is an initial problem. establishing a customer base from ground zero takes a lot of

-- >> it takes a lot of time than i am here all the time. my family has to visit me at christmas time because i cannot go anywhere. it takes a huge commitment and energy and effort. but i enjoy it. >> i think small businesses are vital instead of having things that are just in your chain stores and that type of thing. they a corporate world, killer -- care about the dollar signs and their bottom line. coming in. in a small business, we care about our customer. it is a business and you care about your dollars, you also want to take care of your customers more. it is very much customer service and caring about the customers. that is the bottom line. >> you look at spending money at a big box store verses spending money locally at a business owned by a local entrepreneur, you will find there is a much higher percentage of the money spent on something at a local

shop that goes back into the community. if it is $100 that is spent, of that money could get spent by the small business and be put back into the community where it might be only $11 from a big box store. if you want a community that sticks around and the rhymes, -- it isives, -- thrives, something people should start to think about which is buying local and what that does to your environment. >> at that time, this committee faced an enormous challenge of increasing the federal government's capacity to assist small businesses and ensuring they maintain their historic role as job creators and innovators, spurring our economy and we had to do this without substantially adding to our nation's increasing debt. it was an enormous challenge but not impossible. it was one that i think we have met. >> are pros and cons to the big

box stores and small businesses. have learned that both provide invaluable opportunities for people around the country. yes, we also recognize that the role small businesses play in the economy by investing in small businesses, we are investing in the in the products -- in the unique products that we cannot get from large companies but we are also investing in ourselves. congratulations. to all of the winners in this year's studentcam competition. to see more winning videos, go to studentcam.org. iron lady died. she became a member of parliament in 1958 and the first female prime minister in britain in 1979. a look back at her life next on c-span, and then remarks from hillary clinton, who stepped down as secretary of state earlier this year.

think it is an important book in the sense that it tells you how the court works. there are so few good books out there that explain the process. how do they decide the cases? how did they decide? we have seen cases that split its five-four. it is a book not just about capital punishment. it is also a book about how it operates. this, theu dig into notes back and forth between the justices that are available, and a lot of this is available, i am not a lawyer. i plead not guilty or nolo contend or whatever you guys do, but i was fascinated. justices, for reasons we can see, have reservations about capital punishment. >> abc news veterans on the capital punishment cases that

have defined the supreme court. sunday night at 9:00, part of booktv this weekend on c-span2. minister thatcher answers questions in the first televised broadcast of britain's "prime minister's questions." she talks about the teenage education and health care. mr. speaker, this new parliamentary session is the start of a new decade. the 1970's where a decade when britain was in decline. when socialism that we had to be treated like some third world country. the 1980's have been a decade where britain regained her strength and pride. we can respond to change with confidence. one, until itry -- finish this particular

paragraph. to adapt to new ways and new technologies and an unparalleled rage. businesses can once again get a good return on investment. that is why over the three years, we are seeing a 40% increase in business investment and at an unprecedented advance. that is why this country has been getting the lion's share of business coming into the community. they prefer to come to britain. i will give way to the honorable gentleman. the prime minister talks about pride in our country. what sort of pride that she have in the fact that she is the

only prime minister since the second world war who has presided over a situation in which teenaged children are homeless and hungry in britain? >> mr. speaker, if the honorable gentleman listen to the statement, he will know that extra sums have been allocated. know, he also will know, he also will no 1,900,000 more homes than there were, in fact, during the last labor government, but i was dealing with industry, and i will go on dealing with industry. at an all-time record. profitability is higher than for 20 years, and, of course, you need high profitability. where else will you get investment from? income for the social services? what is more, mr. speaker,

people want a stake in success. people are owning shares, and more people are running their own business. an extra and new business has been started up every seven minutes. the ownership -- wait a minute. i will give it away in a moment. the ownership is no longer the privilege of the few. we have extended this to the overwhelming majority of the nation, giving them the self- confidence and pride that comes from property and choice. labour order-based is being replaced by one on merit. that is the new britain, the britain of the 1990's. i give way. >> the prime minister.

why can she explain the cpi yesterday? losses on the exchange rate. when the exchange rate goes down, the profits are wiped out. >> that is nonsense. the honorable member will know should some cbi, industries, they have a high exchange rate. they importsials are less in price here. some have a lower exchange rate because they think it helps them export. the only real security is if it is really efficient by virtue of the design. -- r. speaker education and training. whitening opportunity even further. i understand the right leader gentleman, the leader of the opposition, tells this

conference education and training -- please let me get on with a few more sentences before i give way again. i understand that the right honorable gentleman believes the education and training are now the commanding heights of the economy. under this government, they always have been. let's look at the facts on education. it is vitally important for our future. the national curriculum is making sure that every child has a really good basic education. there is an outstanding success, bringing better exam results, and in spite of what the honorable gentleman said, there are 210,000 more students in higher education than there were in 1979. for every four people taking degrees when labour left office, there are now more than five, and the last labour government did not leave us must have and much of a legacy in

training. is this government that sets of setyouth trading scheme and up employment trading, the largest adult training program this country has ever known. the labor party and the trade union. they did their best to frustrate both trading schemes, and they denied people these opportunities, but despite those efforts, more than half a million people have joined employment training. 2 million people have benefited from the youth training scheme. i give way to the honorable gentleman from liverpool. >> the right honorable lady earlier talked about how much better off people were under this government. would she like to explain to my constituent who came to see me who was a member of

the armed forces, actually finished in the armed forces and went to work, his son met with a serious accident, finally had to give up work in order to look after that child, it is now being evicted from his home because he cannot pay the does shepayments, how explain to my constituent and to thousands like him how much better off it is under this government? >> mr. speaker, the honorable gentleman is correct. there will always be people who cannot cope because they have particular circumstances which are in first at the time, but that does not take away the enormous increase in own occupation. two out of every three families now own their own homes. that would never have happened.

two out of every three families, and the exceptional case, which is hard, it does not take away that enormous achievement, no. does the fact that 9 million people now own shares. now, i was talking about training. the opportunities. please, i would like to get on and make a little more of my own speech, and then i will give way later. i was talking about training and how the trade unions have tried to frustrate the training schemes, but despite that, they have not succeeded. employers are investing heavily in training the british work force to the tune of 18 billion pounds per year, and that is on top of the 31 billion pounds they invested last year in plants and machines. yes, of course, we must do better still in order to compete with germany and japan, and that is why we are developing a network of training and enterprise councils throughout

the country with business in the lead, because it is business that knows how to run business and business that can work with the university training, not the politicians that think they can run everything, and, mr. speaker, i will not give the detailed figures, but this government has donated extra funds to research, thanks to the growth of our national income. our government is able to spend civil 3 billion pounds on science and technology next year, and the science budget will be 25% higher in real terms than under the last labour government, and that is why there is great strength in our economy. we have excellent investment, good profits, a high rate of new businesses, and a good rate of investment and a good rate of investment on research. now which one do you want to come first? very grateful to the prime minister giving way in

such a gracious way. taking a back to the point she was making about education as a source of strength in the economy, and she painted a picture that all is well with the education system. can she explain to parents why their children are being sent home from school because there are no teachers available to them? >> mr. speaker, what a pity they are not in my constituency. i am sure they would do better. we have the very best education. we have a very good local authority. we have an authority that runs our education system superbly, and we have the best results. but, in fact, as i was pointing out and will point out again to the honorable gentleman, there are more teachers in proportion to people's than at any previous time in history, and there is more being spent per individual people than ever before, and i would have thought that more teachers and more resources that they could manage these sources

better and give a better education. please go on. mr. speaker, i do have to lay out the government, i do have to lay out the government policies. i will give way, but i just want to get a little bit of my own speech out. we have extensive growth and have created extra wealth. we have shared the success. economic success has brought unprecedented prosperity to this country. as soon as this government came to power, a family with two children where the husband is on average earnings now gets an average 55 pounds per week in take-home pay after allowing for the increase in prices. after allowing for the increase in prices. let me repeat. after allowing for the increase in prices, a family with two children where the husband is on average earnings after inflation now get an extra 55 pounds per

week over and above what you would have got during the time of labour. of course, more work is good, but people have shared in that success. in terms of what the money will buy, for every 3 pounds that theyy had under labour, now have four pounds, and that is sharing that success. in a moment. the honorable member i have earmarked to be next. we can affordion, better public services than we now have. since this government has been in office, there have been more doctors over the year, more nurses over year, and more patients treated every year at the national health service. they do not want to reveal the facts because they are against labour.

not want them to know the facts. yes, there is more good news. people who are sick and disabled. the spending has nearly doubled under this government. this october, we gave extra help to the 2.5 million pensioners who need it most, and we also dealt with earnings. i give way to the honorable gentleman. >> the prime minister has talked a great deal about unique prosperity. she has talked about generosity and so on. making the moral case for what the government has done to 16- year-olds and 17-year-olds without jobs. mr. speaker -- >> order.

>> will the prime minister tell us the moral case of leaving tens of thousands of 16-year- olds without aar- penny. >> that is not correct, and he knows it. he knows it. there are more places in every region then there are young people to fill them. there is no shortage. we think it very much better that young people should go on trading if they have not been offered a job rather than they should be left idle. olds of the 16 to 17-year- will have a particular hardship problem, to the homes where they cannot go home, they have special announces, -- allowances, as the gentleman knows, and allowing them to go to training is the right way. mr. speaker, there is an excellent record on social services. it has only been possible

because conservative policies have led to more wealth being created than ever before and wealth being spread more widely than ever before. better than any claim of government can make. but, mr. speaker, we must build on these hard-current economic achievements. over the last two years, the economy has been growing at a faster rate than we can sustain. the threat of inflation has reemerged. the trade deficit has opened up. steps have to be taken to deal with both. not until i come to the end of this, and then i promise the honorable gentleman i will. many businesses are concerned by higher interest rates. they are necessary to cut borrowing and to increase saving. the sabres will never forget hat in the 1970's, labour governments rob them by a large part of their savings by letting inflation run rampant.

inflation today is lower than achievedt labour ever between 1974 and 1979. >> order. >> a celebration for them, because it was low by their standards. it was a concern for us because it is far too high by our standards. the priority is to get inflation down. i give way to the honorable gentleman. >> i rise for the prime minister. is not the fact of the matter that what the government is now introducing on economic growth this year simply the result of 30% of our manufacturing industry being destroyed at a time when the things are available for investment in manufacturing industry, and that is reflected now in a balance of payment deficits. when will the prime minister

explain to the >> mr. speaker, when we have growth growing too fast, inflation does reemerge ended. that is the course why one gets adverse balance. payment deficit. we could hope that manufacturing industry here will see more of a demand. there's no doubt about the demand. i can only point out to the gentleman, manufacturing industry is in very much better shape and therefore, much more organized and has been able to invest in new technology and there in fact, higher manufacturing exports and the best of the labor and higher manufacturing investment. they depend on how well businesses keep their costs down. the more the trade unions press for higher wage claims regardless of productivity, the greater the threat to our competitive position and to jobs, it's about time for the opposition to face up to that. the opposition's approach is shown by their policy on credit control. for two days in today's open

market, credit control do not and could not work. what i saw recently was very interesting. i happen to have it with me. it says this, -- >> order! >> works just like every other visa credit card. you can choose your own credit limit. simply pick the relevant box, 1000 pounds, 2000 pounds or other, please specify. use it to spread the cost of christmas or birthdays or summer holidays and nice picture of the eiffel tower. use it as a second credit card. every time you use the card, the cooperative bank makes a donation to labor.

>> that was prime minster margaret thatcher in 1989 in the first televisized prime minster's question. mr. thatcher died today at the age of 87 from a stroke. during her tenure as prime minster, she restructured the british economy. she led britain to victory and she's given credit for helping the u.s. and the soviet union through the end of the cold war. here's part of what she said from the british house of commons when she resigned in 1990. >> do not agree that the age of civil is gone. not look back with pride and satisfaction of all of those years as a well statesman. longthink mr. speaker, as as my honorable friend is a member of this house. yes, in response to his question, do i look backward with some pride and satisfaction of achievement of our country in the last 11.5 years. >> margaret thatcher talking about resigning as prime minster in 1990. her passing today brought tribute to many people in politics and around the world. today is a truly sad day for our country. we lost a great prime minster a great leader a great britain. as ours for woman prime minster,

margaret thatcher succeeded against all the odds. she didn't just lead our country, she saved our country. president obama had this to say about the former prime minster. here in america, many of us will never forget her standing shoulder to shoulder with president reagan reminding the world we are not carried along by history. we can shape them with moral conviction, unyielding courage and iron will. a few years after her resignation, we interviewed mr. thatcher about her book "the downing street years." also her political career in the conservative party. >> margaret thatcher can you tell us how you wrote this book? >> yes. i had to decide first how i wanted to do it. i already thought that the first thing i must do is to tell a story of the years when i was in downing street. there were exciting years. we changed the entire economy. we had the libyan raid, we had the end of the cold war and we had the gulf. how should i do it. so i thought instead of telling it in enormous detail, some people do almost everyday, i will take the main themes and follow them through and try to

put them in a time frame in the election which i thought. the first thing i had to do was to get the whole structure of the chapters right. then i sat down and wrote as much as i can remember about each without in fact, referring to documents, making a note of what i needed to look out. masses and masses of documents that must be consulted. every meeting i had was documented and what was said and what was concluded. also, we have to look up some of the reporting in the newspaper. we had exciting question times in the house. the times we had exciting debates. all of the paperwork was enormous. i was dealing with some things, it had been such a deep agonizing experience. at the parliament christmas i sat down and wrote about all the members fresh in my mind. i wrote up some other special occasions. i had a particular difficult problem when someone resigned.

apart from this was on official record. i looked at all of these beautifully of minutes and cabinet minutes and conclusions. so it can be read without too much difficulty. >> first thing that come to mind when i read the book, you did four hours a sleep a night. how did do you that? >> you do have a night when you can have longer if you wish. it becomes so much a habit you find you can't sleep very much longer. >> you talk about your trip to the states where you addressed the congress. you were up until 4:00 in the morning working with britain working on your speech. i know you got up -- >> about 6:00. >> how did do you that? how do you do that and stay

clear headed? >> i did it because it had to be done. you somehow find the energy to do. this congress was the biggest thing that happened to me. i knew that ronald reagan what he did was absolutely superb. a real professional. otherwise you're looking down at your notes. when you're looking up and you may go from one teleprompter to another but your eyes never leave the audience. i wasn't as skilled at it as he was so i had to practice. i rised from -- when you actually read through a speech, speaking, you frequently find you have to change it, the drafting, reading. you got the sentences too long,

the speaking they must be shorter. you change the final version quite a bit while you're doing the rehearsal. it was very late and i got one or two complicated sentences that had to be honed down. it was more important to have the extra hour of sleep. >> when you used to do that, was that scripted? >> scripted, can't possibly because you didn't know what the questions will be. that developed the question to ask the prime minster. then couldn't give you any clue to the questions. i will take about four hours preparation trying to spot what the questions would be because they like to catch me with the latest topical questions. immediately, you had to think of a response. question, immediate response.

really what we call is being quick on your feet. >> in this book, did your publisher say to you, you got to put personal thing in there or this book won't sell? >> he did say try to put personal recollections because that makes it human. so many of the things that occurred. >> let me read you something in the book.

being prime minster is a lonely job in a sense it ought to be, you cannot leave if a crowd. but with dennis there i was never alone, what a man, what a husband, what a friend. >> all of that is true. because it is lonely and there are times when you're down in the dumps, times things done go right. you have your husband there who's loyalty and affection is unquestioned. also can give you quite good advice. which is very important, sometimes small things can get completely out of proportion. at the end of the day, i might return from the house of commons by 11:00. nothing like the white house. small in the raptors. we had no housekeeper, no cook. so the evening i will go and get supper. i would just sit down and talk for hours. that's the outside view. he was in the oil and chemistry

and contacted all industries frequently. he was called upon and give advice to others or to speak at industrial dinners. he always cared about politics. he spoke about what he knew about. he never had an interview. he wouldn't. he never had a political secretary. he wrote himself 30 and 50 replies every week from letter from the public. really, i was totally lucky. he was always there. >> how long you've been married? >> we married in 1951, 42 years. >> has he give an interview sense you stepped down? >> no. >> you think he will? >> i doubt it. >> got a lot of little things i wrote down. i will read them to you. mr. gandhi was not meant to see this as a female trade, mentally practical, are only women mentally practical?

>> i think that we tend to be much more practical. in addition to doing the job as prime minster, a lot of decision is to be made. you come to make the practical decisions quickly and keep everything tight and keep everything a pretty timetable. she give up quite a lot of things herself. she wanted some things, she will get it. she also, i think, was really lonely. she hadn't a husband and she had two sons. one was killed in an accident and then her other son, who haven't been in politics -- i had a letter from her two weeks before her assassination. she wrote such a charming letter. she herself had been assassinated. i just feel a special bond with that family. mrs. gandhi really cared about every single thing she did. she was such a charming woman.

>> you mentioned britton 1984, what happened? >> what happened was thursday night, up really late, big rally speech was on a friday -- some of the issues taken. longu all have a very evening on the first day. you have to go out to a special ball or agents two look after constituencies. you get back 11:00. then the final round of the speech. it was about quarter to 3:00 when i had finished. my secretary came in and said i'm sorry to bother, but must have by 8:00 tomorrow morning. therefore you i think you must look at those papers now. i knew what it was about and gave him the decision he needed. that was a quarter to 3:00. at ten minutes to 3:00, the bomb went off. just as he was leaving and taking it back to his room. i thought that this was a bomb this a car outside. dennis had already gone to bed and i dashed into the bed and he was out when it happened. it sounded as though there was a second one. as i knew later that wasn't so,

what had happened, it wasn't a car bomb outside. it is a bomb in the bathroom directly above our suite which in fact, had taken out a whole section of the hotel which gone right up into the air. the second bomb came down enormous on top of the existing building. the lights stayed on and although the windows came in. i ran across the corridor. one got a shock from the electric typewriter. the other said i still got the speech mrs. thatcher and i'm just typing it. we begin to find some people missing. we were told to stay where we were that night and then told we could try to find a way out. we tried one way and then soon came across and we couldn't get out that way. toldited and then we were we could try another way and we did which took us out to the main hall. then for the first time, he told the enormity of the damage. guess where the main entrance was. we begin to look for people who we knew and hoping they already got out of the building and gone to the police station.

i was still in an evening dress and i hadn't changed. then we saw that some were missing. i went out to say something on the television. we didn't know whether the main conference section had been affected or not. we went over to a college which had a conference there. there were several rooms where we can have about an hour in a half sleep and then i got up. i got up next morning and i turned on the television, we knew how many people were missing. there were five people killed and many severely injured. norman's wife is still paralyzed to this day. i found the police and said, was there any hope starting the conference? he said the conference is all right. i said we must go in immediately back to britton. i was lucky i was still in evening clothes. 7:00, rang up the local manager said look, you know what happened. people haven't gotten into their respectable clothes to go to conference, could you open up the store. i walk on the platform from one side and those on the other. it was 9:30, the conference restarted. everyone determined, we weren't going to be put off by terrorist bombs.

>> two things, in the middle of your discussion in the book, you said and your aide, i want to ask you about her, melt down and prayed and the reason i want to ask you about that, did you think that there were other bombs coming? >> we knew that we had a lot of people missing. we didn't know that other bombs coming. we knew there are a lot of people missing. that's why we prayed.

what else can one do. >> who's crofing. >> she's so -- she works also for me and for him. she's really a great friend of the family. she is just indispensable. she always welcome wherever in the world she goes. >> you write often in the book about checkers. what's checkers? >> checkers is the name of a prime minster's country house. it was given to the nation by a gentleman called lord lee who

had an american wife and they a i've got the speech. i'm just typing it." inassistant reaction, you know. the thing is tomorrow's speech. gradually the people who had been in my room earlier came down again to my room and we began to find some people missing. we were told to stay where we were by my detectives and then told that we could try to world war i cabinet. when lord george was made a prime minster during world war

i, lee realized a different kind of prime minster. he thought the prime minster should have a country home. lord had no children. so actually refurnished the house with nice antiques there. he moved out and gave it to the nation as a place of rest and recreation for prime minsters forever. and a lovely country house beautiful grounds. it tends to be -- it was there of course that i first brought this to gorbachev and gorbachev to meet them. it was just love. >> how far is it from london? >> about an hour and a quarter

driving time. >> our advice at this time mrs. gorbachev was a committed hard line marxist. she took down the shelves of the library by possibly confirming that.

did you notice her picking?

>> my husband was in the library. philosophert

herself and she loves philosophy.

did seem at that time, she was a very hard line communist and also mr. gorbachev. as i read in the book, it is much later that i learned that she had reason not to be a hard line communist because her

grandfather was a farmer, not enormous farmers, they bought other farms and were farming very well. he had quite a good size farm

and starling came. mrs. gorbachev grandfather refused, he said no, i have a wife and four children. we farm this farm well and continue to do that. mrs. gorbachev mother was one of the four children. >> neither one of them speak english? >> mrs. gorbachev understood

some english and mr. gorbachev didn't and i didn't speak russian. proverbs,embered two two russian proverbs. it to read the two of them. once a year even an unloaded gun can go off and how did you remember that? did you write it down? >> i wrote everything down. it was a full account to refer

to afterwards. >> another proverb was mountains live without that guest anymore they can live without air. >> are you different in a setting like checkers? were you there with mr. gorbachev and ronald reagan -- >> i think more relaxed.

your home and country house and you welcome guests to the country house. about something special that. it's much less formal than ten downing street. it's much less formal than the white house. >> they call for informal dress and you didn't like that. >> no -- we were at montbello. they had done everything possible to make it very nice for us and it was.

i think when you're going to a summit or heads of state in government, your own people expect you to be formally dressed. they were asked to be informal. >> quote, his style, work and decision-making was in tact and broad-brushed and very different from my own, ronald reagan. what's the difference in the style of working between you and ronald reagan? >> i had to do thing in much more detail. first because i was concerned to see the policies stood up. termsly in the general would stand up in a particular detail. second, i'm not the person from united states. i was asking questions in the house of commerce twice a week. i will be asked about detail.

had to know it. the person in congress doesn't go down to ask questions in full open session. he goes down to address the house. he doesn't then have a leader of the opposition getting up or criticizing or anything like that. it's a very different system. i knew much more detail in order to carrier on the job. >> you refer to a hotline between you and the white house. is there a telephone? >> it a telephone. if you want a document in detail, there is a hotline. >> did you use it very often? >> no, i don't think they have to be used often. i sometimes received a very welcome calls from ronald reagan. >> did you ever have a strong

disagreement with ronald reagan? >> no, i don't think so. there were times when he wanted to do something and i said certainly not. there was never any tension between us >> what was about the relationship that created that atmosphere? >> the fact that i knew and he knew we were working for the same purpose and the same ends and often by the same methods. that's just a great thing to know. the greatest nation in the world has the same view, the philosophy of life, justice and democracy. >> say looking back it is now clear ronald reagan's original decision on fbi was cell most important on his presidency?

>> that was the one that made the russians to understand that they can never keep up with the technology of the united states. just having the capability and they knew full well we were going to a level of technology that couldn't emulate. tore was no point of trying be the strongest super power in the world and threatening others with their power. that was the end of that particular dream. >> here's part of a 1995 interview with margaret thatcher. you can see more with the former prime minster at c-span.org. >> both of these books, what did you learn? >> i think you see -- you're amazed how much happened during those years and how much you manage to crowd into the time. it's the first time that you see the whole life. you see it is actually happened and you manage to cement it. that's the different aspect writing a bit of history and living out of the future. >> queen elizabeth authorized a ceremonial funeral for margaret thatcher. the former prime minster died today at the age of 87. michael miller at, then and john mccain

. caitlin foran. calls, e-so take your mails, and tweets. on c-span.astern but >> we like to think it is an important book. there are few good books out there and explain how to go about this. we see these cases that split the court 5-4. what do they really say? it is not about capital punishment, but how the court operates. the notes back and forth between justices available, and

a lot of stuff is available, i am not a lawyer. i was just fascinated by the human side of it. in many cases, you can see justices have reservations about capital punishment. >> the capital punishment cases that defined the supreme court. 9:00 p.m. t at sitting down with then white to talk about the federal budget. and the decision to support same-sex marriage. friday, hillary clinton talked about business initiatives. .he former first lady spoke

[applause] >> welcome everybody to the women of the world summit. [applause] we have an incredible night last night with meryl streep and angelina jolie, and those amazing women from pakistan. today we will bring you some extraordinary women telling extraordinary stories. of course, the most extraordinary of all is standing right next to me. [applause] before she lets you hear her amazing words today, i want you to conjure up an image. woman in a house in rangoon. throughout her long years under house arrest in burma, separated from her husband and her two young boys, the heroic dissidents aung san suu kyi was sustained by poster she put up on her wall.

was a poster from the 1995 united nations first world conference on women in beijing. it was signed by the woman whose words at that conference served to motivate millions of others. you know those words first uttered by hillary clinton wearing that pink first lady suit at the podium in beijing. she said it there is one message that echoes from the conference, let it be that human rights are women's rights, and women's rights are human rights, once and for all. [cheers and applause] when hillary clinton spoke those words, killed in the patriarchal power struggle were ready to hear them. there were still were prepared for the earth words to reverberate through to succeeding decades. we hear there and go in the voice of one of our co hearst's, the fearless somali doctor who has created a safe civil society on her family's lanford tens of

thousands of internally displaced people. we will hear from a woman who survived rape and testified against the evils of rape. the heart wrenchingly vulnerable, gets the lead malala, who had not even been born when hillary spoke in somalia. how dare the taliban and take away my basic right to education? hillary rodham clinton spoke truth to power, but she did not leave it that. thehas worked to recast conversation in both work and deed. so often she was working unseen, and private, individual groups of women in the world's most challenging places. the ultimate old boys' club -- one of the finest minds of the 12th century.

as america secretary of state, she made women's rights and therefore human rights a central focus. not an afterthought, not a sidebar -- central. she issued directive to all embassies of the strategic imperative of advancing women's equality. she said it so well in 2011, when we liberate the economic potential of women, we elevate the economic performance of nations and the world. definitively refrained at the whole conversation about the advancement of women. first establish that women's rights are human rights, then explained that i and shackling women is just good business. the big question about hillary is, what is next? [applause]

>> i did not mean that in the way that every political handicapper me that, of course. will her agenda for women maintain its momentum now that she has moved on from the state department? what is next, for all of us here today, and the millions that she has inspired? hillary's words in beijing jolted the 17 years ago. but seem obvious now, aren't all eternal truths self evident once someone has the work to speak them echoed and so it is with great pride that i welcome to this podium the woman who spoke the truth that all men and women are created equal, the honorable hillary rodham clinton. [applause]

>> thank you. thank you. thank you so much. what a wonderful occasion for me to be back here, the for the women in the world conference that i have been privileged to attend, introduced by the founder and creator and my friend, tina brown. when one thinks about this annual conference, it really is intended to -- and i believe has -- focused attention on the global challenges facing women from equal rights and education to human slavery, literacy, the power of the media and technology to affect change in women, and so much else. ar that i thank tina and great team that she has worked with in order to produce this conference and the effects it has created. tohas been such an honor work with all of you over the years, although it is hard to see from up here and out into the audience.

i did see some places and i know that this is an occasion as well for so many friends and colleagues to come together and take stock of where we stand and what more needs to be done in advancing the great unfinished business of the 21st century, the rights and opportunities for women and girls. now this is an unfinished around the world. many women are treated at best as second-class citizens, and at worst as some kind of subhuman species. those of you who read their last night's all that remarkable film that interviewed men, primarily in pakistan, talking very honestly about their intention

to continue to control the women in their lives and their reach. but the business is also a unfinished here at home in the united states. we have come so far together, but there is still work to be done. now i have always believed that women are not victims, we are agents of change. we are drivers of progress. we are makers of peace. [applause] all we need is a fighting chance. and that firm faith in the

untapped potential of women at home and raul world has been at the heart of my work my entire life, from college and law school, from arkansas to the white house to the senate. when i became secretary of state, i was determined to weave this perspective even deeper into the fabric of american foreign policy. couldneed to do that i not just preach to the usual choir. that we had to reach out, not only to men in solidarity and recruitment, but to religious communities, to every partner we could find. we had to make the case to the whole world that creating opportunities for women and girls advances security and prosperity for everyone.

so we relied on the empirical research that shows that when women participate in the economy, everyone benefits. with women -- when women participate in peacemaking and peacekeeping, we are all sacred and more secure. and when women participate in the politics of their nation, they can make a difference. haves strong a case as we made, to many otherwise thoughtful people continue to see the fortunes of women and girls as somehow separate from society at large. they nod, they smile, and then they relegate these issues, once again, to the sidelines. i have seen it over and over again. i have been kidded about it. i have been ribbed, i have been challenged in board rooms and official offices across the world. but fighting to give women and girls a fighting chance is it -- is not a nice thing to do.

it isn't some luxury that we get to when we have time on our hands. this is a core imperative. for every human being and every society. if we do not continue the campaign for women's rights and opportunities, the world we want to live in, the countries that we all love and cherish will not be what it should be. sois no coincidence that many of the countries that threaten regional and global

peace are the very places where women are deprived of dignity and opportunity. think of the young women from northern mali to afghanistan whose schools have been destroyed, or the girls across africa, the middle east, and south asia who have been condemned to child marriage. or the refugees of the conflicts from eastern, go to syria who endured rape and deprivation as weapons of war. it is no coincidence that so many of the countries where the rule of law and democracy are struggling to take root are the same places where women and girls cannot participate as full and equal citizens. like in egypt, where women stood

on the front lines of the revolution but are now being denied their seats at the table, and face a rising tide of violence. it is no coincidence that so many of the country's making leap from poverty to prosperity are places now grappling with how to empower women. i think it is one of the of unanswered questions of the rest of this century as to whether countries like china and india can sustain their growth and emerge as a true global economic powers. much of that depends on what happens with women and girls. now, none of these are coincidences, but instead, they demonstrate -- and your presence here today confirms -- are meeting at a remarkable moment of confluence.

because in countries and communities across the globe where, for generations, violence against women has gone unchecked, opportunity and dignity virtually unknown, there is a powerful new current, a grass-roots activism stirring. galvanized by events too outrageous to ignore, and enable by new technologies that give women and girls voices like never before. [applause] that is why it we need to seize this moment, but we need to be thoughtful and smart and savvy about what this moment really offers to us. many of us have been working, advocating, and fighting for women and girls more decades and we care to remember. i think we can and should be proud of what we have achieved.

conferences like this have been part of that progress. but let's recognize much of our advocacy is still rooted in a 20th century, top-down frame. the world is changing beneath our feet, and it is past time to embrace a 21st century approached to advancing the rights and opportunities that women and girls at home and across the globe. [applause] think about it. you know, technology, from satellite television to sell bonds, from twitter to tumblr, is helping to bring abuses out of the shadows and into the center of global consciousness. think of the wyman in that blue bra been in tahrir square. think of that 6-year-old and afghanistan about to be sold

into marriage to settle a family debt. just as importantly, technological changes are helping inspire, organize, and empower grass-roots activists. i have seen this, and that is where progress is coming from, and where our support is needed. we have a tremendous stake in the outcomes of these efforts. today more than ever, we see clearly that the fate of women and girls far from here is tied up with the greatest security and economic challenges of our time. consider pakistan, a proud country with a rich history that recently marked a milestone its democratic development and a civilian government completed its first full term. for the very first time.

and it is no secret that pakistan is played by many ills. violent extremism, sectarian conflict, poverty, energy shortages, corruption, weak democratic institutions. it is a combustible mix, and more than 30,000 pakistanis have been killed by terrorists in the last decade. the repression of women in pakistan exacerbates all of these problems. doe than 5 million children not attend school, and two- thirds of them are girls. the taliban insurgency has made the situation even worse. as malala has set and reminded

us, we live in the 21st century. how can we be deprived from education? she went on to say, i have the right to play. i have the right to sing. i have the right to talk. i have the right to go to market. i have the right to speak out. how many of us here today would have that kind of courage? the taliban recognized this young girl, 14 at the time, as a serious threat. and you know what? they were right. she was a threat. [applause]

extremism thrives amid and anger, intimidation and cowardice. as malala said, if this new generation is not given pens, they will be given guns. but the taliban miscalculated. they thought if they silenced her, and thank god they didn't, that not only she but her cause would die. but instead, they inspired millions of pakistanis to finally say enough is enough. you heard it directly from those two brave young pakistani women yesterday, and they are not alone. people marched in the streets. they signed petitions demanding that every pakistani child, boys and girls alike, have the

opportunity to attend school. that in itself was a rebuke to extremist and their ideology. i am well aware that improving life for pakistani women is not a panacea. but it is impossible to imagine making real progress on that country's other problems, especially violent extremism, without tapping the talent and addressing the needs of pakistan's women, including reducing corruption, in the culture of impunity, expanding access to education, to credit, to all the tools that give a woman or a man the chance to make the most of their own life and dreams. none of this will be easy in pakistan or anywhere else, but the grassroots response to malala's shooting gives us hope for the future. again and again we have seen women drive progress. in northern ireland, catholic and protestant women like i am as mccormack came together to

demand an end to the trouble and helped usher in the good friday accord. in liberia, women marched in protest it until the country's warlords agreed to in their civil war. they prayed the devil back to, and they twice elected ellen johnson is our lead as the first woman president in africa. an organization called sisters against violent extremism now connects women in more than a dozen countries who have risked their lives to tell the terrorist that are not welcome in their community. so the next time you hear someone say the fate of women and girls is not a core national security issue, it's not one of those hard issues that really smart people deal with, remind them, the extremist understand the stakes of this struggle. they know that when women are liberated, so our entire societies. we must understand this, too,

and not only understand it, but act on it. whentruggles do not end countries attempt the transition to democracy. we have seen that very clearly the last few years. many millions, including many of us, were inspired and by the way women and men work together during the revolutions in places like egypt, tunisia, and libya. but we know that all over the world, when the dust settles, too often women's gains are lost to better organized, more powerful forces of repression. we see women still marginalized and shut out of decision making. we see women activists being targeted by organized campaign of violence and intimidation. but still, so many brave activists, women and men alike, continue to advocate for equality and dignity for all egyptians, two nations, and libyans. they know the only way to realize the promise of the arab spring is with and through the

full participation of half the population. [applause] what is true in politics is also true in economics. in the years ahead, a number of rapidly developing nations are poised to reshape the global economy, live to millions out of poverty and into the middle class. this will be good for them and good for us. it will create vast new markets and trading partners. but no country can achieve its full economic potential when women are left out or left behind. a fact underscored the day after day, and most recently to meet, so tragically in india. concerning leon, 23-year-old woman brutally beaten and raped on a delhi bus last december. she was from a poor farming family, but like so many women and men, she wanted to climb that economic ladder. she had aspirations for her

life. she studied all day to, physical therapist. then she went to work at a call center in the evening. she slept two or three hours a night. the president of india described her as a symbol of all that new india strives to be. but if her life embodied the aspirations of a rising nation, her death, her murder, pointed to the many challenges still holding it back.

a culture of rape is tied up with a broader set of problems, official corruption, illiteracy, inadequate education, loss, tradition, customs, culture that prevent women from being seen as equal human beings. in addition, in many places, india and china of being the leaders, a skewed in gender balance with many more men than women, which contributes to human trafficking, child marriage, and other abuses that dehumanize women and corrode society. so millions of indians took to the streets in 2011. they protested corruption. in 2012, after the delhi gan rape, the two causes merge. demands for stronger measures against rape called for better policing for and india that could protect all of its citizens and deliver the opportunities they deserve.

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it is exceedingly important that the private sector continue to forward or promote the u.s. human right brand which i think is one of the strongest components we have. i think the differences between john and i are about the implementation of that message, not the value of it. speaking of that, we have been banging on cambodia of it. america has gotten a moral obligation in this area to vietnam. we were there quite a long time. the spill over of that war into cambodia had a lot to do with setting the conditions for the rise of the khmer rouge and the rest of this whole thing.

i was struck on a visit to cambodia about the extensive efforts that the u.n. was putting to teach young women the facts of life about motherhood. the khmer rouge depredations had broken the change from grandmother to mother that did all of this in a traditional society. at the time i visited, it was really broken. the efforts of the international community and private sector to start from basics and work cambodia back up to a functioning country with and the cambodian cultural norms, doing it in a manner supported by the international institutions and one that was important in the context we were trying to do it.

i understand the human rights objections to the cambodian military. we are back to the differences of implementation. how do we fix this? how do we get to the right in saying that we want? i would think that we should have learned on 9/11 that chaos in any part of the world can create a threat in any other part of the world. we can do what we are able to do on the political side to rebuild places that are tending toward chaos so we do not end up realizing a bigger problem somewhere down the line. >> i'd seen the two biggest problems are implicated.

you have certain ones like burma and thailand. you have the whole enchilda involved in the whole revenue creation. a lot of local commanders, the prime minister as a corporate sponsorship. when the people have to be moved off the land, they are not called in as government offices. they are called in almost as guards for hire. the revenue transparency is a big problem with burma.

we have always said you have to push the military not just on the abuses but on the revenue transparency. then the issue of them just being involved in private business needs to be pushed. the idea that is not appropriate for the military to be in business. we are all for dialogue. it is about telling them what is up and what to do to change this. i just have to respond to this moral issue in cambodia. human rights watch obviously agrees there is a moral obligation with cambodia. the paris peace agreement of 1991, the u.s. was party to those agreements. the agreements obligate all the signatories to promote human rights and democracy in cambodia. our position is when you have

somebody in power for 27 years he was involved with the khmer rouge and the genocidal acts that were carried out and the commander and chief was a khmer rouge commander and to have all these millions of cambodians who are living without democracy, you have an obligation to try to fix that. it is precisely by using things like the pressure of conditionality and the appropriations act or the pentagon talking tough about what needs to happen. it has been 27 years. it has been 21 years since the peace agreement. if you do not shape up, one day

we're not going to be there for you. talking tough is a necessity. that is consistent with more obligations. >> just one question. there is a new geostrategic balance. if you allow a country those choices, you basically press them completely into the hands of a very welcoming china. how do you guys think about that issue? >> in the new context i would say burma was in the arms of china. they did not like it. it was probably one of the causal factors that led them to realize that they should open up to the united states and everybody else. if we are being so friendly and he is still carrying chinese water like he was last year, why do you not just pushing all the way into china's orbit and see how they like it? i do not think they will. i think it will make it more amenable to the u.s. i think the solution is only tough talk. there's no diplomacy to be had.

>> i'm willing to give each contestant -- [laughter] contestant. there will be a prize. i am reverting to my natural state of game show host. >> what is the price is right? >> there is a chance to have each of the make a short in final statement. it has been a great discussion. >> the questions were all very good. i am please they limited it to five minutes each. in the days now when we're talking about, becoming more inward looking, questioning what we're doing overseas, these are the right things to talk about. we need to make sure that we preserve our ability to shape the environment, to reassure allies and friends to promote those of values that the united states likes to aspire to. and to influence friends and allies in that direction so there is no shortage of people out there.

to the extent that we can try to affect some of this is the right thing to do. the question was posed about measures of effectiveness on this. that is an easy concept to grasp but a difficult one to control. that is the way we need to go to make sure that in our differing views of what we need to do with assistance to other countries that what we want to promote that we're delivering the right message that we do not support those views.

>> i would just close by saying the debate is not about whether imet should exist. it does exist. the debate is about what the consequences are, good or bad, and whether there are decisions the government can do to promote the consequences and mitigate the bad ones and what that would mean in practice. you can either do more of the same that keep running imet and everything the way it is, keep doing it.

nobody i think things that should be done. number two, which is what i think the white house announced last friday, is try to improve. keep doing imet and the other programs but tried to improve the substance. but the courses, better substance, picking better people to attend as opposed to cronies, the better leahy vetting. last, if you really want to improve everything, recognize that in many cases nothing is wrong, and there are some questions or everything is wrong. i'm not suggesting everything is wrong with imet worldwide but there are certain places in context of everything is wrong and we need to rethink everything and be willing to cut or threaten to cut the

assistance as appropriate. >> thank you very much. i think this discussion really goes a long way toward helping us think about important institutions and engagement and how we use these things. i thank you very much. i hope we can carry this discussion on further. thank you offer joining us today. [applause] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2013] you can watch this event at c-span.org. >> stuff costs more. that is true. that is not a hypothesis.

2003, before we crossed the border into iraq, the standard united states infantrymen, is kept, what he wore, from his tots -- boots to his camis his flak jacket, at that point it was a vietnam era flak jacket. his helmet and his weapon cost about $1700. today to outfit that same young man on patrol in afghanistan, it is a must $10,000. it is the most 4-5 times fold the cost. that is ceramic body armor that he wears on the front and the back. and on the side. that ceramic body armor itself cost somewhere around her thousand dollars. $4000. heaven help us if the families find out what we don't have the right a-day armor and they lose their son or daughter.

this is just the fact of where we are. stuff costs more. a couple of things with regards to acquisition. i agree with you, i think we have -- i used the term constipated the acquisition process. i think the service chiefs need of theback in charge acquisition process. i remind everybody, congress does not give the program manager a dime. congress gives the service chiefs the money. they allocate it in the service budget every year. through the appropriation process. .t is our money these are our programs. my sense is the service chiefs ring downt back in to this requirements growth. -- students were told were of the things we are told we have to do. there is plenty of blame to go around with regards to the acquisition process. >> this morning, rob portman

with then white to talk about the federal budget. that is live on c-span two at 8:05 eastern. the top military official will testify to the senate armed services committee. topics include the korean dismantle a -- peninsula and budget cuts. that is live at 10:00 eastern on c-span. >> we like to think it is an important book in the sense that it tells you have the court works. there are so few good books out thee that explain what process is. how do they go about this, how do they decide these cases? what are they saying to one another? we seek cases that split the court 5-4. what do they really think? did their personal feelings get into it? not just about capital punishment. it is about how the court

operates. >> when you dig into the nuts of the library of congress, the notes back and forth between justices that are available, and a lot of stuff is available, i am not a lawyer. but i was just fascinated by the human side of it. haveny cases, justices reservations about capital punishment. >> abc news that arends martin clancy and tim o'brien on the capital punishment cases that have defined the supreme court. sunday night at 9:00, on afterwards. in a speech friday, former secretary of state hillary clinton talked about women's education and business initiatives in developing countries. the former first lady and new york senator spoke at the women and world summit. she was introduced by the editor-in-chief of "newsweek."

[cheers and applause] when hillary clinton spoke those words, killed in the patriarchal power struggle were ready to hear them. there were still were prepared

for the earth words to reverberate through to succeeding decades. we hear there and go in the voice of one of our co hearst's, the fearless somali doctor who has created a safe and peaceful civil society on her family's lanford tens of thousands of internally displaced people. we will hear from a woman who survived rape and testified against the evils of rape. the heart wrenchingly vulnerable, gets the lead malala, who had not even been born when hillary spoke in somalia. how dare the taliban and take away my basic right to education? hillary rodham clinton spoke truth to power, but she did not leave it that. she has worked to recast the conversation in both work and

deed. so often she was working unseen, and private, individual groups of women in the world's most challenging places. the ultimate old boys' club -- one of the finest minds of the 12th century. as america secretary of state, she made women's rights and therefore human rights a central focus. not an afterthought, not a sidebar -- central. she issued directive to all embassies of the strategic imperative of advancing women's equality. she said it so well in 2011, when we liberate the economic

potential of women, we elevate the economic performance of nations and the world. definitively refrained at the whole conversation about the advancement of women. first establish that women's rights are human rights, then explained that i and shackling women is just good business. the big question about hillary is, what is next? [applause] >> i did not mean that in the way that every political handicapper me that, of course. will her agenda for women maintain its momentum now that she has moved on from the state department? what is next, for all of us here today, and the millions that she has inspired? hillary's words in beijing jolted the 17 years ago. they seem obvious now, but aren't all eternal truths self evident once someone has the

work to speak them echoed and so it is with great pride that i welcome to this podium the woman who spoke the truth that all men and women are created equal, the honorable hillary rodham clinton. [applause] >> thank you. thank you. thank you so much. what a wonderful occasion for me to be back here, the for the women in the world conference

that i have been privileged to attend, introduced by the founder and creator and my friend, tina brown. when one thinks about this annual conference, it really is intended to -- and i believe has focused attention on the global challenges facing women from equal rights and education to human slavery, literacy, the power of the media and technology to affect change in women, and so much else. for that i thank tina and a great team that she has worked with in order to produce this conference and the effects it has created. it has been such an honor to work with all of you over the years, although it is hard to see from up here and out into the audience. i did see some places and i know that this is an occasion as well for so many friends and colleagues to come together and take stock of where we stand and what more needs to be done in

advancing the great unfinished business of the 21st century, the rights and opportunities for women and girls. now this is an unfinished around the world. many women are treated at best as second-class citizens, and at worst as some kind of subhuman species. those of you who read their last night's all that remarkable film that interviewed men, primarily in pakistan, talking very honestly about their intention to continue to control the women in their lives and their reach. but the business is also a unfinished here at home in the united states. we have come so far together, but there is still work to be done. now i have always believed that

women are not victims, we are agents of change. we are drivers of progress. we are makers of peace. [applause] all we need is a fighting chance. and that firm faith in the untapped potential of women at home and raul world has been at the heart of my work my entire life, from college and law school, from arkansas to the white house to the senate. when i became secretary of state, i was determined to weave this perspective even deeper into the fabric of american foreign policy. but i need to do that i could not just preach to the usual choir. that we had to reach out, not only to men in solidarity and

recruitment, but to religious communities, to every partner we could find. we had to make the case to the whole world that creating opportunities for women and girls advances security and prosperity for everyone. so we relied on the empirical research that shows that when women participate in the economy, everyone benefits. with women -- when women participate in peacemaking and peacekeeping, we are all sacred and more secure. and when women participate in the politics of their nation, they can make a difference. but as strong a case as we have made, to many otherwise thoughtful people continue to see the fortunes of women and girls as somehow separate from society at large. they nod, they smile, and then

they relegate these issues, once again, to the sidelines. i have seen it over and over again. i have been kidded about it. i have been ribbed, i have been challenged in board rooms and official offices across the world. but fighting to give women and girls a fighting chance is it -- is not a nice thing to do. it isn't some luxury that we get to when we have time on our hands. this is a core imperative. for every human being and every society. if we do not continue the campaign for women's rights and opportunities, the world we want to live in, the countries that we all love and cherish will not be what it should be.

it is no coincidence that so many of the countries that threaten regional and global peace are the very places where women are deprived of dignity and opportunity. think of the young women from northern mali to afghanistan whose schools have been destroyed, or the girls across africa, the middle east, and south asia who have been condemned to child marriage. or the refugees of the conflicts from eastern, go to syria who endured rape and deprivation as weapons of war.

it is no coincidence that so many of the countries where the rule of law and democracy are struggling to take root are the same places where women and girls cannot participate as full and equal citizens. like in egypt, where women stood on the front lines of the revolution but are now being denied their seats at the table, and face a rising tide of sexual violence. it is no coincidence that so many of the country's making the leap from poverty to prosperity are places now grappling with how to empower women. i think it is one of the of unanswered questions of the rest of this century as to whether countries like china and india can sustain their growth and emerge as a true global economic powers. much of that depends on what happens with women and girls.

now, none of these are coincidences, but instead, they demonstrate -- and your presence here today confirms -- that we are meeting at a remarkable moment of confluence. because in countries and communities across the globe where, for generations, violence against women has gone unchecked, opportunity and dignity virtually unknown, there is a powerful new current, a grass-roots activism stirring. galvanized by events too outrageous to ignore, and enable by new technologies that give women and girls voices like never before. [applause]

that is why it we need to seize this moment, but we need to be thoughtful and smart and savvy about what this moment really offers to us. many of us have been working, advocating, and fighting for women and girls more decades and we care to remember. i think we can and should be proud of what we have achieved. conferences like this have been part of that progress. but let's recognize much of our advocacy is still rooted in a 20th century, top-down frame. the world is changing beneath our feet, and it is past time to embrace a 21st century approached to advancing the rights and opportunities that women and girls at home and across the globe. [applause] think about it.

you know, technology, from satellite television to sell bonds, from twitter to tumblr, is helping to bring abuses out of the shadows and into the center of global consciousness. think of the wyman in that blue bra been in tahrir square. think of that 6-year-old and afghanistan about to be sold into marriage to settle a family debt. just as importantly, technological changes are helping inspire, organize, and empower grass-roots activists. i have seen this, and that is where progress is coming from, and where our support is needed. we have a tremendous stake in the outcomes of these efforts. today more than ever, we see

clearly that the fate of women and girls far from here is tied up with the greatest security and economic challenges of our time. consider pakistan, a proud country with a rich history that recently marked a milestone in its democratic development and a civilian government completed its first full term. for the very first time. and it is no secret that pakistan is played by many ills. violent extremism, sectarian conflict, poverty, energy shortages, corruption, weak democratic institutions. it is a combustible mix, and more than 30,000 pakistanis have been killed by terrorists in the last decade. the repression of women in pakistan exacerbates all of these problems.

more than 5 million children do not attend school, and two- thirds of them are girls. the taliban insurgency has made the situation even worse. as malala has set and reminded us, we live in the 21st century. how can we be deprived from education? she went on to say, i have the right to play. i have the right to sing. i have the right to talk. i have the right to go to market. i have the right to speak out. how many of us here today would have that kind of courage? the taliban recognized this young girl, 14 at the time, as a serious threat. and you know what? they were right. she was a threat.

[applause] extremism thrives amid ignorance and anger, intimidation and cowardice. as malala said, if this new generation is not given pens, they will be given guns. but the taliban miscalculated. they thought if they silenced her, and thank god they didn't, that not only she but her cause would die. but instead, they inspired millions of pakistanis to finally say enough is enough. you heard it directly from those two brave young pakistani women yesterday, and they are not alone. people marched in the streets. they signed petitions demanding that every pakistani child, boys and girls alike, have the opportunity to attend school. that in itself was a rebuke to

extremist and their ideology. i am well aware that improving life for pakistani women is not a panacea. but it is impossible to imagine making real progress on that country's other problems, especially violent extremism, without tapping the talent and addressing the needs of pakistan's women, including reducing corruption, in the culture of impunity, expanding access to education, to credit, to all the tools that give a woman or a man the chance to make the most of their own life and dreams. none of this will be easy in pakistan or anywhere else, but the grassroots response to malala's shooting gives us hope for the future. again and again we have seen women drive progress.

in northern ireland, catholic and protestant women like i am as mccormack came together to demand an end to the trouble and helped usher in the good friday accord. in liberia, women marched in protest it until the country's warlords agreed to in their civil war. they prayed the devil back to, and they twice elected ellen johnson is our lead as the first woman president in africa. an organization called sisters against violent extremism now connects women in more than a dozen countries who have risked their lives to tell the terrorist that are not welcome in their community. so the next time you hear someone say the fate of women and girls is not a core national security issue, it's not one of those hard issues that really smart people deal with, remind them, the extremist understand the stakes of this struggle. they know that when women are

liberated, so our entire societies. we must understand this, too, and not only understand it, but act on it. the struggles do not end when countries attempt the transition to democracy. we have seen that very clearly the last few years. many millions, including many of us, were inspired and encouraged by the way women and men work together during the revolutions in places like egypt, tunisia, and libya. but we know that all over the world, when the dust settles, too often women's gains are lost to better organized, more powerful forces of repression. we see women still marginalized and shut out of decision making.

we see women activists being targeted by organized campaign of violence and intimidation. but still, so many brave activists, women and men alike, continue to advocate for equality and dignity for all egyptians, two nations, and libyans. they know the only way to realize the promise of the arab spring is with and through the full participation of half the population. [applause] what is true in politics is also true in economics. in the years ahead, a number of rapidly developing nations are poised to reshape the global economy, live to millions out of poverty and into the middle class.

this will be good for them and good for us. it will create vast new markets and trading partners. but no country can achieve its full economic potential when women are left out or left behind. a fact underscored the day after day, and most recently to meet, so tragically in india. concerning leon, 23-year-old woman brutally beaten and raped on a delhi bus last december. she was from a poor farming family, but like so many women and men, she wanted to climb that economic ladder. she had aspirations for her life. she studied all day to, physical therapist. then she went to work at a call center in the evening. she slept two or three hours a night.

the president of india described her as a symbol of all that new india strives to be. but if her life embodied the aspirations of a rising nation, her death, her murder, pointed to the many challenges still holding it back. a culture of rape is tied up with a broader set of problems, official corruption, illiteracy, inadequate education, loss, tradition, customs, culture that prevent women from being seen as equal human beings. in addition, in many places, india and china of being the leaders, a skewed in gender balance with many more men than women, which contributes to human trafficking, child marriage, and other abuses that dehumanize women and corrode society.

so millions of indians took to the streets in 2011. they protested corruption. in 2012, after the delhi gan rape, the two causes merge. demands for stronger measures against rape called for better policing for and india that could protect all of its citizens and deliver the opportunities they deserve. some have called that the indians' spring. as the protesters understood, india will rise or fall with its women. it has had a tradition of strong women leaders, but those women leaders, like women leaders around the world, who become presidents or prime ministers or foreign ministers or heads of corporations, cannot be seen as tokens that give everybody else in society the chance to say, we have taken care of our women. [applause]

so any country that wants to rise economically and improve productivity needs to open the doors. latin america and the caribbean have steadily increased women's participation in the labor market since the 1990's. and account for more than half of the workers. the world bank estimated that extreme poverty has decreased by 30% as a result. in the united states, american women went from holding 30% of jobs 40 years ago to nearly 48% today. the productivity gains attributed to this increase account for more than $3.50 trillion in gdp growth under those four decades. similarly, a fast-growing asian economies could boost their per- capita income by as much as 14% by 2020 if they brought more women into the workforce. laws and traditions that old black women hold back entire

societies. -- that hold back women hold back entire societies. since i started talking about this using great data from the world bank and private sector analyses, there were doubters. that debate is over. opening the door to one's economy for women will make a difference. i want to conclude with the unfinished business we face here at home. challenges and opportunities i have outlined today are not just for people of the developing world. america must face them, too, if we want to continue leading the world.

traveling the globe over the last four years reaffirmed and deepened my pride in my country and the ideals we represent. it also challenged me to think about who we are and the values we are supposed to be living here at home in order to represent abroad. peace, prosperity, freedom, and equality is not a birthright. it must be earned by every generation. [applause] yes, we have american women at the high levels of business, academia, government, but as we have seen in recent months, we are still asking age-old questions about having to make a woman's way in a male-dominated field. the economist magazine recently published what it called a glass ceiling index.

ranking countries with equal pay. the united states was not even in the top 10. recent studies have found that on average, women with shorter lives -- live shorter lives in america than any other industrialized country. think about that for the minute. we are the richest and most powerful country in the world but many american women are living shorter lives than their mothers, especially those with the least education. that is a historic reversal that rivals the decline in life expectancy for russian men after the disintegration of the soviet union. prescription drug overdose has spiked, smoking, obesity, poverty.

for too many women, the dream of upward mobility, the american dream remains elusive. that is not the way it is supposed to be. i think of these extraordinary sacrifices that my mother made to give me not only life, but opportunity along with love and inspiration. and i am very proud of my own daughter. i look at all these young women that i am privileged to work with or no through chelsea -- know through chelsea. it is hard to imagine turning the clock back on them. but on places in america, the clock is turning back. but we have work to do.

reeling vitality and strengthening leadership will take the energy and talent of all our people, women and men alike. we need to learn from the women of the world that have blazed a new path and develop solutions on everything from economic development to education to environmental protection. if america is going to lead, we need to catch up with so much of the rest of the world and ratified the u.n. convention on the elimination of all discrimination against women. [applause] if america is going to lead, we need to stand by the women of afghanistan after our combat troops come home. [applause] we need to speak up for all the women working to realize the promise of the arab spring.

we need to do more to save the lives of hundreds of thousands of mothers that die every year through preventable causes and so much more. if america is going to lead the way, we expect ourselves to empower women at home. to participate fully in the economy and society. we need to make equal pay a reality. we need to expand family and medical leave benefits to more workers. we need to encourage more women and girls to pursue careers in math and science. we need to invest in our people. that is how america will lead in the world. let's live up to the wisdom of every mother and father. there is no limit of how big she can dream and how much she can achieve. this truly is the unfinished business of the twenty first century.

and it is the work that we are called the dew. -- to do. i look forward to being your partner in the days and years ahead. let's fight for opportunity and dignity. let's fight for freedom and equality. let's keep fighting for full participation and let's keep telling the world over and over again that yes, women's rights are human rights and human rights are women's rights. once and for all. thank you all so much. [applause] thank you, thank you, thank you. thank you.

x deputy defense secretary ashton carter said yesterday that north korea's element of nuclear weapons of long-range missiles poses a direct threat to the u.s. and its allies. that is next on c-span. on this morning's "washington journal" the u.s. naval academy and annapolis maryland, looking at the history and role of the academy. that is live each morning at 7:00 eastern. >> ohio senator rob portman subdominant politicos been ben white"politico"'s to talk about same-sex marriage. later, the top military official for the u.s. pacific command testify at the senate armed services committee. topics include the korean

peninsula and defense budget cuts. we will join the hearing and progress live at 10:00 eastern on c-span. x deputy defense secretary ashton cut her talks about u.s. interest in asia and gives an update on the korean peninsula. he also discusses automatic spending cuts. from the center for strategic and international studies, this is an hour. >> good afternoon. thank you for coming. i am surprised to see so many people wanting to hear about the future of of industrial financing in the defense department. [laughter] had no idea it was such a popular topic. no, seriously. thank you for coming. i am the president here at csi s. of ashong admirer carter. he is the first guy that refused to hire me. , heterviewed for a job

decided i was not up for it. it led to a lifelong friendship. our paths have intertwined through the years. i am so grateful, now, that he going to stay on npv -- continue as deputy secretary. every conversation in hasington these days always a central theme. is the pivot real and is it durable? that is the constant refrain in all meetings. a couple of days ago, secretary carter was in jakarta and gave an important speech on the subject. since very few people in jakarta are here today, we thought it would be safe for him to give the same speech. it will probably be slightly adapted to a washington audience. seriously, this is the topic of the day.

the secretary is -- was just chartered by secretary hagel to undertake this strategic management review. are veryese issues timely. i think that is reflected by so much interest in this room. without doing any further, you are here for the secretary. upon me ask you to join in welcome with your five secretary ashton carter. [applause] -- >> thank you, john for giving me an opportunity to be here at this wonderful institution that you run so a bully. i have learned so much from john throughout my career. i had forgotten that particular -- something tells me there is something apocryphal about that. [laughter] i have had a great admiration for john for many years. in myat has only deepened current role where i can fully appreciate what he accomplished

as deputy secretary of defense. john, you made it look easy. i appreciate your inviting me to be here. i also want to thank csi s's chair for policy studies amid -- who made this possible. as john mentioned, i did recently returned from a trip to asia that took me to japan, south korea, the philippines, and indonesia, where i attended the jakarta international defense dialogue. the purpose of my trip was to visit, first and foremost, with our forces deployed there. they are doing superbly. also, to make sure that our forces, our allies, and our partners in the region understand that we are serious about our defense commitments there. that we are going to walk the walk and not just talk the talk.

this is my second trip to asia since president obama announced a new strategic concept for the united states. it followed recent as to the region five president obama -- by president obama, secretary pineda, and a national security adviser all of whom are emphasizing the same thing. the central importance of the asia-pacific to the united's and -- united states making sure the region stays safe, secure, and prosperous. , secretaryweek kerry will be visiting seoul, first and beijing for the time as secretary of state. later this spring, secretary hagel, who as a senator let the risk congressional delegation to , willangri-la dialogue attend the dialogue for the first time as secretary of defense. our forces out there are also superbly commanded by sam walker -- law clear -- sam lo

cklear. it is important to point out how much time, energy, and intellectual capital as well as resources we are investing in our rebalance to the asia- pacific. across the breadth of our government. at the president has said, our investment in the region will continue to grow in the years to come. in this connection, our rebalance asia is mostly a political and economic concept. not a military one. --n i will get the very given my role as deputy defense secretary, i will not come -- peninsula.korean the north koreans have been determined of late to create a crisis atmosphere. just because they have a habit of indulging in extreme rhetoric doesn't mean we don't take the situation seriously.

as we have demonstrated through our actions in the past few weeks, the united states is committed to remaining peace and security on the korean peninsula and throughout the region. we are vigilantly monitoring the in close, we are contact with our south korean counterparts, as well as with the governments of japan, china, and russia. has been and remains that north korea should cease its evocative threats immediately. nuclear activities are in clear violation of un security counsel resolution and its international commitments. we believe that north korea should live up to these commitments and refrain from it evocative behavior. working withe are our friends and allies around the world to employee an integrated response to these unacceptable provocations which include a security council resolution with unprecedented

strong sanctions. and additional unilateral sanctions of great effect read the result of which will be to for thirdh korea isolated from the international community. thehe security sphere united states remains steadfast in its defense commitments to the republic of area -- korea. we take important steps to advance the alliance's military capabilities and advanced homeland and alliance security. in particular, we will continue to provide the extended deterrence offered by the u.s. nuclear umbrella and it sure that all of our capabilities remain available to the alliance. as secretary hagel announced, we are also taking actions to strengthen our missile defenses in order to keep ahead of north korean ballistic missile development. these included employment of 14 additional ground-based

interceptors at fort greeley, alaska and the planned deployment of a second radar to japan. which will provide improved early warning tracking of any missile launched from north korea toward the unitedin receno raised -- moved the guided missile destroyers uss john mccain and decatur to locations in the western pacific were there poised to respond to any missile threats to allies or territory. -- where they are positioned to respond to any missile threats to allies or their territory. we will deploy up ballistic missile defense system to guam as a precautionary move to strengthen the regional defense posture against the north korean missile threat. in addition to the measures, we recently signed a new joint counter provocation plan with the republic of korea to enhance coordination and response in