started look the -- looking at the census department data and something strange pops out. where you look if you look at a map of europe, you see germany, france, ireland, italy. but if you look at the data on where the profits are, italy, france, germany, ireland -- usually a disproportionate amount of profit was in ireland. that was an indication something was going on. >> chief economist for "tax 8:00 on sunday night at c-span's q&a. c-span. we bring public affairs events from washington directly to you. putting you in the room at congressional hearings, white house events, and offer complete gavel-to-gavel coverage of the as a public service

of private industry. created by the cable tv industry 34 years ago and funded by your local cable and satellite provider. >> tonight on c-span, a discussion to changes in higher education options. the ceo of linkedin and twitter discuss their philosophies followed by a look at the 20th century first ladies from edith roosevelt to roslyn carter. a look next at higher education with sebastian front, founder and ceo of a for-profit educational organization offering online courses. he sat down with gavin newsom for a conversation at the annual techcrunch conference. this is just over 20 minutes.

[applause] >> welcome. >> thank you. we asked a number of university presidents to come old world of the education on stage today. and they all said no. why do you think that is? is an interesting time for higher education to understand where we are going. i would love to see more experimentation, people trying new things. there is another language in the state of california that the old model is the only model out. given that it is the 21st

century and a new technology, it is time to do something new. >> i serve on the system board of trustees and the problem for us is our success. consequence, our willingness to dramatically change our behavior. we have been debating the last number of years about this new crisis, the lack of state support for higher education. butis is an overused word, we cut, for example, the uc budget by over $2 billion. as a consequence, the last six ,ears, we have doubled tuition more than tripled since 2001. the concern is now with quality because we are not paying the faculty what other private unities -- universities are paying.

and so all of these things are now creating an opportunity to have a different conversation. a conversation that sebastian has been on the forefront of. this world and this idea of online education is taking shape and taking a lot of traction. the debate is a long overdue and formidable one. >> your own staff invited you not to get on stage. >> when things are going well, you want to get along. there is a lot of mixed reviews on higher education. a lot of folks are threatened by it and the faculty is concerned about it. outperformson that other institutions around the world so why screw up a good thing? of the top 10 universities, in the top 10 or 12.

top 50 highest it isming in the world, the workforce of american education. perspective, that question is amplified back at the office because there is no -- he wants to disrupt it. radical new view of higher education and if it doesn't work out, the fact that you're sitting up here on stage may not work out for you. are you a threat to higher education or do you think you're complementing it and offering something that can run parallel? it as a threat to the communications system. it has been discussed this way because of the reaction people have, what is going to happen to me? we leave so many students

behind, 400 70,000 students willing to enroll and pay full tuition. but china has 20 million freshmen this year. the huge gap in the professional please, follow the curriculum that gets people trained to understand what the industry needs. there is a huge vacuum. the committee provides international education, and so on. wewhy is it it mistake that graduate more bachelors in psychology than engineering? >> we do a bit more in psychology than engineering.

i don't see a single person in this room saying that they want to hire more psychologists. i have nothing against psychology. it is important to have a diverse set up of skills. data scientists and cybersecurity scientists. , when ichnical fields talk to companies like google thatt&t, very few think they need more psychologists or english majors. >> the backdrop of this is self evident to everybody. you have a system of higher education that is not sustainable. we have talked so much in the last year or two about the deck crisis. the higher crossed is self- evident. -- cost is self-evident. more fundamental question of what kind of world are we living in.

we conveying enough talent to meet the needs of jobs that exist today, let alone the jobs that will exist tomorrow. sebastian loves to point out this wonderful stat. the labor department suggested 65% of grade school kids are going to have a job that hasn't even been invented yet. are we, as a system of higher torning, are we prepared advance the workforce development? the human capital? for today, let alone the future. we can't afford to fail more efficiently. this is code red and we have to do something dramatic. worthis disruptive, it is leaning in and making the case that there is an alternative pedagogy of learning. the opportunity to use

technology that sebastian and his colleagues have advanced would be extraordinarily advantageous. >> did either of you think it is ok for online education to divorce itself from academia entirely? >> i think divorce is a binary word and there is a need across the entire population and many different ways, a need for critical thinking and a broad set of mines. that will be necessary tomorrow morning to execute your job. for the lieutenant governor, a change of the skills affecting the nation. when my great grandparents lived, one indication was that things did not move far very fast.

my education expires after five or 10 years in computer science. everything is new. the cloud, facebook, twitter, hulu. historically, we have distributed human life into four slices of life. work face and a resting face afterwards. but we should have them all at the same. we should play and work and rest at the same time because the world moves so fast, we can't afford to have a single set of education anymore. at&t is the first to point out that what we are doing is not benefiting the new kids on the block. those engineers have do stay up- to-date. along,mething new comes they care that the existing

engineers get those skill sets. the degree for the rest of your life. >> think of all the disruption in this world, from media, financial services, talking about the shared economies. if you went back in time 200 years, it would look like a contemporary classroom today in terms of most of these fs or student relationships. this broadcast model of academia that still exists today. weis a remarkable thing and are not even indulging k-12 where people are lined up taste on your date of manufacture. it is comedic in some ways. prettyty and tenure seem

trivial in the context of the world we are living in. what sebastian is offering is something that is imaginative, but he is not just talking about iting a lecture and putting online. he is talking about a new model of education that takes the latest in terms of how we learn and incorporate it into a new platform of engagement that arguably will make learning more interesting and meaningful and lifelong. you're not just paying lip service to this, you have something to announce? >> today we put up a website and announced we have an open dedication line where new companies are working with us and we will be talking to more education outlets. inquiries, that

the students that we graduate, what we want to do is this thing over here. can we participate in the curriculum for higher education? hard because of conflicts between academia and industries. if you want to get a job at wherever, comea, to us and you can learn the skills necessary. those companies to curate those skills and keep them up-to-date so at any point in time, you can understand what the right skills are. we decided to make it an industry where you can get education involved for a much broader set of companies. and i think what will hopefully be the dedication in the 21st century, it is not just us you can come to.

anybody you can come to to really serve these employment needs. the academy force would count -- >> if you count google university, it is called an industrywide alliance. >> i love this. if this doesn't wake up the community colleges, i don't know what does. if we talk about the economic development commission, i won't give you that speech. i will save you from that. there is now coastal california and inland california. numbers,unemployment 5.3% unemployment rate. you're down in imperial county right now.

we have a state with the fourth highest unemployment in the united states and hundreds of thousands of open jobs right now that we can't fill. we have a system designed over half a century ago for what no longer exists. that sebastiann has been having with the private sector, we are not having that conversation anymore. salesforce need or google need? we are not conveying enough of that talent so we can't continue to do what we have done. we have to radically alter the approach. takes sebastian to put pressure on all of us, i say bring it on. i think that is a wonderful thing and i am very encouraged by his hard work and i am very

enthusiastic about the next phase of his announcement as he scales. it has not always been successful. >> the key to innovation that everyone in the room knows is to try it out and learn from it. been in the news quite a bit, our first set of numbers didn't look the same way. was largely the effect of involving inner-city high school kids. we talked to governor brown and many others that looked to get high schools a chance. most inner-city high schools don't have access. wasook this big yet and it against us.

they have the draw of making sure that it is appropriately funded. should we tell the lieutenant governor that we would be enjoying a new path or not? about dedication could be construed as a threat, to be honest. this is not about replacing or changing on-campus education. i will ask him to increase the fund. that it is question extremely important. but it doesn't mean that we should stop innovating or leave people out. in the most recent round, over nine percent were out-of-state.

we are reaching people in the entire world and some of them can now go out and teach people in all countries. that is a big success story. linear. not it we are on a journey here. people are quick to jump on this early example. we have been doing online education since the 90s. getting a lot of attention, these massive online courses that they are engaging in. breakthroughs,be there will be some setbacks. you can't be ideological. genius of and, not the tyranny of or. having that robust interactive environment, that opportunity to

rewind when you get home or fast-forward. your world is unique, your expression is unique. it is personalized. as a consequence of this technology, we can bring those disciplines into the classroom and scale it to not just 2200 or 20,000, but hundreds of thousands desperate. >> what about kids and toddlers? >> you have a five-year-old? >> i will save myself the college money. a half-e a three and year-old daughter that runs up to tv and doesn't know why it doesn't do this. educate my daughter like she was educated.

i thought she was a prodigy just watching her on the smartphone. she didn't understand why the top of the magazine did not live. the global average is rising. we have got to get serious about this. >> every student in the class is exactly at the same pace, almost like an industry of jerome's -- drones. --will get the kids to know it is the speed of progress. as much fun as a videogame?

they compete for prizes as part of the class experience. that is as much fun as anything. so many teenagers walk away from education thinking it is boring. perpetually, they come from a world that is not interactive. i think that we should create it. amen. i know my species. i am a politician. people like me say all the time that i happen to legitimately think that this is one of the most important topics of conversation that we must be having, not just in california but across the world. this is code red and we have got to wake up to this remarkable world you have created around us and the one you're creating day and and day out.

system, itonal reminds me a bit of kodak. invented isw competing against you. i love the csu, no finer institution of higher learning in the world. much more andso we've got to be willing to invest. you don't invest in the future, you will not do very well there. >> the people that do amazing stuff,om a -- amazing they shape the future. that activity is very important for us going forward. >> thanks for having us. [applause]

>> i have been involved in politics for four years in one way or the other. i worked in administration. peoplenever seen so many quoting and waving around the declaration of independence and the constitution. many of you never gave it a second thought. now i bet it is at the front of your minds. it is with tens of millions of us. we don't want it fundamentally transformed. many peopleet to as and wake them up and educate it. it is the purpose of liberty and tyranny. i consider it part of the purpose of my radio program.

we are under attack, these utopian statists. personality are kleven will take your calls and questions in depth, live, for three hours starting at noon eastern. the first sunday of every month on c-span2. coming up on the next washington journal, a look at the prospects for changes of immigration policy in the upcoming congress. american university professor chris edelson discusses his new book examining how u.s. presidents have tested the limits of their emergency powers. and the hill newspaper on his recent piece, the top 10 lobbying victories of 2013. washington journal is live every morning at 7:00 a.m. eastern.

35 senate seats will join the 435 house seats up for election. this coming thursday, charlie cook of the cook political report will highlight the major congressional races. at 9:30 live beginning a.m. eastern on c-span2. >> 10 or 15 years ago we started to look at the census department data and something very strange kind of pops out. when you look at where the process is for multinationals, you see germany, france, ireland, italy. but if you look at the data on where the profits are, italy, france, germany, ireland. it is a hugely disproportionate amount of profit in ireland that was one education -- indication something was going on. >> a nonprofit global provider

for tax news and analysis sunday night at 8:00 on c-span's q&a. >> we are in the gallery of the light catcher building at the museum, looking at vanishing ,ce. alpine and polar landscape 1775 to 2012. the purpose of the exhibition is to highlight the cultural heritage. the alpine regions, the arctic and antarctic. this is the photograph of the greenland ice sheet from the german photographer dating from 2008 and is exhibited side-by- bye with a photograph camille seaman.

also of east greenland, it is in first iceberg series 2006. many people understand the importance of ice to the planet, thateflective qualities are unaware that there is a collective consciousness in western culture about these regions. it was important within the context of climate change to let people know that these regions are fundamental to our identity. book tv and american history tv look at the history and literary life. sunday at 5:00 on c-span three. more with the ceo of linkedin and twitter. this is about 25 minutes.

>> i am of techcrunch and joining me is the ceo of linkedin who has led us through a successful ipo. he has been impressing wall street ever since. first tell us what is happening at linkedin right now. late last year, it sounds like it is going beyond recruiting. what is the economic draft? we have a professional graph at maps up to three degrees and

hope to get your foot in the door. your company's have better leverage. is our longer-term vision much bigger than that. you have developed the first economic graph. as they want to represent every economic opportunity full-time and part-time. >> a job? >> a job, for example. they are fragmented. with the launch recently of our university profiled capabilities, we would like there to be a profile representing the higher educational representation.

over 3 billion people in the global workforce and we would like to ultimately overlay the professionally relevant thosedge for each of individual companies and universities to the extent they would like to share it. our goal is to get out of the way and allow those notes to capital.rk value and working capital, human capital. a doing so, we hope to play role in transforming the global economy. >> what is the mindset for a small business? let's say a small mom-and-pop store in california. >> it is challenging for small businesses to compete with larger companies within certain communities for talent. or that small business to have a profile and represent their talent brand, why it would be great to work at that business. their mission and their culture

and how to make a difference within their community for people to connect with that company. for whom it makes sense. literally, you can do a search for a company within a specific geography. that company profile that shows relevant results. there will be a tab on that profile car courier's. the foundersr cap, of those businesses will have an opportunity to show the world what they are all about with the same easy and facilitate you have seen large enterprises do. >> what you need to do for linkedin to get there? >> the beauty is that we are down that path. >> what you are describing describes linkedin in a lot of ways. >> it is much more than job openings. the company row file page and

the knowledge and intelligence and information data in the insight of the profile for every individual that would like to find work, it goes beyond jobs. it is also about making sure that people in jobs have access to the right knowledge they need to do great at the work they are doing. in terms of what we do, every day mentioned that i referenced is up and running. mention that i reference is up and running. we are fast approaching -- there is a lot of work that has been done to lay the foundation to make is a reality. >> what is the next step? >> continue to scale it and invest in every one of those dimensions. we have been talking about professional knowledge post up continue to improve our homepage experience which is generating billions of updates on a weekly racist, each of which is

customized for the individual member and who they are and their skills and their ambition and their connections and ambitions, etc. is a personalized trade magazine for individuals based on sharing. linkedin implores -- influencers -- >> what about the software? there are rumors. >> sales force is a partner today. >> what about in five years? >> i think it will continue to be a partner of ours. they facilitate what we call social selling. it enables a salesperson or professional to leverage their network and ultimately convert what would have been a cold call into a warm prospect. bit about a little your process. in-house you build something or

tools for your company to use. if you liked it well enough, you would push it out to the public. tell me what you're working on in this area. >> i think you're referring specifically to how we at leveraging it as a platform to generate value for our employees. it is important to draw distinctions between what historically has been public professional network, which is what linkedin is. most of is publicly available by design. there is a private professional network of which you will increasingly see within the enterprise. there is sensitive, competitive situation. at linkedin, we are building tools allow us to collect values from our own platform. we want to have the right kind of engagement and productivity enhancement. like a search of

interface. -- type of interface. >> we wanted to be specific and unique to what we offer today. ,e have professional identity for example. again, no definitive plans to offer that as a project -- product. who do you consider a competitor for the economic graph? people like to reference facebook. occasionally they will do some sort of professional up a delegate people buzzing. so far, it is a broader layer. who else is doing that? right nows no company that has the professional focus at the scale that we do. that doesn't mean that we are not focused on the competitive landscape and future competitors and current competitors.

there are other social platforms that operate with a far greater horizontal focus neck and he will a third-party developer. -- horizontal focus and a third- party developer. it can serve our members and customers well. are reinforcing that we keep the professional and personal lives separate. we will continue to keep an i out for future competitors. >> google and google plus? >> if there are any search engines that decide to focus within a professional context, that could introduce a new dynamic. as a result of focus, we can create relevancy and value. to your point earlier, large companies are going to be thinking about how they leverage social assets and platforms to make things more productive and successful. >> tell me more about your plans. it is hard for me to

tell if you are trying to make linkedin into a sort of bloomberg type where you have news on top of your professional network. you haven't described it quite that way. where do you see linkedin going and content properties? is to be theive definitive professional platform. we make it easy for publishers and anyone who wants to share content to do so. for membership, they can cap that intelligence to do better at the job they are in. has -- there has been a big move in that direction. historically, there were some people that would have said job.din is a way to get a

with the launch of influencers and people like richard branson being followed by more than 2 million of our members, sharing information on how to become an ottoman urine how to build a company, he is not alone. -- on how to become an how to buildand the company, he is not alone. >> you provide personal philosophies for people? >> if they were to offer luckyal content -- we are to have a guy who has built a wonderful group that helps curate our sites. it is not at the exclusion of the social conductivity and that dynamics that allow us to generate a signal. it is taking the best of all of those disciplines to great the best experience. a mediume looking at

instead of a competitor these days? >> a medium is -- there are a lot of contents in the world. you package up the most relevant content you can find. >> are used to working on your developer platform? i know you launched a few versions of that. constrictiveairly compared to other platforms. still pushing that with developers? >> we are. salesforce is one of the better examples? >> salesforce. there are millions of unique domains. we are working with publishers like yourself. >> in terms of sharing data to , are you looking at doing anything more along those lines? where are you focused more on a hunt and publisher company?

-- content publisher company? >> we are investing heavily in apis, we and with these do want people tethered to their desktop to get a platform. on't want people tethered to the desktop to get a platform. >> students have benefited quite without workople or suddenly needing to go out and buy new jobs. linkedin is a natural way for them to do that. what are the trends you're seeing in the workplace? what industries are growing? >> i think there are a few trends. we have seen consistent patterns where the technology sector,

financial services has regained some of its footing. care is a high-growth industry. in terms of broader -- health care is that high-growth industry. in terms of broader -- i do not think that is going away anytime soon. people are taking temporary work whether they want to. or because the longer-term, full-time opportunities do not exist. probably one of the most important dynamics that we track is the skills gap in the widening skills gap. a lot of people do not realize where unemployment is roughly at , there's over 3.8 million available jobs today in the u.s. one of the things that has happened is opportunities are being created by virtue of new technologies. but technologies are evolving so

rapidly that it is challenging to train people to keep up with the technology that is being created. >> a lot of jobs are being automated and will not come back. it is not -- the growth of new jobs is not equal to the loss of jobs. a lot of people are wondering where their place is in the world. door have to be a data scientist to be -- to get a job -- do i have to be an engineer or a data scientist to get a job? thoseghly two thirds of our non-technical in major. looking at the resurgence of the economy in a city like new york -- mayor bloomberg was the first to tell you they have created 300% more jobs than they lost during the recession following 2008. a good chunk of those -- hospitality, instruction -- are starting to come back online and create jobs.

also with regards to technology, there are hybrid sects. companies like huber allow -- uber. there certainly economic value that is being added. >> where do you see that going? i know there are right spots and technology, but there are losses in a lot of areas. how do you see this evolving? you are building your business around that evolution. >> there are three things we need to invest in. first, education. it is not just primary school. it will take at least a generation to improve and make sure we do not have an that ised system preparing kids for jobs that once were instead of the jobs that will be. have an adaptive learning platform.

with regard to education, with that love to see greater focus on vocational things. there are jobs that exist today. we can make sure that the current workforce is better trained to take the jobs that exist -- there are a lot of retail jobs. to be can do better job with vocational training and make sure we are not just innovating when it comes to hire educating him about vocational, that will have an immediate term impact. immigration reform is critical. there are people born outside this country that have unique skills to take the jobs that are available that are going unfilled. as a result, salaries are not being paid. tax revenues not being generated. most importantly, these immigrants -- >> what are the types of jobs that, you know, people that we need a visa for? what is it that you are seeing? >> i do not think immigration

reform is one thing or another. there are many in this country that are working hard. where ina situation silicon valley and the jobs you referenced earlier, engineering jobs, it data science, significant skills are required. these jobs are going unfilled because the bar for allowing people from outside this country to work in this country is too high. i always recalled a statistic. 500 were founded by immigrants of the children of immigrants. these companies are creating economic opportunities. a third area is to invest in infrastructure. make it easier for people to access information they need to develop the training to obtain opportunities going forward. >> in terms of going back to a topic we went over earlier?

-- earlier, things are popping up in the last years where people are doing their work hiring and firing each other based on their work online. that is happening within professional communities. it is not really what linkedin hatched. linkedin is not hosting someone's developer's work. more and more people are living -- >> were referred to that as inferred identity. it would not necessarily enlisting your experiences, but showcasing your work. it could be artistry. one of the things we are doing is starting to evolve the profile experience on linkedin so it's not traditional text like a resume. it is a part folio. -- portfolio.

you get to show the stories you have written or photographs you have taken. patents you have generated. we allow as much flux ability as possible for professionals -- flexibility as possible for professionals of many backgrounds. >> what might that look like in the future for linkedin? we will be integrated into the site? >> the ability to log in with linkedin is something we have invested in. we continue to see good traction there. going back to something we talked about, our goal to enable our members to generate value no matter where there are, not just on linkedin.com. they can put their professional identity wherever they are going. >> great. thank you for your time. give him a big hand, everyone. [applause]

♪ >> our next guest created a unique management style that he teaches a course for employees. please welcome the twitter ceo, and a costello -- dick costello. > >> what's happening? thank you for having me here. i love coming and talking to groups like this. you guys have the most fun. you are the most fun stage of the company. whether it is just a few of you and everything is possible and there are no barnacles on the organization or the product.

you are up all night. you are the ceo and buying printer paper and all of that stuff. amazing time for the company. why do i want to come here and talk to you now for a few minutes right before lunch about how to lead when there are two or three of you and you're looking at each other. why is that important? the reason it is important is because even at this stage as you go from two people to -- if you don't deal with these things, this function becomes embedded in your company. -- dysfunction becomes embedded in your company. it becomes learned. it is almost impossible to eradicate. specificlk about two things about how to manage and how to lead in your company. paradox, the ultimate

paradox of being a leader or manager. as leader, you need to care people deeply about your while not worrying or caring about what they think about you. like is by trying to be the path to ruin. that is easy to say and think. the reality is there are all these little ways that managing by trying to be liked or telling people what they want to hear creeps into the organization. you will walk down the hall and speak about something they did that annoyed you the other day or that they need to change. you think they are busy. they are having a rough morning. i would talk to them tomorrow.

someu are trying to create is insteadyou deal of getting them in the room and talking about the fact that we have to do this and i need you hey, this, you tell them, we need to do this. you will do this. he called the second person in don'tom, right now, worry, you look get the next thing. don't leave that weight. -- way. lead by being forthright. the way you build trust with your team and the people is by being forthright and clear with them from day one. to mitigate with them based on withty -- communicate them based on clarity.

that is the most important management tip i can give you. it is an understanding of that paradox and how important it is to care deeply about your team and not worrying about what they think about you. you, ithing i will tell is critical here in san and silicon valley -- there are many different ways to be successful. ok? in san francisco and silicon valley years -- is we be an amazing to leaders. if they are geniuses. books are written about them. they show us how to do things the way they do it. they are constantly on tv and in the media.

this is how this person does this thing. this is why they do it this way. we try to imitate what they have done to be successful. the reality is these people are the same people they were 10 .ears ago and are going to be the person they are today may be frowned upon 10 years from now are was frowned upon 10 years earlier. it is critical as you great your company and your cultures that you absolutely internalize this fact. there are many different ways to be successful. instead of having a conversation with the ceo of -- i was having a conversation with the ceo of pinterest. all these women out there who there is this

superpower that has enabled them to do amazing things. they are all different. i thought that was an amazing insight. when i tell you and implore you to find your own means of being successful and understand there are many different ways to be successful, i will frame it in his language. superpowerndividual and leverage that. bit successful in your own way. -- be successful in your own way. manage by deep caring about your people while not worrying about what they think about you, you will be a successful -- as successful as you can possibly be. always remember when you are about communicating clearly with people, you may think people are fooled if you're telling them

what they want to hear -- they are looking at you all the time. if you try to lead in some way that is not true to who you are, they can see it. they will see through it. you will lose the trust of the team. it is those simple pieces of advice of how to lead. i'm a great life. -- have a great life. [applause] ♪ [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2014] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] >> we started looking at the census data. something strange pops out. when you look at where profits are, if you look at a map of europe, you see germany, france, ireland, italy.