could the state have statute that says there is a zone around every location in the state whenever there is a strike? could they do that? >> labor actions are protected by federal law. >> could federal law do that? >> this court has repeatedly upheld restrictions on labor activity. the answer is yes. the first amendment would permit regulation. >> in every case? it would just be a flat rule? it would not matter whether was any history or an indication of violence? a zone around every place there is a strike? >> it would be an easier case to defend if there was history as we have here. as there is here. >> you don't think there is a history of violence in places

with strikes and replacement workers? >> i don't think they're the kind of sustained violence. this is an almost unique record. >> my understanding -- >> is there any abortion clinic that has not had a problem? >> there was a survey submitted when they were considering the statute. that reviewed the experience of the 10 facilities in existence in massachusetts. six of them said they had certificate problems. eight said they had at least regular protesters. there were two who did not report there was a significant problem. >> this is testimony by the clinics themselves. >> correct. thank you your honors. >> thank you counsel. >> mr. gershengorn? >> this is a regulation that does not ban speech but effectively moves it from one part of the public form to another. in this case, away from the small areas.

>> which precedent governs this case? >> this is a regulation that does not ban speech but effectively moves it from one part of the public form to another. in this case, away from the small areas. >> which precedent governs this case? >> madsen upheld the 36 foot barrier. aside from that, a number of the pillars of the arguments are directly contradicted by the precedent. the idea that you have the right to choose the this mechanism is contradicted by heferon and frisby. this court said, you have ample communication channels. in frisby, with the protesters said was you want to target a house.

the court said you have alternative channels of communication. that pillars of the argument -- you can go door to door and mail things and make calls. i think that taylor of the argument -- argument --at >> what is the argument here? standing 35 feet away and yelling? >> the alternative is that quiet conversation and leafleting is permitted. it is the last 4-5 seconds when they enter the clinic. >> how do you know who is entering the clinic?

>> the testimony is to the contrary. they get quite good at and to -- identifying who is going in and who is not. some of what we are talking about is the last 4-5 seconds going in. >> is your concern that there will be physical obstruction to the entrance? >> let me just that. the answer is yes, but that is not all. >> how many federal prosecutions were brought in massachusetts for obstruction? >> i'm not aware of the number. there were 45 prosecutions nationwide. they are for murder, arson, and chaining yourself to the doorway. not for the quiet counseling and picketing like this. >> the federal interest that you

are defending is you don't want this statute to be misinterpreted. what is wrong with the physical obstruction statute as an answer to many of the problems massachusetts is facing? what i don't get is an answer. as justice scalia has pointed out, these are not the types of defendants who are at issue in the face act. that is talking about murder, arson, and chaining to doorways. the statute is getting at something different. congestion in front of doorways. those are specific intent crimes. both in the federal statute in massachusetts. >> even a dog knows the difference between being stumbled over and kick. -- kicked. you are saying that federal prosecutors can't tell the difference?

>> what the testimony before the legislature was was that there was a congregation and massing of people. there were pro-choice protesters. it was leading to congestion in front of the doorways. there were people handing literature to moving cars. accidents and near accidents. the kinds of statutes that are at issue do not get the kind of peaceful, quiet yet congesting and disrupting conduct that is at issue here. i would urge you to look at -- there are specific arguments. the arguments that petitioners make is broad. the lower courts have uphold buffer zones around political conventions, circuses, funerals. the idea that you can defeat

those buffer zones by saying, i would like to have a quiet conversation with the delegates as they go into the convention would wipe out a number of court of appeals decisions. >> how far do you think and what you think the state legislature or congress needs to find in order to establish his own around some category of facility which they have some evidence that there have been some disruptions and instructions in front of? >> how far do you think and what you think the state legislature or congress needs to find in order to establish his own around some category of facility which they have some evidence that there have been some disruptions and instructions in front of question mark -- in front of? there is a buffer zone around

fraternal lodges. >> i'm not aware of the history. >> what would they have to find? for slaughterhouses or sites where there are strikes? >> what they found around circuses and conventions is there is massing of people that prevents the orderly to and from with the facilities. this was not an isolated incident. they had tried other things. they had tried a narrower buffer zone. the testimony was, it was not working. the police were coming in and said, we cannot enforce it. why? because they had a hard time measuring consent. >> what kind of record that they need? could there be a state law saying there could be no picketing?

isn't that thornhill versus alabama? >> they struck that down. that was very different. that was you can go anywhere near the facility and it was only one type of speech. this is content neutral. it is a narrow buffer zone. >> i understand the desire to create a buffer zone around certain sensitive facilities. what i'm asking is what requirements if any does congress or the state legislature have to meet before they can do that? if it is done, do we say they have a rational basis for it? so they can establish a buffer zone around any kind of facility? if not, what needs to be established? >> it is hard to have fast and hard rules. you would need a history of serious congestion and other problems. some sort of showing that the

alternatives were not working. that is what is here. this problem has been going on since 1994. this is not something the legislature woke up one day and said, in light of one incident, we will do this. they tried other things. the evidence supported this. >> what about the example of a strike? there are labor violence examples and replacement workers. >> that would be hard to defend. if there were before the legislature, as there is in this case, the kind of congestion -- and the solution is narrower than the petitioners are suggesting. it is to clear out an area around the entrance. 22 feet in the entrance in boston from the edge of the

doorway to the buffer zone. it is an nba three-point zone. >> go back to justice alito's first question. the regulation of labor is up to the nlrb. a regulate picketing and what you can and cannot do. the courts have reviewed that. what standards do they use when they decide the pickets can go here but not there? you can do this but not that? all this has speech implications. what standard does the court use? >> i am not aware of the standards they use. >> are you aware of any case where it has different from the ordinary standards? should we create a new standard?

>> i don't think so, your honor. >> three minutes remaining. >> thank you mr. chief justice. several points. it is not impossible to draw statute to deal with problems. 49 other states deal with the alleged problems. this will be the first prosecution in at least two decades. >> is this the only statute of its kind? >> is the lay state of this kind. this will be the first prosecution in at least two decades. >> is this the only statute of its kind? >> it's the lay state of this kind. there are few municipal statutes of this kind. the police officers testified

that they know the regular players. they know the mall. if you know them all and they are congregating, you should get an injunction and get them out of the way. all the evidence that the u.s. cited, all of it, boston, saturday mornings. the claim that they can extrapolate from that to ban peaceful speech at boston at other times when the sidewalk is empty and at other clinics when the sidewalk is empty and save there is abortion, therefore we will make it illegal to speak there. the evidence is boston specific to read the first amendment requires precision. if that means police officers or dispersal laws. they ought to do that. but they should not imprison her for her speech. >> is it limited to the situations? >> is not. i direct the court to do section c. i'm sorry, the definition

section of the statute. definition for. physical obstruction. making entry unreasonably difficult. counsel said that they brought 45 cases across the country. zero in massachusetts. to the extent that the court feels the need to recognize that there are some situations that are so short marry that we should put people in prison for peaceful conversations on public streets, that ought to be an exceptional case where the

statute has strict scrutiny. that is not the case here. they did not say would be impossible, they said it would be hard. 49 other states do other things. the federal government protects peaceful speech. if somebody is in the doorway and they need to get out of the doorway, the answer is, sir, please get out of the doorway. the answer is not dragging mrs. mccullen to prison. that is an extraordinary power to the government to enforce. thank you. >> think you counsel. counsel.you, cases submitted. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2014] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] >> coming up next, president obama to prevent sexual assaults on college campuses. and then regulating domestic drone used. -- use. >> thursday, a discussion on

recent spike environment in iraq a potential iraq a government plan to great advances in parts of the country. the speaker of the iraq council of representatives speaks at the brookings institution lives at 9 a.m. eastern on c-span 2. at 11 a.m., tell-all book discusses recommendations on foreign-policy issues. live coverage of that event also on c-span 2. >> many of egyptians came town -- down to the streets in a nationwide protests. after landing in going toward tarver your square square, i'm stuck at

one of the checkpoints and they search the car. they said, come with us. we want to talk with you for a wild. i went to a place in which i do not know the location. at the time, you do not know who is interrogating you. i realized at a certain point there is a dvd in my car and i need to get rid of it. i mean my way to the car and excuse myself to the bathroom and try to destroy it by breaking it. i didn't know if you've ever tried to break a dvd. it is quite hard. i shoved it down the drain. i went back into the interrogation room feeling offident i had gotten rid evidence that could possibly keep me there for a lot longer. later, the guy came into the bathroom with a piece of the dvd in his hand. ofmore with the direct your

the documentary "the square" sunday night at 8 p.m. on c- span's "q&a." obama introduced an initiative to prevent sexual assault on college campuses. this is 20 minutes. [applause] >> folks, let me start off by telling you why i've never had a doubt about putting this man on the ticket and why i am proud of valerie jarrett and all that she does. one of the first things the president did when we took office was set up a council of women and girls because he believed with every fiber in his being that his daughters and my granddaughters are entitled to every solitary opportunity my grandson and sons are in right now without single exception.

establish the council on women and girls and appreciate the way valley and the council have graced its mission. i'm proud to be working with you, valid. great job. -- with you, valerie. great job. especially want to say thank you to the president for appointing the first-ever advisory on violence against women and working directly with me in the white house inside this building. he knows what i know. it is a basic human right. no man has a right to raise a hand to the woman for any reason , any reason other than self- defense. he knows that a nation posing decency is a large part a measure on how he response to violence against women. he knows our daughters and sisters and wives and mothers have every single right to expect to be free from violence

and sexual abuse no matter what she is wearing, no matter whether she is in a bar or dormer cherry -- dormitory, drunk or sober. no man has a right to go beyond the word no. if she cannot consent, it also means no. that as well makes it a crime. the president also knows that we have to stop blaming the victims for these crimes. no one asked the person who got robbed at gunpoint on the street, why were you there and what were you doing and what were you wearing and what did you say? you offend someone? we encourage people to come forward and we do not need to explain why someone took our money. but father used to say that the greatest abuse of all was abuse of power. the cardinal sin among the use a man to baser

his hand to a woman. that is a cardinal sin. there is no justification for us to not intervene. men have to step up to the bar here. and then had to take on responsibility. they have to intervene. the measure of manhood willingness to speak up and speak out begin to change the culture. a ladies and gentlemen, i want who hase you to a man been wanting to change the environment for his daughters and my granddaughters and women all across the u.s. it is stamped in his dna. it is in his bloodstream. we're lucky to have him. ladies and gentlemen, president barack obama. [applause] >> thank you.

thank you. lease have a seat. hello on everybody. welcome to the white house. you on my administration, partners with the white house council on women and girls led by valerie, thank you to all of you for being here today and for the work that you're doing every day in matters to all of us. prevent that outrage, the crime of sexual violence in america. i want to say mercy to the members of my cabinet who are here today. to have secretary chuck hagel, kathleen sebelius, and attorney general holder. their presence here today and the presence of many leaders from across my administration is a testimony to how important we consider this issue and how committed we are across the entire government to meet this challenge. that of course includes our outstanding vice president.

a few people have brought more fashion to this fight over the when a lot of people believe domestic abuse was a private family matter and women in danger often had no one to turn to. joe was saying this was unacceptable. it has to change. thanks to so many in the commitment against -- in the commitment to violence against women act. across thers open country. a national hotline was created. as joe mentioned, it cultural shift began to occur. americans came to say how serious this problem was and how we all need to do more to address it. more hopeesulted in and more safety and a new chance at life for countless women. joe was on the front lines on this. you can tell his passion is a

debating. we are very grateful for everything he has done. [applause] having that conviction and that passion bring this all here today because this is not an abstract problem that goes on in other families or communities. not always talked about enough. it can so grow in the shadows. everyone. not all of us, our moms, wives, sisters, daughters, sons. sexual assault is an affront on our basic decencies and humanity. for survivors, the pain can take years come even decades to heal. sometimes it lasts a lifetime. it is in our neighborhoods are college campuses are military bases or tribal lands, it has to matter to all of us. when a young girl or a young boy

starts to question their self worth after being assaulted, maybe starts withdrawing, we are all deprived of their full potential. when a young woman drops out of school after being attacked, that is not just a loss for her, but a loss for our country. we have a stake in that young woman success. when a mother struggles to hold down a job after dramatic assault, or is assaulted in order to keep the job, that matters to all of us. are a foundation of a strong country. if that woman doesn't feel like she has recourse just subject to abuse and we are not there to support her, shame on us. of our military is

assaulted by the very people he with, trusted and serves or when they leave the military voluntarily or involuntarily because they were raped, profound injustice that no one volunteers -- no one should endure that. thanl violence is more just a crime against individuals. it threatens our families, communities, the entire country. it tears apart the fabric of our communities. that is why we are here today. we have the power to do something about it. ,s a government and as a nation we have the capacity to stop sexual assault, support those who survived it, in perpetuity -- bring perpetrators to justice. that is why last year i was thed to sign

reauthorization of the violence against women act. we want to help end sexual assault unit that includes officerso train police and nurses and speed up the processing of untested rape kits. .olve unsolved cases get justice for victims. we push for the violence against women act or to include more protections for immigrants, lesbian, gay, and transgendered americans, native americans. no matter who you are or where you live, everyone in this country deserves security and justice and dignity. we have to keep reaching out to people who are still suffering in the shadows. chief, i've made it clear that we need to deal aggressively with the problem with sexual assault and our forces. it has been going on too long. to protectobligation

the men and women who put their lives on the line to protect us. and chairmanel dempsey have taken steps to reduce violence to support those who have been harmed. i have made it clear that i expect significant august in the year ahead. these crimes have no place in the greatest military on earth. i have directed agencies to do more to help members of their workforce who have been assaulted. employers have a role to play as well. i went my administration to lead by example. that is why we are releasing a new report today that outlines all of our efforts and where we intend to do more. met early today with secretary sebelius, hagel, duncan, attorney general holder, and vice president biden, and members of the senior staff to discuss how to implement going forward to it i want to make

sure we are doing everything we can to spare another american .he trauma of sexual assault today we are taking another important step with a focus on our college campuses. that one in five women on college campuses has been sexually assaulted during their time there. one in five. these young women worked so hard to get into college. often their parents do everything they can to help them pay for it. but they make it there only to be assaulted, that is not just a nightmare for them, but an affront to everything they have worked hard to achieve. there years ago we sent every school district, college, university that received federal funding doing structure and clarifying their legal obligations to prevent and to respond to sexual assault. we have seen progress, including an inspired wave of student led

activism and the growing number of students who have the courage to move forward. that is what we want them to do. but we cannot stop there. there is obviously more that we do to keep our students safe. why here today i will memorandum.dential member ran we will work with colleges and universities and educational acrosstions of all kinds america to help them come up with better ways to prevent and respond to sexual assault on campuses. and then we will help them put into practice. because our schools need to be our young people feel secure and confident as far asepare to go as their god-given talents can carry them. is going to be

easy. some of you have worked on this issue for years. it took for long our country to get to where we are now. it didn't just take new laws. it took a fundamental change in culture and shift in our attitudes about how we think sexual violence and how and we value the lives dignity of our wives and sisters and daughters. is up to each of us every thate one of us to keep up momentum. we have to keep teaching young to show womenlar the respect they deserve. recognize sexual violence and be outraged by it and to do stop it from happening in the first place. during our discussion earlier today we talked about i want tory young man in america feel some strong peer pressure

terms of how they are behave and treat women. get toarts before they college, so toe those of us whoe have an obligation to transmit that information. to make sure more that every young man out there junior high are in or high school or college or beyond understand what is expected of them. a man.t it means to be and to intervene if they see else acting inappropriately. youngd to encourage people, men and women, to realize that sexual assault is arely unacceptable and they going to have to summon the bravery to stand up and say so, sociallly when the pressure to keep quiet or go very intense.erie

we have to keep working with officers andpolice health professionals and community leaders to search for prevent these crimes. my hope and intention is that every college president who has personally been thinking about this is going to hear goingthis report and is to go out and figure out who is ofcharge on their campus respond properly and what are the best practices and are we doing everything that we should and if you are not doing that right now i want the students at the school to ask is doingdent what he or she is doing. important weost need to keep saying to anyone out there who has ever been assaulted you are not alone. will never be alone. we have your back. i have got your back. promise i'm going to keep fighting for you and your going to keep'm pushing for others to step up across my administration and in state capitals

and college campuses and on our ourtary bases and across country. a priority for me not only as president and commander and and abut as a husband father of two extraordinary girls. my travelsn said around a world you can judge a nation and how successful it based upon how it treatsity women andity girls. those nations that are successful, they are successful girlst because women and are valued. and i'm determined that by that measure the united states of america will be the global leader. each of you for making sure that happens. forgrateful for joe biden having led the charge both in congress and in my administration on many of these issues. and now i would ask that those joining me please come up so i can sign this

memorandum. [applause] [applause]

[captioning performed by the national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2014] thursday, the event examining economict on the status of women with house minority leader nancy pelosi as well as nickels and dimed author. eastern on c-span. the next washington journal a look at challenges facing cities. to mayor stephanie

lings-blake of baltimore and parker. bill kristol, founder and editor "the weekly standard" will be here. of thethe history national flood insurance program and changes brought about by katrina and sandy. journal" is live every morning on c-span. the conversation on facebook and twitter. >> millions of addictions came down to the streets in nationwide protests. >> this uprising defies any definitions. minutes after landing, driving towards the square the to they has come down street to i'm stopped at a checkpoint and they search the

and in it finds my previous called "egypt we are watching you" which is not a find as the cupry is exploding. they said come with us we want it talk to you for awhile. i was taken by people in plain clothes. you don't know who is interrogating you. i realized at a certain point the dvd that i have in the car and i need to get rid of caro i made my way to the at one point excused myself to to bathroom and tried destroy the dvd by breaking it apart. hard.re quite and so i shoved it down the drain, went back into the up interrogation foam feeling confident i had gotten rid of evidence that could keep me for a lot longer than i waned to be. five minutes later the guy bathroom comes in

with a piece of the d.v.d. in his hand. jehane noujaim sunday night at 8:00. defense morning the department gives an update on reconstruction efforts in afghanistan. i see myself as a person trying to underand it and trying to swing state myself and i think the idea came to me, writing the book came to me when i was at the u.s.lectures air force academy in colorado springs.

amongst very nice well-educated broad minded young force officer to look after me had lots of chats with me and he find interesting told me that he was a liberal because he wanted to create in mind an impression i might have got from the media that the academy is very right wing and full of strange radical biblical fundamental. he tells me that he was a liberal and he was in favor of immigration but he said when people come to this country they should learn the native language. i didn't think he was speaking about comanche or ute. said i quite agree, everybody should learn spanish.

>> the senate commerce committee held a hearing last week droneing domestic aerial use with witnesses from the federal aviation administration. the a.c.l.u. and drone manufacturers. this is just over two hours. >> we are very fortunate today as this hearing comes to order dear friend of mine and my colleague to my here barbara boxer giving

independent testimony. sort of a lofty thing to do. i mean you don't have to answer questions, you just say what you believe, you lay it on the line. taking notes and then you are gone out the door. powerful position but we tremendously welcome you. i love working with you on the intelligence committee and i'm proud that you have come to the commerce committee and you are on. >> thank you very much, rankingrman, and to the member, to my friend and colleague senator boxer, senator who does a great job on the intelligence committee, and other members who are here today. i had the privilege of meeting of newark,rmer mayor new jersey who was a great mayor a great united states senator, good to see you. and mr. chairman, i want to your support for

many years on the senate intelligence committee and for played so veryve finely. you very much. thune, members of the committee and fellow witnesses, i believe civilian drone of which hasuch been developed in california has great potential for both for jobal uses and creation. but the unique capabilities of drone bring with it significant risks, most notably privacy and public safety. i believe we should proceed with congress mustat act to set reasonable rules to andect the american people ensure that this industry can reach its potential. commercial uses of f.a.a.is prohibited by regulations unless a special permit is granted. issued cease and

desist orders against violators a $10,000 fine in at least one case. enforcement use of drones is and only restricted legal with special permission from the f.a.a. through a certificate of authorization. f.a.a. 2012 reauthorization bill requires integration of drones into the airspace by 2015, and many boomingthis will be a industry in a few years. significant. is drones can come in all shapes potentialwith many uses. the california national guard to observe the recent rim fire, huge fire right yosemite national park in california. helped firefighters be

identified in dangerous situations and reduce containment time. drones can be used for agricultural purposes to help efficiently. more drones are likely a safer more inspect windy to turbines, radio towers, pipelines, bridges and key national infrastructure. some have imagined more unexpected uses. c.e.o.m, amazon's recently suggested that his ofpany was testing the use drones for delivering packages order.30 minutes of an fed ex, look out. evolvingith other technologies, there are new risks to consider as well. let me first address privacy. as chairman of the committee on of us here serve, i have seen first-hand the capabilities of

drone aircraft. drones have the unique capability to peer into private homes and businesses and listen private conversations. obviously civilian drones will be the same as those used overseas for national security operations. but the drone exhibited to the hearingy committee in a last year was very small and very lightweight. drones can take high definition photos and videos and transmit them to the user's ipad. well, i will-- tell you the story. a demonstration in front of my house and so i went andhe window to peek out see who was there and there was a drone right there at the window looking at me. obviously the pilot of the drone had some surprise because the wheeled around and

crashed. aboutelt a little good that. what kind of camera was mounted on it? kind of microphone? could an enterprising person a firearm to it? these are questions that demand answers. with civilian drone technology in its infancy, privacy concerns are significant. so i believe we should take very seriously and move with steps to safety the privacy and of our fellow citizens before developedbilities are and unleashed, not after. so that people will develop and the industry to be able to privacyo certain restrictions. home?ose to a can you paragraph inside windows? photo graph inside

windows. closeal estate sweep down to a house and photograph a house from a drone? all these of questions that have be answered. you,m working on -- with mr. chairman on legislation to do that. be as helpful as i can, but i think first there bindinge strong, enforceable privacy policies drone operations. and that can be done before the upon us.y is large drone might survey an oil pipeline and a tiny remote to hobbyistsld shouldn't be subject to the same must injuries the system be flexible but it must be strong and enforceable to ensure protected. secondly, we need strong privacy protections for government use. on, we know today that the

f.b.i. has used drone technology at least te 10 cases including of ao ensure the safety kidnapped child. now that is a beneficial use of technology. but were this technology to be basised on a wide-spread by the government for persistent surveillance it would pose significant privacy concerns. therefore, i believe a search withnt requirement appropriate emergency exceptions would be the way to go. safety is another issue. a 2012 g.a.o. report highlighted issues withsafety respect to drone technology that have not been addressed ability to sense and avoid another aircraft. reports and i can't say this is true, but i read it in the newspaper, of a flying too close to an

j.f.k.t landing at airport. and of small drones landing in crowds and endangering bystanders. the f.a.a. has a broad safety and it must use that public.y to protect the allowy we should not armed drones in the united states, period. it should be a crime for a private individual in the united drone.to arm a the f.a.a. should use its certification and licensing authorities to prohibit armed drones and no government, state federal, should use an armed drone on american soil. there is one other thing i want say. the drone was invented in this country.

as such, we have a real responsibility. there is a long line of want to integrate drone warfare into their theirries and into civilian commercial populations. think since we invented it here that we have a real responsibility to be the first in the field with the regulations by which they will be operated and by the privacy peopletions by which will have their rights protected. so i think the technology has great potential and i think we aally need to make sure as first step that america's aboutmate concerns privacy and safety are addressed and i think you are just the do it.ee to i thank you for asking me to be here today. chairmanyou, feinstein, very, very much. just in yourd

excellent testimony one interesting question, which i to ask. the yamaha motor corporation has been doing drones for and other purposes japan and iyears in want to take some of the points and apply those to him in my questioning if i have a chance to do that. you are very valuable as always. >> thank you, mr. chairman. members., >> very busy colleague. willth your forebearance i now give my opening statement followed by my distinguished colleague, sir. and then we will go to our witnesses who are free to go to if they wish. that unmanned

aerial systems u.a.s. which many are theall drones latest evidence theroux pots that robots or machines are taking over the world. others believe this presents massive productivity and economic growth. probably lies some where in between. unmanned aircraft are a rapidly emerging technology with great commercial potential, no question. this potential as senator feinstein indicated, some serious concerns. just as we have done in the our job is to foster the growth of this new industry managing effectively, mr. huerta, its risks. know aboutt we aviation today. it is a major part of our economy, it is relatively safe, relatively safe.

tens of thousands of aircraft day andskies every transport passengers, shipping goods, performing public safety mixes and given -- missions and given the large wide variety that use our national airspace our safety is amazingly and remarkably good. i'm very proud of that record think the f.a.a. should be, too. it is the product of a lot of by the aviation industry and safety officials at the federal aviation administration and other agencies and also people that have not seen good results from folks fromhe lackawana, new york, the pressure that they bring to make get safer.hings also the product of some tough lessons learned in the aftermath of some serious accidents. we will have to use those lessons as a guide and we confront the latest in aviation

which is --all of this is a very interesting subject. we are all familiar with and iraq and most have questions about that. on the other hand, here is this whole new commercial field wech suddenly pops up and have all kinds of visions and depending upon the scope of your yourns and the capacity of can terrify,t where inu or be some between. been one aviation has of the mix of this committee. the f.a.a. reauthorization act importantok a lot of steps to strengthen aviation safety including developing new trainingigue and rules. striking the right balance between safety regulations and realities is always tricky and this is going to be than most.er

but it makes all of the difference for a successful new industries to launch properly and last successfully. the 2012 f.a.a. bill we told outf.a.a. to begin figuring how to safely introduce a new aircraft, a type of aircraft operated not by pilots present in the cockpit but by operators on ground. a strange and interesting those of us who are new to this. u.a.s.,we call them drones they are exciting as a new development but they also raise serious privacy concerns and senator feinstein i think pretty well did that by facing a drone from her face which was so terrified it crashed safety question

which i will have to ask. on the f.a.a. needs to get this to license these vehicles for broad use in our national itspace that needs to do before we take on any serious all.tment at ed a minute straighter hue --ed going toator huerta is report on the progress they have u.a.s.king on the integration and tell us they will doing what any agency allows a newore it vehicle on to a busy highway. the agency is carefully views ofng the aviation experts, safety experts, working with test howrers to unmanned aircraft perform in a variety of real-world situations. earlier this month, huerta announced city wheren of six the testing will take place. some people think the f.a.a. is enough.ng fast

i understand why they are careful in considering the questions because lives are at new and the whole world is just waiting to get at it. wante a lot of people just a world of 55-pound or much things and delivering amazon packages right to john thune's door step and that section siting. one of the most important problems with the f.a.a. that f.a.a. and industry are trying to solve is avoiding collisions between unmanned and piloted aircraft. a basic assumption of the current safety system is that operated by ais human pilot, trained to "see and "otherkey words aircraft." what should the rules be when an and and aircraft aircraft with a human pilot and passengers are converging in the

air. i don't put as much stock in what i'm about to say as would appear. challengegnificant the unmanned aviation industry problem,the perception which is obviously the fact of armed inf drones afghanistan and iraq. tohink it is fairly simple separate those two in our mind if we are serious about the subject, we will do that quickly. we are all much more familiar with the military applications and that isaircraft understandable than we are with the civilian commercial applications. beginningy just now to learn they can be used to apply fertilizer to crops, film movies, monitor hurricanes, stare at senators through or in the future, potentially deliver amazon boxes thune's home. unmanned aircraft have potential economic

and nobody disputes that. people are very excited about this. threatcannot ignore the that they pose to our personal privacy. it is a very different matter safety. people say safety and privacy, that is all good stuff, they are different matters. american consumers are already that assault by companie compas collect and use our personal information and believe me, are we familiar with that in this committee. as we learned in the data broker hearing, we held in this there is aast month, multibillion dollars industry in this country dedicated to tracking our health status, our shopping habits and our movements and if the data brokers are today controlled the u.a.s.'s i would leave promptly canada. i don't know what american consumer habits or choices would remain private if that were the case. privacyuld be no more because they can be everywhere, small, omni present.

people are right to worry that be yet another way for private companies to track where we are and what we are doing intangible' looking forward to the discussion today. i want to talk about how the from the newenefit technology without sacrificing our safety or our personal freedoms. and before turning it to senator convinced --ther i'm basically kind of neutral right now. meaning a bit skeptical but neutral. i'm open to learning. what this is all about is to hear the people who are for it and the people who are and for members in this well-attended hearing to questions. i want to be sure that weulations are proper and so got a lot to learn today. senator thune. you, mr. chairman. you have a lot of uncongested airspace in west virginia as we

do in south dakota, but the real test of the design of these not theys whether or can continue to operate at 50 below windchills because that is ourthing that we have in state. >> that we he don't. >> thatle test the delivery to my house of whatever it is i order from amazon. i want to thank you for holding hearing, mr. chairman. the issue of unmanned aviation is an important one that touches many area within the committee's broad jurisdiction and i look forward to hearing our witnesses today. unmanned aviation is undoubtedly the next significant frontier. f.a.a. currently accommodates limited flights by thenned aircraft in national airspace system by case-by-case approvals but integration will require substantial work by the f.a.a. and other stake holders. benefits,potential the last f.a.a. reauthorization bill in to 12 directed the agency to develop safety standards necessary to ensure relatively new technology

can operate with existing manned aviation in our nation's airspace. look forward to hearing a progress report from the administrator regarding the to utilize thew section test flights. with regard to the expected benefits of unmanned aviation i look forward to hearing further market for how the unmanned aircraft is expecte exo develop under the regulatory directed by the f.a.a. bill including specifics how safe integration could benefit agriculture producers, and publicecasting safety. work through the challenges, the questions related to privacy have received a lot of attention. i look forward to hearing from the witnesses regarding the current frame work of privacy including at the six test sites and discussing what f.a.a. shouldthe have in policing the concerns. of course, as we consider the implications for

unmanned aircraft we will likely need to think beyond the new military style drones perhaps amazon's recent discussion about possibly using aircraft for package deliveries has legislature donee that. currently being flown albeit in limited fashion around certainlyand benefits look promising. the aviation industry is competitive worldwide and the resolution of both the safety issues and privacy concerns will be necessary for the u.s. to utilize such technologies while also maintaining its leadership position in this emerging aviation sector. while this is not the only hearing the committee will hold topic, i look forward to today's discussion, mr. chairman i the challenging issues and want to thank the witnesses who are here for their participation. you. >> tank you, senator. senator you, administrator, huerta. you are good place to begin. >> thank you very much, mr. chairman.

charm rockefeller, senator thune and members i thank you for the appear before you to discuss the integration of unmanned aircraft systems or u.a.f.'s into american airspace. this is an important development today.tion aviation was born in the united states and over the last century maintained the prestigious status as the largest and most advanced the world.stem in part of this aviation gold standard has been to embrace innovation and enable advances that have shaped and enhanced system.tion we she innovation with next gen as we transition from a system of ground-based radar and navigational aids to a system basedses satellite technology for greater presix, more direct routes and better fuel efficiency and predictability. unmanned aviation systems continue that tradition of offer a newnd unique addition to our airspace. safety isclear, that

our number one priority as we begin the integration of systems into our airspace. we have successfully brought technologies into the nation's aviation system over the last several decades will have no doubt that we do the same with unmanned aircraft. the american airspace is advanced and efficient because we embraced and accommodated new technologies. this will be challenges to integration but i'm confident that we can deliver this mandate. we will integrate unmanned systems in a measured, systematic manner as we have new with other technologies. ultimately, unmanned aircraft benefit aotential to large number of americans. each new development in aviation is unique in its own way and the is true for unmanned aircraft. they are distinctly different manned aircraft. a wide range of physical and operational characteristics. are as small as a baseball and fly at low altitudes. on the other end of the spectrum other others that have

fighter like bodies in the aircraft and major can fly above 60,000 feet. some can fly longer than manned aircraft and hover like helicopters. many are also lighter and slower traditional aircraft and more lift and less drag. the underlying common characteristic of unmanned aircraft systems is that the pilot is on the ground and not onboard the aircraft. different from today's manned aircraft. forecast anticipates that 7,500 small unmanned u.s.aft will be added to airspace in the next five years as long as the necessary regulations are in place to manage them. allowwe currently unmanned systems in the arspace, we t do so on case-by-case basis for public use, research purposes and limited commercial use. two key developments that i would like to share with you today. on november 7 of last year, the f.a.a. released the first systems civilaft

integration road map. this plan outlines the key steps to safely take intergreat unmanned aircraft. stake holders key and provides a five year outlook updates.al i'm pleased to report that on december 30 we announced the selections for six unmanned aircraft research and test sites the country.oss after extensive evaluation we identified the locations to gather data to assist the f.a.a. for developing regulations for safe integration of unmanned systems. we do not have the same amount we doa for unmanned as for manned aircraft. this new information will help us to prudently and safety unmanned systems into the airspace. i'm confident that research be met at these locations. the f.a.a. has established for each test site that will help protect privacy. test site operators required to

comply with federal, state, and other laws protecting an to privacy. right they will also be required to privacylicly available policies and a written plan for data use and data retention. each site must conduct an annual review of privacy practices. the f.a.a. also continues to work with other u.s. government to address privacy issues that may arise with the of unmannedse systems. the collaboration is detailed in whichmprehensive plan highlights the multiagency approach to the safe integration of unmanned systems. mr. chairman, member of the committee i want to assure you that the f.a.a. will fulfill its statutory obligations to integrate unmanned systems as but weed by congress must meet the obligations in a thoughtful and careful manner promotesres safety and economic growth. our airspace is not static. it is important for users in the understand that

upmanned operations will evolve over time. new technology brings opportunities and challenges. but we have demonstrated before can successfully integrate innovative technologies over time. this again and again during the last century of flight and i anticipate the same systems.ned thank you for your invitation to happy tond i would be address any questions you have today. you very much. dr. mary cummings. is aa ren that cease there missy in the middle of that. >> that was my call sign in the military. will stay formal. dr. cummings is a former navy fighter pilot. first?u the >> in the first group, yes, sir. human director of the

autonomy laboratory at duke university. we are honored to have you here and we look forward to your testimony. >> thank you. chairman andn, senator and distinguished members of the committee. eye louing me the opportunity to come here today to talk to you about the future systemsion of unmanned into the u.s. economy. i'm the direct tore of the duke autonomy laboratory which focuses on the multifaceted of humans and autonomous systems and complex sociotechnical systems. advised all of the branches of the military on technologies and i do havenes personal aviation experience as i was one of the first u.s. pilots for the navy when women were introduced. applaud the f.a.a. recent but very late naming of their i like mostes but experts in the field agree that to f.a.a. will not be able

meet the mandate to integrate drones in the national airspace by 2015. making some progress towards this goal, the united states in my opinion is leading the commercial drone industry, it is lagging. for example, in japan, drones than 90% of crop dusting which is a very pilot.us job for a human in the u.k., you can use drones youcommercial photography, can use them for crop monitoring, they is deliver food a table at a restaurant and pizza to your home. and while i do appreciate amazon's big announcement about delivery,age unfortunately there are companies in china and australia punch.at them to the many government and watch dog agencies cited safety and justification for why drone use should not be in the commercial sphere any time soon while i will defer to colleagues about the pry slatcy thees in terms of safety

statistics clearly indicate that safety for particularly military platforms is improving very quickly. it is true that when you compare measured byes as the industry standard of number per 100,000 flight hours, drones have a higher accident rate when you look at last 20 years but this kind of comparison is apples to because the drone industry is a fledgling one and aviation has more than 100 years to improve its safety record. asking what the accident rate of manned aviation was in the 1930s this which is higher than it is today. a better question is about the rate of drone safety improvement. military reached a landmark and the joint industry a landmark safety record a little more than a year ago predator accident rate dropped lower than manned fighters and manned bombers. for the first time in u.s.

history, there are now missions that are safer flown by a human.r than by a the military is not the only domain where recent drone safety records have surpassed that of humans. highestaviation had the accident rate of all manned aircraft and that really has not budged very much in the last 20 years. about 25% safer to fly than general aviation aircraft. fighter pilot, and a private pilot i understand the importance of what i'm saying which is that on average a drone than i am. pilot for the first five years of operations, drones were more as likely to have an accident as opposed to a manned aviation. operations it of dropped to only 25% more likely. improvementtic continues theoretically drone safety will be on par with aviation in about ten

years. while i'm not suggesting that aircraft will become drones they should be placed in the larger of overall aviation safety picture. it has voluntary reporting programs that right now do not exist for the drone industry. lack of a formalized safety program, drone accident dramaticallyd because of industry self-regulation and customer demands. there is a long road ahead, adapting the tried and true safety programs for manned to unmanned in addition to beong industry buy in will keep in improving drone safety for the myriad of anticipated mixes. as optimistic as i am about drone safety and improving rates and what this could mean in terms of commercial growth i'm decidedly optimistic about the ability of this country to grow the work force it needs to design, develop and manage the

systemsystems in future. fiscal belt tightening, r & d budgets have been significantly cut and produceties cannot enough graduates for drone and other autonomous system carsopment like driverless and these graduates need to be experts in hardware, software machine interaxe. this choking of the pipeline not isy hurts industry who desperate for the graduates, particularly u.s. citizens it hurts the government who cannot maintain sufficient staffing and the number of people it needs to understand the systems or more importantty manage such complex future.in the i believe that drones made great but willied strides only become better when formalized safety standards are adapted. this country immediates to maurice taylor ex-pa dishousely towards the integration of drones in the national airspace to capitalize on the economic

potential. government funding in drone and other technologies needs to grow magnituden order of to regain global leadership in an area which we are now behind. thank you. >> thank you very much. you raise some questions which i asking.ward to the vice president of corporate planning and newbies development for yamaha motor corporation u.s.a. thank you for coming here and we forward to your testimony. much.nks you very thank you very much, chairman rockefeller and ranking member thune and members of the committee. i appreciate this opportunity to discuss the important agricultural services performed pilotedemotelily helicopter the yamaha and our desire to offer the same essential services to farmers the united in states. mr. chairman, i would like to show a short two minute video the r-max ins

greater detail now. this is the r-max. and stands 3 1/2 feet high. cylinder engine which sounds very much like a motorcycle and used for purposes.al again, piloted bay remote pilot. see, it sounds like a motorcycle. anybodyg to sneak up on unexpectedly. it flies low, about 16 feet from ground.

and also flies at a slow speed 12 miles antely hour. from a safety perspective it is always over the target so it is over the farmfield for safety. the greatest use of the r max is for spraying fields for newtrients as well as fertilizer. what makes it particularly in spring is with the air from the propeller it causes vortex. nutrients spread not only on the top but also the bottom of the leaves. the r max weighs about 140-pounds. about the size of a small person and used in japan for over 20 years. okay.

if i could continue? okay. yamaha motor corporation u.s.a. hasased in california and extensive business facilities throughout theiate where we design, manufacture and oftribute a wide range consumer products including motorcycles, atvs, boats and golf carts. yamaha has over 2,800 full-time employees and our products are sold by thousands of authorized nationwide. the r max is a remotely piloted helicopter controlled bay pilot on site using a hand held radio transmitter. weighs about 140-pounds, nine feet long and uses a specifically designed two cylinder engine that sounds much like a small motorcycle when operating. years it has been used safely on farms for presix japan andf cops in and morerops in japan

recently australia. it is used during good weather, daylight hours at slow speeds of is miles an hour or less and low of 16 feet which is lower than what most kites fly at. over 2,600 r maxes are in operation today treating more 2.4 million acres of farmland each year in japan alone. equivalent to treating the entire states of delaware and rhode island combined. the r max has proven to be far more economical and effective than other helping methods, farmers lower costs while using fewer chemicals. mounting commercial interest and need for the r max in this country. example, recent testing at the nation's largest almond farm bakersfield,of california showed it would be ideal for treating against the naval orange worms that threaten the $4 billion a year industry. the worms infest the top of the canopies, making treatment

by conventional ground spraying difficult and inefficient. similar testing in napa valley showed it can treat up to vineyards in the same time a conventional track tore can cover just one acre of the fuel and significantly reducing chemical drift and human exposure to chemicals. research developed by the auvsiry trade association indicates that the us of the r could similar systems improve crop yields by 15% and by as muchilizer use as 40%. u.a.s.'s wouldof also significantly increase economic activity in the country. projections indicate the economic impact could exceed inbillion z and result nearly 70,000 new jobs in the first three years of integration alone. ensuring public safety and privacy are certainly top

of the committee and the f.a.a. in considering commercial u.a.s. use here. its more than two decades of use, the r max has safely over 1.8 million total hours of flight and to our single complaint for privacy. the stellar record reflects a systematicve and approach to operator training, safety and public privacy. the r max is manufactured to exacting standards and has a in safety futures. excellent flight stability. g.p.s. for speed and hovering emergency failsafe systems. yamaha closely worked with aviation authorities in other to develop extensive pilot training and certification which include classroom and field components involving training. of inflight also we have developed comprehensive flight

restrictions including low altitude, low speed operation over uninhabited area and no r maxes in operation or permitted to be operated by anybody that privacy to violate rights. these proven systems used for and nearly two million hours of flight can and effectivevide an blueprint for the f.a.a. to build on in approving similar agricultural uses of the r max and other u.a.s. systems in works he urge congress to encourage the f.a.a. to use the authority under section 333 of actmodernization and reform of 20 is to expedite approval of foructs like the r max precision agricultural and other appropriate commercial uses where there is a proven record and under appropriate operating restrictions that mitigate any or privacyty concerns. there is no reason to delay all theercial u.a.s. use for several years it will take the f.a.a. to develop more

comprehensive regulations. we believe at least some of the products should be available to today so thatrs they have the same access to vital services their counterparts in other countries already enjoy and our country thebegin reaping substantial economic benefits the new products offer. thank you very much. you very much. and finally, mr. chris is these, who legislative council at the american civil liberties union. you.lcome >> thank you, chairman rockefeller. members ranking member and members of the committee thank you for inviting me to testify today. use ofespread domestic unmanned aerial systems known as newes present significant privacy threats and also implicated important first amendment values. the aclu believes it is to develop a legal regime.

share some characteristics with manned aerial surveillance but the privacy invasion is substantially greater in both scope and volume. manned aircraft are expensive to operate and maintain which is always imposed a natural limit on aerial surveillance. drones low cost flexibility and use erode those limits. small hovering platforms can explore hidden spaces or peer into windows and large static blimps enable continuous long-term monitoring all for much less than the cost of a helicopter or airplane. ongoing improvements in exacerbateechnology the privacy issues. camerashigh powered provide more and better detail. imagine technology similar to naked body scanners we are familiar with at the airport attached to a drone. technologies like face analyticsn, improved

and wireless internet it is possible to track specific with multiple drone drones. the expansion will likely lead harms if left unchecked. persistent monitoring changes public.le act in studies have shown that merely posters of the human eye is enough to significantly change people's behavior. monitoring is also likely to result in embarrassing humiliating video footage. there are also legitimate worries about how footage is used. we are only beginning to discover the many ways that employers, banks and government are using data gleaned from our internet use. fear thesonable to same mission creep with drones. while existing legal protections including privacy torts, peeping statutes and trespass laws may stem some, the potential for widespready sparked

public concern. this is reflected in the fact antidrone ordinances have been proposed in 43 states and passed in 13. same time, drones also have beneficial uses. some of which are expressly protected by the first amendment. activists already used them to monitor police response to protesters and drones have helped reporters cover stories in turkey and south america. the aclu believes it is possible to maximize the benefits and limit the harms. recognize that the many beneficial uses of drone scientificture, research mapping do not need to involve the collection of information. we must explore ways to prevent those drones from becoming platforms.e second, we must continue to protect and safeguard our first values.t drone photography like any other photography should be treated as expression under the

first amendment. in no case should laws single gathering drones for special restrictions over and above those applicable to nonnews gathering operations. store example, single -- for singling out photo journalists consideration we must be aware of the special posed by government surveillance. the detailed controls that governmenty to the is described in the written statement. the front page of drones "washington post" flying for one purpose, border security are already being used for other purposes. creates limits, you can expect private sector to be co-opted in the same way. makers must explore procedural and substantive privacyprivacy protections. commercial uses should be

strong privacy policies based on public input and backed by strict measures andy possibly overall limits on when personal information can be collected and used. ultimately, a legal regime that protects both privacy and the removes adment substantial barrier to adoption of drone technology by asaging the public legitimate fears and protecting their rights, policy industry can demonstrate the we have a very full house today happy about.y panel, stening to the this for been doing 20 years. this has been a common practice,

li england and other places. we simplye think, did void the possibility of these things and notice nothing when japan was doing this or when doing this or when others were doing this? it really raises the question, which we are, gy going going to innovate to be different than the technology that others are using. if we're a growing industry, hat implies we'll be discovering new things or better ways and i'm not sure what your be on that. > well, certainly this technology has been under development for some time and evolve veryolve and quickly. even today we don't have a full and complete understanding of might go in the future. that's one of the things that resents the greatest

opportunity but also the greatest challenge. space is r significantly less complex than we have in the united states, lower altitudes, primarily due to the fact here thehe united states we have largest general aviation fleet of anywhere in the world. one of the things that is us to take into consideration is as we integrate do we d aircraft how ensure that we do not pose ignificant safety conflicts vibrant and large industry that would operate in the same air space. colleagues here at the witness table that there technologies rent and they will evolve in different ways and that there is single regulatory or accommodation approach that everyone, so we need to consider the wide ariety that we have in these

technologies as well as how they are being incorporated for safety. that's a good answer. want to ask you why is it that tend to worry about -- americans when we do things, we overdo them and we roduce endless amounts or endless numbers of corporations private iduals and individuals like private jets. can be it's just -- it the same. just about the safety factor, in other words, another, i do to worry about the privacy factor. sense of think the americans to learn about other americans whether it's newspapers, television or political opponents or whatever

is ramped in this country, less controlled. customed are very being i think taped. 346 times a day. videotaped. they just accept. that that's part of their life. it isn't part of ours. don't think it is. what are just -- name to me a worry of things that you privacy on ms of nsuspecting individuals or corporations? >> you won't be surprised that i concern as well. from my perspective, i was just -- before we came to the watching footing of the video camera which is a attached to an be static blimp that flies very videotape can simultaneously an area the size medium-sized city. everyone can be videotaped at

time. you can zoom and identify individuals where you can see their arms on the ground. that person -- i could be racked by that camera as i stepped out of my door. you know who i was because i in my house and i got car and moved about my day. is type of detail tracking foreign to the american idea alone if ould be left we haven't done anything wrong. that is very troubling. by the same token smaller drones present the opportunity to peer here to for private spaces. someone can be essentially followed around. that doesn't mean that we are dealing with a completely empty landscape to be clear. mean, there are peeping tom laws and state privacy torts. so i don't think that we necessarily have to say that this is a blank landscape where no one's privacy

those can ected but be cumbersome methods and what drones following you or what for.'re being used i'm really glad this committee is discussing these issues and i this, hat as we look at we're gonna think about persistent surveillance as it internet and he other aspects of our lives and it y what about t means if happens in our day-to-day life outside.time when we're >> thank you. chairman.you, mr. do you believe they'll be able to meet the december 30th, 2015, safe integration of uncrafted air systems? we'll be able to demonstrate safe into gregs and what is required for integration unmanned aircraft. but i believe it will be staged. were just t as we talking about, there are a variety of different potential these aircraft throughout national air space

system. nd the aircraft have different characteristics and different specifications. a big part of what we're trying o accomplish phru the designation of the test sites is to resurface those questions and way so m in a common we're able to priority ties and identify what we need to these r as we certify aircraft and the operators of them and as we determine how accomplish safe integration. >> what type of data do you they'll need from all six safely advance the integration process and the f a ato that does have a mechanism in place in rder to gather, store and use the data that would be collected from the test sites? >> we're working with the test finalize the to research plans. but in our original solace teugs number of ed a research areas that we wanted the test site operators to focus

on. these include, sensitive technology which he talked about. ensure she's aircraft have the ability to interact with one another and questions respectto consider with to certification characteristics. of is an appropriate level certification tpwaeused on what the aircraft is and how it might be used. relating to how do these aircraft operate? what is their record of different climate conditions in different configurations and we have a broad base of geographic climatic conditions that the test sites represent. is erms how that data developed each of the operators is required to pre sent a plan of what data will be collected and how will be will be nd how it stored. what that -- the primary basis doing that is to ensure it is on public display what

nformation is being developed but also does a great job of serving our research needs and providing a common understanding what's out there. what you're talking about is the a. s., correct? >> no, this is call. this is everything. the test sites what they form is basis and a platform and i really focal point for eveloping a very focused environment in which we can do what a lot of people want to us o which is give us degree of focused in a structured way so we can make balanced decisions accommodate these safely into our system. as we heard earlier particularly with regard to the pha that we saw, the yam ha aircraft it will be too heavy included. most of the agricultural benefits that he talked about elaborated on are going

to -- is going to be a different unmanned aircraft and the smaller than 55 pound one. you ounds, isn't that what said? >> that's correct. >> the question is, do you nvision a regulatory structure in the near tpaouter that would llow for commercial use of the 'so it can ger be realized. > what can we do through regulations through certain cats of autsdzizationerization. and we deal with these in an experimental capacity. that that is not sustainable long term because effectively what that means is operations are accommodated by exception. is to get to integration. the regulatory process of by design is something that is a very

deliberative thoughtful process lot of time. finding that right balance between what we accomplish regulation versus what we can continue to accommodate of ugh certificates authorization is a key part of what we need to do through these going tes and our on activities. >> thank you. mr. chairman we have a lot of here today. i yield back. >> thank you. senator. >> thank you for holding this hearing. it's -- your mic on. >> i'll move it towards me. how's that. i want to thank you for this and thank the witnesses also. i think you've got a good crew today. members that are very interested in this particular topic. but nevada may know was selected as one of the six sites by the f. a. a. to uas systems.he drone chosen to test

integration to the air traffic control system. this makes sense because we nevada is the birth place of unmanned aircraft system country. in this we have stilled experienced workforce and we have more space in nevada than all other 49 states combined. a , so i appreciate you nevadazing that and what can contribute to this. it is well suited to take on some have g and projected that this could bring over $2 billion to a struggling in nevada and bring 12-15,000 good paying jobs which is appreciated. however in order for all this to happen we must do our work to as everybody here as mentioned that privacy and concerns are met. s drones are delivering packages around the country

las vegas ound the neighborhood we've received numerous concerns about that. i have some of your comments. purpbz, commercial purposes, police purposes, we're of this.he use hy are we frankly 20 years behind? prohibitason it's cost active or overregulated. why are we not at the fore front in the world on this issue? to talkdifficult for me about all uas '. say is the r-max and little bit of background. the japanese government asking them toha product.the the r-max is designed to be safe

and help farmers e more productive with farm land. we expanded to australia and and we'd like to enter in the united states. we have two research grants already. one with the u.c. davis out in california and one with university of virginia where doing research on forking a khurl purposes. pence expensive is it? >> it's around $1,000. lease the product to company that has a trained pilot that passes certification examination in class and trained field as well as exam so yamahaha will always know where harass it

and operated by a trained pilot. that drone that outside of senator feinstein's window was toy or a drone? >> i can't speak to that. used for agricultural purposes and very safe. to the administrator, how many certificates of provided ion have you to date? >> in general, we provide certificate of authorizations public use. and that has been the norm, lthough late last year we provided our first commercial authorization or unmanned for aft use and that was surveying of a vehicle that was surveys of the nvironment and marine mammals in the arctic circle area. that was important because it the use of these for conducting sight surveys as

environmental and other related uses as we've been talking about. one of the things that we have address as we're in this test period of time is how do we ability? t the test sight platforms 0 -- test sites will have a certificate of authorization so they can conduct on going test activity and that will a focal point for those who want to test and evaluate unmanned aircraft within an area that ensures its safe operation. negotiating with each of successful ones. >> this is the first amendment issue for your group or could it be expanded to a fourth amendment issue? it's one of those areas that's both, senator. here's an intersection between the first and fourth amendment. we believe that taking a first amended

ctivity and significant potential intrusion that affects the fourth amendment. balance have to find a there. >> mr. chairman, thank you. to my chairmanch and ranking member for this very has been g and panel great. administ administer, is there anything from ding the f. a. a. ? ding privacy is there anything precluding you list now it's not on your of issues? could you add it or how would that happen? > i believe that we have added it. >> okay. >> we are requiring the test have a plan rs to in place to make it available to they will where demonstrate that they -- first comply with federal state and other laws that

protect an individual's right to privacy. >> i want to be clear because i don't want there to be any misunderstanding. and and command and ontrol issues and control station certification, sense and avoid technology and environmental impacts are the given. ve been >> sure. >> you have told the operators. list?ave now added to that >> no. that's -- let me be clear. that you have are the research areas within which the f. a. a. has regulatory authority. a. a. does not currently have regulatory authority -- work with inner agencies such as department of relevant privacy experts to add this? because i think you're hearing -- this is an important component. it's an extremely important component. on november 7th, we had developed -- we announced

in the federal register a requirement that apply to the test sights. nd there's three come bone tphepb that.nents to they comply to other laws that available public policies and a written plan for data use and retention and that an annual review of those privacy policies. each of the test site operators will be required to have that. is ddition, the f. a. a. engaged with our inner agency artners in the federal government to determine how best do we deal with this issue long term as we go forward. ask you this, has the f. a. a. done a survey of state drones and ng privacy? >> we have not done a survey. plan do that >> we do not plan to do that.

>> i think that's important. the issue of the r-max. me.y interesting to i'm interested because as i isten here, it seems to me and i'm going to ask about this. there are certain uses that to pose the same problems. let's just say the farming issue itself.of if you had strict kro ol control over it and you've shown what about. it's about taking care of someone fertilizing the farm. use.s the the way we used it to california n the fire as my colleague explained, very important to know how that fire was moving. think going after an active criminal such as someone had kidnapped someone these are things you maybe want to get a warrant for. it seems to me as you look at to me.'s a broad brush

it's certain areas where we could move forward in a good way problems.oo many i want to ask about farm use. japan.talk about do the farmers buy it or lease the drone? japan there are several business models. own large farms actually one. >> i'll be quick. also they own it do they train someone in their operation o be the pilot or do they rent a pilot and does the pilot come remote?site or an on site lways pilot and either owned by the farmer or come in and fly the product. >> what do you envision say in a california situation? lease it and then they rent a pilot to come over hour type of the deal or her by the hour >> i think the best model would

there's a spraying service and the spraying service and and sprays the field goes on to another. >> do they bring that drone on a so it's not it flying -- >> no. >> that's important. could you comment on my thought hat the different uses cause different concerns. do you agree with that? correct. 100% we can squeeze all of the enefit out, for example, agricultural drone without the privacy risk. we should do that. of the things one we saw today is in the paper parole toms and border has drones. urns out that lots of others federal agencies want to use those drones and they're knocking on the door. build it, they will come and you have to limit it to uses so -surveillance you don't end up with a place where drones are used for

surveillance. that's why i appreciate you for this hearing. you. >> thank you mr. chairman. panelist, very fascinating hearing and fascinating subject. we'll need to have you back. we've got six test sites now. the next step is to -- while ramping up, you're gonna pick an academic center of correct?ce is that >> that is correct. >> how are we coming on that? the uld you briefly tell committee how we're coming on that process? > with the test site designations out of the way we are turning our focus to the we understand the research proposals of each of test site operators we're turning our focus agenda ng what would be of the center of excellence and

ater on this year begin the process for selection of a center of excellence for aircraft. >> when do you anticipate that center of excellence will be named? it don't think we've given a name at this point. particular -- >> oh, my apologize. process of the designation later on this year probably within the next federal fiscal year. >> okay. in looking at what other countries have done. other nations gone with the test site approach that we've chosen? >> i don't believe so. i think that congress gave us look at tion to really the test sites because what my understanding was that we wanted full and complete nderstanding of the wide range which these aircraft -- of uses be put to, ft could but also how they operate across

huge and diverse climates and geography that we have in the united states. what congress was directing s to do was find a very broad platform that reflects the diversity of the country and that. been able to do >> let me just mention one concern. of course many states apply and perhaps most states. of mississippi lost out d.o.d. because of the memo that discouraged the use of d.o.d. property, d.o.d. special use air space for these tests sites. it's contrary to a history we've camp using places like shelby and the combat readiness training center. getting into an in-depth discussion of the merits of this policy which you relied

commit to at least evisiting that issue with d.o.d. and having a frankenstorm and open dialogue with them on in case there are other opportunities for test sites? for a momentp back and talk about the proposals. applications from 24 states and all of the quality sub e missions and very carefully thought out and had a lot of very ation and it was clear that all of the applicants took a great deal of time to try to pre sent to us the very best they possibly could reviewed them very, very carefully. we chose the six proposals based best mix of sites. when we look at them both individually -- >> i'm sure you did and the clock is ticking. >> but just quickly. best mix of sites. offered a d

each of the test sight perateers and mississippi has requested one where we can talk bout specific terms of their proposals. with respect to working with going as we is on deal with how we share this air space that over lies the country as we t will continue work through this for these sites and through and in the ahead. >> let's keep it on going then and commit to at least having dialogue. >> sure. >> i think you're gonna find a both sides of on the aisle for the fourth and first amendment concerns you have. would senator einstein have under current california law and what changes for her specific incident where if that were an clearly l peeping tom there would be consequences?

> well, without speaking too specifically to california law ecause each city is a little idiosyncratic, i would say she would be a recourse under a state privacy tort. got that. ady >> she may well have that. tricky. be here is a specific tort, intrusion on seclusion, that has heightened.ry it can't just be -- and of course it's very case by case pecific but may be just seeing her in the window is not enough. she might have had to be getting dressed in the morning or intrusive.more and she's also got to learn who she's d that drone and got to figure out some way to bring them to court. a recourse now under existing law. and likely to be cumbersome may require fine tuning to allow to her figure out who operated the t. for us on u do this the record because my time is

gone. we're fortunate have to the bill in this country. but could you give us the countries what other who perhaps further down the us have his issue than done with regard to privacy that we might look at as lessoned learned? >> i would certainly be happy to senator. oing forward, > thank you. >> there are benefits to this technology. will make lot of money. that's great. america can do great. are benefits to drone use there are also risks misuse. these 20th century eyes in the spies in n't become the sky. and just as there are rules of rulesad, there have to be for the skies if we're going to

kpherb lies them. that we can achieve both objectives, protect give life to this new technology and bring jobs and economic growth to the are neither inherently good nor inherently bad. it is up to us to animate them with the long-standing values of america that we have built. flying and potentially spying robots sounds like science fiction, but they have a reality right now. that technology is getting cheaper and it is getting more accessible. this drone here has two independent cameras. online for purchased under $100. with an iphone app, you can fly this over the capital right now. or over anyone's backyard.