remember is we did not pull out of the depression until we entered world war ii. even after all of the legislation that he was able to get congress to pass, that in and of itself did not allow them to improve the economy until things changed rapidly. >> our thanks to our guests on the story of lou henry hoover and the thanks to the white house historical association for their help throughout the series.

during her 12 years in the white house, eleanor roosevelt travelled constantly and supported the president's new deal policies and causes like education, a living wage, and civil rights. as first lady, she held regular press conferences and invited only women reporters to cover them. and she was the first first lady to travel overseas without the president, the first to address a national political convention, and the first to write her own daily syndicated column. join us for a two-hour program

as we explore the life and legacy of eleanor roosevelt on first ladies, influence and image, next monday live on c-span, c-span 3, and c-span radio. offering a special edition of the book, first ladies of the united states of america, presenting a biography and a portrait of each first lady and comments from noted historians on the role of first ladies throughout history. available for the discounted price of $12.95 plus shipping at c-span.org/products. the website has more including a special section, welcome to the white house, produced by our white house historical association. chronicling the first ladies. find out more at c-span.org/first ladies. west virginia senator joe manchen spoke to reporters about the government shutdown and the

debt limit associations. after the remarks, john hogan of north dakota talking to them on the senate floor about the shutdown. >> did you -- >> it's extremely positive. you feel good when you see the senate start working the way it should work in congress. hopefully moving in the right direction. we should never get to a shutdown. i've said this before. we've taken notes as a publicer is stroont serve the people. it's not to basically invoke any hardships or pain, it should be to prevent that from happening. when this happens, the self-inflicted pain that was put upon the people, that hurtles. it hurts from that standpoint. >> are you going to get -- >> i think geelt this done. the leaders are positive. everyone is positive. that means they're working in the most positive manner, let's

put it that way. and i would say you have an outline of what people want. it's putting the dates and times of things of that sort making sure it works for people procedurally. >> i don't know about that. >> i assume all four of them are talking. all four are supposed to be going to the president to meet with them to the white house sometime today. they must be working together. i'm sure the house is as important as the senate. >> i feel good about it. you really do. >> positive time for our country. >> i come to the floor today to make an appeal for action, action on opening up the government and action on addressing the debt ceiling. of course, that requires bipartisan effort. that's something that our colleagues on both sides of the aisle have to work together to accomplish. we've been negotiating now and not only on leadership, senator

reid, senator mcconnell. but the members of this body, republican and democrat. both sides of the aisle, we've been negotiating talking about many different ideas, but now we need to come together and find a way to both address the debt ceiling and to get the government open. and the kind of ideas that we've discussed include a short term extension of the debt ceiling. certainly members on my side of the aisle feel that we've got to also address the underlying problems that are leading to our growing debt and deficit. we need savings and reforms as part of addressing that debt ceiling. also we talked about ideas for a continuing resolution to reopen the government. one that follows established law, the budget control act which establishes budgetary caps

that need to be kept in place and honored as a part of this agreement. now, the continuing resolution we've talked about would also include flexibility for agencies to prioritize spending subject to congressional oversight. but we've got to have budget discipline. we're spending more than we're taking in. so it's a family, a business, a federal government, that doesn't work. so we've got exercise budget discipline. also, we talked about ideas that might include addressing the medical device tax, possibly repealing the medical device tax or at least deferring it for two years. and paying for it with pension smoothing under provision similar to those in m.a.p. 21. and we've looked at and talked about requiring income verification under the affordable care act to avoid

fraud. ideas that republicans have put forward and i think there's been broad support for on the democrat side of the aisle. this agreement would open government and address the debt ceiling on a short term basis. but the reality is, we need to find savings and reforms to address the underlying problems that are driving our deficit and our debt. as part of the debt ceiling agreement, we need to have savings and reforms that underlie our problem. we're spending more and then take in. we can't just raise the tet ceiling for another year at $1 trillion in debt to the debt we already have of $17 trillion.

kind of like going to the bank. you go to the bank, you talk to the bank, you say, hey, i want a loan, i want to increase the loan i have. i want to raise my credit limit. the banker said you will. may be willing to give the loan, but he's going to say to you, what are you going to do to address the underlying problem, the problem that you are spending more than you're taking in. what are you going do to address that? and i'm sure he said to the banker, he said i'm not going to do anything to address it. might have a hard time getting the loan, right? and that's true whether you're a family or a business. that's true for the federal government. put the necessary reforms and savings in place. the president in the budget identified more than $600 billion in changes and savings and reforms that he could support some mandatory spending programs. and we talked to him about those time and again.

now is the time to implement those savings and reforms to the mandatory spending programs. i'll give you an example of one that i've been hard at work on for the last two years. that's the farm bill. the farm bill is a mandatory spending program. we worked hard on change, on improvements, on strengthening the farm bill by strengthening the insurance which is what our farmers and ranchers want. and as we work through that at the same time, we've identified on the order of $25 billion to $30 billion in savings that we can generate by reforming the farm program. the member of the conference committee on the senate side. the house is appointing the conferees. we're ready to resolve the differences between the house and the senate versions of the farm bill and we can have a stronger farm program and save billions of dollars. those are the kinds of mandatory spending program reforms that we

need to put in place as part of the debt ceiling agreement. and we need to find a common commitment of bipartisan commitment and a commitment on the part of the administration as well as the congress to do that. what we talk about addressing the debt ceiling, that's what it really means. it doesn't just mean raising the debt ceiling or borrowing more money. it means fixing the problem. so we need to act. debt ceiling, government open, we need to have a bipartisan commitment to solve the underlying problems, to get the reforms and the savings that will ensure that we aren't spending more than we -- than what we're taking in.

but the point when we truly come together in a bipartisan way. i argue this is that point, this is that time when we truly come together in a bipartisan way, i think the markets would react. i think business across this country would react. businesses large and small would react. because the certainty of knowing that we truly are dealing with our debt and our deficit would give them the confidence to invest and hire more people, not only bringing people back to work, reducing unemployment, but giving economic growth, economic growth not by raising taxes but growing the base, generating revenue to help with the deficit and our debt. so i think by putting these common sense reforms, the solutions, the savings in place as part of the debt ceiling agreement, a commitment do that on both sides of the aisle we

will unleash the power of the strongest economy of the world and the economic growth is a huge part of solving the deficit and debt itself. it's vitally important we do it for the strength of our country to give people back working. and most of all, for our children and for future generations. i don't believe there's anybody here in congress, in the senate, in the house, or anybody else who wants to leave our children a $17 trillion debt. so we can do it. now's the time. with that, mr. president, i yield the floor. >> now hear from republican congressman keith sessions talking to reporters about the shutdown. remarks from texas republican joe barton on a possible senate deal and the chances in the house.

>> are you going to move -- >> that's what we're going to wait for and find out what's in the other bill. and i think we should find out tonight. that would be good for all of us. >> we're going to wait to see what's in this and we'll know. >> how are you reacting to it? >> i want to react to it and find out what the deal is and tell you whether it's good or bad. >> we're waiting. we don't know what the deal is. >> he wasn't able to -- >> you think you were in a better place than you were say 24, 48 hours ago? >> i would say that we believed that we could have worked with the president and the president dropped us like a hot potato because he didn't want to deal with us. >> are the leaders going to meet

again tonight? [ inaudible question ] >> you know more than i know. you heard anything? >> i walked over on the senate floor and talked to some of my senate friends. they don't have a deal yet. the senate conservatives afraid it won't be a good deal. >> the biggest concern that you only go to january and february. that's too long. >> yeah, let me speak for myself. we shut the government down which nobody wanted to do on either side. we have a debt ceiling we want to make a decision on in the next week or so. from my point of view, we really need to put a plan in place to get the budget balanced to keep

it balanced. spending is out of control. i'm not going vote for anything that doesn't do that. the obama care issue is a big issue. a huge new entitlement, not sustainable. it's unlikely to get the president to appeal to the signature of the domestic policy achievement. so i would focus on reforms to obama care in the short term and let's really work hard on the plan to get the budget back in balance and keep it balanced. >> a budget conference? >> keep the sequester. >> the conference by itself is not. i mean, i can't vote for something that doesn't have substantive spending cuts right now. you know, we need to balance the budget. >> worried that the democrats are setting this up as maybe to -- to take a look at the sequester and do the sequester. >> the sequestration is saving money. the budget deficit is down and

that's part of the sequestration mechanism. that's supposed to be a ten-year process. that's all my liberal friends in the senate on the democrat side voted for it. most of them, you know, a year and a half ago. so i consider that to be something that's just like they consider obama care to be sarks nctrisanct. >> doesn't sound like you're crazy about the emerging deal here. >> all i know is what you guys know. there's no spending reforms. just kick the can down the road. and he does avert any kind of a crisis on the debt. but it's a short term aversion because there's no mechanism over time to reduce the rowed money. >> what are the camps? >> two camps in my district.

one camp, furloughed workers. they want the government reopen sooner than later. i understand that. the base conservatives, the majority of the republican primary though want us to hold the line and get us real reform. >> what do you expect to hear tomorrow at the caucus? >> i hope to hear that the house republicans are going to hold the line and insist on what i've been talking about. >> you do see this of economic indications here if there's no deal by the end of the week? >> i don't buy this argument about default because the president and the secretary, the treasury, do have flexibility. we have more than enough cash coming in to pay interest on the debt that's coming due and social security checks that are due at the first of the month. we don't have enough money to pay everything because we're running annual deficits of $800 billion a year. but we do have enough money coming in to pay the things that absolutely have to be paid, which are an interest on the

debt, social security, military pay, and i would say retirement -- retirement, pension, things like that. >> how long can you hold off until -- >> people like me can hold off long time. >> why is that? >> because the big problem facing our country is out of control federal spending. sooner or later, we're going have to address it. i think now is as good a time as any. >> you say you hope to hear that the house republicans will hold the line. does that mean you're going to encourage the speaker to not bring any deal to come to the floor? >> i wouldn't say any deal. but it needs to be a good deal. no deal is better than a bad deal. and, again, a mechanism to balance the budget in five-to-ten years is not radical. a mechanism to begin to reform entitlement programs is not radical. some sort of a mechanism to take a look at obama care.

obama care has 131 mandates. 131. the president has voluntarily suspended some of the mandates. so i don't think it eviscerates the entire obama care to go in and make it voluntary for six months or a year, suspend the individual mandate for a year. there are lots of ways where the president gets his law, but people like me get a little sanity and implementation so that we're not forcing it down the throats of the american people. i don't think that's a radical proposition. >> thank you. >> thank y'all. >> again, y'all know as much as i know. >> now, three award-winning cartoonists talk about the

influence of editorial cartoons. from the atlanta press club, this is an hour and 15 minutes. a. >> i'm the president of the atlanta press club. thank you for coming to drawing the news. it's one of the largest and active press clubs of the world. if you're not a member of the press club, we encourage you to join. we have great programs. news maker luncheon with the ceo of care on september 17 and be sure to join us on october 8 for the 2013 hall of fame dinner. more information on the atlanta press club and our upcoming events, visit our website at

www.atlantapressclub.org. we're really pleased to have three cartoonists in an ever shrinking universe of cartoonists joining us tonight. kevin cal call her is the award-winning editorial cartoonist for the economist magazine of london and the baltimore sun in a career that spans more than 35 years, cal has created more than 8,000 cartoons and 140 magazine covers. his resume includes six collections of published work and one man exhibitions in six countries. mike lukovich is the pulitzer prize-winning editorial cartoonist for the atlanta journal constitution. he began his career in 1984 in the new orleans "times-picayune" and joined the constitution in 1989. mike's work appears in "time" and "the new york times".

and rick mcgee has been the editorial cartoonist for the augusta chronicle since 1998 although he did start in atlanta journal constitution in a capacity years before. his cartoons are syndicated to 400 newspapers across america. he's won numerous awards for his cartoons including first place of cartooning and the georgia press association's better newspaper contest. so what we're going to do is ask a bunch of questions. i'll start off with a couple. and then please formulate your own and we'll pick the brains of people who are able to look at world events and distill them to simple pictures and make us laugh or have an epiphany or think deep thoughts. >> i wanted to -- i want to know, rick didn't get a microphone. he deserves one. >> he does. >> there's one.

>> right here. >> okay. all right. >> he gets a little one there. >> okay, well, there's an extra. sorry. okay. >> first off, you're talking to the press club which has endured a bitter few years. and i'm wondering if you could all come in about the current state of editorial -- editorial cartooning is. has it paralleled that of newspapering? or is it spared? >> i'll start with that one. >> please. >> in fact, i think the cartoonist might have been hit harder than the even the newspaper industry has been suffering over the years. in large part because as the -- you know, the bean counters and

the businessmen are making a lots of hiring and firing decisions notary public newspapers, they look down at a cartoonist in the paper and say what does this guy really bring to the value of the paper? and the journalists in the building know the value that a cartoonist can bring. we see the work of rick and mike that they -- the powerful attachment that the local community gets to the cartoonist and the special power that it can do to effect both the public discourse and their area. but also get the full and upright attention of the politicians which is part of the job of a free press. so cartoonists have been laid off at a rapid rate. we have found that there's maybe the numbers are kind of loose where people said maybe 25 years ago, we're hovering at about 200 range. now we're down in the 70s or lower. and it's likely that when a newspaper loses a cartoonist, they're never going to re-hire

one. that's close. >> i'm an example of that. a 17-year cartoonist for the baltimore sun during a contraction about six years ago. i was offered a buyout and i took it. i saw him running on the wall. he invited him to come back. it's been a little like that. you want to add something? >> yeah. >> newspapers have of course contracted. it's a case-by-case situation, though. i think there are some cartoonists that are in better shape than maybe the others. the agency now is in a lean and it's doing well. a few years ago, things were great, you know?

2004, 2005 newspapers were doing fabulously well. now they have to be leaner and i think if you're -- if you have your publisher and the people who own their paper value the cartoon and cartoonist and the cartoons, i think that -- i think that cartoons are in a pretty good position. >> i don't have much to add except to say that there are a few people who have been hire in the last couple of months. so it's a little encouraging. i hope that my paper has beefed up the coverage. it's an opinion section. so i'm hoping maybe it stablized and maybe we can turn it around a little bit. maybe that's wishful thinking. >> okay. and has the internet helped or hurt the business of cartooning and the artistry of cartooning.

>> i think just like all media, the internet has hurt newspapers because people thought they could get everything for free. so that is stabilizing. it's been a good thing in that our work has had a much wider viewership than it used to be. your hometown and if you were syndicated in other newspapers, people in -- in those towns can see it. but now everyone has ability to look at cartoons. i don't know about you guys but my stepson, facebook and twitter, i don't know about that stuff but i know cartoons have gone on there. i know people are seeing them. that's a good thing. >> you know, it's hard to say. >> internet-type cartoonists

that they're not paid staffers, now with the advent of photo shop, anybody can whip something out. so there's a lot more political opinion -- not many people are making money on it. >> another by-product. this is mostly internationally. you see three guys up here. you get cartoons together. you ask them when did you get to the business, everybody has a different story. no conventional way to become a cartoonist. no school or graduate, degrees in becoming a cartoonist. and we, though, in the united states have a rich tradition of satire and cartoons that goes back several centuries. others emerging democracies do not have the same sort of background for the draw that the

newspapers are looking to emulate what we do here. cartoonists around the world are watching the cartoonists here and others. they follow you on facebook, seeing your work. you're seeing a quick and rapid development of cartooning in countries like in india, brazil. countries where the press is growing. there's more newspapers and they're growing in those societies while many places in the west are shrinking. and the cartoonists are learning at a faster pace than we've ever done. so i think it's accelerating the growth of cartoonists in other parts of the world. >> okay. i hope you got some questions. one more is there something -- at its best, what should cartooning do? what are you hoping to accomplish as a cartoonist? >> well, give me the tough one. you know, at its best, cartoons, i think, from my point of view, they should just made the readers think. and there's lots of different ways we employ that.

a lot of cartoons use humor. but i know that if i have challenged my readers to think about an issue, maybe differently, maybe one they may not agree with, then i've accomplished my mission. so mike? >> yeah, you know, i'm a very idealistic about cartooning. i feel like we're perfecting our union. and i think that i'm trying to make people like rick says think and i'm trying to show what i believe is not right out there. and there's a lot that's not right right now. and so they say that bad news is kind of good for cartoonists because it gives us a lot of fodder. but i would rather -- i would rather work harder and have less bad news and know we're goingn