>> now it is my pleasure to introduce tyler olson, candidate for governor. let me give you a little background on tyler. he serves as the vice president of paulson electric, a fourth- generation family business with offices in cedar rapids, waterloo and -- prior to going to paulson electric, tyler practiced law with the firm of bradley and riley with offices in cedar rapids and iowa city. he is the representative of district 65 in cedar rapids. forr has led the fight early childhood education and affordable healthcare for iowa. as well as the new prosperity for iowans. rapids, raised in cedar

tyler is married to sarah olson and they have a five-year-old son, leo, and a two euro -- two-year old daughter willa. ladies and gentlemen, tyler olson. [applause] >> good evening, everybody. it is good to be here with you. i am here for two reasons. the first is to see all of you. i see some familiar faces. the second is very simple. iowa needs a new governor. [applause] as john said, i have a five- year-old and a two-year-old. a lot of you have come tonight and asked if my kids are here. the first question i thought would be, good to see you, but it is are your kids here?

this is one of our favorite times of day. after dinner, we put on the music. my five-year-old and two-year- old dance around the house. not quite in a venue like this, this is a nice ballroom, but around the living room. there is nothing more joyful than a five-year-old and a two- year-old dancing around the house. they don't care if anybody is watching. my wife and i are making sure the blinds are down and the curtains are drawn because we don't want to show off our moves to the neighbors. last summer, we were listening to one of our favorite songs. there is a line in the song where the singer says, what do i stand for? he repeats that. one day, my five-year-old turned to us and asked what that means. we discovered for to quickly that that is not an easy concept to explain to a five-year-old. we said, it is something that you believe in, that you spend time on.

that and lookut at us and said, kind of like we stand for barack obama? we said, absolutely. [applause] of course, after my wife got done patting ourselves on the back for teaching our five-year- old who the right choice in the presidential race was, i thought about that. what i stand for, what our neighborhood stands for, our communities stand for, and what our state stands for. it is things like an economy built from the middle out. healthcare for everybody. the idea that our communities are stronger because of the bonds we share and the answers to the challenges we face lie in the future and not the past. a lot of times campaigns become about little things, doors to knock, phone calls to make, as on tv, twitter feeds, facebook

posts, but everyone should allow campaigns to become about bigger questions. this is one of those campaigns. the question to me is, are we going to continue to live at the end of the last 30 years or think about the next 30 years? [applause] iowa is a state known for moving forward whether it is on human rights or agriculture or education. we have a decision to make. are we going to move forward or stall out while we rehash the debates of the last 30 years? iowa needs a governor with a different perspective, not just a change on the issues, but a change in perspective. a governor that understands that economic development is not just , not landing the big fish just chasing a headline or short-term gain. it is about a skilled workforce.

it is about supporting small businesses. , but thatt innovation companies that are just beginning and existing companies. more and more, economic development is becoming a competition for talent. things like strong diverse communities are important. communities with a sense of place. communities with things like the surf ballroom make iowa unique. we have a lot of that but it is something the governor needs to spend more time on. [applause] that competition for talent is not just about attracting people to the state. it is about making sure we get the most out of every child. iowa has an education system. that is good. we have educators doing great things with the resources that they have. unfortunately, with this

governor the policy is more standardized testing, more decision-making in des moines and more we know best. i think education should have a different priority. we should support local decision-making, support educators doing the hard work day after day after day to educate our kids. more than that, we need to make sure that the skills we are prioritizing in the classroom are ones that are important in today's economy. things like trickle thinking, problem solving, teamwork, innovation. this governor doesn't understand how that world has changed. you don't need me to tell you that the world has changed since 1982. the pace of the changes rapidly picking up. we need a governor that understands those changes, understands what we need to do today to take advantage of that opportunity in the next 30 years. [applause]

you may have noticed recently that the governor is starting to clam up on some issues. we hear a lot of, no comment. no comment about why the dci agent was fired. iowans deserve a comment. we deserve a comment on the quality, on early childhood education, on voter suppression. more than comments, islands -- iowans deserve leadership. we deserve leadership on developing a skilled workforce. we deserve leadership on moving iowa into the next 30 years. that is why i would be honored to have your support. thank you very much. [applause]

>> thank you, tyler. before we go further, a few more shutouts. state senator jack and his wife are in the house. let's give them a warm welcome. [applause] also, i want to thank christina and kevin from the iowa democratic party further help tonight. [applause] braley was born in 1957 and grew up in brooklyn, iowa. he met his wife at an eagles concert in 1976. how cool is that? they got married in 1983 and moved to waterloo where bruce went to work as an attorney representing people against some of the most powerful corporations in the world.

he ran prior experience, for the house of representatives in 2006. in 2008, 2010,d and 2012. bruce has become famous for his work with veterans, his advocacy for strengthening the middle class, and a relentless work ethic. bruce and carolyn still live in waterloo with three children all attending west waterloo high school where carolyn works as a social studies teacher. he is ready to succeed the great tom carper as our next senator. please welcome our friend, bruce braley. [applause] >> thank you. hello wing dingers. if i had mark's voice, i would

be unstoppable. doesn't he have a great radio voice is to mark -- radio voice? thank you to the entire organizing committee. this is the epicenter of democratic activism in iowa tonight, right here in clear lake. thank you all for coming. [applause] it is exciting to be back at wingding and is exciting to be back with so many rate democrats who aren't waiting until next fall to focus on what we are going to do together to make sure that 2014 is the beginning of a new future for the state of iowa. you are going to make that happen. we need to get started now because we are not going to have the great campaign organization of our president helping all of these great candidates. that is why you're being here is

so important to our cause. i want to tell you that we have great leadership at our state party with scott brennan who spoke earlier and who has stepped back up to resume responsibility to lead democrats , which is an enormous challenge . as you know, we don't belong to an organized political movement. we belong to the democratic party. [applause] look at the counties represented here, i am so excited about the chance to get out and spend time in all of the counties in iowa that i haven't had the privilege of representing yet. by the end of labor day weekend, i will be about two thirds of the way there. if i haven't been to your county, we are coming and i need your help. i will be looking forward to the opportunity to come and visit

with you and your friends and neighbors, and talk about why i am running for senate. we have, right in front of me, and honor that is given out every year at this dinner. this year, the honor goes to a very deserving person. , ourormer first lady former senator, our former candidate for president and our former secretary of state, please give a great iowa round of applause to hillary clinton. [applause] i have been blessed in my life to be surrounded by strong independent smart women. glad that my am so friend, senator amy klobuchar

has found her way south from the great state of minnesota to join us here tonight. amy proves -- [applause] proves everyday that minnesota and senate strong are not mutually exclusive terms. wanted to dispel a rumor that has been circulating here tonight about senator klobuchar. contrary to what some people believe, when she first ran for senate and was asked about her foreign policy credentials, she did not respond by saying, i can see canada from my back porch. [laughter] even though she can. [laughter] but i do have some advice for

you, senator. we are in a very historic building. and i know how much you love your state, how much you love head, bute in moore please do not fly to fargo from mason city. i care about you and your well- being. you will be tempted to go see your constituents, the find another way to get there. mcleanknow, when don sang that famous song "american pie" and told the story of the day the music died, the autopsy was done right here. we want you to enjoy your time here. one of the things you may not know about senator klobuchar is she shares something with our mutual friend, my mentor tom harkin. both of them have parents of slovenian descent.

one of the things that i love about tom harkin is tom never forgot where he came from. andever forgot who he was the people who counted on him everyday to make a difference in their lives because he grew up in a household with a father who was a coal miner and a mother who was a first generation slovenian immigrant. that is why i am excited. because senator klobuchar's mother shares something in common with my mom. they were both second grade teachers. some of you know this story. i'm going to share it with you. you're ago, i got a call from the white house inviting me to fly back to cedar rapids with the president on air force one. amazingly, i said yes. [laughter] i called up my mom in brooklyn,

iowa and said mom, how would you like to come hear the president speak in cedar rapids. she said, that sounds like fun, but i can't. i said, mom, you are 83 years old, what you be doing that day more important than listening to the president? she said, i am a long-term sub in a third grade classroom. her, i will tell the president you thought that was more important than hearing him speak. me, soundse said to like your mom made the right choice. [applause] that is why i am so proud of my mom as i know you are of your mother. who proud of my wife teaches at waterloo west high school and changes lives everyday. nowom isn't still subbing at the age of 84 because she is getting rich on what substitute

teachers make in iowa. she is doing it because she still believes she is making a difference in the lives of those kids. on election day last year, i went back to my old elementary school with my mom. classted a sixth-grade taught by one of her former students. as we were leaving the classroom , we were standing in the hallway when a line of first- graders compiling by. you know how obedient they are. one of them turned and saw my braley.said, hi mrs. hi, mrs. braley. i turned to my mom and said, i guess we know who the celebrity is tonight. that is why education matters in this state and this country. we need to fight to give every child in iowa and in this

country he same access to quality education that i had growing up in the small town of brooklyn, iowa. we have to fight for that. [applause] because republicans in congress right now are doing everything they can to make it hard for people to get an education. their idea of keeping student aterest rates low is getting $43 billion profit on a student loan program. heard from some of our candidates earlier about veterans issues. jim, i want to tell you i was moved by your story. i was moved by what you did for us. a year ago, i had the great privilege of following my father's footsteps but to -- back to iwo jima with veterans who served there with him.

a guy those veterans was named jack thurman. for those of you who know that iconic story of the flag raising, jack was one of the marines to reach the summit of the mountain and he was standing there while both flags were raised. i asked him why 67 euros later he came back to iwo jima. he got misty eyed and said bruce, i want to stand on the beach and look out into the friendsd remember our -- my friends and tell them, i didn't forget you. that is the solemn responsibility we owe to every veteran and every man and woman who puts on the uniform. that is why senator klobuchar and i have been so passionate about protecting men and women

in uniform from the crime of sexual assault that is a stain on our country and needs to be eliminated. [applause] i believe if you are going to follow somebody, you need to know where they have come from. i want to take a couple of minutes to tell you about who i am and why i am running for senate. i am running for senate because i love the state of iowa. i believe strongly in the future of iowa. i know that was -- with your help i can be a strong voice for the people of iowa in the senate. ever since tom harkin announced he was not running for reelection and i decided to try to win his seat, a lot of people have come up to me and said, bruce, you have big shoes to fill. i look them in the eye and tell

them i will never fill tom harkin's shoes. i am not even trying to. i am here to make this promise to you. if you join me in this cause, i will work tirelessly for the next 14 months so that when our friend and hero tom harkin walks out of the senate chamber for proud patriotic democrat from iowa is walking in to take his seat. [applause] you heard my friend talk about two democrats in butler county since the civil war. peopleran for congress, told me don't waste your time in butler county. town and in a small when people had a problem in

brooklyn, nobody asked if you are a republican or democrat. they asked for your help and they got it. i had spent my time in every county in the first district of iowa. i knew that if i took the time to make the case for why i come the democrat, understood problems of people in the rural counties and could be their voice, i could convince them to vote for me. i came close in my first election to winning every county in my district. county --in but the butler county and delaware county. in the next election, in 2008, i won butler county over 10 points. [applause] that is the message we need to , every every democrat

independent, and every republican in the state of iowa. that we understand their problems, we will fight for them and make their lives better. i know you have got a beautiful state capital in minnesota, senator. we happen to be very proud of hours. one of the reasons is because on the walls of our rotunda are these incredible inscriptions that the people who founded this state but there over 100 years ago to remind us of the purpose of government. when i spent time in the capitol, i would frequently bring people and show them my favorite one. ,t says this, the ideal state that in which an injury done to the least of its citizens is an injury done to all. that is why i am a democrat. i believe that in the core of my being and i believe every human being has worth and value and it

is our job to give them the opportunity to climb tom harkin's letter of success and give them the opportunity to live the american dream. that is why you are here tonight. why, following on something tyler said, i keep a poster in my office in washington dc of my favorite movie, the shawshank redemption. i keep a poster there because it is about hope and suffering and survival and redemption. my favorite line in the movie is this, it all comes down to a simple choice. either get busy living or get busy dying. my friends, it is time to get busy living. i need your help. i want to hear from you. let's get to work. thank you very much.

[applause] >> bruce braley, ladies and gentlemen. [applause] >> please welcome to the stage from the wingding committee, dean genth. >> good evening. that is some big shoes to follow. brand that other party that we know about, the democratic party respects and admires women throughout america. that is why it gives me great pleasure tonight to honor one of the greatest american female politicians with the beacon award. the beacon award was begun in

2008 and it was created to give an award to an outstanding nationallyatewide or who exemplifies the best of the democratic party ideals and values. 2008, it was awarded to senator edward kennedy. in 2009, it was awarded to jimmy and berkeley. to u.s. senator john culver. to senatet went majority leader mike. last year's award went to tom harkin. i am pleased to announce that this year's beacon award has been awarded to secretary hillary clinton. [applause]

i have with me on stage, before i give a little about senator and secretary of state hillary clinton's bio, i have some women with me who are here to accept the award on secretary clinton's the half. with that, a little bit of bio information about secretary clinton and then we will have joy who will represent our group of north iowa democratic women to accept the award. on january 21, 2009, hillary clinton was sworn in as the 67th secretary of the united states. joinedry clinton and -- the state department after nearly four decades of service as a public advocate, attorney, first lady and senator. she attended public schools before graduating from wellesley

college. arkansas andved to mary bill clinton and became a successful attorney while raising their daughter. she was an assistant professor at the university of arkansas and after look at doing -- working to strengthen the local aid office, she was appointed by jimmy carter to serve on the board of the legal services commission. during her 12 years as first lady, she was chairwoman of the advocates for children and families and served on the boards of the arkansas children's hospital and children's defense fund. history asllary made the first first lady ever elected to the united states senate.

the first woman elected statewide in new york. she served on the labor and pensions committee, environment and public works committee, and the committee on aging. she was a commissioner on security and cooperation in europe. as a senator, she worked across party lines to build support for causes important to her constituents and the country. including the expansion of economic opportunity and access to quality affordable healthcare. after the terrorist attacks of september 11 she was a strong advocate for funding for the rebuilding of new york and the health concerns of the first responders who risked their lives on ground zero. she championed the cause of our nation's military and fought for better healthcare and benefits forwarded servicemembers,

veterans and members of the was a senate member of the transportation advisory group to the department of defense. won006, senator clinton reelection to the senate and in 2007 began her campaign for president of the united states. the008, she campaigned for election of barack obama and joe biden. in november, she was nominated by president-elect obama to be secretary of state. i don't think any of us have aved to see a woman achieve greater set of goals, a woman who has done more for all of with that, i give this award to senator and secretary of state hillary rodham clinton.

will be accepted by join you come from forrest city -- joy from forrest city. >> in 2007, i was honored to serve as clinton cost campaign director for winnebago county. -- hillary clinton's campaign director for winnebago county. only met hillary clinton as portrayed in media reports, i was not prepared to be overwhelmed by her warmth and authenticity. after exchanging greetings, she --ked at our oldest son's sun, and then looked back at me to say, how is your health care? do they cover everything you need? i'm not sure i can adequately explain the warmth her beacon of light provided on that day in 2007. from ourrs away

country successfully passing much-needed healthcare reform. in that moment, for me, for our family, for our son, hillary clinton embodied hope. in our brief conversation that followed, she showed me what makes her the best public servants i believe our country has ever known. topic -- health care, children's issues, women's issues, marriage, veteran's writes, voters' rights, workers -- hillary much more clinton understands our country is only as good as the quality of opportunities we provide each citizen. in beijing in 1995, when she declared an obvious truth, that women's rights are human rights, hillary clinton reminded the world that securing rights for

all persons is what makes a country strong. this beacon of light, her beacon of light, has shown regardless of the title she has held in her long and accomplished career as a public servant. an authenticon, and warm woman, lives as a beacon of light. she always has, and i'm confident she always will. and -- iowaniowa democratic women, are proud that democrats tonight are honoring her with this beacon of light award. we thank you for shining a light on this incredible democrat, who exemplifies what it means to be a beacon of light in our world. thank you. [applause]

asplease join joy and i here we hand off this award you are accepting on behalf of hillary rodham clinton. [applause] >> thank you. [applause]

>> thank you, joy. amy klobuchar became the first woman elected to represent the state of minnesota and united states senate. chief prosecutor in the state's a u.s. county, and now senator, amy has been guided by the values she learned. she was a leading advocate for successful passage of one of the first laws in the country guaranteeing 48 stays for new mothers and their babies. partner inng as a minnesota's dorsey and whitney and gray, amy was elected to serve as a prosecutor for hennepin county, which includes minneapolis and 45 suburbs.

in 2006, the people of minnesota elected a me to be there u.s. senator. amy has been a strong advocate for middle-class families and minnesota values on critical issues facing our nation. a senate chair of the joint economic committee and member of the president's export council, as well as u.s. senate committee beenmmerce, amy has working to implement a competitive agenda to ensure businesses have the tools they need. amy chairs the subcommittee on antitrust, competition policy, and consumer rights, which is responsible for the oversight of antitrust enforcement at the department of justice and federal trade commission. continued to work policies that protect consumers from anti-competitive behavior, and make sure businesses are able to compete on a level playing field. please give a warm north iowa wingding welcome to our neighbor, senator amy coverture

-- klobuchar. [applause] democrats.owa thank you. thank you. thank you to those minnesotans who brought my science back there. are you guys ready to send bruce braley to the senate? theseu ready to help great candidates we heard today, and paint iowa blue in 2014? of theseired extremists that keep coming to your state and saying they want to shut the government down? well then i know i'm in the right place today. place is the surf ballroom. for our friends watching this war not from iowa, i think they need to understand that the surf ballroom is called the surf ballroom because it is right near clear lake. this is iowa's idea of surf.

[laughter] do you know that minnesota and iowa combined have more lakeshore, with all of our lakes, particularly in minnesota, then more of -- in california, florida, and hawaii's coastline? [applause] it is truly right to be here today -- great to be here, to honor secretary of state clinton with the beacon award. she embodies the principles and ideals of our party. joy did a wonderful job talking about that. [applause] she talked about the incredible work that hillary clinton has done, promoting economic opportunity for all, making the country a safer place, and the incredible work. you, seeing someone who has come into the u.s. senate, the incredible work she has done for women in the

senate, the country, and all over the world. [applause] party to thank your great chair, scott, your county chair, john. all of the iowa party leaders. the one thing i will remember here when i leave is buckler county. democrats, that is the civil war, but that is going to change. i'm here for three reasons. the first is to help elect ruth braley. he is one of the best candidates we have in the country running for the u.s. senate. think you all know better than anyone how he shares tom , that passions for hard work, for the people in the state. all we have to know about tom harkin is one thing. and that is, when he was in the wellstone, heul

was paul wellstone's best friend. thank you, iowa, for that. the second reason i'm here, how can you say no to a wingding? [laughter] they were great chicken wings. the third reason, as bruce noted, is that i literally am only two hours from here and i can see i was for my porch. -- iowa from my porch. [laughter] our states have a lot more in common than a border. you have the iowa state fair going on right now. the most famous thing is your life-sized butter cow, which got a bit of attention this week. but everything is fine now. a cow carved entirely out of butter. in minnesota, we have princess way, and hery court all carved entirely out of butter. i guess each of our states have our own idea of royalty.

[laughter] that was a little iowa joke. you have the world-famous matchstick museum. we have the world-famous spam museum, or as we like to call it, the guggenheim -- guggen- ham. you have the notoriety for picking presidents, and we have the notoriety with surprising -- supplying the country with vice presidents. [applause] it is a longtime tradition in minnesota that new moms bounce their babies on their knee and say, one day, you can grow up to be vice president. [laughter] , the one thing that our states share for sure is a very focused citizenry that cares about elections and has a fierce

sense of independence. about don't believe me that independent part of minnesota, i have three words for you. --ernor chafee venture a ventura. senate blessed with a candidate in bruce that represents the best of grassroots politics in this state, and in this country. but i think of bruce, i think of when i came to help him campaign and he always had those work boots that reminded him of how he literally pulled himself up from where he was to get to where he is today. i think of him as a champion for the middle class, a champion for veterans, a guy who knows the value of education. he knows it in his own life, and mouth.s it from his own bruce and i have been working on the issue of sexual assault in the military.

we have been working on it for a number of years. when we first got involved in they were actually destroying the records of sexual assault from anywhere from one year to five years in the military. they would vanish. when i heard about that, i thought, this is probably the dumbest thing i've ever heard. we are convinced that the leaders in the senate and house to include a provision to preserve those records, so they are no longer destroyed. --t is one change [applause] there is a lot more work to be done, and that is what we are working on right now. like working about bruce is that he has never been satisfied with just sitting back in the face of problems. he works tirelessly to give a voice to people that don't have a voice. he also is someone who got into government for all the right reasons. inre are a lot of people

politics today. a few of them have visited your state recently, who think a successful career in politics is built on stopping progress trade i realized that when they talk about going back to the values of the 1980's, they mean the 1880's. that's not me, that's not bruce, and that is not anyone in this room. bruce and i got started in grassroots politics. from familiese who had money. both our moms were teachers. i did not have a grandfather or dad in the u.s. senate. neither did he. his dad was a world war ii veteran who worked in a grain elevator, who was seriously injured. it's no surprise that both of us got involved in politics, for the simplest of reasons. something was wrong, and it needed to be fixed rate something was not fair, and it needed to be made right.

he dedicatedse, himself to the cause of worker safety. dedicated himself to helping those who have lost everything, because he knows what that's like. i got involved in politics after my daughter was born, and she could not swallow. we spent the whole night in hospital. they did test after test, and still did not know what was wrong. back then, they had a rule with the insurance companies that you could only stay in the hospital for 24 hours as a new mom. my daughter was in intensive care. i had not slept for two days, and they kicked me out of that hospital in 24 hours. as my husband wheeled me out of the hospital, i had a moment to look up at him and say, this would not be happening to the wife of the head of the insurance company. --n my daughter got better she was in the hospital for weeks and weeks -- i decided i was not going to sit back and

let this happen to another mom. i got involved in politics. i was a new mom, never been elected to anything. i started calling my legislators, going over to the capital and testifying about what happened. in minnesota,t, we enacted one of the first laws in the country guaranteeing new moms and their babies 24 hours of hospital stay. one of my favorite lessons from that experience was that you can never give up. we passed the bills in both houses. there was a rumor there were going to delay the effective date. i decided to show up with six pregnant friends of mine. they outnumber the insurance lobbyists to 21. -- two to one. the pregnant moms said that it should take effect now. that is what happened. and we won.

that is how politics works at its best. [applause] i decided to run for local office. i was the chief prosecutor in hennepin county. i then ran for senate. i was there a short time, by tom harkins standards. i try to live by the same principle that you can make change, but you have to be willing to do it. our country has been through tough times. it was about two years that i was in the senate that we had the worst recession since the great depression. i still remember that first month of 2009, when we lost more jobs in this country than there were people in the state of vermont. every industry was suffering. way sinceme a long those difficult days. 7.4%, the national unemployment rate is at its lowest point in more than four years.

is problemve a trend with long-term unemployment, people who have been unemployed for more than six months. in minnesota, we are doing two points better than the national average. in iowa, 4.6%. [applause] manufacturing jobs are coming back across the country. home sales are up. the auto industry is back. exciting, when i crossed over the border. with the help of our farmers in iowa and minnesota, we have increased the supply of renewable fuels, doubled our production of clean energy, and since 2005, our dependence on foreign oil has gone down from 60% to 40%, since 2005. [applause] you really cannot drive down here without seeing all those wind turbines. you get 25% of your energy from

wind, and it provides 7000 jobs in the state of iowa. [applause] ics right now as a stable economy, but on the cusp of great economic gains. there's something holding us back. me, it is the group in congress. obstructionism and extremism that is holding us back and preventing too many americans from realizing the promise of america. look at the crew who has graced your state in the past few months, talking about shutting our government down again. to causel, they want one big government traffic jam. the only problem, they won't pay for the roads and bridges to get us out of it. there are two things that really bug me about this obstructionism. they seem to forget that these are real people that will be

affected by these moves. even in the midst of this recovery, we all know people. the kid in cedar rapids who wants to become a teacher, but can't afford college. job at the lost his kraft foods in mason city, and once to get retrained, but cannot get the right program so he gets the skills again. or the family in waterloo that is working harder and harder to pay that mortgage. i don't have to tell you that too many americans are still falling behind, unable to get education, to match the skills to the jobs that are open, or find a good paying job or pay for their security. bothers mehing that about some of the things these people are saying -- i'm telling you what they are coming in and saying in your state, more than a lot of other states right now -- there is a whole bunch of things we could be doing right now to help people get jobs, to stabilize the economy even more,

to grow the economy, to strengthen the middle class. there are things that everybody could agree on. we could come together on an innovation agenda. candidates governor much of that. the simple idea that we no longer can afford to be a country that just turns money around on wall street. thatve to be a country makes stuff again, that invents thing, that exports to the world. this means making sure we are embracing the president's idea that we double exports. exports in iowa are about agriculture. they're also about manufacturing, farming equipment farmers -- equipment. farm equipment is going all over the world. there is a guy north of here in minnesota named maynard ackerman. he has a company where he does trench less digging. he puts these huge pipes underneath the ground, then canes another type so he

make space for that, especially in countries like china and india that are finally building infrastructure, but they can't uproot all their neighborhoods. he has 77 employees in a cornfield, all because of exports. bigs not just about businesses. it is about small and medium- sized businesses as well. about my favorite things this guy, he was named international trench less digger of the year a few years back. [laughter] this agenda is also about making a skills match. we have way too many job openings in our state in the high-tech area. we have to make sure that these kids are able to get degrees while they're in high school, and be able to work with our community colleges. an innovation agenda is about

making sure we bring down our debt in a reasonable way, and a balanced way, and a long-term way, but not on the backs of our seniors and students and the middle class. that is not how we reduce the debt in this country. [applause] this innovation agenda is about comprehensive tax reform. we don't have to hear again that warned buffett pays lower rate than his secretary. instead, we should be looking at fair tax reform. that is something we can accomplish. it is something senator baucus wants to get done in the senate. when we think about how america can be the strongest, most innovative it has been for so many decades in the past, the place that brought the world everything, from the pacemaker to the post-it note, from ford motor company to facebook. it is clear we are the country we are today because we were able to invest in those inortunities, invest

scientific research, invest in innovation, investing entrepreneurship. things believe that the that democrats and republicans can agree on, simple ideas of workforce training, copperheads of tax reform, bringing the death down -- debt down in a balanced way -- comprehensive tax reform, bringing the debt down in a balanced way. so what is the problem? we do know republicans that are willing to work on these issues. there are republicans in iowa who want to move our country forward. ofortunately, a group ideologues in the house of representatives right now is holding the country back. that we passed a farm bill in the u.s. senate. it has the support of our secretary of agriculture, tom tom fact -- tom phil sec --

vilsack. [applause] it is a bill that has the support of representative braley. supportable to get across the aisle for a bill. our safetyrengthens net for our farmers. it reduces the debt by $24 billion over the last farm bill. why would republicans in the house be against this? we have oure conservation programs in place. i am proud to have been appointed to be on the senate side of the conference committee to get that farm bill done. i keep asking our staff everyday, have the republicans in the house called to set up that conference committee? no, they haven't. you know what that bill is not going anywhere? because the bill is on the cutting room floor in the house. decidedof tea partiers to shredded to pieces because they wanted to eliminate nutrition programs that for

decades have helped millions of kids and seniors and working people from hunger. i want to leave you with one quote, from the fargo forum. this is not a bastion of liberalism. it is a conservative caper based in fargo that has a bunch of newspapers in minnesota. they ran an editorial last week. mistake quote, make no about it. house republicans are to blame for the farm bill stall. this is not a political conclusion. it is a statement of fact. prosecutor. i like facts. i like evidence. this billhas to bring to to a conference committee so we can get it done. [applause] now how about our infrastructure? no one knows better than iowa

how important infrastructure is. this is how we will get these goods to market. i know a little bit about transportation policy in this country. we will never forget what happened in minnesota in august of 2007, when in the middle of a summer's day, that bridge collapsed in the middle of the mississippi river. as they said that day, a bridge should not just fall down in the middle of america. not an eight lane bridge in the middle of rush hour, and not a bridge that is six blocks from my house. people were killed. hundreds of people injured. do you know what we do when it does break down, when something like that happens in america? we rebuild. lessbuilt that bridge in than 13 months. we rebuild just like they are rebuilding in new jersey after hurricane sandy. we rebuild just like you did in iowa after the iowa floods. we rebuild, because that is what

a good government does. it funds public safety and infrastructure. it doesn't shortchange our roads and our bridges and are -- our dams. [applause] senatee do you think the passed the bipartisan waterville, what are develop and act -- water bill, water development act? in ourve served military, denied citizenship. engineers and doctors and scientists denied entry. the senate finally passed a bipartisan, comprehensive immigration bill with 68 votes in the u.s. senate. [applause] it is a bill that will bolster our economy. it brings the debt down by $200 million in 10 years.

it secures our borders, and nleashess us -- u potential. the head of the united farmworkers and grover norquist support this bill. despite what you might be hearing from the congressman in 65% of the people in this district, according to a and 51% of, republicans, want to see a path to citizenship. [applause] those are the facts. those are the facts. that is the evidence. say, bill clinton likes to that is the arithmetic. so why haven't we said that immigration bill to the president's desk? it is stuck in the house.

it is in someone's desk drawer, between the post-it notes and the stapler. in the same place where they are hiding the farm bill, the infrastructure bill, and the senate task budget. it's time to tell the republicans in the house of the people of this country want the keys to that desk drawer. [applause] they won representatives coming to the negotiating table to hammer out a compromise the works for the american people. they want representatives that are there for them, not ones who have taken a pledge to uphold a rigid ideology. they want to send people to congress, people like bruce braley, that have taken one pledge and one pledge only. and that is to represent the people of the u.s. that is what we need to do. [applause] i think you guys know that these

guys can be difficult. because you are from iowa, and this is the most listening crowd i've ever spoken to in my life, except for the distracted driving conference -- it's a good group to talk to. they don't want to be distracted. you guys are incredible. i think you know that it is not enough to just complain. you have to do something about once said,humphrey while it is good to know history, it is better to make it. if we are unwilling to make history, then others will write it for us. given what i have seen in this room and across the country, you are not willing to let other people write your own history. examples.e you some when they sought to divide minnesota last year by putting an amendment on the ballot to ban marriage between same-sex couples, you know what the people of minnesota did?

we fought back. we defeated that divisive amendment. we were the first state in the country to defeat an amendment like that. [applause] year, we joined iowa, our friendly neighbor to the south, to become one of the first 12 states to legalize gay marriage. [applause] we wrote our own history. when we heard candidates talking about legitimate rape, and really getting -- relitigating issues without were solved, did we let those guys win those elections? no. we sent a record 20 women to the u.s. senate. we wrote our own history. [applause] if you wonder if women make a difference when they are in congress, this is my favorite story.

during the debates in the finance committee, debbie stabenow was sitting there. thes looking across from republican senator from arizona. understand whyt you keep talking about putting maternity benefits in the package. i never used them. she looked across the table from him and said, i bet your mother did. they got included in that group of benefits. [applause] speaking of writing history, when the pundits said barack obama and joe biden could not win in iowa, you remember that. they could not win in the first place, and then they could not win reelection. you did not let karl rove right the book about iowa politics. you wrote your own chapter. while we are on the topic of election, i did want to say one thing. i know what bruce is going to be facing, and what you will be

seeing on tv. we can't continue with a system where one billionaire can write a $10 million check and change the course of an election. as bruce knows that her than anyone in this room, that should not happen in the united states of america. it should not happen in a democracy. citizens united was wrong. how do we fix it? [applause] acteed to pass the disclose , so we at least know who the donors are, and who is writing the checks. i think you all know that that is not enough. the only way we really reverse citizens united is bypassing a constitutional amendment to overturn that case. [applause] we send a real message to everyone in this country that are democracy, our state, and our country is not for sale. [applause]

despite all these super packs -- you will see them in the next pac's, you will see them in the next year -- despite the extremism, the 24- hour tv, i believe we can come together for this country. how do we do it? we elect people like bruce, who are willing to get things done. we call out the extremists every step of the way. ando it i seeking out working with a more reasonable people across the aisle. -- by seeking out and working with the more reasonable people across the aisle. inruly believe that courage the next few years will not be standing alone by yourself, giving a speech. courage will be whether or not you are willing to stand next to someone you don't always agree with for the betterment of this country.

that will be courage in the next few years. [applause] from passing the civil rights act to treating medicare, -- andting medicare, democrats republicans have had the courage to put partisan aside to do grand things for this country. we saw this happen in the u.s. senate with the farm bill. we saw it happen with immigration reform. together, democrats and republicans came together for those brief but incredibly important moments to do what was best for this country. that was when we saw, to quote former congresswoman barbara george her, and america as good as promised. ar country has always been place of promise. my slovenian grandfather worked 1500 feet underground in a mine in minnesota. he never graduated from high school. he saved money in a coffee can

so he could send my dad to college. i dad got a degree from the community college up in northern minnesota and went to the university of minnesota and got his journalism degree. he went from that mining town to interview everyone from ronald reagan to ginger rogers. my mom taught second grade until she was 70 years old. today, i stand before you as the granddaughter of an iron ore miner and the daughter of a newspaperman and a teacher, and the first woman elected to the u.s. senate from the state of minnesota. [applause] that is america, and that is promised. -- promise. my parents and my grandparents instilled in me those midwestern values, the same values that you pass on to your children. family, faith, humility, hard

work. they taught me to live with honor and courage, and to never stop fighting for what i believe in. room,ne of you in this when you think of courage and have to take that one big step or do something you are afraid to do, you always think of something or someone in your family. for me, i always think of my grandpa. back then, it was so dangerous. they would hear the whistle, and everyone would run to the mine. they did not know who was killed or hurt that day. my grandpa worked in those mines the longtime. i met a guy at a little restaurant. he came running up to me and said that his dad had worked with my grandpa. he explained that after many years, my grandpa got promoted to form an -- foremen. he said that all of the foremen when adio -- radio down the guys had to go into a new and dangerous part of the mine.

he said, everyone except your grandpa -- when you're grandpa was foreman, he would never stand on top and radio down. he would also go down with the guys, and he would always go first. he said, you're grandpa was fearless. you are the hawkeye state, right? for generations, you have never backed down from a challenge. your ancestors settled a windblown prairie and turned it into a place that feeds the world. you have given the country pioneers and leaders in political courage, people like tom vilsack, tom harkin, bruce braley. people who take risks and stand shoulder to shoulder with the people they serve. [applause]

asking you to'm do. just like my grandpa would do everyday, just like bruce did when he worked at that job way back, i'm asking you to put those boots on again. put those hardhats on. square your shoulders, and get ready for this next election, including those people in butler county. [applause] i believe you can do it. you know how great bruce is. i heard your governor candidates. jim auer has the same name as our famous baseball player in minnesota. [laughter] make those calls, knock on those doors. never stop fighting. let's move forward together. thank you, northern iowa. keep up the great work. [applause]

.> senator amy klobuchar i'm going to turn the floor over to the gentleman who decorated the stage. [applause] >> don't go anywhere. this is a time that we draw for a name. i want to recognize someone, one of our members of wingding. a lot of you said, how did we come up with a wingding? we concluded our 10th annual democratic wingding. a lot of people do not realize we would group together and stay mutual friends this long. now we are seven counties

strong. [applause] plan on growing it further. we would like to recognize one of the founding members. we have a plaque ordered for him. rawls. [applause] instigator of getting this going. and the name, and the scene. 10 years later, here we are. thank you. [applause] you.ank >> we are giving this away to our lucky winner, if you want to draw the name. we always try to give something away to someone. they are from northwood. brian.

you gonner. you get this beautiful pendant. thank you for coming out to our 10th annual democratic wingding. [inaudible] >> it's a group of everybody. [applause] we want to thank you folks for coming out. we look forward to seeing you at our 11th annual democratic wingding next year, same place, same time. have a great night, folks. get to mingle. thank you for coming. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2013]

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click money raised and i goes the northern iowa democratic party. -- aapproved a revolution resolution to block cnn and nbc from hosting the debate. they cannot take action unless

aboutand to air programs secretary of state hillary clinton -- former secretary of state. she was honored today in iowa at the wing ding award. "first ladies, influence and image" begins and all this month we are showing encore presentations of season one. programs on every first lady from martha washington to ida mckinley. tonight, we focus on first lady eliza johnson. ♪ > she was close to being broken by the time she went to the white house. >> this is the earliest existing house. they lived here in the 1830's and 1840's. >> she was educated and taught school. >> she would work.

the north and south fought all over the civil war. it changed hands 26 times. they did have domestic help. >> it was used as a hospital, it was used as a place to stay and it was destroyed. >> eliza wasn't able to get out much. >> she brought home many gifts. >> this is the room she returned to. >> she is obscure. she's who he needed. >> abraham lincoln's assassination weeks after his second inaugural shocked a war- ravaged nation. johnson's wife eliza was 54 years old when she was thrust into the role as first lady. he navigated the end of the civil war, reconstruction in the

south and his own impeachment. this week on "first ladies, the life and times of eliza johnson." we learn more, let me introduce you to our two guests. jacqueline burger is in the midst of a biography collection called "love, lies and tears" and joining us from her home in southern california. and a greenville, native and long time employee of the national park service. and is an joyey of the andrew johnson historic site. the country has lost presidents before, but this was the first assassination. what was it like in washington, d.c., the capitol and white house, was it orderly transition, chaos or something in between? >> it was disbelief. they could not believe that it

happened. but secretary stanton took charge immediately. and he decided that the president was going to be a funeral in the east room and he went ahead and had major french set up the funeral and do everything for it. he went to work immediately to elaborate this most beautiful funeral for the president and unfortunately the first lady who was upstairs, constantly in tears and in mourning, they were building this beautiful setting for the funeral and banging and hammering and all night long she was called downstairs and asked them to please stop because she thought gunshots were going off inside the white house. it was pretty terrifying for her. >> to the transition in government, how is it that a republican president ended up with a southern democrat for vice president?

>> it was a unique situation. once abraham lincoln was trying to appeal to the broader segment of the population. in another sense, i think he was making good on his second inaugural to bind up the nation's wounds. so he was trying to bring the north and south back together again. johnson was a southerner, he was a democrat, intensely loyal to the nation and he came to speak and he had spent time as a military governor restoring a union government and freeing the slaves in tennessee, so he was a good choice. >> how prepared was he for the job of president? >> he had held nearly every political office that you can hold on the rise to the presidency. it was a completely different situation going in after lincoln's assassination. just a very chaotic time.

>> in fact, the new president's graciousness towards mary lincoln made it difficult for him in transition. how did it work? >> it was difficult in the beginning. mary was in total mourning and remained there for six weeks. so the new president was gracious not to give up his office in the white house so he could give her time to make the adjustment. it was difficult on him and in the beginning he was obvious shaken to the core. he got into action very quickly and prepared to take over the presidency. >> where did he work at that time? >> treasury department in washington and his family was not here. >> what were his early days like? did you have a chance of how

adjusted himself and how quickly he assumed control? >> it was two-sided. at one point, it was the grand review, he had the lincoln trial and murders to deal with. on other hand, it was his golden hour because congress wasn't in session, so he jumped in trying to implement the lincoln plan of restoration for the south. >> and there were skirmishes going on from the civil war? >> i'm sure there were and hardly settled in a lot of people's mind. and taking over this job at this particular time in this city, i mean he had a cabinet that he inherited, what were his challenges? >> he made the decision to keep the cabinet. he said this is what i have and i'm going to live with it the best i can and he discovered it might not have been the best decision for himself, because he was constantly struggling with them. they thought for sure he would go ahead and have a more hasher stance on the stance on the south and he didn't. he had a lenient opinion on how

to get the north and south back together. he had a difficult time. >> we have used the word tumultuous, but these four years deserve the description. here is a look at some of the highlights of that time period, the four years he spent in office. 1865, the 13th amendment was ratified. those of you who saw the movie "lincoln," that was the great fight. the veto that led to his impeachment and suspended stanton and 1868, 14th amendment was ratified and reconstruction amendments and it had a citizenship clause that overturned the dred-scott decision and his impeachment proceedings were held. that is a look at the kinds of things the family had to deal with. did he have a vice president? >> yes.

>> was there any provision for selecting a vice president? >> the impeachment had resulted in conviction. the presidency would have gone to the president pro tempore important of the senate. >> let's move on to eliza. she arrives when? >> about four months later that she came with her family. they had set up a situation where she took care of the home, took care of the finances. her life was pretty well set and the fact that her husband became president didn't change things. she did follow and brought her family. two daughters who was married and two children of her own and other daughter was a widow with three children so it's very, very crowded upstairs in the white house. and she was an invalid when she

got to the white house and people think she didn't participate much. that isn't true. she was very much involved. started her own bedroom across from the president's office and she was able to hear what was going on. she was very active and read daily newspapers and brought different points of view to the president and able to calm him down and was the grandmother of the house as well as taking care of her daughters and grandchildren. >> her health status is the only known public statement we have from eliza johnson. which we have on screen. this was her announcement to the press. and after making it, what did she do? >> went upstairs. her face showed interest but no enthusiasm. another quote attributed to her, i do not like this public life at all and i will be happy where

we are back to where we belong. >> what was her health problems? >> t.b. her health weakened after the birth of her last son who was 18 years younger. and there are many references to her health. >> first question from a viewer and before i take it, i remind you if you are new to this series, there is your participation. call us and put those numbers on the screen and send us a message on the screen using the #firstladies or go to c-span's facebook page and we have questions coming in and try to mix those in. gary robinson asked the question, was eliza concerned for her husband's safety after the lincoln assassination? >> she was absolutely terrified. his life was in danger as well. when he was a senator, he did not want his state to secedee from the union and oftentimes his life was in danger and when the president was assassinated.

one of the daughters was worried. >> there was worry. some of the investigation suggests that there was in fact part of the overall plot someone assigned to kill johnson. >> he had heavy drinks beforehand and lost his nerve. >> he was stalking him that whole day and planning to assassinate him that night and he did not follow through. >> any historic documentation about how the president reacted to the threats on his life? >> i have never heard of any. we heard grave concerns for lincoln and people did try to tell him not to go to the

peterson house that night himself because of all the danger out there, but he went any way. >> the peterson house was the rooming house across the street from the hotel after the president was shot. and he was warned to stay away. >> news was coming in. and they knew this was a full- fledged attack on high-ranking government officials. >> wasn't first time. there was an attempt on washington's life and many other presidents. they lived with that fact. harry truman made the comment that it goes with the territory and can't think about it and go about your business and do what you need to do.

>> before we leave the relationship with the lincolns, did eliza johnson have a relationship with mary lincoln? >> not to my knowledge. once again, she stayed at home quite a bit. not that she traveled to washington. oftentimes other wives did travel to washington and spent times with their husbands. eliza didn't. she did not have a relationship at all. >> is that your understanding? >> it is. eliza did come to washington for a couple of months. but health forced her back home. >> you were describing this private floor in the white house even though the public didn't see her, there was lots of family going on. a centerpiece room was what is called the yellow oval room which is turned into a library. do we have a photograph of what it looks like today?

how did they use this and what was their personal life like? >> they were an extremely close- knit family. martha was always watching out for their mother and the grandchildren adored their grandparents and they were very close. and they would always come back in and visit their grandmother. the president spent his mornings visiting with her before he went off to business and everything evolved around eliza. >> on facebook, can you tell us about her two daughters who helped her with her role. did they serve as official hostesses? >> martha was the official hostess and mary supported her. mary was back and forth to greenville and was like her mother and preferred to be with the children. she was responsible for a lot of

their education and a lot of their training. she did step in with her sister, but she didn't like the public life. the entire family didn't care for it. by that time, she was a widow and lost her husband in the civil war, so that was difficult on her having three children and being a widow. >> what did it mean to be a hostess in the white house? >> eliza, even though it was a state of mourning and the war had totally ravaged the white house completely. i can't describe what disarray it was in. there was mold in the state dining rooms. the carpeting was filthy and gave congress a couple of months to get the house cleaned up and she scrubbed it down from top to bottom. and then they had their weeklies on thursday nights. >> a tradition we have seen from

the washington administration. >> and that is the way it is. martha washington set the role and many first ladies followed long. and johnson's intention to have the common man and common people come to the house. he didn't want to have formal dinners like by written invitation but inviting people to come in and see the president's home. >> just on that note, to capture johnson's approach, this quote from martha johnson, we are plain people from tennessee, called here for a little time and i hope too much will not be expected of us. >> in fact, how did the -- mary lincoln was criticized in the press for her spending especially during the time of a war. how did the nation respond to the folks who said we are plain folks and going to approach this

job this way? >> in many ways, they loved it. one said there was a homelyness in that statement and people were craving that after the war to know that these are people who had suffered like they had and who were not going to be -- going to be respectful of the position in the white house. >> did she bring two cows? >> martha would go downstairs and supervise the dairy operation the and would come back into the house and have an inspection of the estate floors and make sure everything was in order. yes, they did. the first family that brought animals with them. but brought cows. >> on twitter, were the johns ons very religious and did their view change over time? >> mrs. johnson attended church. johnson did not because i think

there were vague lines between politics and religion a lot of times. >> at that time period, we do have a letter when he thought he was dying in the 18 70's where he is at peace. so it shows that while not practicing at a church in particular, he was still a religious man. >> and before we leave this life in the early days in the white house, tell us more about how the white house ended up in such a state. mrs. lincoln spent a lot of money and was criticized. >> that is very true. after the president passed away, she went upstairs and was there for six weeks and the white house was open to the public.

as soon as the doors were open in the morning, people were constantly coming through. there was a tremendous amount of traffic. and there was a lot of vandalism also. they wanted pieces of the carpeting or drapery or pieces of fabric, china was missing and it was in disarray. there's a lot of people coming through the white house. >> where was the security? >> the security wasn't paying much attention. they didn't know or maybe didn't have enough support to go in and say something about it. they didn't feel like they had enough control or they chose not to and that's where the confusion came in. mrs. lincoln was upstairs and the president was not in the white house. so for about six weeks it was run amuck.

>> congress recognized this and gave the family a $30,000 appropriation, which is a lot more money than the lincolns hood. >> how did they use that money? >> martha oversaw every penny. she would take carpets cleaned and have a smaller section that was still good, put it in a different area. she took down the wallpapers and had decor put up that was simple but elegant. >> the official washington, maybe the larger country reacted well to this after the lincolns? >> they did. they were very simple people. and washington society appreciated that. they said that they were dressed simply but elegantly. martha did a lot with flowers and she made slip covers for the furniture. they respected her thriftiness. >> and one of the rooms she overdid was the state floor and which one was referenced, the blue room and the famous east

room. one of the traditions i understand that she created was by finding portraits of past presidents and bringing them into the white house. what did she do there? >> families come into the private floors or public places and martha went down into the basement and found portraits and her father thought it was a great idea to frame the portraits and hang them up. and president johnson liked to walk the hauls of framed presidents and tell stories. margaret did get that from her mother because it was eliza who said and her husband kept going off, he said i remained at home caring for the children. i said margaret, it's martha. >> those presidential paintings have remained there and one of the more iconic if you see

movies about the white house, you see the first family walking down the presidential portraits it is called the cross hall and that began with the johnson administration. you will see pictures from the national historic site in greenville, tennessee where our guest has worked for quite a long time. and we are going to start with one that shows the white house artifacts from the museum. how many do you have in the collection? is it a big white house collection? >> i would say a dozen, two dozen things from the johnson administration. they were allowed to bring them home in those days and qualify that. >> family collection?

>> three generations of the family lived in the house after andrew and eliza and great granddaughter lived there. so we have 85% of the original belongings. >> we are going to see some of the white house collection and our guest will be in this video in her uniform. so we'll take a look. >> in this case, we have artifacts relating to johnson's presidency and beyond. we have one of eliza's neck laces which is a plain black cross which shows her simplistic taste. another one is her sewing case and three of her favorite past times being as reclusive as she was was embroidry, reading poetry and scrapbooking. they did receive political gifts and this came from queen emma from the sandwich islands, which is the hawaiian islands and first time that a queen came to

visit the white house. andrew johnson was the first president to have an easter egg roll. previously it was held on the capitol. it stopped during the civil war but brought it back and held it on the white house lawn so eliza could watch and being invalid and had t.b. and couldn't get out much. during the white house, eliza chose not to assume the role of the first lady. she was very ill at that point, but during the time she received gifts that she brought home with her. one of the most spectacular is this pores lane box that was given to her by the noble frenchman and had 50 pounds of chocolate bonbons in it and we

have a letter saying they would go up to mom's house to get a treat from the bonbon box. and there was a visit from charles dickens would come visit them at the white house. she returned and brought back one of his books. she was an avid reader and gave her a chance to remember his visit and he is one of the most prolific writers. another item that she brought back was a gaming table that was given to them by the people of ireland and 500 pieces of inlaid wood. it sits up and rolls up and looks like a regular table. the craftsmanship is remarkable. another piece is the fruit container and that was a gift from the children of philadelphia when they were in the white house.

and eliza brought that back home with her when they returned. >> and on twitter, michael wants to know the queen's visit, did any other royal from the kingdom of hawaii visit the white house? >> not to my knowledge. >> first telephone call is from abraham who is watching in huntsville, alabama. on.you're >> thank you for taking my call. i think this program is so great because we study so much about the presidents, hearing about the presidents' wives is fantastic. is --stion i know that eliza johnson was educated and i wanted to know what kind of books and writings eliza was interested in the most and another question i had, what was the highest level of education that eliza johnson had? >> do you know her education? >> eighth grade. there was a female branch of an academy in greenville at that point.

todition holds she went school there. and we still have some of the books that eliza had, one math and one grammar that she used to the earlyy johnson in days of their marriage. >> do you know about her reading? >> she loved reading the newspaper and loved reading the constitutional papers that came out. she read all of her husband's speeches and assisted him with that. she loved poetry. it was a very broad range. >> you mentioned this earlier but she loved to read the newspapers and was a clipping husband.or her >> she loved to clip things out of the newspaper and her husband was a great speaker and she wanted to make sure he had good talking points and she would read multiple newspapers and nothing missed her eye whenever she catched something her

husband might be able to use on a speech the next time, she attention. it to his >> john in tampa, florida. welcome to our conversation. >> good evening and thank you for this program. just listening to what you were saying just now regarding how interested the first lady was in current events apparently from the newspaper reading, how much influence did she have over the president and his policy, particularly as it relates to two things, like the reconstruction? thank you. >> she clipped things for him and helped him with his speeches we know if she was an influence on his policies? >> i think she had a good calming effect and she could touch his shoulder. we know that andrew johnson had a pretty good temper and oftentimes it would show in his conversations and she was able to calm him down. we really don't know what necessarily her opinions were because she only shared them

with him in private, which many first ladies do as you might suspect. but i know he listened to her as his daughter and asked her advice. i don't know how much he listened to it. >> as i mentioned throughout the program, we'll be returning to the johnson national historic site. we have a few different pieces. of video and as we look at them how is this preserved? it's really quite a large place in the center of a small town. so what do you have there? and what are you -- how are you interpreting it? >> we have four different areas. it includes a museum at the visitor's certainty along with the old tailor shop where he began his political rise, so to speak. the early home which was the home from the 1830s and 1840s and then the larger homestead a couple of blocks away which

lived in before and after the presidency and the national cemetery where the family is buried. >> how extensive is your papers?on of >> we have a collection. well.are papers there, as fortunately, the letters between andrew and eliza were burned the family so we really don't have that interaction to realize how much she might have influenced him but he did visit her in the every morning after breakfast and we have a dish in our collection that was supposedly used in the white house. she would keep a tea or bite to warm for him in the evenings. he would visit her there, as well. how frustrating to hear about the burning of letters. starteda washington that. >> did eliza make friends outside the family? >> my understanding is that she did. she was a friendly person. initially, historians thought

she only came downstairs twice during the entire administration and we discovered later on not entirely accurate. grant's wife, s. julia, who wrote and that said dinners that the is first lady would come downstairs. she would come down and have and talk to all of the guests and she was extremely gracious. she was dressed eloquently and appropriately so did make friends. she was a kind person. >> when they left washington, there were people who called on her to say, goodbye, and say they had fond remembrances of her. and thanked her, too. >> throughout the series we have been learning about the role of this in society so question comes into that onegory from shelly cooper twitter -- >> the colonel said she had

officereparation for his and she may have had greater appreciation than he did being and she was so well read well learned. time to learn about how the johnson's became a couple and we'll return to the historic site and learn about their early years together in this video. >> we are standing inside the memorial building at "the interview" johnson national historic site seeing andrew johnson's old tailor shop. he bought the shop in public auction in the early days when were first married and he used it as his place of business. him while heead to worked making suits for the men of town. that elizahe books used to tutor andrew with in the marriage. of their this was a system of practical is ametic and the other englishbook entitled

ofham to different classes learners. it speaks a lot to them that they kept these books. the earliest existing for andrewill have and eliza. here that they start their family, eventually have five and as johnson works in the tailor shop, he learns he a knack for debate and becomes interested in politics. he becomesrts him as perhaps she then a did entertaining in this room as he started his political journey. this would have been the kitchen area of the home. andrew and eliza did purchase first slaves.

they did have domestic help that are raisingelped the children, preparing the fires, cutting firewood and the meals. this is the house where they got their start, where they put community,in the this is where he had a thriving business as a tailor. this is where they first entertained as he started into politics. this is the house where their children were born. this house holds a special place in the lives of the couple. >> and once again, i'd encourage get to that part of the country, greenville, tennessee, see the life of the johnson family as the federal government has preserved it threw the national park service. has the distinction in the history books as being the youngest bride. how old was she? >> she was 16. >> andrew johnson -- >> 18. they were a very young couple eliza legend has it, thought her life story would make a wonderful made-for-tv

movie. a young girl standing outside school one day talking to friends and andrew johnson into town and legend is that she was the first person he sees. asking for directions and she comments to her girlfriends beau and within a year they did marry. she was 16 years of age. he was 18. they had four children, every two years, four children by the she was 24 years of age. but she proved to be a wonderful very, very good business woman, as well. she took care of all of their and it was said that she would trod her husband in the tailor shop. she, herself, was a great seamstress. family. from a poor she lost her father, some historians think when she was quite young. others say she was early teens, helped and her mother support themselves by making

quilts, sewing sandals. she had appreciation for what her husband did and she would constantly read to him. roots, theye humble really became rather successful. where did the entrepreneurial spirit come from and which of the two of them was responsible for it? combination. was a the tailor shop soon became the hangout spot for men, where they debated. after johnsonwn started attending debating acieties called him democones, a greek orator who learned from speeches of previous orators. andrew johnson had a book called and onerican speaker" its desires was to teach the country'slead their cause with lips inspired and that inspired him to the point where he wanted to break away

known it as he had being a struggle into something greater. ande had a gift for oratory it was this interest that eliza encouraged and debating part in so heake could polish his skills but that politics,ray into wasn't it? >> that's correct. him people say she taught how to read and write and that's not true. andrew johnson knew his a-b-c's in helping helpful him form his letters and improve his writing skills and she did go to debatingo classes and that was something did oftentimes. they had people come into the tailor shop and talk about and debate different issues. >> here is jesse watchinginous san diego. you're on. yes, after the assassination lincoln, did they make sure that johnson was heavily

something likeat wouldn't happen again? and did his wife ever go out in public? >> thank you very much. facebook, can you describe what role the new secret service played in the house. white was that a response, to create an early secret service? understanding is that the secret service began with abraham lincoln. i'm not aware of anything they tightened up more stringent than else.ng eliza did get out. there's no question about that. wasn't going she shopping or to the market but she did have travels with her spots.n into various sometimes it was for her health purposes and she was concerned sons.her sons had problems with alcohol and she was worried about that. from new york.

tom, you need to turn the tv volume down. sorry, we're going to move on. you're on.sylvania, >> hi. how thelike to know hamlin white house would have differed from the johnson white house. either of you have a sense of how he was as vice president? sorry.n't, i'm >> back to the johnsons. how did eliza contribute the tuberculosis that would have her become an invalid. it's hard to know. it was rampant. even the grandchildren visiting her daily in the white house, it would take its toll on them, as well. >> how early in her life did she it?ract >> hard to say. could be after the birth of andrew jr., certainly by the 1860's it washe

clear she was suffering from consumption. was andrew away as he became more interested in politics? bit ands away quite a that's another reason why so much of the responsibility fell on eliza. i've also read different stories that she was good at selling and buying stocks. came from humble beginnings and they owned real estate, they owned other property. she would go ahead and collect the rents from these properties manage the money very effectively. >> and could you walk us through career?tical alderman, mayor, served as state representative, governor, u.s. representative, u.s. senator, military governor, vice and president and then he's the only to the this day to return to the senate. >> and what were his -- how

describe his politics? what did it mean for him to be a democrat at that point? republicans and have sort of reversed as years have gone by. he was very much of a fiscal conservative, limited government, more decisions made by the state. have no recorde other than the scrapbooks she kept when she was clipping things of what her own politics were. >> unfortunately we don't. know andrew johnson definitely believed in states' bills and was putting forth for the common man. that was important to him. theidn't care for aristocrats. very richcare for the planters as he referred to them wanted -- it was the blood, sweat and tears of the common man he was trying to support quite a bit. in san diego. >> i know miss berger's written

on first ladies and i've always wondered was the fact that so distraughtas set a precedent for other widows? that's not the case at all. there are a couple of other that lost their husbands during the presidency. garfield was one of them and she was the opposite of mary todd lincoln. handled herself graciously, moved out of the white house instantly and we know handledckie kennedy, herself with great poise and sophistication so i wouldn't say todd lincoln set that example at all. >> what is known of eliza's parents and did she have siblings? she doesn't -- didn't have siblings. i know she had a widowed mother that raised her by herself. and john mccartney was a bootaker, they had a

shingle for his business. and he also opened a tavern in warrensburg, tennessee, as well. >> we've referenced scrapbooks. video. we saw one in the denise wants to know if any of still exist.s >> we have one of her scrapbooks display at the house and that's drawn a lot of interest by the public. >> what things did she collect? collected newspaper articles primarily about her husband. would show some in the evenings, some in the mornings. ,> did she collect photographs political badges? thatere's a blank pardon andrew johnson was pardoning people as president. newspapermarily articles. in omaha. mary

>> we were wondering, we noticed -- i wondered if the areaal surroundings and around the home has been changed. the roads seemed to go right up to the door? did roads widen since that time or did the homes sit that close to the secret? >> they sat that close to the street. andas right on main street i heard it was very much a scot-irish followthrough and they brought what they knew from that descent. much land did they have at that site? >> he had about half an acre with a homestead when he owned it. there are two acres with the yard now but even as the later lived there, they would buy pieces to buffer the

property. gregory peek wants to know -- that one of the son's died of alcoholism. what was the president's relationship with alcohol? he was not a drunk. he got that reputation because was inaugurated as vice president, he had, i believe it was typhoid fever at that time down, he was trying to get himself -- give himself a had whiskeyy so he on that day and by the time he his inaugurale speech, he was slugger his -- slurring his words and people thought he was drunk but he was not. president lincoln knew that. people were not willing to let -- get in the way of a nasty rumor so he was not

alcoholic although his sons were. >> leroy from kentucky. appreciate your conversation here. it's mighty good. and his wife,nson did either one of them become beforeain christians they died and left this world. >> we talked about their earlier. >> when johnson thought he was cholera, he did write a letter, making his peace, and a church goer in greenville. >> next up is janet asking a question from tucson. hadi, yes, mary lincoln such a tragic time with her wondering ifi was you could talk a little bit about the johnson's children and there are descendants now. >> i know she had a wonderful childrenhip with her and her grandchildren. i don't know if there's any

descendants. great, great, great. >> and they all come through martha. descendants who has now. >> before we move into the civil video, we saw that they were slave holders. and a twitter question -- is indication of how eliza felt about slavery? what can you tell us about the family's ownership of slaves and thinking progressed and what happened to those people? >> the johnsons had a lenient their slaves.ith we have a letter that charles, one of the sons, wrote, talking eliza's relationship with sam. he came for payment, for a job and she told him he needed to cut wood at patterson's house first and he been paid for the last thing he'd done and she

be better to give than receive. so it shows the relationship, two, that they paid slaves and eliza was in charge of the finances. 1863, johnson freed this day innd to tennessee and surrounding states ast's celebrated emancipation day. >> do we know what became of them? >> they stayed on as paid servants afterwards. >> and they took the last name of johnson? >> they all took the last name of johnson. they baked and sold pies out of the tailor shop. she started her own business. sam wrote president johnson at one point asking to buy land for the church and school house for the andcan-american children johnson wrote back and said, no, have the plot drawn up and i'll give it to you.

eventually gave sam land and built his own house. time forst challenging this family had to be the war years and johnson was in the and yout this point mentioned earlier that he was the only united states senator who supported the union. where did his strong union allegiance come from? >> east tennessee was very much pro union during the civil war just a different mindset, a different type of infrastructure, a different type farming community, the middle and west tennessee, more aligned with the confederacy. >> what happened when they voted secession. >> it was very tragic. aey were calling johnson traitor. they did confiscate the johnson home and that was a tragic time eliza because she was quite ill and it was very difficult for her. is a couple of different stories that they had given them

36 hours' notice literally to the home and she did in fact call her daughter, i that came was mary, with her, and charles, and her young son who was 10 years old, andrew jr., whom they called frank, and the story is basically that they were trying through confederate territory and it was very because the confederate soldiers were calling out to them and saying them thatthings to were not very pleasant. one of the stories was that one night they slept by the railroad tracks, it was rather cold, they didn't have much food. they would go on various farming communities, knock on the door, ask if they could spend night there. difficultextremely time and by the time they did andrew wasille where was prettynt, eliza well spent at that point. >> were their lives in danger? >> sure. add more color to this story and this period of their lives?

she was taken refuge at mary's house in the summer we have a she said letter from charles where he talks about the cold, the rain, hunger, the danger to their lives. they were traveling with mary husband, daniel, had been a bridge burner during the had to hide in the mountains the first winter of had given food to men. >> and how dangerous was this for her to slip food to people in the hills? >> very dangerous. and maryw that she both prepared the food. ashink there's some question to who was delivering the food in the hills and the caves. they were hiding out. so how they were able to get to not exactly sure. mess edgerse sent

they did prepare the food. the things, the north fought over the occupation of greenville during the civil war. the end of his presidency is when his daughter was asked to house, and she found written all over the walls. one of the tragic examples is says,n the wall, it andrew johnson, the old traitor. northern soldiers names as well as southern and their units. period, it wase used as a hospital and a place basicallyd it was destroyed. that explains the importance of tennesseeof east during the civil war.

role of governor of occupied tennessee given to lincoln? >> it was to restore union government in the state and it challenging job and he was people and he often came generals.t with the he wrote letters to lincoln his concern, hoping for the liberation of east tennessee. with andrewn sided johnsonna a lot of decisions he made. old were their sons and were they involved with the conflict? >> his older son, charles, definitely was. the charles was an assistant surgeon during the civil war and war anded in the civil robert was also, as a matter of fact. i understand he was a lawyer but also signed up and went to war but that's what his drinking took over. there are stories about him leaving his army of men and

things of that nature. he had difficulties but two of the boys did fight in the war. theobert was colonel of cavalry unit and he was the only family member who was able to charles' funeral when charles was killed during the war. >> how was he killed? horse and hit his head. >> where did that happen? >> outside of nashville and and eliza were gone during that time. eliza was in louisville and johnson had gone up to washington for a time so robert able toonly one represent the family and it's after that that it really seems that the drinking problem him.ed for >> here's another, mary lincoln comparison. devastatedn was about the loss of her sons. do we have historic evidence eliza johnson reacted to the loss of hers? >> we know she, too, was extremely hurt. there were stories that charles was her favorite son. i don't know if that's entirely accurate but like any mother,

know she justu weeped for them continuously and she was proud of her son. the fact that he was a doctor, that was important to her, that her children were educated. she was proud of her daughters and the sophistication and class and education they received but didn't fall apart the way mary did. handle itt seem to and she had an awful lot of death in her life, as well. next is cathy in pennsylvania. wondering how ms. johnson felt about her husband's impeachment. thee're going to talk about impeachment a little bit later on. thank you for that question. we'll work it in as we work history of the johnson administration. nan in is a call from montana. hello. >> you have a question? >> yes. is, the impeachment

of there such a different effect on how he's looked upon by history. >> impeachment, such an important part of the johnson administration. let's move into that. johnson's fight with the radical republicans in congress. i'm going to have both of you talk about that. but first of all, his big decision was to keep lincoln's cabinet. now, he was of a different party than most of them. so was he in constant turmoil with them? or do they accept him as president?

>> some of them did. probably the main ones who didn't disagreed with a lot of his policies. jon wouldn't fire him. later on, the decision to suspend him came in particular with one that information had been withheld from him in the clemency. and two, information was withheld from him in regards to the new orleans riots. so he went ahead and suspended stanton. >> how about the relationship with congress. who were the radical republicans. what was their point of view? >> they were the ones to want a harsher reconstruction for the south, break it to military districts. have commanders in charge of those districts. thadias stevens, charles sumner. i felt like andrew johnson in the washington birthday speech where he started to name people by names. but those were the key players. >> what was the concept of reconstruction? >> well, president lincoln's concept of it was to be as lenient as possible. and basically said that in his inaugural address when he was re-elected. and johnson believed that too.

they knew they were still going to be, you know, just because the war had ended didn't mean that people's feelings had changed. and they were very aware of the fact that there were still individuals who disagreed with that point of view. they weren't going to accept things readily. and he wanted to be as lenient as possible. he thought if you just pledged allegiance to the united states that he would then give you a pardon and accept it. with the radicals in the congress and the senate, didn't believe in that at all. they thought it was treason. they really wanted to punish the southerners, there was a constant battle between them. >> specific question on facebook from cassie meadows, we know if johnson supported the 13th amendment? >> mm-hmm. >> he did? >> mm-hmm. >> so how effective was he? what kind of political capital did he have for his version of reconstruction? >> one of the problems that johnson had that unlike

president lincoln, he didn't have the ability to negotiate, okay? he was very hot tempered. he didn't like any kind of small talk whatsoever. for a person that lincoln was able to talk to the man. he would tell various stories. by the time he's ged around, he was able to negotiate with individuals where johnson wasn't as much. he had a point of view and that was it. and he would get angry very quickly and he seemed to antagonize the people that he was debating with. he had a very difficult time even getting the moderates to go along with him because of his particular point of view and the way he presented it. he certainly was not politically correct, let's put it that way. >> and in the white house, we saw that the first lady -- in this case, the active first lady, played an important role, practicing parlor politics bringing both sides together or in some cases going to capitol hill or getting the attention of individual members of congress. did the johnson daughters do any

of this? was there any social use of the white house for a political purpose? >> not that i'm aware of. but she did preside over the state dinners and we have the letters that the french had written to mrs. lincoln that he also passed on to martha giving the protocol of where everybody should be seated and who should be seated first. that's how you would pair the people up together so that they probably played it in that manner. >> basically didn't -- >> i'm sorry. >> they basically didn't. unlike let's say dolly madison, for instance, or louisa adams, they were very politically savvy. yes, they moved their parlor meetings and dinners and things to talk to the various congressmen and senators and get their point of view across. >> interesting, we didn't make this connection. martha came up frequently in polk administration or the other tennessee president. the id she not go to school? >> she went to school there -- shep went to school in washington. >> she didn't go to school off of the way the polk administration did? >> sarah polk was a great one. mrs. polk didn't have children

of her own. she often times invited the young girls in the school that were there. she became quite friendly with mrs. polk and harriet lange who was buchanan's niece. so she's kind of -- she came into politics thereupon the back door, let's say. but i don't think she really impressed upon her father or wanted to push her particular point of view. plus she was married to a senator. her husband was a senator. so she was very aware of what was going on. but mainly taking it from the back door, so to speak. >> one of the telling sources says that someone appealed to her for clemency for mary serrot. she said i feel so terribly sorry for you but i have no more right to speak to him about this than any of the servants. she kept it background. >> hi, darla? caller: my question was, are the johnsons the last president to own -- that were former slave owners, or were there more

presidents after them? >> thank you very much. that's a good question. i wanted to say no. i was thinking of an group -- sorry, ulysses s. grant was opposed to slavery. so the presidents after that did not. that sad part of our history ends with the johnson administration. the first six, seven presidents all did have slaves other than the johnsons, other than john adams and john quincy adams. they were the only two of the early presidents who didn't have sorry, ulysses s. grant was slaves. and basically stopped with zachary taylor. i think he was the last president that literally brought slaves to the white house with him. after that, they didn't. >> next, a question from tennessee, jonesboro. and our caller is carol. hi, carol. caller: hello? >> you're on. caller: okay, thank you. yes. my husband's mother marry martha

patterson's daughter, which would have been andrew johnson's grand daughter some years ago. she claimed two jonesboro specifically to talk to my mother-in-law at the time saying that she feels -- that her grandmother was so thankful that her husband's great -- great, great grandfather had saved the johnson homestead and had given safe passage to the family to the johnson family so they had wanted to go to the homestead during the war, they could have. he was a confederate general that at one time was over the east tennessee area, gerald a. jackson. his grand daughter was my mother-in-law. >> thanks for that story. do you know any more about that?

granting safe passage or a general that looked after the family home in the war? >> not in particular. >> thanks for telling us about it. can we fairly look at eliza and andrew johnson without the shadow of impeachment over their white house. >> sadly, historians can't, but the average public, that's all they constantly remember. historians look back on it and understand that he had a position on, you know, the homestead act that he wanted settlers to be able to settle on it, build it. the public doesn't want to hear that. it's gossip that wants to be repeated year after year. >> how does the national park service tell the impeachment story at the site? >> we incorporate it into the story. it's a major part of it. you try to show all sides and let the public decide for themselves how they feel about

that. >> so let's tell a story about what led to impeachment? walk us through the steps and i'll ask both of you to tell the story that ultimately led to the house charging him with high crimes and misdemeanors? >> right. well, i can tell you that the senate basically, they had passed an -- an act of congress that said that the president himself could not fire his cabinet members without congress' approval. and that, of course, is not constitutional and president johnson said there's no way he was going to do that. that's not going to be part of it. so he went ahead and suspended secretary of war, stanton. that's when the senate said, okay, we're going to push this. because he did that, he was, in fact, in violation of this law. and that's basically one of the things that pushed it over the edge for him. >> but it was a showdown.

you said he and stanton had a lot of antipathy. so tell us about the politics. >> he suspended stanton in the fall when congress is not in session and in december when they were back in session, he told them what he had done. they basically rejected that and restored him to office in january. and johnson went ahead and fired him. and that was the impetus for them to go ahead and start impeachment proceedings but with the caveat that they couldn't fire a member of the cabinet in the term of the president who appointed them. so lincoln had appointed stanton. so it's like they very much hurt themselves by doing that. >> the impeachment proceedings began in the congress on march 5, 1868 and would go through may, 1868. and the first lady had an active role in all of this. take a call and come back and learn more about this.

next is john, waverly, tennessee. you're on, john. caller: yes, ma'am, i was just wondering what was johnson's reaction about her husband seeing -- as well as the people of tennessee's relationship with the johnsons after his rise to power. if that became a problem or what? >> how did eliza johnson feel about her husband being tapped by lincoln for the vice presidency? >> she was very proud of her husband. no question about that. she supported all of his decisions but once again, she was a quiet person. testifies fine for her husband to be in politics, go to washington, be in the senate, be in congress. but she didn't want to be a part of it. yet she constantly supported his decision to do it all the time. she was very much a supporter in the impeachment.

i mean, i know there was other things that with air tributed to her that she had wished that she could be back home where they best belonged and things of that nature. but she obviously believed that her husband would be acquitted and was very proud of it when he was. she kept saying she knew that would happen. she knew it. >> during the length of the three months that the trial was going on, what was she doing to help support her husband? >> it was just very much business as usual at the white house. they went on as if nothing else was going on. that was part of the political posturing, right? >> right. >> a lot to keep their minds off of things. >> and the attorneys, the attorneys told johnson not to say anything to reserve comment. we will handle it. and so mrs. johnson said we're going to go ahead with business as usual. the grandchildren were around. they still had their meetings every week. she didn't have time to comment on it. >> yeah, she didn't have time to

comment on it. she was so busy, you know, doing so much around the house that needed to be done. >> you told us she was an avid follower of the press. we can presume that she was silting there every day. >> sure. >> absolutely. and reading everything. i think that's part of the the thing. when there was something good in the newspaper, she would show him that at night before she went to bed. if it was critical, she'd wait until morning to show imto him. my impression was, as much as johnson wanted to debate it, his attorneys said don't do it that. >> had a very well balanced defense team. >> exactly. >> the personal bodyguard in attendance there writes that he rush in to tell eliza that johnson had been acquitted and the little woman stood up and thee manslaughterated hands in her his and with tears in her eyes she said, i knew he'd be acquitted, i knew it. >> each week, a special feature. on the website this week is a ticket for the impeachment. how popular an event was this? >> my understanding that it was very popular and everyone wanted to go to it. i think it was $1 i'm trying to

recall. do you have any pictures on it? >> no. >> not enough detail? >> people in washington, d.c. unlike the rest of the country, very active in politics. very involve in what was going on. most think on the middle east or you know the midwest and certainly the west, california. they're somewhat removed from it. they read about it or hear about it on the news. but the people in washington, d.c. that want to be right there and want to, you know, partake in it. so very important to them. >> they had different colors for different days. and the galleries were full and an interesting side note is that mark twain was one of the reporters at the impeachment trial. >> if you canvass the newspapers at the time, how was this

playing in the papers? how on earth did it last -- there were opinion writers following politics not just reporting the political cartoons. harper's weekly, we have a compilation of the harper's weekly articles about the impeachment trial. >> how did he fare in all of this? public support behind him? >> some -- some -- >> as far as we know, yes. that's why it's good news or bad news. it's only the country and the president chose to listen to the people that, in fact, supported him. he was very much a constitutionalist. he believe in the constitution. and his interpretation of it is what he, you know, said was going be law, basically. that's what it was, as far as he's concerned. >> he said as much as he feels vilified, he was as passionately liked by others. >> exactly. >> jonesy, another tennesseean in greenville, actually. you're on, welcome. >> hey.

i was wondering, what relationship did the johnsons have with their slaves? >> okay. now you have to tell us a little bit about yourself if you will. how old are you? >> 10 years old. >> have you been to the johnson site in your hometown? >> i've been right around close to it. i haven't been in it. >> well, we hope we've inspired you to do that coming up soon. thank you for your question from -- the president from your own hometown, josie, thank you for your call tonight? >> a neat relationship. dolly's son -- you remember eliza had candies and cookies by her bed when they came up. just as we talked before, the support they gave them as they stayed on as servants and giving land and health care. >> and helping them. >> abc luisly.

>> popular for san diego. caller: hi, this is a fabulous program. i was born and raised in greenville, tennessee. i go back there every year. i'm very familiar with andrew johnson and the family and but i have learned more tonight than i ever have and it's been years and years and years. so i want to thank you for this. it's fascinating, and i'll -- i'll be watching for the other presidents as well. >> we'll be here all the way until president's day next year with a break in the summer with the individual program on nearly every first lady and the couple of cases we've combined them. but for the most part, 35 programs to tell you about the lives of the first lady and learn american history that way. you're a greenville, tennessee native. how did you get interest in the johnson history? >> wow, when i was about 12 my mother told me she knew what i

needed to do with my life. she said you love history. work for the national park service. there was one here in town. i went to see it. i fell in love. when i was in high school in anchor club. someone said who would like to dress in victorian clothes and help with the christmas candlelights at the johnson homestead this weekend. pick me, please, pick me. i'm impassionate. i majored in english and history in college. >> you interpreted one of the daughters, one of the daughter s? >> i have done martha on occasion. i have represented mary and one of my first theatrical roles was to do eliza and in my big line was there goes by beau, girls. mark it. >> this is a life's work. three volumes. published two so far. >> how did it start? >> it started with my name. my name is jacklin. i tell my audiences i'm a national speaker. i said i didn't know any jackies

as a young girl growing up. they were jackie gleason and jackie cooper. they were men. jaclyn kennedy walked into the white house, i wanted to be just like her. i thought she was charming and beautiful. at the assassination of president kennedy like the rest of the country, i was glued to the television for four days and four nights long before c spahn and cnn and fox news were all 24-hour news, we were just riveted by the assassination. and that's what got me hooked on it. i've been studying them every since. >> back to the johnsons and the impeachment. he had ten months to go until he finished office after he was acquitted in this. so what kind of political capital did he have left? what were the last months of his administration like?

>> i don't think he had much. he kept trying to instill thought for his point of view and the things he wanted to get through. but he had no standing in congress whatsoever. he didn't know how to do it. that's the sad part of the administration. they found him surly. they thought he might have come off a little nasty. they didn't want to work with him at all. it was tough. >> did he have any chance running for re-election. >> he tried to. and he did have am else inty in his power and on christmas day last year, he -- he imposed a broad am else inty proclamation for the south. >> what did that mean for the people of the south? >> that -- it forgave them, essentially. and each of the amnesty proclamations got a little bit more liberal each time and the last broad am necessary tip proclamation. certain restrictions, certain

amount for landowners, this last one pardoned jefferson davis and everyone. >> how constitutionally important was his impeachment process? did it establish the role for presidents to be able to fire members of their cabinet? >> that was unconstitutional in the first place. a president obviously can fire his own cabinet members. they were doing as much as they could to get greater punishment on the south. johnson wouldn't go along with it. they said we'll take you out of office. wasn't constitutional at that time, but it was the first time in history it had occurred. >> was there a constitutional legacy of the impeachment process in some ways let's look back on the history for its significance? >> one thing i'm aware of, one southern democrat did not vote for it. that's why he was impeached. the impeachment process continued and he was acquitted. the republican senator basically lost his ability to go on after

that. his party destroyed his political future after that. and it was something that was very courageous for him to do and something that actually future president john kennedy wrote about in his book, you know, about having courage as they wrote about -- >> "profiles in courage." the ten-year act was turned over in 1986. >> by the supreme court? >> would either of you care to comment on the -- any -- i noe you're not american historians. i understand that. but on the legacy of reconstruction on either the south or on american blacks? >> history changed dramatically when lincoln was assassinated. some individuals had the ability to make things happen.

we will never know as a country whether or not things would have happened differently. it wouldn't have happened overnight. people did have their prejudices. there was no question about that. it was very sad we weren't able to move forward more quickly. the southern states imposed black laws that even though the slaves were free, they had other restrictions on them. they said they couldn't own land or they couldn't sit on a jury trial, things of that nature. i don't know where it would have gone. >> if there could have been more compromise between the two fractions which is so extreme. it may have made a difference. >> but regina krumpke asked this question -- what would the johnsons have considered their political high point? >> i think going back to the

senate. that's sort of his vindication. to go back and see that some of the people that were still there that presided in the impeachment trial? >> did you have a different thought? >> i agree with kendra on that. no question about it. but i was speaking when i first heard the question -- if all of the parties and some of -- and all of the things they did at the white house, for president johnson's 60th birthday, they threw an enormous party that only children were invited. parents and adults wanted to come to the party. eliza came downstairs, she had this wonderful event -- coffee -- excuse me, ice cream and cake for the children and dancing. it was great fun for them. you can see the johnsons particularly enjoyed their aspect of it. that was their high point inside the white house. afterwards, absolutely, when he got re-elected to the senate. >> a nice segue for the final video for this program. this is life after the white house for the johnsons. >> we're in mrs. johnson's room. this is the room she returned to

after their years in the white house. we have her bed. and nearby since she was an invalid plagued with consumption, she had what's known as an invalid's chair. she could partake in some of her favorite activities and relax. not only does the foot rest come up, but it reclines. being an invalid also spending time in this room, there's a spittoon by her chair. this is necessary from the consumption she suffered. pink wash basin and chamber pot. it's interesting because eliza's are pink and the president's are blue in his room. she enjoyed embroidery work. we have a song bird on her table and she enjoyed reading poetry. one was entitled "the happy life." she and drew suffered a lot in the civil war, during the years of the presidency. one of the point she is mark in the book is entitled "love and adversity."

stormy skies have drawn our spirits near and rendered us by borrowed tides each to the other dear. that sums up eliza and andrew's relationship. she was an avid scrapbooker and she kept newspaper articles that she clipped about her husband. she gathered them here in her scrapbook. they run from the 1850s up until past hers and andrew's death up to the 1880s. we can only assume that that's what her daughters kept a tradition going for her. andrew johnson would chat with her every day when he finished his political duties and share the articles she clipped with them. if it was something particularly good, she shows him in the

evening. if it's something not so nice, she showed him in the morning because she knew he would be in a better mood. in 1869, an article about the retirement of andrew johnson. that was a momentous occasion in their life. other personal effectings include one of her calling cards, a broach, and a pin cushion for any of the embroidery work or sewing she might have been doing. in the portrait, you can see a lace cap. we still have the lace caps in our collection. by her bed, we have additional books. one is the bible. it also belonged to eliza. and the grandchildren were a vital part of her life. there were portraits of the grandchildren on the whatnot stand in the corner of the year. she lived here throughout the remainder of her life. she was too ill to go to a death when he died. she remained with her daughter until she passed away herself in 1876. >> based on what you told us about eliza johnson being a home body who really didn't love the public life, she must have been happy to be back in greenville.

>> she was thrilled. >> the irony of that is she was thrilled to go back home and they were no sooner back home and andrew wanted to get back into politics. so their lives kind of went back to the way it had always been for them. she just was not interested at all but very proud that her husband did in fact get re-elected to the senate. >> so she supported his run for public office again. did he leave her behind when he went to washington? >> many letters inquiring after how she's doing, how her health is. and when he was in nashville at one point canvassing, he said let me know if mother gets worse and i'll come back home. >> we should talk about -- he just went through the impeachment trial. but when the johnson family came back to their home in greenville, tennessee and home state of tennessee, what was the

reception at home for them. >> surprisingly, very, very good. remember back in the civil war, they were calling him a traitor and whatnot. now there's signs he was a patriot. they're proud to have him come back. the tone completely changed from being very, very negative to extremely positive. >> the townspeople were sending telegrams, what day you're going be here. tell us what day you'll be here. we want to plan a relate exception and we want it to be good. >> this was just the native son effect or the politics had changed and they were more receptive to it? >> traitor comments came when east tennessee was in the hands of the con -- confederacy. >> robert, what's your question? caller: i would like to know if the johnson home is the original state of franklin in eastern tennessee. and is it true that president johnson was buried in a flag and had the constitution on his hip? thank you. >> yes.

the homestead came later. but this was the area where they attempted to create the state of his obituary often says the constitution was resting under his hand instead of his head. so i don't know if that's a trick, under his head, under his hand, a slight that changed over the years. the family said he had been buried with the original copy of the constitution that had his writings. >> i think we showed this story. but did eliza and andrew make a love match. was this a love relationship? >> oh, sure. >> absolutely, absolutely. they were married 48 years. a tremendous love match. some said they were of the same mind and same soul. even though completely different-- >> yeah. >> exactly.

>> even though completely different. >> it was said he could be vehement. he was a fighter. but the one person that he leaned on completely was the frail little woman. >> looking for it not successfully here. someone on facebook asks what would eliza johnson want her legacy to be. do we have a sense of that? and what should history show her legacy as first lady? >> on andrew johnson's monument was her face and the people never waivered and i think on hers would be his face and she >> so many wanted to be in the white house. mary todd lincoln happened to be one of them. helen taft, sara polk. there were so many involved with their spouses. a few had no desire whatsoever. as much as they loved their spouse and supported their

spouse, they didn't want to have part in politics. zachary taylor's wife margaret felt the same way. it's a different of opinion. you love your spouse and it's their career. lady bird johnson made that comment when she left the white house. she said politics my husband's >> the onet mine. thing that resigned her to being in the white house was the fact that the entire family was there. florida >? >> thank you for taking my call. a couple quick questions. on thethe wives respond night of president lincoln's assassination? and second, it was a remarkable

film at the time. >> this question, a completely devastated her.

>> i don't like this public life at all. i wish time would come when we can return where we feel we best belong. the johnson family behaved and lived impeccably. do you agree with his assessment? >> absolutely. they were strangely honorable. the most well-f liked families because they were so gracious. >> he was probably one of the hardest working presidents in the white house. once you got him away from politics, he was a pleasant fellow to be around.

>> any public recognition or warning when andrew or utilize a passed away? >> there was a big funeral. it was drawn by four white horses and led by the former's. andrew johnson national historic. a series on the first lady.

thanks for watching. [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2013] >> season two of first ladies, influence and image begins monday, september 9.

we are showing on core presentations of season one. monday night, we focus on julia grant. and we are offering a special edition of the book "the first ladies of the united states of america." available for the discounted price of $12.95 plus shipping. , including ate special section called "welcome to the white house." they chronicle life in the executive mansion during the tenure of each of the first ladies. >> c-span. we bring public affairs events

directly to you. putting you in the room at congressional hearings, white house events. and gavel-to-gavel coverage of the u.s. house. all as a public service of private industry. created by the cable tv industry 34 years ago and funded by your local satellite provider. now you can watch us in hd. >> unmanned aerial vehicles. and in encore presentation of first ladies with a look at first lady eliza johnson. the american civil liberties union discusses the use of domestic drones. the association for unmanned vehicle systems international had a convention in washington dc this week.

are on washington journal for about an hour. >> he also serves as ceo, thank you for joining us. >> i am glad to be here. >> people call them unmanned aerial vehicles, but a lot of people call them drones. talk about language and why express it one way over the other? unmannedre called aircraft systems and that is a term that congress and the faa uses as their official terminology. they are also called remotely piloted aircraft systems. the key word is systems. that is what most people have when you talk about the unmanned

aircraft. most people think of something very large and hostile. that is not what these systems are. they fly only up to 400 feet. they lack between two hours and usually use that sign of -- they theally work during the day. missions they are going to perform are not involved with manned aircraft, but rather environments and operations where it is very safe to operate these systems. basically what you have is a thing that flies. 30 percent of the overall system. you have a communication link. and you have a ground station. most importantly, a human being. there is a human being involved. host: when you hear someone

refer to them as ground, what goes through your mind? guest: i understand the difference, but most people do not. that is why i did not use that term. host: a lot of people this morning talk about technology and privacy issues and concerns. what are the other issues besides surveillance? guest: excellent point. most of the applications when we get into the national airspace is precision agriculture. more than 80 percent will be in agriculture. it will help farmers, ranchers, people of that type to be able to do what they do best in a more efficient and effective manner. when you understand that lettuce or corn that does not mind if you are watching it, the privacy issue goes away. there are not a whole lot of human beings that will be

involved in it as well. it is not have the privacy concerns. -- does not have the privacy concerns. host: if you want to ask our guest questions, the numbers are on the screen for republicans. you can also send us tweets about this. there are three types of operators of the system. one is known as the private recreation operator. there is also the public operator who operate four things for the federal state and local agencies. could you break down what groups or industries represent these three groups?

guest: the terminology goes back to operations. we have had military being the dominant use. we're transitioning to civil and commercial applications. you mentioned recreational use. the american modelers association has been around for more than 80 years. people have been flying remotely-controlled systems for many, many years. that is the recreational side. there are no restrictions, and they have been doing that safely for many years for the purpose of a recreational standpoint. when you get to the civil and commercial applications, again, right now it is prohibitive to use them in a commercial way. that determination is done by the faa right now. and those are restrictions from

the standpoint of safety. host: what decisions does the faa have to make? guest: within the unmanned aircraft system, safety is paramount. there is really only one responsibility, to make sure that anything that goes into the natural -- national airspace does so in a safe manner. it has to detect in the void if it is an unmanned system. if it goes in to the national airspace, it can do no harm. it cannot fallout of the national airspace and do harm to anyone else. i will tell you, they are doing a very good job. we have the safest guys in the world. host: what is the deadline that the faa has to make sure when this is supposed to happen? guest: congress mandated in the faa reform act in february of 2012 that by september 30, 2015,

the faa had to integrate unmanned aircraft systems and to the national airspace. it did not say fully integrate, but just recently there has been success with the faa, and also of in the arctic with systems that were flown for oil and gas exploration, as well as wildlife monitoring. the test went fantastic. it was done in a safe and efficient manner. host: so it is possible for these systems to interact with planes and other aircraft that are used and flown by people? guest: again, look at where the operational spaces. because the faa knows anything going into the national

airspace, they can control that. the predominance of the use that you will see as we start integrating the systems will not be where normal commercial airlines are flying. when you look at the band the bears place they're flying in, anything from 1,000 feet or below is where they will be able to operate the unmanned aircraft systems we're talking about. for the most part, many of them weigh less than 55 pounds. host: with the safety regulations, will they be brought in nature or specific in nature? is there concern about how specific they become? guest: i believe the faa is working towards the right mix to ensure safety and the national airspace. the integration of manned and unmanned systems will be done in a very safe matter. there's a lot of attention on this, and that is the job of the faa. host: michael toscano, president and ceo of unmanned vehicle systems international will be with us to talk about these issues and take your questions.

the first one is built from ohio, for our guest on of the independli go ahead, please. caller: i was wondering on the air space thing, 400 feet is supposed to belong to the citizens. anything below 400 feet is considered trespassing. that was my question. i was wondering how they are going to do that, and if they get caught trespassing, what someone gets in trouble if they shot it out of the sky over their property? guest: 400 feet and below is the restriction for fixed wing. helicopters can fly below that. as far as where the domain lies for air that you own, that is a discussion being made. you have to take responsibility.

that would appear restless -- reckless act. i would caution you. host: jim asking will crash, caused damage? guest: first of all, and the operational environment is well known in many cases certified by the operator. if you are going to do a search and rescue, and 8 of hundred thousand people go missing every day, this is a capability that allows you to find them in a much more affected and affectionate -- much more effective and efficient manner. what i am saying is the boundary of the search envelope is identified. the precautionary experts -- the

precautionary tales are anything that goes wrong, these systems are programmed to go to a designated spot to either land or go to a certain spot where they can establish the link in communications and operate in a safe manner. safety is paramount with unmanned systems and you will not launch them and put them into the national airspace of us they are safe. take a weapon showing the folks the convention center. a lot of exhibitors. how many drug manufacturers are there in the united states? guest: today we have over 590 exhibitors but they come from all over the world. i did not have the specific number on hand. and i believe it is well over 300. host: so international people build these as well? guest: this is a global technology.

we mentioned agriculture being one of the biggest things you will see as utilization. also, when you look at wild fires, monitoring weather. hazardous conditions. recently obviously with fukushima and katrina. when you need to have situational awareness or the ability to provide a capability to an individual that may be stranded or in need of help, this is a great way to do it in a very cost-effective and safe manner. host: who is the largest builder in the u.s.? guest: 1 from a dollar standpoint and one from volume. the ability to have situational awareness. many of the small ones that we less than 5 pounds, they operate

for 20-30 minutes. if you have a situation where you had a critical incident that took place. when the first responders got on the site in oklahoma with the debris and smoke, the individuals could not go in and do their job because they did not know if there was a bomb, and did not know if there was a gas leak. if they have the capability of flying it up to the building, it would have made the job of a lot easier. anytime you see where the men and women that are trained and responsible perform these missions, this is a tool that allows the to do their job better. host: cameras typically attach to these systems? what else could be attached? guest: in the farming industry, there will probably sensors that understand photosynthesis or the chemical makeup of the soil and things of this nature, which

those devices exist in developing even more of them. so if you are trying to get pictures, you will have a camera on then -- on it. if you are trying to find out when to pick something, you may have fermenting the vice. so now farmers can know exactly when they should harvest the crop. maybe they do have at one point in time and wait a week or two. which means they get a higher yield, do not waste as much of the fruit. to get a better product. host: cameras are privacy concerns. how you answer people who are concerned about this?

-- how do you it so people who are concerned about this? guest: with any technology, you have to use it in a responsible way. that is no different than the internet. we are at a point where we are writing bullying laws because some people aren't as using the technology to do things it is not supposed to be done. we have had privacy laws. peeping tom laws and privacy laws. it says if you break the law, you are held accountable with -- whether you do it with a man that system, unman the system or binoculars across the street. if you break the law, you are held accountable. host: specific laws are needed for this industry? guest: the fourth amendment has been around for 422 years. a lot of technologies developed

during that timeframe. he looked up phones, cell phones, satellite technology. usually when we talk about the privacy issue, it is about the collection of data. it is the collection of the data and how it is being analyzed and stored and how it is being disseminated and how it is being destroyed. that is true with much of the data we're talking about. so it is not how you collect it, it is what happens after. host: 8 from texas. independent line. -- dave. caller: you mentioned 1,000 feet and a low for the ranch land. any type of height restriction over residential or will they be able to fly to feet above the roof of your house? you say about the privacy issues, that is the government that has gone to process privacy issues. if they are the ones pricking privacy, how will we hold them

responsible? guest: again, and the operation any operation and all of the private citizens are getting involved with. you may say we will of the use these systems for these particular applications or if you are going to use them, this is how you have to do it. you have to do it in a safe matter and all local walls of the rules. that is what they're there for. host: our guest is michael toscano. our next guest is jordan in maryland. caller: what do you think the unmanned vehicles are used as far as the fire department, police department and other local government? guest: again, a lot of the civil applications are ideal. the men and women are trained to

do their job better than anyone else. obviously search and rescue is very important. fire fighting very important. a lot of them in the park ranger were that the do monitoring of the environment or the condition. when you look at noa monitoring weather and the tornadoes throughout the world, hurricanes, floods -- all of these things that affect us as human beings, this is a better way for us to understand the operational environment to the environment for which we live and other species here as well. monetary the wildlife to be able to understand so we do not disturb their habitat or make

sure we can live in harmony. this gives us more situational awareness. host: you talked about training that goes for the operators of these systems. is there a standard training done as far as time and technical capability and things of that nature? guest: we're still in the process of determining what the standards will be. because this is a family of systems -- obviously the training of something that is 2 pounds and live 40 feet high and line of sight will be different from something you fly that will go beyond the line of sight in much different altitudes. there is no one answer i can give you. depends on what operational environment is. host: jordan in maryland. i think we lost him. talk a little bit about your role, especially here on capitol hill. i suspect you and others in the industry talk to folks on capitol hill.

what has been the basis of the issue? what do you talk about most? guest: the association for unmanned vehicle systems international is the advancement of unmanned system. so we're talking mostly about unmanned aircraft systems. we had many conversations with lawmakers, stakeholders. this is to make sure people understand how technology can benefit their life. there is a lot of information as we talked about the beginning of the segment that even the word drone has a negative connotation to it. that is not with these systems are. anytime you have had a system where you needed the information to have this, if you have ever had a lost child, you want them to have the best tools possible

to be able to get a good result in a timely manner. that is what this technology brings. there is a human being that is in the loop or on the loop that is making the decision. this is just an extension of the eyes and ears of the human being in order to do their job in a much more efficient way. host: it comes to congress, are there specific laws you are talking about? guest: the privacy issue is something we talked to them on a regular basis because no one wants their privacy to be invaded or taken away. this is just like any other technology we have to deal with. we meet with the congressional and decision makers. many will tell you they understand the economic impact this technology can have in their states and from a national standpoint and global standpoint.

within the first three years when we get into the national airspace, you will have 70,000 new jobs created. $13.6 billion of economic impact. the first 10 years the numbers will go up dramatically. over 90 billion in impact. this can help grow the economy, create new and exciting and good paying jobs. it allows people to be more effective and efficient and what they do today. host: 39 states so far have walls and bills that specifically deal with search warrants. what does it say that some mistakes have some type of law dealing with this issue? guest: again, this is on the minds of some of the people because they recognize this technology is something different. that is because it is new and revolutionary, and some call it disruptive. once you explain to them how this will be used and how the technology can better their

lives and make it beneficial to all of mankind, 20 of those states have defeated the legislation. yes, there are some that are put in place. should make no difference. the operation is technology agnostic when it comes to the laws we have when it pertains to privacy. that is one of the biggest things people miss. it is not about the aircraft that flies. this is about data collection. we should address the issue of data collection and let the technology be available for everyone to take advantage. host: this pretty much has to come down the pike in your mind? guest: correct. host: josh on the republican line. caller: i was in the marine

corps infantry for five years, and what of my jobs was to get trained on a small two-person drowned. i think the largest part, we used it for reconnaissance. one of the problems or confusions in the popular discussion today is the lack of knowledge as to what is the difference between a war fighting drowned like a predator drowned or something like a global hoc or something like this and what is of reconnaissance drone and what would be used on domestic soil? we envision predator drums with missiles flying over the

communities, which would not be the case at all, which would be incredibly expensive. here is where i disagree with you. he said he would not need specific loss but you were referring to statute laws that would be specifically about drones and privacy and things like that. the vast majority of the fourth amendment protections as technology has increased from wiretaps to registries to infrared detection devices has been jurisprudence. i cannot imagine we would not see massive litigation based on privacy issues in relation to unmanned drones.

host: let's let the guest respond. guest: i am not a lawyer, and it did not stay at the holiday inn. the answer i will give you is yes, we will see the legislative body interact with the technology is used in a more expansive way. it is 50 years after the internet has been introduced that we are now writing bullying lolls about the internet. the technology has to be utilized and we have to go through the normal process of finding out exactly how this technology will be integrated in safe and acceptable way. here we are five or six or seven

generations later. in the technology has evolved into what we want it to be in order to be able to do the things we feel are important to us and do it in a safe manner. host: one tweet saying they can be used but our way to undermine our liberty and freedom. guest: i disagree. if you use the technology in a very responsible way, you will make mankind a better place to be. when you do not have to send men and women into the dirty, dangerous, in difficult places to be -- you look at fukishima, they knew they would not live much longer. that did not have to happen. we have technology today that can be utilized. when you hear of natural disasters, when you look at places on this planet where we

just physically cannot go because as human beings we are too frail, now you can do exploration and find out wonders of the world that we dream about at times. this is what technology allows you to do, and it will make for a better place, a more efficient and effective life, and i want my grandkids to be able to explore more and have a better future. host: long beach, california, democrats line. this is edward for our guest, michael toscano. caller: yes, hi. good morning. guest: good morning. caller: i am in california, so i wanted to say good night. caller: i had two questions for the speaker. what is the outlook for california, and have they done any studies on hacking into unmanned vehicles? guest: well, the issue of safety is important, but an electronic device that we have has to have the connections built into it so people can not hack into it or it is not in and certainly disrupted from operation.

we go through great lengths, whether it be in the inking industry, the electronics industry, to make sure anything using electrons back and forth are done in a safe way. when you look at it, there is no leap ahead technology. the centers already exist. you can buy them at walmart or any electronics store. would you are doing is you are having a mobile platform that allows you to do it in a much more safe and efficient way than we were doing things before. host: our guest, michael

toscano, he is the president and ceo of the association holding this event in washington, d.c., and he will be with us for a half-hour. if you want to give him a call, he will stay with us. we will take a break, look around what is going on at the convention center. we have been talking a lot about unmanned vehicle systems. some do work on the ground as well. host: you are talking about technology with michael toscano. we are here with michael fleming, the ceo of torque robotics. what have you invented? guest: we have invented a mode control and self-driving kits for any ground vehicle, so whether it is an suv, or a construction piece of equipment, we can convert that into an

unmanned vehicle. that means the vehicle can be operated without anyone in the cab and we can place an operator and a safe distance. like mike mentioned with fukushima, that was an instance where we could not send workers into an area that had a certain amount of radiation. what we can do is send a vehicle like the skid loader, have an operator miles away, and be able to perform the work necessary to mitigate the fukushima incident without exposing to radiation. host: you have partnered with caterpillar, and is this technology being used by the company? guest: we have a great relationship with caterpillar.

we have worked with engineers to make sure our robotic kit can be quickly implemented, and by quickly i mean 30 minutes. host: how did you go about inventing this technology? guest: the origin was developed from self-driving technology. this was commercialized for the mining market and the military market. there was technology adopted out of carnegie mellon. host: the defense advanced research program agency -- they

do this type of technology -- creating the internet, advancing technology as we know it. so, the on what you just talked about for the government, what are the commercial uses for this technology? host: -- guest: we did work in retrofitting an suv to enable the blind to drive. there was an event at the daytona international speedway where we have blind drivers racing around the speedway. it was a great event to bring awareness to this technology, and how it can reduce the threats and enable those that are disabled to do what you and i do every day. host: you were at virginia tech. who competed in the competition? guest: there were 89 teams. they were selected down to 11. three teams finished the competition, and we were lucky enough to have the technology

and pardon the -- pardon it here at -- harden it. host: you were a student? guest: i was a student, and i was very fortunate to hire those students. we could not have done it without them. host: what about the cost? guest: the base camp cost about $40,000. you can operate the skid loader several miles away. host: do you have a government contract yet? guest: we have a lot of government contracts. the military is excited about using this technology. anytime we create a distance between a war fighter and a major situation, it is a promising thing. host: are you using this in afghanistan? guest: yes.

host: how is it being used? guest: rather than having a war fighter get in close proximity to an ied, they can perform the function robotically. host: michael fleming, ceo of torc robotics, thank you. guest: thank you. host: it is an event sponsored by the association of unmanned vehicles international. president and ceo michael toscano is joining us. the previous guest talk about work with pentagon. does your association talk to the pentagon? guest: very much so. it is worked on in research labs. there is tremendous research being done.

there are a lot of elementary school, high schools, colleges involved in the research of unmanned systems, and this is one of the great ways of getting young people involved in the science, mathematics and discovery process. we do work with darpa. host: ross. thank you for holding on. caller: good morning. i have to share some concerns about this technology. there are a few reasons i have concerns about this technology. as we all witnessed over the last few months here, with the nsa and what has happened to our computers, cell phones, and information being stored, this appears to be another technology that could be abused a bit.

i think if we do not have more laws in place there could be some very serious concerns in regards to these unmanned vehicles. guest: ross, i has an individual, understand the concern from a big data standpoint about how data is collected, stored, disseminated and destroyed. that is what you are talking about. this technology, unmanned systems, has a large capacity to make everyone's life better. that is a tremendous upside you have to this technology. the technology is agnostic to the issue you are talking to. it is a different issue when talking about this capability. if you have ever had a situation

with fires, floods or natural disasters -- 80% of all firefighters are volunteer. you want to make sure those men and women have the best tools for them to use when they execute the job they are given to do. in many cases, other people's lives are on the line. i understand your concern and it is something we have to address in the big picture, but when you look at this technology, do not link them together into you have to hold the data because of those concerns. host: there was a story about a south african outdoor rock festival where people could order a beer and have it delivered by a drum. that prompted a response from rand paul -- "perhaps i am not against all drones." what does rand paul bring to the discussion in your opinion? guest: when you look at this technology, you can pick and

choose the point you want to make, but let's look at delivering pizza or tacos or food, but when the monsoons and, regions are wiped out. how do you get medical supplies, their essential's, -- the bare essentials to people to keep people alive? using an unmanned system, you can do that. delivering in a more effective and efficient way, that is a good capability to have, and if you use it in the appropriate way, you can save lives and make sure we do not have pandemic diseases around the world. host: and about senator paul's contribution to the conversation?

guest: i will leave it at that. the senator has his viewpoint, and i am not sure what point he was trying to make. i know the capabilities of the technology and what it can do to help mankind. host: oklahoma city, oklahoma, republican line. bonnie. caller: did i hear the man say these drones are being used for crop surveying? guest: they can be, yes. caller: i do not know if it was another gentleman or not, but america, you had better wake up. this surveillance program is going right to the mark of the beast. why do you think they need that surveillance thing? the antichrist is already here.

the next is the black corpse, and he is famine. when you start to use the drones for surveying our crops and knowing where the food is, you're going to have to take the mark or starve to death. host: we talked about the issue of privacy. how often when you have conversations does the issue of privacy,? -- come up? guest: it comes up often, and we try do have people understand the concerns and how we are doing with this with lawmakers, civil liberty groups in the proper stakeholders to make sure fourth amendment rights, privacy laws, peeping tom laws and all the laws that exist -- to ensure we are compliant with them. the me just say one more thing. right now, we have about 7 billion people in the world. by 2050, 37 years away, we will

have 9 billion people. that is another 2 billion people on this planet. right now we do not have enough food to feed everybody. if we do not increase our yield and output in a more productive way, we will have difficulties in the future that will be tremendous in size. when i talk about using unmanned systems for agriculture, it is to help the farmers to know how to grow crops better than anyone else, do it in a much more effective and efficient way to make sure we have food for the next couple of generations. host: orlando, florida. dan. democrats line. caller: as you are aware, there are tons being used overseas at home, with recent testing in operation florida and operation washington. i'm curious if you can give the difference in how small,

tethered air stats compared to unmanned vehicles? guest: with an arrow step that is tethered, you have determined a cabling system that limits its mobility, but allows you to have a more but -- more continuity or the carrying of a sensor package. the communication kit is now a hardwired. there is still a ground station and there is still a human being involved in the process. it is just a different version of what we are talking about, where the only difference is the communication link.

it is an effect of, capable system, but it does have limitations in how far you can fly it or how you would utilize it, but it is a very effective technology and we are finding more and more use for the aerostat. host: our guest was the program manager for research and development for nuclear safety and security for the secretary of defense, and an advisor on the roles of unmanned vehicle. he has bachelor of science degrees from the university of rhode island. cottonwood, alabama. independent line. caller: thank you. i was wondering how this works with policing agencies. could they do surveillance on a possible person they suspect of

committing a criminal act such as developing a drug or whatever in the home, and is it possible for the agency to use this technology to procure video and stream it to a judicial official? it would be very easy. you could even use the current one you could buy now and an ios and at a microphone to it. i wonder how effective that would be and how that would impede on the constitutional rights of our privacy. guest: ok. i hope i understand the question correctly, but the law that exists today for either warrants or any of the search matters,

regardless of this technology, they are in place and they would have to abide by those same laws. the same laws that exist for manned systems or police helicopters, would exist for these. the only difference is the pilot is at a different location -- instead of being in the pilot seat, he or she is at a safe location. whatever laws that exist, those are the ones we will have to follow. i am trying to make sure you understand the separation of the capability that is here and the concerns that we are having. again, from a law-enforcement standpoint, you have to remember the usage of this will be less than 5%. on the public safety side, when you're talking about firefighting, and i think everyone wants to make sure firefighters are given the best

tools to put out the fire in a safeway, do their job and make sure they come home at night as well. the search-and-rescue, park rangers -- there are a lot of applications, and everyone fixates on the law enforcement. of the 18,000 law enforcement entities in this country, less than 600 have air assets, helicopters, and it is usually big cities that have them. the rest of the folks that need to have that when you have a small police department that does not have the manpower, but basically the same crime, they still need to have the best resources to protect those men and women and the people that they serve. again, we have a structure in place. this is just one more tool that allows those men and women to do the job they do in a much more effective and efficient way to help save lives in the community in an appropriate way. host: mr. toscano, if more laws

come into place, when, in your mind do the laws get to restrictive? guest: i am not sure i can answer that. i am not a lawyer, but i know the technology has a tremendous upside. we are fixating on the law enforcement side. even if that was taken off the table, you will have 95% of the technology utilized to help mankind eat, enjoy life in a much more effective way, finding discoveries we never had before because it was too difficult to explore the bottom of a mountain, -- top le monde the mountain or bottom of the notion third -- ocean. host: bob. pennsylvania. caller: good morning. mr. toscano, how many times has a company like yours shown pictures like this to high

school students to get them interested in the fields? all we hear about is the negative. why not get kids interested in the positive ways of helping one another? guest: you are spot on. these generations that are coming up -- i have a two and a half-year-old grandson. he is a digital native. he has no apprehension. he can use an ipad easily. he will be utilizing this technology in elementary school, high school. we will have a couple hundred young, high school folks at this convention this week. we have a foundation that there whole purpose in life is to help educate young men and women on the science, technology,

engineering and mathematics that exists around this technology. it is fun. it is the kids played with big toys. there is a passion people have an understanding how how it will make life a better place to live. host: we have found several websites where you can purchase this type of technology. on twitter there is a question about an entry-level cost as far as the drone is concerned. what could someone get into if they were interested in buying one themselves? guest: if you go to our foundation, www.auvsi.org, we will get you the information.

there are demonstrations here of what is being used in classrooms to help people understand how they can take three motors with piping and a flotation device and create something that they can operate in water tanks or in the ocean to do exploration. it is fascinating. you watch the young men and women pick it up very quick. they are adaptable. it stimulates their minds and it is exciting. there are tremendous progress. if you get to the website, we can get even information. host: there is a link on our c- span site. don is asking -- once the technology becomes common, what prevents drone from being completely automated? guest: i do not like the word automated.

guest: i do not like the word automated. there is only human being involved in it. we might tell something to do a particular mission. this is part of the evolution that we have. elevators have become autonomous, i guess, because you do not have a person taking you up and down. this is happening more and more. in a different realm, looking at automated vehicles, in the future, you might have the ability to get from point a to point b, just by getting into a vehicle, telling it where you want to go and it will do it. right now in this country we have 87 billion man hours lost to congestion. we have 32,000 deaths, costing us $256 billion a year in medical and damage associated

with accidents. does that mean you will not be able to drive your 1964 mustang? the answer is no. just like when we introduced the automobiles, we did not do away with horses. people like to ride horses and have horses. the same would be true with cars. you will still have a car, but you might not have a car that you drive physically both ways, and now you can do more productive things like reading, exercising or texting, let young people do. host: independent line. north carolina. good morning. caller: yes or no, can these unmanned vehicles the armed?

guest: the answer is no. they cannot be launched from a civil aircraft. host: alabama. democrats line. caller: hi. mr. toscano. guest: good morning. caller: something has me rattled. you found a way to get around the privacy law, the 400 foot policy law by going from fixed wing and non-fixed wing. what other long can you get around? guest: i am not sure what you mean.

the faa has mandated there is no fixed wing that can fly below 400 feet. what we are saying is below 400 feet is safe for operating the systems. safety is paramount. we need to make sure anything we put in the national airspace is done so in a safe manner. host: mr. toscano, we see demonstrations of the types of things, what does the future hold in their size, shape and capability? guest: you hear people talk about moore's law, which is the computational capability to

double at half the cost. we have seen a tremendous amount of advancement in high definition television, cell phones, automobiles. this is happening on a continuous basis. if i were to say to you go back and look at 10 years ago, which is five evolutions of moore's law, look at where we were. i will pick up my cell phone. the cell phone in the year 2000 2% of the world had cell phone capability. 13 years later, 70% of the world as cell phone capability. that is a huge increase. i am asking you now, if we were to go five more evolutions in the future, the, what we would have with these capabilities. it is exciting and promising to have a better place to be on

this planet and there is a tremendous opportunity for these unmanned systems to give you that capability. host: domestic sellers -- are they mainly produced in the united states and which states have the most type of these companies? guest: depending on who you talk to, i would say the united states still has an edge on this technology but it is a global technology and there are many other places that recognize this opportunity for the manufacturing of the systems and are doing so as well. host: washington, d.c.. independent line. caller: good morning. i am a pakistani situated in the seat and i have spent the past few years doing research on drones, particularly the use of drones in pakistan. i was wondering if you could speak about the role of auvsi in

the use of drones over places like pakistan and yemen and if you feel any responsibility for the loss of life? guest: that is a question that needs to be answered by our leadership, elected officials and military. this technology has a tremendous ability for saving lives and producing a better quality of life. i would say there are situations where the military has to perform to protect the freedoms of this country and of the world. that is decisions that they make. host: at your event there, you have been greeted by protesters. there is a photo in "the washington times" of code pink. what has been your reaction to their presence? guest: i value the right of freedom of speech, and that is a

prerogative and a right that everybody has. i do not think they have their facts and figures right. i cannot believe they are against feeding people in the world and having safer operations for the men and women that in many cases might have saved their lives in the past. host: what you mean by getting the facts and figures right? guest: the ability to use this technology in appropriate ways would allow life-saving capability. host: there is a viewer asking about the possibility of interception of the controlled vehicles. is that a concern. guest: any electronic device has the ability to have situations that interfere with the technology, but we go to great lengths to make sure the precautions and safeguards are >> season two of

with elenaes" begins roosevelt. tonight, we focus on first lady eliza johnson. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2013] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] > she was close to being broken by the time she went to the white house. >> this is the earliest existing house. they lived here in the 1830's and 1840's. >> she was educated and taught school. >> she would work. the north and south fought all over the civil war. it changed hands 26 times. they did have domestic help. >> it was used as a hospital, it was used as a place to stay and

it was destroyed. >> eliza wasn't able to get out much. >> she brought home many gifts. >> this is the room she returned to. >> she is obscure. she's who he needed. >> abraham lincoln's assassination weeks after his second inaugural shocked a war- ravaged nation. johnson's wife eliza was 54 years old when she was thrust into the role as first lady. he navigated the end of the civil war, reconstruction in the south and his own impeachment. this week on "first ladies, the life and times of eliza johnson." we learn more, let me introduce you to our two guests. jacqueline burger is in the midst of a biography collection called "love, lies and tears"

and joining us from her home in southern california. and a greenville, native and long time employee of the national park service. and is an joyey of the andrew johnson historic site. the country has lost presidents before, but this was the first assassination. what was it like in washington, d.c., the capitol and white house, was it orderly transition, chaos or something in between? >> it was disbelief. they could not believe that it happened. but secretary stanton took charge immediately. and he decided that the president was going to be a

funeral in the east room and he went ahead and had major french set up the funeral and do everything for it. he went to work immediately to elaborate this most beautiful funeral for the president and unfortunately the first lady who was upstairs, constantly in tears and in mourning, they were building this beautiful setting for the funeral and banging and hammering and all night long she was called downstairs and asked them to please stop because she thought gunshots were going off inside the white house. it was pretty terrifying for her. >> to the transition in government, how is it that a republican president ended up with a southern democrat for vice president? >> it was a unique situation. once abraham lincoln was trying

to appeal to the broader segment of the population. in another sense, i think he was making good on his second inaugural to bind up the nation's wounds. so he was trying to bring the north and south back together again. johnson was a southerner, he was a democrat, intensely loyal to the nation and he came to speak and he had spent time as a military governor restoring a union government and freeing the slaves in tennessee, so he was a good choice. >> how prepared was he for the job of president? >> he had held nearly every political office that you can hold on the rise to the presidency. >> in fact, the new president's graciousness towards mary lincoln made it difficult for him in transition. how did it work? >> it was difficult in the beginning. mary was in total mourning and remained there for six weeks.

so the new president was gracious not to give up his office in the white house so he could give her time to make the adjustment. it was difficult on him and in the beginning he was obvious shaken to the core. he got into action very quickly and prepared to take over the presidency. >> where did he work at that time? >> treasury department in washington and his family was not here. >> what were his early days like? did you have a chance of how adjusted himself and how quickly he assumed control? >> it was two-sided. at one point, it was the grand review, he had the lincoln trial and murders to deal with. on other hand, it was his golden hour because congress wasn't in session, so he jumped in trying to implement the lincoln plan of restoration for the south. >> and there were skirmishes going on from the civil war? >> i'm sure there were and

hardly settled in a lot of people's mind. and taking over this job at this particular time in this city, i mean he had a cabinet that he inherited, what were his challenges? >> he made the decision to keep the cabinet. he said this is what i have and i'm going to live with it the best i can and he discovered it might not have been the best decision for himself, because he was constantly struggling with them. they thought for sure he would go ahead and have a more hasher stance on the stance on the south and he didn't. he had a lenient opinion on how to get the north and south back together. he had a difficult time. >> we have used the word tumultuous, but these four years deserve the description. here is a look at some of the highlights of that time period,

the four years he spent in office. 1865, the 13th amendment was ratified. those of you who saw the movie "lincoln," that was the great fight. the veto that led to his impeachment and suspended stanton and 1868, 14th amendment was ratified and reconstruction amendments and it had a citizenship clause that overturned the dred-scott decision and his impeachment proceedings were held. that is a look at the kinds of things the family had to deal with. did he have a vice president? >> yes. >> was there any provision for selecting a vice president? >> the impeachment had resulted in conviction. the presidency would have gone to the president pro tempore of the senate. >> let's move on to eliza.

she arrives when? >> about four months later that she came with her family. they had set up a situation where she took care of the home, took care of the finances. her life was pretty well set and the fact that her husband became president didn't change things. she did follow and brought her family. two daughters who was married and two children of her own and other daughter was a widow with three children so it's very, very crowded upstairs in the white house. and she was an invalid when she got to the white house and people think she didn't participate much. that isn't true. she was very much involved. started her own bedroom across from the president's office and she was able to hear what was going on. she was very active and read daily newspapers and brought different points of view to the president and able to calm him down and was the grandmother of the house as well as taking care

of her daughters and grandchildren. >> her health status is the only known public statement we have from eliza johnson. which we have on screen. this was her announcement to the press. and after making it, what did she do? >> went upstairs. her face showed interest but no enthusiasm. another quote attributed to her, i do not like this public life at all and i will be happy where we are back to where we belong. >> what was her health problems? >> t.b. her health weakened after the birth of her last son who was 18 years younger. and there are many references to her health. >> first question from a viewer and before i take it, i remind you if you are new to this series, there is your

participation. call us and put those numbers on the screen and send us a message on the screen using the #firstladies or go to c-span's facebook page and we have questions coming in and try to mix those in. gary robinson asked the question, was eliza concerned for her husband's safety after the lincoln assassination? >> she was absolutely terrified. his life was in danger as well. when he was a senator, he did not want his state to secedee from the union and oftentimes his life was in danger and when the president was assassinated. one of the daughters was worried. >> there was worry. some of the investigation suggests that there was in fact part of the overall plot someone assigned to kill johnson. >> he had heavy drinks beforehand and lost his nerve.

>> he was stalking him that whole day and planning to assassinate him that night and he did not follow through. >> any historic documentation about how the president reacted to the threats on his life? >> i have never heard of any. we heard grave concerns for lincoln and people did try to tell him not to go to the peterson house that night himself because of all the danger out there, but he went any way. >> the peterson house was the rooming house across the street from the hotel after the president was shot. and he was warned to stay away. >> news was coming in. and they knew this was a full- fledged attack on high-ranking government officials. >> wasn't first time. people did try to tell him not to go to the peterson house that night himself because of all the danger out there, but he went any way. >> the peterson house was the

rooming house across the street from the hotel after the president was shot. and he was warned to stay away. >> news was coming in. and they knew this was a full- fledged attack on high-ranking government officials. >> wasn't first time. there was an attempt on washington's life and many other presidents. they lived with that fact. harry truman made the comment that it goes with the territory and can't think about it and go about your business and do what you need to do. >> before we leave the relationship with the lincolns, did eliza johnson have a relationship with mary lincoln? >> not to my knowledge. once again, she stayed at home quite a bit.

not that she traveled to washington. oftentimes other wives did travel to washington and spent times with their husbands. eliza didn't. she did not have a relationship at all. >> is that your understanding? >> it is. eliza did come to washington for a couple of months. but health forced her back home. >> you were describing this private floor in the white house even though the public didn't see her, there was lots of family going on. a centerpiece room was what is called the yellow oval room which is turned into a library. do we have a photograph of what it looks like today? how did they use this and what was their personal life like?

>> they were an extremely close- knit family. martha was always watching out for their mother and the grandchildren adored their grandparents and they were very close. and they would always come back in and visit their grandmother. the president spent his mornings visiting with her before he went off to business and everything evolved around eliza. >> on facebook, can you tell us about her two daughters who helped her with her role. did they serve as official hostesses? >> martha was the official hostess and mary supported her. mary was back and forth to greenville and was like her mother and preferred to be with the children. she was responsible for a lot of their education and a lot of their training. she did step in with her sister, but she didn't like the public life. the entire family didn't care

for it. by that time, she was a widow and lost her husband in the civil war, so that was difficult on her having three children and being a widow. >> what did it mean to be a hostess in the white house? >> eliza, even though it was a state of mourning and the war had totally ravaged the white house completely. i can't describe what disarray it was in. there was mold in the state dining rooms. the carpeting was filthy and gave congress a couple of months to get the house cleaned up and she scrubbed it down from top to bottom. and then they had their weeklies on thursday nights.

>> a tradition we have seen from the washington administration. >> and that is the way it is. martha washington set the role and many first ladies followed long. >> just on that note, to capture johnson's approach, this quote from martha johnson, we are plain people from tennessee, called here for a little time and i hope too much will not be expected of us. >> in fact, how did the -- mary lincoln was criticized in the press for her spending especially during the time of a war. how did the nation respond to the folks who said we are plain folks and going to approach this job this way? >> in many ways, they loved it. one said there was a homelyness in that statement and people were craving that after the war to know that these are people who had suffered like they had and who were not going to be -- going to be respectful of the position in the white house.

>> did she bring two cows? >> martha would go downstairs and supervise the dairy operation the and would come back into the house and have an inspection of the estate floors and make sure everything was in order. yes, they did. the first family that brought animals with them. but brought cows. >> on twitter, were the johns ons very religious and did their view change over time? >> mrs. johnson attended church. johnson did not because i think there were vague lines between politics and religion a lot of times. >> at that time period, we do have a letter when he thought he was dying in the 18 70's where he is at peace.

so it shows that while not practicing at a church in particular, he was still a religious man. >> and before we leave this life in the early days in the white house, tell us more about how the white house ended up in such a state. mrs. lincoln spent a lot of money and was criticized. >> that is very true. after the president passed away, she went upstairs and was there for six weeks and the white house was open to the public. as soon as the doors were open in the morning, people were constantly coming through. there was a tremendous amount of traffic. and there was a lot of vandalism also.

they wanted pieces of the carpeting or drapery or pieces of fabric, china was missing and it was in disarray. there's a lot of people coming through the white house. >> where was the security? >> the security wasn't paying much attention. they didn't know or maybe didn't have enough support to go in and say something about it. mrs. lincoln was upstairs and the president was not in the white house. so for about six weeks it was run amuck. >> congress recognized this and gave the family a $30,000 appropriation, which is a lot more money than the lincolns hood. >> how did they use that money? >> martha oversaw every penny. she would take carpets cleaned and have a smaller section that was still good, put it in a different area. she took down the wallpapers and had decor put up that was simple but elegant. >> the official washington,

maybe the larger country reacted well to this after the lincolns? >> they did. they were very simple people. and washington society appreciated that. they said that they were dressed simply but elegantly. martha did a lot with flowers and she made slip covers for the furniture. they respected her thriftiness. >> and one of the rooms she overdid was the state floor and which one was referenced, the blue room and the famous east room. one of the traditions i understand that she created was by finding portraits of past presidents and bringing them into the white house. what did she do there?

>> families come into the private floors or public places and martha went down into the basement and found portraits and her father thought it was a great idea to frame the portraits and hang them up. and president johnson liked to walk the hauls of framed presidents and tell stories. margaret did get that from her mother because it was eliza who said and her husband kept going off, he said i remained at home caring for the children. i said margaret, it's martha. >> those presidential paintings have remained there and one of the more iconic if you see movies about the white house, you see the first family walking down the presidential portraits it is called the cross hall and that began with the johnson administration.

you will see pictures from the national historic site in greenville, tennessee where our guest has worked for quite a long time. and we are going to start with one that shows the white house artifacts from the museum. how many do you have in the collection? is it a big white house collection? >> i would say a dozen, two dozen things from the johnson administration. they were allowed to bring them home in those days and qualify that. >> family collection? >> three generations of the family lived in the house after andrew and eliza and great granddaughter lived there. so we have 85% of the original belongings. >> we are going to see some of the white house collection and our guest will be in this video

in her uniform. so we'll take a look. >> in this case, we have artifacts relating to johnson's presidency and beyond. we have one of eliza's neck laces which is a plain black cross which shows her simplistic taste. another one is her sewing case and three of her favorite past times being as reclusive as she was was embroidry, reading poetry and scrapbooking. they did receive political gifts and this came from queen emma from the sandwich islands, which is the hawaiian islands and first time that a queen came to visit the white house. andrew johnson was the first president to have an easter egg roll. previously it was held on the capitol. it stopped during the civil war

but brought it back and held it on the white house lawn so eliza could watch and being invalid and had t.b. and couldn't get out much. during the white house, eliza chose not to assume the role of the first lady. she was very ill at that point, but during the time she received gifts that she brought home with her. one of the most spectacular is this pores lane box that was given to her by the noble frenchman and had 50 pounds of chocolate bonbons in it and we have a letter saying they would go up to mom's house to get a treat from the bonbon box. and there was a visit from charles dickens would come visit

them at the white house. she returned and brought back one of his books. she was an avid reader and gave her a chance to remember his visit and he is one of the most prolific writers. another item that she brought back was a gaming table that was given to them by the people of ireland and 500 pieces of inlaid wood. it sits up and rolls up and looks like a regular table. the craftsmanship is remarkable. another piece is the fruit container and that was a gift from the children of philadelphia when they were in the white house. and eliza brought that back home with her when they returned. >> and on twitter, michael wants to know the queen's visit, did any other royal from the kingdom of hawaii visit the white house? >> not to my knowledge. >> first telephone call is from abraham who is watching in huntsville, alabama.

>> thank you for taking my call. i think this program is so great because we study so much about the presidents, hearing about the presidents' wives is fantastic. i know that eliza johnson was educated and i wanted to know what kind of books and writings eliza was interested in the most and another question i had, what was the highest level of education that eliza johnson had? >> do you know her education? >> eighth grade. there was a female branch of an academy in greenville at that point. and we still have some of the books that eliza had, one math and one grammar that she used to tutor. >> do you know about her reading? >> she loved reading the

newspaper and loved reading the constitutional papers that came out. she read all of her husband's speeches and assisted him with that. she loved poetry. very broad range. >> she loved to read the newspapers. and clipping service for her husband. >> she loved to clip things out of the newspaper and her husband was a great speaker and she wanted to make sure he had good talking points and she would read multiple newspapers and nothing missed her eye whenever she caught something her husband might be able to use. she would bring it to his attention. >> john in tampa, florida. >> good evening and thank you for this program. just listening to what you were saying just now regarding how interested the first lady was in

current events apparently from the newspaper reading, how much influence did she have over the president and his policy, particularly as it relates to two things, like the reconstruction? >> she clipped things for him and helped him with his speeches and how much influence? >> i think she had a good calming effect and she could touch his shoulder. we know that andrew johnson had a pretty good temper and oftentimes it would show in his conversation and she was able to calm him down. we really don't know what necessarily her opinions were because she only shared them with her in private, which many first ladies do as you might

suspect. but i know she listened to her daughters and asked advice. i don't know how much he listened to it. >> as i mentioned throughout the program, we'll be returning to the johnson national historic site. we have a few different pieces of video and as we look at them, how does this -- how is this preserved? it's really quite a large place in the center of a small town. so what do you have there? and what are you -- how are you interpreting it? >> we have four different areas. it includes a museum at the visitor's certainty along with the old tailor shop where he began his political rise, so to speak. the early home which was the home from the 1830s and 1840s, and then the larger homestead a couple of blocks away which they lived in before and after the

presidency and the national cemetery where the family is buried. we have a collection -- also the andrew johnson museum and library at the college. and there's some papers there as well. and unfortunately, the letters between andrew and eliza were burned later by the family. so we really don't have that interaction. she visited him every morning in the white house. she would have a tea in her collection, a bite to eat warm for him in the evenings he would come up and sit with her as well. >> how frustrating is it to hear about the burning of letters

from administration to administration. >> martha washington started that. >> did eliza make friends outside of the family? >> i understanding is that she did. she was a friendly person. initially historians thought that she only came downstairs two different times in the entire administration. we discovered later on that's not entirely accurate. in fact, it's ulysses s. grant's wife, julia, who wrote and said that after the state dinner that the first lady would, in fact, come downstairs. she didn't stay for the state dinner but she would come down and have coffee and literally walk around and talk to all of the guests. she was extremely gracious. >> when they left washington, there were people who called on her to say, good-bye and -- and they had fond remembrances of her. would we classify eliza a political equal or superior to her husband? >> well, colonel crook said she had great appreciation for his office and she may have had greater appreciation even than he did being that she was so

well read and well learned. >> well, now it's time to learn about how the johnsons became a couple and we're going to return to the johnson historic site and learn about the early years together in this video. >> we are standing inside the memorial building at the andrew johnson national historic site, seeing andrew johnson's old taylor shop. he bought the shop in public auction in the early days when he and eliza were first married and he used it as a place of business. eliza would read to him in the shot while he worked making the suits for the men of town. these are some of the books that eliza used to tutor andrew johnson with in the early days of the marriage. this is the teacher's assistance with assistance in arithmetic. this is entitled english grammar.

different classes of learners. it speaks a lot to andrew and eliza, i think, they kept the books knowing the historic import they had on their lives and his future career. this is the earliest existing house that we have for andrew and eliza. they lived here through the 1830s and 1840s until he traded this home for a later homestead in 1851. they start their family here. they have five children all together. and as johnson works in a tailor shop, he finds out he's got a knack for debate. this might have been the kitchen or eating area of the home. andrew and eliza did purchase their first place while they live in this house. they bought dolly in 1842 and a few days later purchased her half brother, sam. so they did have domestic help. they would help eliza with

chores such as raising the children, cutting the firewood, and cooking the meals. this is the house where they got their start. this is where they put the roots down in the community. this is a house where the children were born. this place holds a special place in the lives of the couple. >> once again, i'd encourage you if you get to that part of the country, make a visit to greenville, tennessee to see the life of the johnson family as the federal government has preserved it through the national park service. she has the distinction in the history books of being the youngest bride. >> absolutely. >> how old was she? >> 16. >> andrew johnson? >> 18. they were a very, very young

couple. and as life has it -- i thought her life story would be a wonderful made for tv movie. she was a young girl. she was standing outside school one day talking with some friends and an dry johnson comes in to town and legend is that she is the first person he sees. he's asking for directions and she makes a comment to her girlfriend that that is her beau. within a year, they did, in fact, marry. she was 16. he was 18. they had four children every two years, i believe, she had four children by the time she was 24 years of age. and it's said, you know, she would read to her husband in the tailor shop. in fact, she herself was a great seamstress. she came from a poor family, by the way. she lost her father -- some would say when she was quite young. others say when she was early teens. and she and her mother helped to support themselves by making quilts and sewing sandals, things of that nature. she had an appreciation of what her husband did and she would constantly, constantly read to him. >> from these humble roots, they really became rather successful. so where did the entrepreneurial spirit come from?

which of the two of them were responsible for it. >> i think it was a combination. the tailor shop soon became the sort of hangout spot for men where they debated students in town after johnson started attending debating societies called him a demophany, a greek orator who had learned from the great speakers. andrew johnson had a book called the american speaker. one of its desires in the presses was to teach the callow young to teach the country's call with lips of fire. that inspired him to the point where he just wanted to break away from life as he had known it being such a struggle into something greater. >> he had a gift. he had a gift for oratory. >> very much. >> and there was an interest for oratory which i understand eliza encouraged, found the society

for him to take part in so he could polish his skills but that was the forrey to politics, wasn't it? >> exactly. correct. some people say she taught him how to read and write. that's not exactly true. he knew his abcs but she was very, very helpful in helping him form his letters and improve his writing skills because that is one of the things that she, in fact, learned in school. she did encourage him to go to debating classes and that's something that they did oftentimes, you know. they'd have people come into the taylor shop and talk about politics and debate different issues. >> here is jesse watching us from san diego. you're on. >> yes. i was wondering, after the assassination of lincoln, was -- did they make sure that johnson

was heavily protected so something like that wouldn't happen again? and his wife ever go out in public? >> my understanding is the secret service began with abraham lincoln they were so concerned about his safety. not aware of anything that they tightened up more stringent than anything else. eliza did get out. there's no question about that. unlike today, she wasn't going shopping or the market. but she did have various travels with her children and to various spots, sometimes it was for her health purposes. and sometimes she was very concerned about her sons. both of her sons had problems with alcohol. so she was very, very worried about that. hi, tom, you're on. oh, you've got to turn the tv volume down. are you there? sorry. we have to move on. ken in homesdale, pennsylvania. you're on, ken. caller: i would like to know how the hamlin white house would have differed from the johnson white house?

>> how the hamlin white house would have been different. do you have a sense of how he was as vice president and what happened if he had ascended to the presidency. >> i don't know, i'm sorry. >> how did eliza contract tuberculosis that would eventually have her become an invalid? >> it's hard to know. it was rampant at that time because they didn't realize it was contagious. even the grandchildren visiting her, you know, daily in the white house. it would take its toll on them as well. >> how early in her life did she contract it? >> hard to say. could be after the birth of andrew jr. >> mm-hmm. >> certainly by the beginning of the 1860s, it was clear that she was suffering from consumption. >> and how often was andrew away as he became more interested in politics? >> considerably. he was away quite a bit.

that's why -- another reason why so much of the responsibility fell on eliza. but i've also read different stories that she, in fact, was good at selling and buying stocks. here they came from these very, very humble, humble beginnings and they owned real estate, they owned other properties. she would go ahead and collect the rent from these properties. and basically manage the money very, very effectively. >> and could you walk us through the political career? where did he start in this alderman? >> alderman, mayor. >> yeah. >> served as state representatives, state senators. governors, u.s. representatives, u.s. senator. military governor, vice president. and president and then he's the only president to this day to return to the senate. >> and what -- what were his -- how would you describe his politics? what did it mean for him to be a democrat at that point? >> well, democrats or republicans are sort of reversed as the years have gone by. he was very much of a fiscal

conservative. limited government. more of the decisions being made by the state. >> and, again, we have no record of -- other than a scrapbook that she kept where she was clipping things and what her own politics were? no question about that. and he was always putting bills forward for the common man. i know that was very, very important for him. he didn't care for the aristocrats, he didn't necessarily care for the very rich planters as he referred to them. and he won -- it was the blood, sweat, and tears of the common man that he was trying to help the poor quite a bit. >> bill in san diego? caller: i know ms. berger has written on first ladies. i wonder that mrs. lincoln was so distraught set a precedent for other widows? and -- >> no. no, actually, that's not the case at all. there are a couple of other women who, of course, lost their

husbands in the presidency. garfield happened to be one of them. she was just the opposite of mary todd lincoln. she handled herself very graciously. she moved out of the white house almost instantaneously. we know about jackie kennedy as well. handled herself with great poise and great sophistication. so, no, i wouldn't say mary todd lincoln set that example at all. >> what is known of eliza's parents and did she have any siblings? >> she didn't have siblings. you might be able to address her mother more. >> john mccarter was a shoemaker. they have a boot shingle for his business at the andrew johnson museum and library opened a tavern in the town of warrensburg, tennessee as well. >> we referenced scrapbooks. i think we saw one of those in the video. do any of her scrapbooks still exist?

how many still do? >> we have one of her scrapbooks. now, on display at the house i pulled it out for the show. and that simulated a lot of interest from the public. >> what kinds of things did she collect? >> newspaper articles, primarily, about her husband. she would show him some in the evening, some in the mornings, depending on the tone. >> we were also in the age of photography at this point. did she collect photographs? >> no photographs. >> political badges and things of that nature? >> there's a blank pardon that andrew johnson was pardoning people as president. but primarily newspaper articles. >> next up, mary in omaha, hi, mary. caller: thank you for taking the call. we were just wondering. we noticed that -- i wonder if the natural surroundings and original area around the homes have been changed. the roads seem to go right up to the door -- were the roads widened at one time or did the homes that time sit that close

to the street? >> they sat that close to the street. it was right on main street and i have heard tale that it was very much a scot-irish follow- through and many of those people were scot-irish dissent. >> to be right on inn the middle of the town and right on the street. how much land did he have on the site? >> he had half an acre with the homestead. about two acres with the yard now. but even as the later family lived there, they would buy pieces as they came up for sale. sort of make a butter around the property. >> on facebook -- visited the first married home in greenville, tennessee. i was fascinated with eliza teaching andrew to read and write and was influential on his politics. do we have evidence of eliza trying to reform president johnson of his drunkenness.

one of the sons died of alcoholism. what was his relationship with alcohol? >>e was not a drunk. he got that reputation when he was inaugurated by president, he had -- i believe he had typhoid fever at that time. he was pretty down. he was low. he was trying to get himself a little bit of energy. he had some whiskey on that day. by the time he got up to give the speech, he was slurring his words. people thought, in fact, he was drunk. he was not, in fact, president lincoln knew that. the story is people were not willing to let the truth get in of a nasty rumor. so he was not an alcoholic though his sons were. >> leroy in monticello, kentucky. you're on. caller: appreciate your conversation. it's mighty good. did either one become born again

christians before they died and left this world? >> thanks. you talked about the religion earlier. would you prefer to talk about it? >> when johnson thought he was dying of cholera, he did write a letter sort of making his peace. and eliza was a churchgoer there in greenville. >> next up is janet asking a question from tucson. hi, janet? caller: hi, yes, mary lincoln had such a tragic time with her children and i wonder if you could talk about the johnson's children and if there are any descendents now. >> i know she had a wonderful relationship with her children and her grandchildren. i don't know if there's any descendents. >> a few great, great, greats. >> they all come through martha. the only one that has any descendents. >> and before we move into the civil war, in the video, we saw that they were slave holders. >> mm-hmm. >> and essex and orange asking

on twitter, is there any indication of how eliza felt about slavery or how she felt about those folks. what can you tell me about the families' ownership of slaves and what happened to those people? >> the johnsons had a lenient relationship with their slaves. we had a letter that charles, one of the sons wrote, talking about eliza's relationship with sam. he came for payment for a job he had done. she told him he needed to go to patterson's wood first. he said he'd be damned to cut at the pattersons because he didn't get paid for what he'd done. it shows this lenient relationship, two, they paid their slaves and, three, eliza was in charge of the finances. later on, august 8, 1863, johnson is -- the day johnson freed his slaves. and to this day in tennessee and surrounding states, it's still celebrated as emancipation day.

>> do you know what came of them? >> they all stayed on as paid servants afterwards. >> they all took the last name of johnson? >> they all took the last name of johnson. dolly eventually baked and sold pies out of the tailor shop. she started her own business. sam wrote president johnson at one point asking to buy land for purposes of a church and schoolhouse for the african- american children in greenville and johnson wrote back and said, no, this has the plot of land and i'll give it to you. he started that in greenville. he gave sam land and built his own house. >> the most challenging time for this family had to be the war years. and jon was in the senate at this point. and you mentioned earlier that he was the only united states senator from the south who supported the union.

where does his strong union allegiance come from? >> east tennessee was very much pro union in the civil war. so it was a different mindset, a different type of infrastructure. a different type of farming community than middle and west tennessee more in line with the confederacy. >> what happened when tennessee voted for secession for the johnson family and tell us about their life then. >> it was very tragic, unfortunately. first of all, they were calling johnson a traitor. they confiscated the johnson home. that was a tragic time for eliza because she was quite ill. it was very difficult for her. there's a couple of different stories that they had given her 36 hours' notice literally to leave the home. she did, in fact, call her daughter -- i believe it was mary that came with her and charles and, of course, her young son who was only 10 years old, andrew jr. who they called frank.

the story is they were trying to get through confederate territory and was very difficult because the confederate soldiers were all, you know, calling out to them and saying different things to them that were not very, very pleasant. one of the stories was that one night they slept by the railroad tracks, it was rather cold. they didn't have much food. they go on various farming communities, knock on the door, ask if they could possibly spend the night there. it was an extremely difficult time. and by the time they did reach nashville where andrew was at that point, poor eliza, she was pretty well bent at that point. >> were their lives in daninger? >> sure, sure. >> can you add more color to this story and this period of their live s? >> she has taken refuge to mary's house to the summer months and as she said, we have a letter for charles where he talks about the cold, the rain, the hunger, the danger to their lives.

they were travelling with mary and her husband, daniel stover had been a bridge burner in the civil war and had to hide out in the mountains the first winter of the world, they had slipped food to those men. finally made it to nashville. so that johnson wept at the sight of eliza when she finally reached nashville. >> how dangerous was this for her to be slipping food? >> probably very dangerous. yeah. >> and -- >> we know for a fact that she and mary both prepared the food. there was no question about that. i think there's some question as to who was delivering the food to knees warriors, you know, in the hills basically and in the caves. i mean, they were hiding out. so how they were able to get to them, i'm not exactly sure. they were able to send messengers, possibly. >> at the andrew johnson historic site, there is evidence of what life was like for the johnson family in the civil war. that video next. >> the north and the south fought over the occupation of greenville all through the civil war. it changed hands over 26 times

that we're aware of. so they weren't back here for over seven years, the end of his presidency is when his daughter was asked to come and restore the house for both eliza and andrew's return. she came back and she found graffiti written all over the walls. one of the best examples and one of the tragic examples is here on the wall. it says -- andrew johnson -- the old traitor. we've actually found northern soldiers' names and their unit numbers as well as southern and their unit. in that time period, it was used as a hospital, a place to stay, and it was basically destroyed. that explains the importance of this part of east tennessee in the civil war. >> the role of governor of occupied tennessee given to him by lincoln. >> went to restore union government in the state and it was a challenging job. he was firing some people and staying in the defense of nashville.

he also came in conflict with the generals. he wrote letters to lincoln expecting his concern, also hoping for the liberation of east tennessee. lincoln often sided with andrew johnson on a lot of the decisions that he makes. >> how old were the sons at this point and were they involve in the conflict? >> older son, charles, definitely was. he was a surgeon -- an assistant surgeon in the civil war, he was kill in the civil war. robert was also, as a matter of fact, i understand he was a lawyer but he also signed up and went to war. but that's when his drinking kind of took over. there were stories about him leaving his army of men and things of that nature. he had different difficulties. but absolutely the two older boys did fight in the war. >> robert was colonel of the calvary unit. he was the only family member who was able to attend charles' funeral when charles was kill in

the war. >> how was he killed, you know? >> fell from a horse and hit his head? >> and where did that happen? >> outside of nashville. and johnson and eliza were gone during that time. eliza was up in louisville and johnson had gone up to washington for a time. and so robert was the only one able to represent the family. and it's after that that it really seems that the drinking problem started for him. >> there's another mary lincoln comparison. mary lincoln was devastated about the loss of her sons. do we have historic evidence about how eliza johnson reacted to the loss at first? >> we know she, too, was extremely hurt. there were stories that charles was her favorite son. i don't know if that's accurate

or not. just like any mother, she weeped for them continuously. but she was proud of her son. the fact that he became a doctor, that was so important to her that her children were, in fact, educated. mary just couldn't seem to handle it. she had a lot of death in her life as well. >> next is kathy in bensalem, pennsylvania. hi, kathy, you are on. caller: hi. i was just wondering how mrs. johnson felt about her husband's impeachment. >> thanks. we're going to talk about the impeachment a little later on. thanks for that question. we'll work it in as we work our way through the history of the johnson administration. the call is nan in montana. hi, nan. caller: hello. >> do you have a question? caller: my question is, the impeachment of johnson and its associated effect in history. and in the impeachment of our recent president clinton, why is there such a different effect on how he's looked upon by history.

>> impeachment, such an important part of the johnson administration. let's move into that. johnson's fight with the radical republicans in congress. i'm going to have both of you talk about that. but first of all, his big decision was to keep lincoln's cabinet. now, he was of a different party than most of them. so was he in constant turmoil with them? or do they accept him as president? >> some of them did. probably the main ones who didn't disagreed with a lot of his policies. he wouldn't fire him. later on, the decision to suspend him came in particular with one that information had been withheld from him in the clemency. and two, information was withheld from him in regards to the new orleans riots. so he went ahead and suspended stanton.

>> how about the relationship with congress. who were the radical republicans. what was their point of view? >> they were the ones to want a harsher reconstruction for the south, break it to military districts. have commanders in charge of those districts. i felt like andrew johnson in the washington birthday speech where he started to name people by names. but those were the key players. >> what was the concept of reconstruction? >> well, president lincoln's concept of it was to be as lenient as possible. and basically said that in his inaugural address when he was re-elected. and johnson believed that too. it didn't mean people's feelings have changed. he wanted to be as lenient as possible. it that if you have pledged

allegiance to the united states, he would be pardoned and excepted. >> we know he supported the 13th amendment. >> how effective was he? what kind of local capital did he have? >> one of the problems that he had was unlike resident lincoln, he didn't have the ability to negotiate. he was very hot tempered. he was able to talk to the man. he was able to negotiate with individuals. had a point of view and that was it. you would get angry quickly.

he seemed to antagonize the people that he was debating with. >> we saw that the first lady, the acting first lady, also played a very important role practicing politics to bring the opposing sides together and going to capitol hill. did the daughters do any of this? not that i am aware of. he also passed on to martha giving the protocol of where everyone should be seated. that is how you would. the people up together.

pairat is how you would the people of together. they were very politically savvy. talk to the various congressmen and senators and get their point of view across. a came up during the polk administration. >> absolutely. >> she went to school in washington. [laughter] we know mrs. pope did not have any children that often invited the girls from the school that were there. she became quite friendly, as well as harriet, who was buchanon'snise --

niece. she came in through the back door, per se. her husband was a senator. she was very aware of what was going on. >> someone appealed to her. sorry, but i very have no more right to speak to him of this. >> darla is next in pennsylvania. hi. caller: hi. were the more presidents after them? >> good question. i would say no. excuse me. he was definitely opposed to slavery.

>> other than the johnsons -- excuse me, john annas and john quincy adams, there were two of the earliest presidents that did not have slaves. and zachary taylor was the last a slavet that brought to the white house with him. after that, they didn't. caller, carol. caller: hello? >> you are on. caller: ok. thank you. met thend's mother -- granddaughter some years ago. saying her grandmother was so

husband'shat my great, great grandfather had safe passage to emily so if they had wanted to go to the -- during the war, they could have. it was over the tennessee area. the granddaughter was my mother- in-law. >> do you know any more about that? the general that look after the family home? >> not in particular. >> thank you for telling us about it. without the at them shadow of impeachment in the

white house. >> i think sadly historians can, but that is all they constantly remember. they understand he had a position on the act and wanted to be able to settle on land. unfortunately the public does not hear that. that getsssip repeated year after year after re--- year after year. tell the story of what led to the impeachment. walk us through this.

and i'll ask both of you to tell the story that ultimately led to the house charging him with high crimes and misdemeanors? >> right. well, i can tell you that the senate basically, they had passed an?-- an act of congress congress an act of that said that the president himself could not fire his cabinet members without congress' approval. and that, of course, is not constitutional and president johnson said there's no way he was going to do that. that's not going to be part of it. so he went ahead and suspended secretary of war, stanton. that's when the senate said, okay, we're going to push this. because he did that, he was, in fact, in violation of this law. and that's basically one of the things that pushed it over the edge for him. >> but it was a showdown. you said he and stanton had a lot of antipathy. so tell us about the politics. >> he suspended stanton in the fall when congress is not in session and in december when

they were back in session, he told them what he had done. they basically rejected that and restored him to office in january. and johnson went ahead and fired him. and that was the impetus for them to go ahead and start impeachment proceedings but with the caveat that they couldn't fire a member of the cabinet in the term of the president who appointed them. so lincoln had appointed stanton. so it's like they very much hurt themselves by doing that. >> the impeachment proceedings began in the congress on march 5, 1868 and would go through may, 1868. and the first lady had an active role in all of this. take a call and come back and learn more about this. next is john, waverly, tennessee. you're on, john. caller: yes, ma'am, i was just wondering what was johnson's reaction about her husband seeing -- as well as the people of tennessee's relationship with the johnsons after his rise to power. if that became a problem or what?

>> how did eliza johnson feel about her husband being tapped by lincoln for the vice presidency? >> she was very proud of her husband. no question about that. she supported all of his decisions but once again, she was a quiet person. testifies fine for her husband husbands fine for her to be in politics, go to washington, be in the senate, be in congress. but she didn't want to be a part of it. yet she constantly supported his decision to do it all the time. she was very much a supporter in the impeachment. i mean, i know there was other things that with air tributed to her that she had wished that she could be back home where they best belonged and things of that nature. but she obviously believed that her husband would be acquitted and was very proud of it when he was. she kept saying she knew that would happen. she knew it. >> during the length of the

three months that the trial was going on, what was she doing to help support her husband? >> it was just very much business as usual at the white house. they went on as if nothing else was going on. that was part of the political posturing, right? >> right. >> a lot to keep their minds off of things. >> and the attorneys, the attorneys told johnson not to say anything to reserve comment. we will handle it. and so mrs. johnson said we're going to go ahead with business as usual. the grandchildren were around. they still had their meetings every week. she didn't have time to comment on it. >> yeah, she didn't have time to comment on it. she was so busy, you know, doing so much around the house that needed to be done. >> you told us she was an avid follower of the press. we can presume that she was silting there every day. >> sure. >> absolutely. and reading everything. i think that's part of the the thing. when there was something good in the newspaper, she would show him that at night before she went to bed. if it was critical, she'd wait until morning to show imto him. my impression was, as much as

johnson wanted to debate it, his attorneys said don't do it that. >> had a very well balanced defense team. >> exactly. >> the personal bodyguard in attendance there writes that he rush in to tell eliza that johnson had been acquitted and the little woman stood up and thee manslaughterated hands in her his and with tears in her eyes she said, i knew he'd be acquitted, i knew it. >> each week, a special feature. on the website this week is a ticket for the impeachment. how popular an event was this? >> my understanding that it was very popular and everyone wanted to go to it. i think it was $1 i'm trying to recall. do you have any pictures on it? >> no. >> not enough detail? >> people in washington, d.c. unlike the rest of the country, very active in politics. very involve in what was going on. most think on the middle east or

you know the midwest and certainly the west, california. they're somewhat removed from it. they read about it or hear about it on the news. but the people in washington, d.c. that want to be right there and want to, you know, partake in it. so very important to them. >> they had different colors for different days. and the galleries were full and an interesting side note is that mark twain was one of the reporters at the impeachment trial. >> if you canvass the newspapers at the time, how was this playing in the papers? how on earth did it last?-- last? it >> there were opinion writers following politics not just reporting the political cartoons. harper's weekly, we have a compilation of the harper's weekly articles about the impeachment trial. >> how did he fare in all of this? public support behind him?

>> as far as we know, yes. that's why it's good news or bad news. it's only the country and the president chose to listen to the people that, in fact, supported him. he was very much a constitutionalist. he believe in the constitution. and his interpretation of it is what he, you know, said was going be law, basically. that's what it was, as far as he's concerned. >> he said as much as he feels vilified, he was as passionately liked by others. >> exactly. >> jonesy, another tennesseean in greenville, actually. you're on, welcome. >> hey. i was wondering, what relationship did the johnsons have with their slaves? >> okay. now you have to tell us a little bit about yourself if you will. how old are you? >> 10 years old. >> have you been to the johnson site in your hometown? >> i've been right around close to it. i haven't been in it.

>> well, we hope we've inspired you to do that coming up soon. thank you for your question from -- the president from your own hometown, josie, thank you for your call tonight? >> a neat relationship. dolly's son -- you remember eliza had candies and cookies by her bed when they came up. just as we talked before, the support they gave them as they stayed on as servants and giving land and health care. >> and helping them. >> abc luisly. >> popular for san diego. caller: hi, this is a fabulous program. i was born and raised in greenville, tennessee. i go back there every year. i'm very familiar with andrew johnson and the family and but i have learned more tonight than i ever have and it's been years and years and years.

so i want to thank you for this. it's fascinating, and i'll?-- -- i'll be presidents as well.her >> we'll be here all the way until president's day next year with a break in the summer with the individual program on nearly every first lady and the couple of cases we've combined them. but for the most part, 35 programs to tell you about the lives of the first lady and learn american history that way. you're a greenville, tennessee native. how did you get interest in the johnson history? >> wow, when i was about 12 my mother told me she knew what i needed to do with my life. she said you love history. work for the national park service. there was one here in town. i went to see it. i fell in love. when i was in high school in anchor club. someone said who would like to dress in victorian clothes and help with the christmas candlelights at the johnson homestead this weekend. pick me, please, pick me. i'm impassionate.

i majored in english and history in college. >> you interpreted one of the daughters, one of the daughter s? -- daughters? >> i have done martha on occasion. i have represented mary and one of my first theatrical roles was to do eliza and in my big line was there goes by beau, girls. mark it. >> this is a life's work. three volumes. published two so far. >> how did it start? >> it started with my name. my name is jacklin. i tell my audiences i'm a national speaker. i said i didn't know any jackies as a young girl growing up. they were jackie gleason and jackie cooper. they were men. that didn't count. jaclyn kennedy walked into the white house, i wanted to be just like her. i thought she was charming and

beautiful. at the assassination of president kennedy like the rest of the country, i was glued to the television for four days and four nights long before c spahn -- c-span and cnn and fox news were all 24-hour news, we were just riveted by the assassination. and that's what got me hooked on it. i've been studying them every since. >> back to the johnsons and the impeachment. he had ten months to go until he finished office after he was acquitted in this. so what kind of political capital did he have left? what were the last months of his administration like? >> i don't think he had much. he kept trying to instill thought for his point of view and the things he wanted to get through. but he had no standing in congress whatsoever. he didn't know how to do it. that's the sad part of the administration. they found him surly. they thought he might have come off a little nasty. they didn't want to work with him at all.

it was tough. >> did he have any chance running for re-election. >> he tried to. and he did have am else inty in -- amnesty in his ander and on christmas day -- proclamation for the south. >> what did that mean for the people of the south? >> it forgave them, essentially. and each of the amnesty proclamations got a little bit more liberal each time and the last broad am necessary tip proclamation. certain restrictions, certain amount for landowners, this last one pardoned jefferson davis and everyone. >> how constitutionally important was his impeachment process? did it establish the role for presidents to be able to fire members of their cabinet?

>> that was unconstitutional in the first place. a president obviously can fire his own cabinet members. they were doing as much as they could to get greater punishment on the south. johnson wouldn't go along with it. they said we'll take you out of office. wasn't constitutional at that time, but it was the first time in history it had occurred. >> was there a constitutional legacy of the impeachment process in some ways let's look back on the history for its significance? >> one thing i'm aware of, one southern democrat did not vote for it. that's why he was impeached. the impeachment process continued and he was acquitted. the republican senator basically lost his ability to go on after that. his party destroyed his political future after that. and it was something that was very courageous for him to do and something that actually future president john kennedy wrote about in his book, you know, about having courage as

they wrote about?-- -- about -- >> "profiles in courage." the ten-year act was turned over in 1986. >> by the supreme court? >> would either of you care to comment on the -- you're not american historians. i understand that. but on the legacy of reconstruction on either the south or on american blacks? >> history changed dramatically when lincoln was assassinated. some individuals had the ability to make things happen. we will never know as a country whether or not things would have happened differently. it wouldn't have happened overnight. people did have their prejudices. there was no question about that. it was very sad we weren't able to move forward more quickly. the southern states imposed black laws that even though the slaves were free, they had other restrictions on them. they said they couldn't own land

or they couldn't sit on a jury trial, things of that nature. i don't know where it would have gone. >> if there could have been more compromise between the two fractions which is so extreme. it may have made a difference. >> but regina krumpke asked this -- what would the johnsons have considered their political high point? >> i think going back to the senate. that's sort of his vindication. to go back and see that some of the people that were still there that presided in the impeachment trial? >> did you have a different thought? >> i agree with kendra on that. no question about it. but i was speaking when i first heard the question. if all of the parties and some of ?-- and

--and some of them and all of the things they did at the white house, for president johnson's 60th birthday, they threw an enormous party that only children were invited. parents and adults wanted to come to the party. eliza came downstairs, she had this wonderful event?-- -- event -- excuse me, ice cream and cake for the children and dancing. it was great fun for them. you can see the johnsons particularly enjoyed their aspect of it. that was their high point inside the white house. afterwards, absolutely, when he got re-elected to the senate. >> a nice segue for the final video for this program. this is life after the white house for the johnsons. >> we're in mrs. johnson's room. this is the room she returned to after their years in the white house. we have her bed. and nearby since she was an invalid plagued with consumption, she had what's known as an invalid's chair. she could partake in some of her

favorite activities and relax. not only does the foot rest come up, but it reclines. being an invalid also spending time in this room, there's a spittoon by her chair. this is necessary from the consumption she suffered. pink wash basin and chamber pot. it's interesting because eliza's are pink and the president's are blue in his room. she enjoyed embroidery work. we have a song bird on her table and she enjoyed reading poetry. one was entitled "the happy life." she and drew suffered a lot in the civil war, during the years of the presidency. one of the point she is mark in the book is entitled "love and adversity." stormy skies have drawn our spirits near and rendered us by borrowed tides each to the other dear. that sums up eliza and andrew's relationship. she was an avid scrapbooker and she kept newspaper articles that she clipped about her husband. she gathered them here in her scrapbook.

they run from the 1850s up until past hers and andrew's death up to the 1880's. we can only assume that that's what her daughters kept a tradition going for her. andrew johnson would chat with her every day when he finished his political duties and share the articles she clipped with them. if it was something particularly good, she shows him in the evening. if it's something not so nice, she showed him in the morning because she knew he would be in a better mood. in 1869, an article about the retirement of andrew johnson. that was a momentous occasion in their life. other personal effectings include one of her calling cards, a broach, and a pin cushion for any of the embroidery work or sewing she might have been doing. in the portrait, you can see a lace cap.

we still have the lace caps in our collection. by her bed, we have additional books. one is the bible. it also belonged to eliza. and the grandchildren were a vital part of her life. there were portraits of the grandchildren on the whatnot stand in the corner of the year. she lived here throughout the remainder of her life. she was too ill to go to a death when he died. she remained with her daughter until she passed away herself in 1876. >> based on what you told us about eliza johnson being a home body who really didn't love the public life, she must have been happy to be back in greenville. >> she was thrilled. >> the irony of that is she was thrilled to go back home and they were no sooner back home and andrew wanted to get back into politics. so their lives kind of went back to the way it had always been for them. she just was not interested at all but very proud that her husband did in fact get re-elected to the senate.

>> so she supported his run for public office again. did he leave her behind when he went to washington? >> many letters inquiring after how she's doing, how her health is. and when he was in nashville at one point canvassing, he said let me know if mother gets worse and i'll come back home. >> we should talk about -- he just went through the impeachment trial. but when the johnson family came back to their home in greenville, tennessee and home state of tennessee, what was the reception at home for them. >> surprisingly, very, very good. remember back in the civil war, they were calling him a traitor and whatnot. now there's signs he was a patriot. they're proud to have him come back. the tone completely changed from being very, very negative to

extremely positive. >> the townspeople were sending telegrams, what day you're going be here. tell us what day you'll be here. we want to plan a relate exception and we want it to be good. >> this was just the native son effect or the politics had changed and they were more receptive to it? >> traitor comments came when east tennessee was in the hands of the con?-- confederacy. >> robert, what's your question? caller: i would like to know if the johnson home is the original state of franklin in eastern tennessee. and is it true that president johnson was buried in a flag and had the constitution on his hip? thank you. >> yes. the homestead came later. but this was the area where they attempted to create the state of franklin early on shortly after the revolution. and, yes, andrew johnson is buried with the american flag. his obituary often says the constitution was resting under

his hand instead of his head. so i don't know if that's a trick, under his head, under his hand, a slight that changed over the years. the family said he had been buried with the original copy of the constitution that had his writings. >> i think we showed this story. but did eliza and andrew make a love match. was this a love relationship? >> oh, sure. >> absolutely, absolutely. they were married 48 years. a tremendous love match. some said they were of the same mind and same soul. even though completely different -- >> yeah. >> exactly. >> even though completely different. >> it was said he could be vehement. he was a fighter. but the one person that he leaned on completely was the frail little woman. >> looking for it not successfully here. someone on facebook asks what would eliza johnson want her

legacy to be? do we have a sense of that? and what should history show her legacy as first lady? >> on andrew johnson's monument was her face and the people never waivered and i think on hers would be his face and she never waivered. >> so many wanted to be in the white house. mary todd lincoln happened to be one of them. helen taft, sara polk. there were so many involved with their spouses. a few had no desire whatsoever. as much as they loved their spouse and supported their spouse, they didn't want to have part in politics. zachary taylor's wife margaret felt the same way. it's a different of opinion. you love your spouse and it's their career. lady bird johnson made that comment when she left the white house. she said politics my husband's career, not mine. >> the one thing that may have

resigned her to being in the white house was the fact that the entire family was there with her. >> the fact that the kids were there with her. >> ron from florida? are you there, sir? caller: i am indeed. thank you for the series and for taking my call. a couple of quick questions how does eliza respond to on the night of lincoln's assassination, a card was left for her husband as well. second, really quick, have any of your guests seen the film, "johnson" a wonderful film done in the '40s with van halen?-- van heflin, rather, playing johnson. it vindicated johnson a little bit. >> have you seen the film? >> oh, yes. in the bicentennial, we had a special showing of it in the old

capital theater and we had world war ii newsreel go before it when it was originally shown. >> the question about eliza and the lincoln assassination. >> i'm not aware that she was even heard about it. unlike today when we were calling and doing things instantaneously, it took longer to get information. i knew she was terrified. i don't know what her immediate reaction was. >> in a cone, i think who they stayed with after they left the white house said they told poor eliza too quickly and completely devastated her. >> i want to read you a closing comment on facebook. i learned that eliza johnson looked forward to leaving the white house the day she arrived. i often wish the time would come where we could return where we feel we best belong. he writes, even though she felt this way, history has shown that the johnson family behaved and lived impeccably while in the white house with spotless social

reputationings. do you agree with his assessment? >> absolutely. people in the white house, people in washington say they were extremely honorable. they were probably one of the most well-liked families that lived in the white house because they were so gracious. they gave of themselves, their time, their energies, their efforts and i totally agree. >> one said that he was probably one of the hardest working presidents that was ever in the white house. and they also said once you got him away from politics he was a pleasant fellow to be around. >> any public recognition when andrew or eliza passed away? >> there was a big funeral for andrew johnson. special trains brought in dignitaries and people of the light will stop recently when eliza died, a similar thing brought in for her funeral.

courses led by some of the former surgeons -- horses led by some of the former servants. our heart ando her and many of the photographs for the program. special thank you to our two guests. "love, lives, and tears" is available. thank you. and thank you for watching. ♪ [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2013] [captioning performed by national captioning institute]

>> season 2 of "first ladies: influence and image" begins on september 9. this month, we are showing encore presentations of season 1. every first lady from martha washington to mckinley. monday night, we focus on -- we are offering a special edition of the book "worst

ladies of the united states of america" resenting a biography of portrait of -- "first ladies at united states of america" represents a biography and portrait of each lady. there is a special section on the site welcome to the white house produced by the white house historical association. they chronicled the life in that executive mansion during the terms of each lady. find out more at c- span.org/firstlady. span, we bring public affair advance from washington directly to you, putting you in the room at congressional hearings, white house events, readings, conferences, in offering complete gavel coverage of the u.s. house. it is a public service of private industry. c-span, created by the cable tv industry and funded by your local cable or satellite

provider will stop you can watch c-span in hd. itsaw enforcement lends voice to have a use technology and how it is used. joining us to have that discussion is alan frazier. he is a deputy sheriff, but he repressor assistant at a north dakota university. welcome to "washington journal." >> thank you. >> could you give our viewers a glimpse into how a department like yours is using drones. things like disaster assessments and searches for lost persons and assisting fire departments with assessing fire scenes and post-fire. there has no -- there has been no covert use of it whatsoever. it is about protecting the public and assessing the damage after a natural disaster.

host: how many jobs do you have and how often do you use them? guest: we have four and have only use them several times. up tod to get people speed and utilize a variety of systems for distinctly different aircraft and doing a lot of situational scenario-based training. prior to utilizing the use in natural situations, we want to make sure the personnel are comfortable with it and using them in simulated law enforcement and disaster assessment scenarios. host: departments like yours are having this type of technology for a lot of departments? do they get assistance from the state and federal level? guest: i think that is one of the great advantages. you have to understand, and i'm

sure most of your viewership does come up with these are completely different systems the what the department of defense is using. these are small systems. affordablech more than a manned aircraft unit. those agencies have access to at least some type of eye in the sky to be able to do things like disaster assessment. host: what does it cost for your department for this type of technology? guest: the systems that we have come of the most inexpensive system was approximately $25,000. the most expensive was about $170,000. depending upon which particular system we are discussing, that is the price range. host: our guest joining us to talk about law-enforcement concerns when it comes to technology, we have alan frazier

from north dakota. even ask him questions on one of our lines. if you want to call us, here are the numbers -- mr. alan frazier, one is a warrant or some type of legal document come into play when it comes to the use of this technology? guest: at any point that we feel we would be infringing on a reasonable expectation of privacy of the public. it is interesting, pedro, is the use of this technology in a domestic situation is so new that the cases have not filtered through the court system, so we are relying primarily on demand air support cases. ishares department in florida sheriff's department in florida and

utilized a manned helicopter to conduct observation of private property from about 400 feet above ground level. we are using that as a guideline. if we were a to conduct surveillance below 400 feet, we would seek a search warrant. we have not had to do that because we have not used it for those type of your law enforcement purposes, but were that type of situation to come up, that is the guideline we are currently utilizing. host: who would be the person you turn to for the one? -- warrant? guest: we would go through our detectives. host: what you think about the idea of moral laws put in place on the federal and state level, and how does that affect activities? guest: it is premature for states and the federal government to enact laws at this point. i would compare it to telecommunications. telephone technology was in place for many years before laws

were enacted to provide detection. at this point, enacting laws at the federal or state level would have a chilling affect on the expansion of this technology. to my knowledge there has been no problems with the use of technology and that law enacted now would be fixing something that is not broken. let's let the technology evolve and expand, and if and when problems are identified, that is a time to start legislating and enacting laws that might prevent future problems. host: as a law enforcement official, how do you talk to people about privacy concerns? guest: i tried to tell them about the protections that we have. at the grand forks sheriff's department, there is extensive policy directed solely at our unmanned units, and a significant part of that policy directs deputies and personnel to respect the rights of the public, the fourth amendment and case law in the area of aerial

searches. we also utilize an outside committee of 15 that was put together by the university of north dakota and it involves the community, but with safety, university personnel and even the government officials. every mission set has been added through that committee -- vetted through that committee and received approval in we look at that committee -- approval. we look at that committee as our guidance and for what meets standards. host: who chooses who is on the committee? guest: it was chosen by the vice president of research at the university of north dakota, and objectively be trying to make it diverse.

host: would you say there are those on the committee that are skeptical about drone used and offer their opinion as such? guest: yes, i would. especially in the beginning, there were some misunderstandings. with some of the members, they thought what we would be using would be akin to a global or a predator.hawk or a host: the role in law enforcement for the use of drones. our guest is alan frazier, a professor of aerospace sciences at the university of north dakota. chuck. auburn hills, michigan. independent line. caller: i am 63 years old. i am no spring chicken. when i hear about these new devices for law enforcement,

military, and so on and so forth, i flashback to a poster i saw when i was a young kid about the berlin wall, and it was about a russian soldier running across barbed wire to escape communist russia. the big caption was "isn't it strange that they have to have guards to watch the guards?" my question to you is you say you have a committee to check on the people that are in control of these things, but what happens if one person decides to do damage? the damage is done before you come to your committee. should this type of power be put in the hands of people that might have emotional or mental problems and they are in a powerful position? guest: you have a two part question. let me address the screening of the personnel utilizing the technology. every law enforcement entity in the nation has a screening

process, and in most cases, a robust psychological screening. we are utilizing law enforcement personnel supervising the operations that have been through this weaning process. -- screening process. so hopefully, that is limiting or reducing the amount of people that would have the ability to use this technology inappropriately. secondly, with any type of technology or tool, there is the potential a law enforcement officer or someone in public safety would misuse the technology. yes, there is the possibility. what would happen if that is detected? as a law enforcement agency, we would investigate that as we would for any allegation of misconduct, and if the allegation was sustained, we would discipline the deputy with anything from a reprimand, to

potential criminal prosecution. we take the trust we have been given very seriously. i am the chief pilot. point?hos the chief guest: i am the chief pilot. i would be the line level supervisor. i work for a lieutenant who is the first up in the administrative chain and he answers directly to the sheriff. host: tim from wisconsin on the democrats line. good morning. caller: good morning. guest: good morning. caller: the question i have -- host: tim, go ahead. caller: sorry. how would a person from a ground-level identify these unmanned vehicles? would they have numbers written

on their like they do on a plane, and if so, how could a person without binoculars be able to see them? guest: that is an excellent question. the altitude at which most of these aircraft are operating is at or below 400 feet above ground level. we comply with the police guideline in that our aircraft are easy to see as far as the coloration of them. they are in bright colors. there is no attempt on our part to make these aircraft covert. our policy at the grand forks sheriff's department prohibits covert use of the aircraft. it would be relatively easy for someone on the ground to see the aircraft. they do not currently have numbers on them. that is possibly a good idea as the number of vehicles increases, a right we are you the only agency in the entire state -- but right now we are

the only agency in the entire state operating these aircraft, so anyone who saw the aircraft could make a reasonable guess it is associated with our program and it is widely known we are the only agency operating the aircraft. at this point, it would be natural for someone who had a concern about the aircraft to call the grand forks sheriff's department. host: what is attached to the aircraft? just a camera? guest: just a camera. most of the technology you could buy at best buy. we have some infrared technology that looks for heat signatures, but it is relatively low resolution infrared. that is a mechanism of the weight of the payload, the ability of the small aircraft to carry a payload. they could not carry something that would have the sophistication we could put on a manned aircraft.

host: what policy exists for how this information is handled and kept? guest: excellent question. in our policy we have a minimization section that would dictate that deputies would delete nonessential images and those are images that are classified as not having evidentiary value or value to the current search for a lost person or assessment of a disaster. they are immediately eliminated in the field. there is no archiving whatsoever. if an image has value in evaluating the effects of a natural disaster, that evidence or those images are handled as evidence, so they are safeguarded by the deputy and booked into property and evidence of the grand forks sheriff's department or the other agency we are assisting because we actually have a

mutual aid area that encompasses 16 counties, and each department has slightly different evidence protection policies. the policy that would dictate how that evidence is stored would be the individual agencies policy that we are assisting at the time. host: because you are the chief operator, are you the one that makes the call to whether something is essential or nonessential? guest: no, that could be me, but more commonly it would be one of our system operators. we feel they are in the best position because they view the images and actually control what we are capturing to determine what has evidentiary valley and what does not work -- value and what does not. host: pennsylvania. republican line. this is george. caller: good morning. thank you for your program. how are these small drones different from the old -- not

old, but radio-controlled aircraft that amateurs fly around here? i have a radio-controlled boat. i guess it is satellite and peter technology. -- and computer technology. is that the difference, more sophistication? air is very little difference. from small defense systems. in those cases, the testing of the components to determine the robustness is greater than what we would see in aircraft. -- rc aircraft. as far sophistication, no more sophisticated than i have seen at the local rc field. host: jeremy from kansas.

independent line. caller: yes. i think everyone wants the emerging technologies being used for the safeguarding of people and public service of good faith. the issue becomes about the footing that it is taking. in this case, that technology that is being taken by the ofernment is a replication the footing that was taken when the federal government started working with local law enforcement around a legend war on drugs. puts weapons of war and tools of war and a footing of that type into the hands of local law enforcement. i would ask the sheriff to comment on the problem. when we see the implementation at the federal level and on downward with these drone

technologies, it is being done -- of the homeland security has named them as a people who will oversee this. it is a violation. if you see the replication in terms of the war on terror, they have created fusion centers around the country to harbor nice and forceful -- local forstmann to do the bidding of the federal government. gary -- local law enforcement to do the bidding of the federal government. host: thank you. guest: i'm an inadequate person to address the federal government's role on the way they are addressing the use of unmanned aircraft. at a local level, we are not addressing it as a militaristic application of the technology will stop -- technology.

in fact, we have a transparent policy with the press. we have cooperated with them and given them access to the technology. so, there is no sniper on the grassy knoll. we are using it for humanitarian purposes and we want the public to know about that and we believe the public has a right to know about the capability of the technologies and how we are using them. host: does your state have any laws concerning drone operation? guest: no. there was a bill that made its way in the house and senate but didn't get senate approval. so, that was defeated in the senate. but that was similar to many of the bills floating around through state legislatures throughout the country and had some, i believe, draconian effects and i think it would have had a clinicaling effect on the expansion of the technology

and we are at a point where we don't know what we don't know and unless we can deploy the aircraft systems we are not going to be able to determine what their true capabilities are. and if privacy concerns are going to surface with the technology. host: you said draconian in nature. give an example. guest: just the reporting requirements. every flight has to be reported. there was a clause that said you had to archive all of the footage which on one hand you would think that allows the citizenry or independent body to look at what we were capturing. but at least from our point of view at the sheriff's department, there were two roblems with that. one, we felt that was counter to the privacy of the public to be amassing potentially hundreds of

hours of many deployments of footage in many cases that would involve people not directly involved in the incident we were trying to analyze or gather evidence on. so, we felt there was a problem there. secondarily, there is a problem especially as we start using the technology to have enough server space it archive say a large city that uses the technology frequently, being able to archive hundreds of hours of footage that is taken from it. so, we felt those things were somewhat misguided in the bill and were going to present limitations to us technically and privacy-wise. host: david from arizona, democrats line. caller: it is arkansas. i'm a first-time caller. i have been listening to y'all and what seems to be the main problem with this technology is people's privacy and how it is

going to be used. i was wondering -- and this may have already been touched on in your conversations prior -- is there any way to catch a g.p.s. unit to the drone in which that would be archived, not necessarily the footage but just the locations, where the drone was flying, times and stuff like that that could generally be, if it is for humanitarian purposes, that can be accessed through one's iphone for example where the citizenry would know exactly where this drone is, where it is flying and what it is doing? thank you very much. guest: the answer is yes. in fact, each of the four ircraft we are current -- currently utilizing are g.p.s. enabledthey capture that

data and we do keep that. so there are mission files created each time we fly the aircraft. the g.p.s. coordinates that the aircraft were flown at are captured. now, making them available to the public, i think in a humanitarian mission there would be no problem with that at all. although we are onlyfor humanitarian missions now using them there is the potential that they might use them for, say, a tactical mission in the fort dealing with barricaded hostage situations, that type of thing. i think the answer is yes. i think we are walking along the edge of privacy concerns there as well. so, is it feasible that that information could be released to the public? yes. but it is something i would want to consult closely with our state's attorney on as to whether or not that with infringe upon the privacy of the public that we were protecting by releasing that information. host: he's with the university

of north dakota and mr. frazier there was a story stemming from last year about your state when it came it drones. it said a north dakota court primarily upheld the first ever use of unmanned drone in the assist of the arrest of an american citizens. host: can you expand on this case and arguments being made by the person in question? guest: i don't have a wealth of information on this case, but i'm personally acquainted with the sheriff of nelson county where it incident transpired. i have met with him on it. in fact, as the incident was -- it was a multi-week incident from his first contact with this

particular individual and that individual's family. i want to applaud the sheriff for the restraint he utilized in that incident. essentially, it is something i think could have expanded into a waco type of incident or a ruby ridge type of incident, and through his, i think, very keen, thoughtful consideration of how to handle it, in reaching out to other experts in the area about an appropriate way to peacefully resolve that, i think he should be applauded for it. it is interesting, there was an article in the "los angeles times" that wanted to characterize that incident as cattle rustling but that was the original thing cattle wandered on to his property but he allegedly said was going to utilize force to prevent sheriff deputies from coming on his roperty.

so the use of the system didn't gather evidence. it was a citizen and officer safety tool to determine when it would be safe for those deputies to approach the accused persons and take them in custody on lawfully issued warrants from a judge in nelson county. host: call from silver spring, maryland, independent line. caller: thank you. my question is regarding the use of these unmanned vehicles in public areas. we spoke about private areas and the way that would be. but say would there be drones on the highway taking a picture of my car when it is going fast? or, for example, god forbid there was an attack on american soil would these drones aid in capturing terrorists? i think these kinds of events, it could be said that unmanned

vehicles -- drones -- would serve a beneficial event and with being implemented and just erode our privacy and in the end we are going to end up with very loose laws that will be misused and mistreated as we can see what the government is trying to do but in is a lot of corruption and that is my question. guest: thank you for your question. you really went into a broad spectrum from speed enforcement on a highway to trying to prevent terrorism on u.s. soil. on the low side of that spectrum the utilization of these types of systems for speed enforcement, i hope we don't see that and don't think we will. they are not particularly adept at that. usually that requires markings on the roadway and these aircraft have very low maximum speeds and to pace a vehicle on

a highway or key two marks on a roadway to do speed enforcement within their focal point of their camera simultaneously is probably beyond the capability of most of these aircraft. host: there is a town in colorado deer trail that is offering a $25 permit to shoot down drones and $100 if they shoot down a federal operated drone. you may have not heard of this or encountered something similar. your thoughts. i have heard of it and my understanding is it was something that was proposed as a city council resolution. i don't know the outcome. i certainly hope that the city fathers in that town determined that that was an inappropriate statute. i think shooting at anything in the air is dangerous. when you put bullets up in the air they are coming down somewhere. they are not staying up there to bring down this unmanned aircraft.

i think it is almost humorous and ridiculous. but were that town to actually pass that ordinance i would hope the federal government would step in through the f.a.a. anden force federal statutes that make it a federal felony to fire at an aircraft. host: one more call from california, independent line. host: my question is about weather and drones and having something in the air can be dangerous. what are the guidelines as far as using drones during marginal or bad weather? do you find that bad weather can keep you from being able to use them? with you use them where you wouldn't send out a manned aircraft or are you more cautious with unmanned vehicles? guest: currently we are more cautious. we have a lot of different situations and all of the aircraft are dispatched through the university of north dakota flight operations and we have a

robust safety system and operate over 130 manned aircraft. and each of our unmanned aircraft is dispatched and not only the pilot has it make the determination that it can be made same and somebody who doesn't have a dog in the fight and experienced supervisor who is not at the unmanned aircraft system operation location must also agree that that operation can be performed safely. we comply with university of north dakota flight policies and procedures and we have specific sections that relate to each of our unmanned aircraft system air frames and they have specific maximum wind components. we can only operate the aircraft during daytime hours. we can only operate the aircraft when the ceiling or lowest clouds are at 1,000 feet and we ave at least three statute

miles of visibility. so, weather is a factor and because of the small mass of these aircraft wind is a huge factor. so, most of these systems can't be operated in winds greater than 15 or 20 miles an hour. host: alan frazier from the grand forks sheriff's epartment. thank you. >> all morning long we have been showing you sights and sounds with the international event that is taking place in washington, d.c. you have met folks who represent the industry and law enforcement and joining us here in our washington, d.c. set, dealing with privacy concerns. jay stanley.

practices in place to make sure that things are getting done correctly from the privacy aspect. what are your concerns about this type of technology? guest: it is true that the technology does and will have a lot of good uses but in is a lot of potential to be used for surveillance. it is a very powerful surveillance technology and we need basic rules it enjoy the benefits without having to worry that from the moment you walk out of your front door until you get home some invisible eye is tracking your every move. our biggest fear around the technology when it comes to privacy issues is it will be used for mass surveillance. we don't have a problem in the police are carrying out a raid on a house and want to use a drone as a backup.

we don't have a problem using it for search and rescue or other uses like that. what we don't want to see is drones used to watch everybody all the time. that technology is here. the current deployments of drones by law enforcement today re very limited. but there is a huge amount of pent-up demand for this technology. the technology itself is continued of a funny situation because it is so advanced that we see this show and this amazing technology on the floor. but most of it is not legal to use in the united states right now because the f.a.a. has various safety concerns and are proceeding slowly. but those gates are going to open. host: you said there is a fear it would be too widespread. is there some basis or case to prove that fear? >> well, we do know that we have seen in american history cases where law enforcement likes to watch everybody all the time and federal agencies likes to watch everybody all the time just in case somebody does something wrong.

we believe and a lot of americans believe that is not our culture or history and our values. the government doesn't look over your shoulder just because you might do something and doesn't invade your privacy because you might do something wrong. it has to have specific evidence you are involved in wrongdoing. this is in our constitution. we have seen instances where law enforcement indicated their desire to put an eye in the sky and watch entire neighborhoods and cities. in ogden, utah, the mayor wanted to acquire a blimp to watch certain neighborhoods. we saw in dayton, ohio, they used not unmanned aircraft but manned aircraft to circle the ity. there are technologies that can basically warm a 25 square mile area and record every vehicle and pedestrian, where they start, where they massive, where they travel. where they finish their journey

and put it in data bases and it can be sliced, diced and mined. right now we are in the early days and the f.a.a. is holding back the deployment. the actual deployments you hear are limited today. but the potential is huge and thank is why so many americans have been so concerned. host: our guest to talk about privacy concerns when it comes to drone use. you can ask him questions on one of three lines this morning. you can also tweet us. we have a couple of callers who said i don't do anything wrong. why should you be so worried. guest: that is a reaction we often hear about privacy questions and there are a number of answers. first of all there's a lot of things that are not illegal but you want to keep private whether singing in the shower or what your salary is our financial information. i don't want somebody following me around that knows in my life and it not their business. that is my right as an american.

also, you say i haven't done anything wrong and one answer to that is are you sure you haven't done anything wrong. there are a lot of laws on the books that are obscure and if some prosecutor you get falsely accused of a crime and maybe you get exonerated from that but the prosecutor digs it pin things on you and they will find something on you there is a good chance if your life is an open book. host: we live in an age where even in washington, d.c. there are cameras, red late cameras and technology taking information about us any way. why not think even the use of drones may ultimately add to that technology? guest: it is true, we are living

in a revolutionary time and there are challenges to our privacy and we work on a number of privacy issues. cell phone tracking, n.s.a. surveillance, we should have a right to communicate and send e-mails without worrying the government is keeping copies or copies of who we are talking to. we think that it is important to put in place privacy protections on drones and it is important to act on other technologies. i think that in this technological age there are ways we will lose our privacy. there are other ways in which we don't have to sit back, the technology is not in control, we are in control. for example, we have surveillance cameras all over the country, but almost none of them have microphones and that is not because they are difficult or expensive. it is because our wire tapping laws make it problematic to put microphones on cameras in public places. we put an expression of values in the law and it changed the way the technology was implemented. people who say you can't stop technology, there's nothing you can do, i think that is not a

good way to think because we are in control of our values. if we do nothing, then i think that the privacy that americans have always enjoyed and expected as part of our constitutional heritage all of that may disappear. host: jay stanley on this discussion. first call is george from west plains, missouri, independent line. host: good morning. my first concern is as far as the privacy issue goes we all know we have been peeked on by the government so that is not a big issue and we are all right with that, it is not that big a deal. but my concern and question is what kind of safeguard is the government going it take to ensure that terror cells that are hiding in this country are in the going it use these to kill americans here like they have been doing. every attack on us has come from within our country. using what we have against s.

is there anything that they can do to stop that before they get hold of it? guest: well, i would say first of all i'm not sure i agree with the premise that the government watches us so we should throw up our hands and not worry about it. we do despite the technology and n.s.a. what we regard as unconstitutional spying we have a lot of strong privacy protections and we should fight or that. in terms of use of drones for terrorist attacks, a drone is a tool like any other and will be used for the full range of human intelligence and imagination and evil probably and we just need to do the best we can to manage hat. there was already somebody who was charged with a terrorist plot planning it fly an unmanned aircraft with explosives into

the capitol building, i believe. host: republican line from pennsylvania. organic. host: good morning, mr. stanley. we already have hundreds of cameras on telephone poles. what is the difference between having 100 cameras or a drone? what is the difference between having one officer watching a city with a drone or hiring 100 more or 1,000 more to put on the street? the constitution nowhere does it say that you cannot look and see anything that is in sight is awful. o use in an investigation. guest: i think that is a very good question and very logical question. in some ways drones are just an

aerial version of surveillance cameras on the ground, and we at the aclu and those who carry about privacy don't love the fact our public spaces are becoming networked with video cameras not just independent cameras but what we are seeing is networks of cameras run by the government, which is a new thing and brand-new in american life. i think drones do bring another element into it, which is they can hear from the sky and peer into private property and do so in a systematic way. when you have police officers in a city, number one when you are being watched by a police officer you know you are being watched by a police officer. he or she can see you and you can see them. so there is an equality there. when there's something in the sky you may not know you are being watched. and number two, is the systematic nature of it. it is not that a police officer sees this or that but the things that can be recorded constantly

and systematically everything recorded. i think one of the things we're seeing in a you believe can of cities are people complaining because police are setting up video cameras that actually point to their front door, front of the house. i think most americans would not want a government camera focused on the front door. i think that is what tkropbs have the potential to do. host: here is linda from knoxville, tennessee, democratic line. caller: hi. no wait time. ok. i want to make an argument against the false analogy argument that comes up all the time. pedro made the same argument earlier in this segment saying we have cameras on the streets. really, what is the difference to have drones? isn't it the same kind of thing? or companies are collecting data about us all the time.

why should away care that the government is doing it? this is the counterarchitect. -- counterargument. this is a bad example but it is upposed to have been said by lenin that in the 1920's they had one of these huge military parades in most could you and somebody in the west looked at the display of force and said yes, it is not the quantity that counts, it the quality. then lenin turned to him and said smiling yes, but quantity has a quality all its own. meaning you get enough of something it creates a qualitative difference that violates the false analogy. so, when the price of surveillance becomes small you get more surveillance. so, in a drug surveillance you have to put two officers in a police car and follow the suspect that is expensive. you use it for the most important things.

when a service bureau is willing to give you 1,000 g.p.s. tracking devices and computers for $30 a month you get more surveillance. that is is wrong with drones. it will get cheaper and there will be more and in the end the qualitative difference you will have no more freedom. guest: those are excellent points and you have put them very well. one question i often here is we already have police headquarters -- helicopters. and we have had them for decades. what is the difference? the answer is as you were saying police helicopters are very expensive. you have to have ground crews and maintenance and pilot shifts and so forth and it is expensive for a police department to run a helicopter so it is less likely to overuse it. but when it is cheap and easy they tend to be overused. in terms of quantity versus quality the supreme court is

dealing with this same issue. a police officer who is standing on the street corner and sees you drive by know you were at this corner at this time. but if you have a g.p.s. tracker on your car and tracks you 28 days straight this changes things. so the supreme court decided that the police cannot do that without a warrant. part of the issue drones is the potential for location tracking. host: alan frazier was on before and talked about the process his sheriff's department goes through. we have a viewer off twitter who asked who watches the watchers. what safeguards are in place to minimize abuse from the police. guest: i think people like alan, who are sort of the pioneers of this technology, they are being very careful. they are putting in place excellent checks and balances

and oversight mechanic numbers. but these are early days. i think it is something like 30,000 police departments in the united states. we will see all kinds of things and we're going to see if the technology and safety rules permit, we will see some police departments that won't to use this for pervasive surveillance. host: whether are best practices in there case? guest: we would like to see rules that sort of define when the police can use drones. when they have evidence, when they have reason to believe that it will collect evidence of wrongdoing in emergency situations or reasonable nonlaw enforcement uses. in emergencies and so forth. we would like to see rules in place that govern how video that is collected is stored and how long it is retained, who it is shared with, put in place some good best practices around that. then we also think that there ought to be openness rules so the police departments are open and federal agencies about how they use the technology.

police and federal agencies often need to be confidential about the details of particular investigations, but when it comes it a tool with such implications for our public life as citizens that is a discussion that ought to be public. too often what we see is what i call policy making by prekaourplt where there is new technology with privacy implications and instead of having an open discussion they just buy it and start using it. we have seen there with license plate scanners. they are recording the locations of americans all over the country in increasing numbers. we don't want to see that happen with drones or other technology. there should be a public discussion about the rules and police departments should be open about what their policies are. host: we have a call from takoma, washington. caller: number one, informational question. i read that there was something like 800,000 people who have the same level of clearance as mr. snowden.

is that correct? guest: i don't know the exact numbers but there is an enormous number of people with security clearances in the united states. i believe it is in the millions. caller: my point in is how long before girl friends, wives, come forward because they have been abused by their spouses at work, jealous husband, et cetera, there's got to be a pretty large number to come out of that initial policeman. -- pool. has the aclu come across any evidence of that sort of shenanigans? guest: shenanigans is sort of hat. there is the legal and illegal privacy invasion. illegal is when you have particular law enforcement bad apples carrying out personal abuses.

we do see that. in new york city, a police helicopter that was supposed to be watching a big bicycle protest turned its camera and filmed a couple making love on a pitch black rooftop and the new york police refused to apologize when the tape came out. that is the kind of because we -- abuse that we are worried about. we have seen abuses of police data bases where officers do searches on their ex-wife's new by friends and that is a concern. i think the best practice we are increasingly seeing is put in place auditing mechanisms so say a particular video that was created by a drone, every time that is accessed or copied or what have you it is recorded. the officer's identity is recorded so any kind of abuse can be traced. host: kim from new york, independent line. thanks for waiting.

go ahead. caller: my question is what if they end up using this information to create lawsuits that might not have merit, and then the person defending themselves has to spend all of this money on legal fees and they could even lose their house or their savings or whatever because there is some shenanigans going on in the legal system? guest: well, i think that liability issues is a big concern around drones, especially private sector use of drones. i think that one of the fears in general of surveillance is, as i said earlier, there are so many laws on the books. it is illegal to own protected leather products from peru and you might be breaking a law without knowing it and there are so many laws on the books that if a government agency wanted to

go after you they could probably find something to pin on you. that is one reason that excessive surveillance is getting too much power to the government. it gives too much power to the government and disrupts the balance of power. individuals are supposed to be the boss of the government in a democratic society and if you give the government too much power it is unhealthy. host: states have enacted laws about drones. how many and how effective are they? guest: we have seen drone legislation proposed in over 40 states. i believe four or five have passed legislation. it is still active in 30-something states. it -- for somebody who works on technology issues i have never seen such a grassroots upswelling of concern about technology and it reflects legitimate concerns over where it can go. they are all over the map. some are very good, some are

probably overbroad, some weak. but overall i think that it is a healthy development and shows that americans are eager it defend their privacy. host: are they effective? guest: many of them are. they put in place on controls when the government can use the technology and we will see over time how they evolve and how the technology use evolves. but it is good it start with a good strong principle to protect our privacy. host: first, we should let you know there discussion is based in part because of the techniques of an want this week in washington, d.c. that is the so, of unmanned vehicle systems international holding their event in washington, d.c. at the walter e. washington convention center. we have been talking to people throughout the morning from the site. our conversation now turns to privacy with jay stanley of the

clu. we hear next from lisa, north augusta, south carolina. independent line. caller: i would like to know what are some of the federal and tate laws that would protect the people that would like to come forward and bring forward -- i mean they really don't -- one of the things they count on is privacy in being able to stay anonymous. so, how do these drones and the ability it use the drones -- i myself have been within an arm's reach of watching somebody use a drone in the city. but i would like to know are there any federal or state laws that -- and any audit mechanisms -- that the general public can go to and research?

guest: one thing we've been concerned about with drones is our existing privacy laws are not really adequate it protect us from this technology. we have the constitution, for the amendment which sets clear limits, for example, police almost certainly can't use a drone to invade where you have a reasonable expectation of privacy like your home and can't fly up to the third floor window and look in without a warrant. there are peeping tom laws on the books. in general it is very unclear how the courts moving forward are going to rule about whether or not a drone can follow you around in public, whether it would be stationed and watch a neighborhood and video your back yard 24-7, 365. as we said, there are states that have passed laws on drones putting limits on how the authorities can use them. but i think what we have called for is a good strong standard federal law like one that has been proposed by the republican

from texas so we don't have to worry about this. once we put the operatives concerns at rest we can use it for the potentials out there without worrying about the cloud f big brother. host: what are the high points of the powe promise? guest: it would been the weaponization of drones. that is one key thing. host: is there an appetite in congress to get this legislation one? guest: i think that there's been a lot of interest in there issue. it is a very difficult environment for anything to pass so who knows. but i think what we are seeing in the states is a strong indicator that a lot of people in congress are hearing from constituents and there is a lot of concern about this. host: jim is up next from new

york city, democrat's line. caller: good morning. host: you are on. caller: i worked as a commercial airline pilot in this country and the concern about personal information is one thing. you just mentioned not doing drone work that volumes weaponization. if you look at the way the united states uses these things overseas, the united states has a temporary advantage in this area and i'm really dread being the day when there is fatalities related to a drone. there is another side of this that will be way more serious if some legislative action isn't taken at this point? host: such as? caller: that is my point. not only weaponization but safety of other people in the sky and safety of international people in the middle east. you walk outside the door and there is a drone. better start running. is that where we're heading in this country as well? guest: one thing we've said is that we really need to draw a

strict line. no weaponized drones in the united states. there's been a pretty broad consensus on the international so, of chiefs of police have recommended against the weaponization of drones. the industry has recommended against that. proposed legislation has recommended against it. who knows -- at the same time there have been police officers suggesting that they could be fixed for nonlethal weapons for crowd control or other weapons. who knows what will happen in the future but that is a very celebrate line we need to set. the safety issues are significant. the f.a.a. is very concerned about that. that is why they have been sort of moving very slowly on what they will allow in terms of doron use. they don't want them going into people's roofs or colliding with assenger aircraft.

host: salt lake city, utah. democrats line. caller: when the local police began doing their training on learning how to fly drones they decided to do it over and around my house. i'm an american. pretty soon there was buzzing on my roof. then i was kept awake at night. then they were spraying a weed killer on my yard. both my dog and i were being sprayed. then, after that, they started subwoofer bass of a so i would hear boom, boom, boom over my house.

come to find out i was on prime real estate property. so the value of my house is going to go up two and a half times. so, there was a land grab for my home. so instead of doing good training i was learning to fly airmaned vehicles, let's get her out of the neighborhood and also became let's grab her home and then it became let's abuse her and do sleep deprivation, pain ith high frequency drones. let's spray her. this is just one example of abuse. guest: one of the areas that has yet to be worked out with drones is this idea of harassment and nuisance law. it is an area of the law that is unclear.

if a drone is hovering 200 feet above your back yard and making a buzzing noise is that a nuisance? what if it is 10 feet above your back yard? it is a whole sort of new area of the law where the law doesn't know how to deal with it because this is so new. host: jay stanley with us. a couple of recommendations they have as far as drone use is considered connection with a warrant, images should be collected only in crime investigations. usage policy determined by public, not pennsylvania you should be open to audits and oversight and not equipped with lethal or nonlethal weapons. it is collection of data and what is done with it afterwards. those are your main concerns? guest: that is where you want protections in place so we cannot have to worry that this technology will be a big brother in the sky. host: if if is a booming industry how down keep track of that because we heard others mention technology often outpaces law.

guest: there will be an enormous amount of information and probably uses for drones that re great that we all like. there is no reason we can't have our cake and eat it too and enjoy the benefits of brilliant people coming up with confidential ideas of how to use the technology. at the same time, putting the privacy concerns it rest so we don't have to worry about that. host: will there be a lot of civil lawsuits when it comes to this technology? guest: undoubtedly. it sort of breaks existing categories of our jurisprudence and court rulings and the -- there will be questions about peeping toms, harassment, nuisance and privacy torts. you can see somebody if you feel like your privacy has been invaded.

it is going to be a whole new area of the law and the courts will figure that out. but right now we know that the government is going to want to use it for surveillance and we can put in place protections in that area without overregulating r stopping innovation. host: lancaster, south carolina, democrat's line. ken. caller: i would like to state that we already live in a police state with the e-mail and big data base places in utah and you have got the drones flying above now and cameras in neighborhoods. another thing, i'm kind of nervous -- snowden, that leaker. i'm reading a book about the secret wars of the c.i.a. and it is all the information they are

aying he released he already printed in the books r books ks the spytapping, cables undercease and how we control egypt. guest: we are living in a time of revolutionary technology. we love technology. but it also has big implications for privacy and we are sort of in the middle of a bit of battle over the extent to which we will allow technology to take away our privacy. the caller mentioned the n.s.a. scandal and in some ways the issue with drones and n.s.a. are the same, which is are we as a country become to allow the government to record everything that everybody does just in case you might have happened it commit a crime? if you come to the attention of the government they can play a rewind of your life and see who you have called and where you have been and where you have driven your car and so

forth. our view is that is too much power to give to the government. too much power of the government over individuals and violates our oldest traditions and we should not allow the government to use these new technologies that way. host: if i'm hearing you correctly, it seems like let's see where the technology goes and consider what regulatory efforts we have it make. guest: in some areas, yes. in other areas no. we call for regulations on drones in the area of law enforcement. in the area of private sector use that is where we think we need to stand back a little bit, see where innovation goes. there are potential invasions. i don't think most people would want a google camera over their back yard any more than they would want a federal agency camera hanging over them. but let's see what happens in the private sector because private companies also are responding to customer oncerns.

they have reputations. so there may be problems, there may not be. we have not called for regulation in the private sector but we think regulation is needed when it comes to the government. host: what happens when it gets cheaper to purchase and more common use comes out of it? guest: that will happen to both the government and individuals. the government has spent millions for a helicopter and now for $50,000 today who knows how much with moore's law tomorrow they may be able to get a drone for $100 and get huge fleets of them and have them up 24-7 taking turns and individuals. we already -- the hobby community is huge and we are seeing innovation. host: do they have regulation, hobbyists? guest: the way the f.a.a. regulates drones is sort of an exception. under the current rule if you

have your own drone with a camera you can fly it around under 400 feet in daytime not near congested areas. but if you take photographs and sell the photographs, that is not legal because it is banned for commercial use. so if you are doing it for fun it is legal but commercial use it is not. this is a rule a lot of people complained about. that is the state of the law. host: call from leroy on the democrats line from new ersey. caller: one of your answers was what if the government privatizes those situations? right now most of the cameras in this area are run by private companies who make a profit on it. that would be a very good loophole to slip through, just slip it to privatization. guest: i think that is an excellent points. i wrote a report in 2003 called the surveillance industrial complex that looked at how private sector surveillance and government surveillance have dove tailed and reinforced each

other. we see that and federal agencies and government agencies using the private sector as an end run around constitutional protections. for example, f.b.i. and federal agencies are not allowed to keep dossiers and files on you because they want to. you have to be have a nexus to a criminal investigation. but they have data aggregators who do keep files on americans. they claim they have files on most americans and store as much information as they can about you and sell them to marketers. they are also selling them to the government so the government is not keeping a file but the companies are and the government base the file. this is a big privacy problem that needs it be addressed. one thing that drones are doing is it has received so much attention and it is such a

concrete interesting area it is raising the issue of privacy and people realize it is not just drones but other things, other technologies where privacy is under assault. we need to put in place good privacy protections. we need them to preserve the heritage that americans have always had. host: last call from victorville, california. duke on the independent line. caller: i was calling to -- you were talking about domestic drones up to now. are you going to have any control or is the legislature going to have any control over the military weaponized drones? >> the overseas use of drones has been a hugely controversial topic. we have been involved in that somewhat, for example having a lawsuit where the government has sought to use drones to kill american citizens without trial.

but i think that one of the things that has americans so concerns about domestic drones is overseas use they have seen and part of a larger trend which is called the green to blue pipeline where we see advanced technology deployed for overseas battlefield and military use and when the wars wind down the companies need new markets so they see 30,000 or so police agencies in the u.s. as a big arket. police departments are becoming increasingly militarized in america and it is a problem in adopting military technology that often leads to excessive use of force and drones may be part of the trend. host: jay stanley speech praoeufrps and technology project and editor of the aclu east free future blog. guest: that is a blog on privacy and technology issues and implications. we look at new technology and

that have the potential to be used for surveillance or spying and what we think ought to appen with them. host: thank you. >> on the next "washington journal" a discussion about overcrowding and the prison system. also a look at the justice department's lawsuit to block the merger of american and u.s. air ways. we'll talk with a wall street journal reporter. "washington journal" is live with your phone calls at 7:00 a.m. eastern on c-span. now lieutenant james barclay's remarks on the army's future and the use of drones. code pink protested some of the association for unmanned vehicle systems international conference.

it's 20 minutes. as most of you will know g-18 responsible for matching the army's resources with its plants and strategies and given the events to have last several years, he must be reminded of the ancient chinese curse, may you live in interesting times. lieutenant barclay served as the army's zeant chief of staff. he has had numerous commands including commanding general, united states army, aviation center of excellence and fort rucker and aviation brigade and later chief of staff to have fourth infantry division

recognized during operation iraqi freedom and he is a 1978 graduate of west point. a graduate of the army command and general staff college and a 1998 graduate of the united states naval war college. he has been kind enough to consent to ask, to answer some questions at the end of his talk, so we have some microphones set up so be thinking about what you would like to ask the general about. please welcome lieutenant general barclay. [applause] >> i'll do the best. thanks for having me out today.

this is my first time to come to one of these. it gives me an opportunity to give you some of the things a we're thinking about at the army level and where we're going to go. as i start speaking today, we have to remember where wwe have been the last 10-12 years. that really sets the stage for what we want to do in the future. you know, if you're looking -- at the past 10-12 years, the war fight we have w in, unmanned systems both air and ground have really come to life and have developed at a pace that i dare say that many folks would have thought unimaginable back in the late 1990's and we were trying to get our arms around where we wanted to go with the unmanned system, technology. as we look back on what we have accomplished, i will tell you that we have an even bigger damage in the future. that is to leverage all of this knowledge that we have learned

and put it against where we want to go and lay out the road map. when i was down in fort rucker, developed a u.a.s. road map and i was really focusing on the unmanned ariel systems because of my job at rucker. that's when it came to light for me when we were dealing with a day-to-day war we were trying to develop and bring capabilities to the war fighter. we didn't really have a plan how we were going to integrate and develop system and improve the capabilities of those war ighters. we worked at three levels. the company level. the aumbings v. that drove us down those lines and we have gotten great success. great utilization out of that

and it has provided a significant amount of information to those at the company level commanders. in the areas of clearance. at the brigade level as we were coming in today, we were talking about the shadow, i happened to be at fort hood when we were filming there bringing those first ones in and using them and then taking those in, we were the first unit to take them into iraq in shadow platforms and later on, we can see what it has done. continued to move forward. now we're linking the shadow with the first manned-unmanned teaming. now we're integrating with it with our other manned systems. we have been filming the gray eagle platform. that is working on the attack. man-on-man teaming. in the future, we're looking to do some of these things on the airside, focusing on the

company, we have the people that we're looking at. the raven. some of the other areas that we're looking at are the future microair vehicles. being able to put these things, the small ones, the microair vehicle s that aremuch smaller giving you different capabilities other than just oing an orbit above you. we're looking to cigarette this is still on track. we're looking at universal ground control station. that is on track for an fy 15 fielding.

we were looking at the m.i., i.s.r. configurations. we are going to look at moving hem in those exbattalions. on the u.g.s. side, ground side, that probably has not gotten as much attention as the ariel side. i mean, it is nice. everyone likes to talk about those aviation systems that flow overhead and you launch and throw by hand and control, but it is really where the work has been done and a lot of great work has been done is on the ground side. they have proven themselves in the last 10 years on the battlefield. whether it was in o.e.d. arena or counter i.e.d., it has been the game changer when it comes