can give, but we have one more for you, jack. jack greenberg. [applause] all >> you can keep standing if you want. there are a lot of things i do not do that this young generation does but i am intrigued. n guys.

i have been saying how excited i am to be here this morning with gentlemen yout are getting up on the stage better than i could. i am here this morning as both the moderator him a thank you. you can do that. i could say eight before beauty but that wouldn't be appropriate. i am here this morning as both the moderator and a child of around, which i cannot escape if i wanted to. i do not want to. when i front of nelson mandela for the first time, this is for five days after he got out of prison. waynted to figure out some i could connect with them in a way that another -- no other journalist had. ofntroduce myself as a child

round. that was that. then on.ike this from that is one of the things that has paved my way all these years. i want to begin by saying thank you. marshall and your husband, vernon jordan, horace, so many lawyers who made it possible for me to have those freedoms. to go on a journey to the horizon. brown, it been for think i still would have become the black brenda starr. she could eat her heart out right now based on my journey. it enables me to go where i

wanted to go, the university of georgia. i want to hasten to say that 60 years ago when the attorney general was three years old, i was a little bit older, i was in the seventh grade. this was handed down by the word that was spoken in my classroom. i was writing a book several taught i can i renumber ever hearing a teacher talk about brown. i called linda my seventh grade teachers. she said my dear, i am sorry to tell you. we did not say a word about the brown decision. the white powers that be have forbade them to speak about it. i with the threat of losing their job for ever. i was in the seventh grade.

thank goodness there were murmurings in the black community about this. there were murmurings because the oneshment killed in the south. there's not a lot of talk about this. in the end what we have been brought up in a separate place where we did not have first-class citizenship, our parents gave us a first-class sense of ourselves. that, when ther black people decided it was time something, and do they came here. the rest is history. we desegregated the university of georgia. i am happy to say that today there has been so much progress since the beginning of round

return as it when i often due to the university of georgia, there are so many students saying "go dog. to the wonderful governor. his details inad the program. i will not go into the amount. and governor deval patrick. we are so proud to have both of you with us here this morning. i would like to start with you. you were in your early 20's when the brown decision was handed down. nobody do math out there. remember hearing about it that day?

life entirely.y without brown i would not be here. it is very little to do with education. it has very little to do with going to school. he was african-american. what brown did for me i had come back from fighting in korea. understand how i was sent to korea to help with the rights of other. i did not have them. segregated --with the army was segregated. >> the army was not segregated but the country was. tory truman had the wisdom

look at executive order, not arguing with congress or anything, this is not right. this is wrong. he did that. i have none. i come back and i had pretty much given up. they might have a point. i was so distraught. i was wanting to do the social thing. i have my degree in chemistry. meanbrown came up, you this? they said i'm going to get out of this.

let me get out of here. i'm going to law. me to seeo much to what brown would do. it was a change in the suasion and direction. it was causing people to inc.. it was putting it out there to be discussed. that is what it did for me. >> didn't happen within your community as well? what they did is it made people stopped -- start to talk about in the barbershops. are you registered? it is for the next 10 years. that was a change in america.

the country. for this is what they said earlier. it is not over yet. she had a very good speech. he could've criticized it for saying that. >> he was just amazing. he and i [indiscernible] tip, i want to say

the governor here was in his early 20's. you were not even born. i want to know when you became aware of brown, because you had a number of years. i guess when you started school or whatever. when did you become of brown? what if i didn't have an affront is this? this is what a soundsor looks and around like. [applause] marshall was quoting mr. marshall's comments in the celebration in the hours

or so after the decision was handed down, it so resonates with me. brown started as much as it resolves. one of the things that those with a job like this is that the mostve you extravagant introductions when you're out in the public. my favorite was from this gentleman. at the democratic convention two cycles ago. he got up and he said how everyone makes a fuss about governor wilder being the first light governor elected in america. he saidf being first is that many thing a must there is a second. -- he said being first does not mean a thing unless there is a second. [applause] i think that is what brown was about. while brown was not mentioned by name by my third grade educated and parents with whom i grew up

it was a presence. it raised everybody's expectations of themselves. not just of the country but of themselves. in a very fundamental way, when this to my grandparent was a sick, almost ordinary set of middle-class expectations that steve.e expected to you are expected to reasonably and. e. you are expected to be proud. >> we were talking about some of the amazing things brown has achieved.

even around this room tell me some of the things that you are proudest of that brown led to? you know in the words of the anthem, bornl in the days when folks unborn was dead. can you imagine a people that had no hope, no aspiration? no one even preaching it other than in their own families. had segregated schools, we have the best possible teachers. they were dedicated. they disciplined you. they cross the t's and dotted the eyes.

the t's anded dotted the i's and kept your mouth shut, -- it made people think it was no more than the normal expectation of anyone .rowing up, anyone being a part teachers. one of my we know him well. politics,rt of the being a part of the decision-making process and making sure you have a say so in society, brown made it possible for you to believe anything is possible. i never did believe it could happen.

inevitably i had a society to admit it had been wrong. >> could be governor? >> that is an issue. it did not mean as much to me as it did to get through. our life has been like a semi permeable membrane. you can go through became go back. this is why i'm so happy for him. de known that it was not just an episodic thing. he and i now are looking for others to step up. we see that in the white house now. i am convinced that when people -- this happened as i got older.

, thatfter i was elected boy came up to his father. i saw he was a minister. he looked at the other. he said he came back. what he meant was anybody that he ever read about was an achiever in america. that is why i am so happy. [applause] >> let me apologize for saying you were not born in 54. i got it right.

that what do you possible?rown made what do you see? my campaign strategists. a younger guy. jewish. smart as they come. he tells the story about sitting in with his three young daughters about a year ago watching television. news like the political junkies to all the time. it might have been the day i announced the appointment of mo as our senator.

an andican-american me wonderful colleague and senator. he realized he was living in a city where the mayor is black in a state where the governor is black and the junior senator been appointed was like. and the president of the united states was black. that was the frame of reference. was of what brown was about that it enabled americans to ofgine a different kind community. it is not all about what we achieved that day or in the years since. people used to say it might have been a lame. all of it was profound.

we sent the kids in to integrate the schools because the adults were not integrated neighborhood. they'll love it people are leaving integrated lives. that is important. >> we have more black college graduates than ever. isn't that one of the legacies of brown? when you consider it is against a wall to even educate people of color. when you consider people are punished, to the extent that availability has been put their but it -- there but it is not enough. you still have to have a point where they can get into college. where they can graduate from college. we have to graduate from high school. they have to get a job. they've got to be able to have better health care.

brown addressed the totality of it. if you listen at the last freezes that were recorded this , they were speaking about how you not down the world. how you break down the door. this is our collective jobs. it is so important. we are in an integrated society. we had just a few more minutes left. i want to adjust some of the things people say remain challenges. we want to do this very briefly. how they support it. thought that it would

have this effect on black schools. martin luther. king. there were no more black businesses. it is so dispersed. what do we do about it? as wes the role of lds see the challenges in the society to brown going forward? very briefly. i want to say something else at the very end. >> all of that. i do not think brown is not responsible for everything that has gone wrong. i do not think he was opposed to have solved everything that was

wrong. we have been talking about piercing the membrane or having different ways of imagining our community and our country. is rest of us -- rest of it up to us. ldf took care of that message. trying cases, they would go into a community. the lawyers would form the protective squad. churches,ities, the all of them. thatob is to reengage efforts. they benefited from having done more.

you cannot allow society and these people to believe someone else's going to do. >> i spoke to some of the young will of the central high school today. they were given an assignment to go back and talk to people who were there when they do segregated in that vicious way. girls the young black talked to her great aunt. said i never knew what a big -- she said i never knew what a big deal was until i talked to her. she went around talking to her fellow students. the kids told me they were graduating on may 17.

i said may 17, what a great day. they looked at me like uhh. i said i can see you don't know the significance. i want you to write to me. i gave them my e-mail adjust. a write it and if i should -- and i say write to me. the next day a white kid and a black kid did. we are not teaching them our history. history,n't learn your you're going to be in a position where it is going to be repeated. we want our kids to keep on keeping on but we want to give them the tools that we learned back in the day and that ldf continues to utilize as it helps - nd utilize the promise- brown utilize its promise. thank you. [applause] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [applause] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2014]

i'm going to be in the middle. i'm going to be in the middle. >> where almost to the end of our program. i want to thank both governor deval patrick and governor wilder for this extraordinary conversation. let me be clear. these are the only two black elected governors since reconstruction. in the history of this country. them --ant to say no to

both of them are tubelike governors that are connected so strongly to ldf> governor patrick was an ldf lawyer. these are men who are deeply connected to the work. i'm briefly grateful to them. i want to do two things. the first thing i want to do is read to you the words of cheryl brown henderson. she is the younger sister of linda brown and the daughter of oliver brown, it appointed from kansas. -- the plaintiff from kansas. to the juncture of council chair and members of the board of the naacp legal defense fund, on , we regrety family not being able to be with you at the national press club. it is 15 q note this anniversary with a conversation with two

african-american men. governor wilder and evolve patrick. it offers hope and inspiration. for my family, it was a source of pride to stand with the end ldf lacie p -- naacp attorneys. their action brought our nation to a crossroad of values versus clinical goals. arebenefits of the goals reflected in contemporary society. this is applied in our rights as citizens with disabilities, midlife and older adults and issues of gender neutrality. today we know the ongoing by those are fueled seeking to legitimize the concepts of the 21st century ruling class. take comfort in knowing the

legal defense fund is there to speak truth to power. chief justice earl warren and announced the unanimous decision. we believed the founding documents would have meaning for all of us as citizens of color. thank you for remembering the courage of our families who were ordinary all engaged in extraordinary work. please join me in giving and applause to the families. [applause] the conversation with the governor talking about what we should be doing in the future. many of you know ldf continues its active work in voting rights. we have been refusing to give up

on ensuring that every american has the right to vote and participate in the political process. we continue to work in the area of education, working on disparities in education, continuing to focus on segregation and ensuring students have access to quality education. in the area of housing discrimination. you donald sterling. we work in the area of criminal justice where we continue to do death penalty work and others related to racial disparity. my lawyers are the brightest, fiercest, this lawyers, with respect to all the lawyers in this room -- [applause] they are. they are. they are. they are not exorbitantly paid. the entered this work for the same reason when i was eight

wanted to be a civil rights lawyer. i have people before me that wanted me to believe the country could be better. this is the right of democracy maintenance. it sometimes it needs tweaking. sometimes you need to do refurbishing. it is work that anyone who is a citizen should see themselves involved in. it is not just for but people or civil rights lawyer. it is the work for maintaining and protecting our democracy. you must be a partner with us in your work. your presence shows you recognize the significance of what we do and have been doing to your own lives, and we're asking you as law yours to reach out or take our calls when we reach out and find ways to partner with us. there are multiple ways to do it.

we are always looking for pro bono counsel. we are always looking for financial support. we do not take government money. we raise money to keep our legal program going very i spend lots of time reading the old letters of thurgood marshall, and he ruined his health just riding around the country trying to raise money to keep this legal program going. i would like to stay healthy. i would like you to support us at any level that you can. you can go to our website. i want you to go there because we have assembled a plethora of resources about brown. as you heard, if we are going to teach our children, we have to learn ourselves. how much you really know about brown? you know the name, you maybe know what it stood for, you may be read the case in law school, but how much to you know about this case, the most important institutional moment of this 20th century?

we want to ask you to make sure andknow about the work, that means telling people in your network. we are all about social media. ownat60.ou to go to br i am on twitter. i ask you to join me. partnersu to be sought with us in your network. we want people to still know there are people who are standing on the front lines involved in civil rights work who believe this is critically important work we are doing, not just for a season, but for our entire lives. was importantly, if there is a message you're going to take with you, that civil rights work is for everyone. the work that brown vs. board of education -- ldf lawyers did, they did on behalf of all-america. we ask you to stay in

relationship with us, reach out, be sought partners with us, mitigate, donate, spread the word, and canoe to shore up this extraordinary american institution that has changed our lives. i would also ask that you keep in mind that brown is a commemoration and a day, but as we heard from mrs. marshall about the celebration and then the work, today is a celebration and commemoration, and we must recognize what we have a compost to honor those people who have done it. the work now begins. do not forget about us until next year when we have the 61st anniversary of brown. please remember us and stay in touch with us. i want to take a point of privilege by doing one thing in recognizing one person who is an extraordinary woman. she is the mother of one of my board members, and she is the

mother of a longtime former ldf council. she is originally from oklahoma, and today is her 91st birthday. i would like us to recognize her. [applause] mama byrd and janelle byrd. so we're out the close of our program. i want to thank the national press club and all the members of my staff for the hard work they put into making this event happened, and i want to thank you for joining us in this terrific celebration. i wish you a sunny rest of the day, and i wish you a great weekend. thank you all very much. [applause] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2014]

[captioning performed by national captioning institute] >> earlier, a journalist joined us to talk about nsa surveillance programs, edward

snowden, and the state of journalism. 2:00 p.m.nday at eastern as we re-air that segment. here on c-span. several members of congress acting in good faith have put forward plans that address our long-term funding issue, and we applaud them for their efforts, and i know there is going to be more discussion in town this week on those attempts. others are suggesting that the political reality is that we will have to settle for an infusion of cash into the highway trust fund as a stopgap measure. where are you going to get the cash? it used to be there were ways to do it. i think it is a little tighter now than it was. it may be true we could get an infusion, it is really a long-term solution we need if we want to maintain an world-class

infrastructure. it is like the movie "the groundhog day," the same fights in the same tax scrambles for money. the only problem in recent years we have not been doing very well. you do know that it is round numbers, 20 years since we increased the gas tax. do not get me wrong. money is important. you cannot make the dash if you do not have the cash, but do not for a minute think that is all we have to do to get the infrastructure issues working. if you look at everything that is being discussed in recent days and weeks around the environmental issues, many of those are somewhat in conflict, not because they are wrong, but in what we are trying to do and where we are trying to spend our money. in fact, what everybody would agree to is that we need a comprehensive, forward-looking program that meets the needs of

a competitive 21st century that embraces in a of purchase and instills confidence and earns the support of a jaded citizenry. >> this weekend, and look at america's aging infrastructure, saturday morning at 10:00 eastern. then at the gaithersburg book festival with live coverage throughout the day on saturday morning at 10:30. then john paul stevens on suggestions on how to improve the constitution. american history tv, the k fa,resident's wor sunday night at 8:00 on c-span3. >> yesterday president obama and the first lady toured the national september 11 memorial and museum. the president later delivered remarks in a ceremony in addition to new york governor andrew cuomo, former new york

city mayor michael bloomberg, and new jersey governor chris christie. this is about an hour. ♪

place for us somewhere a place for us open air quiet and wait for us somewhere there's a time for us someday a time for us time together with time to spare time to learn time to care someday, somewhere we'll find a new way

of living we'll find a way of forgiving somewhere there's a place for us a time and place for us hold my hand and we're halfway there hold my hand and i'll take you there somehow someday somewhere ♪

>> present arms. o say, can you see by the dawn's early light what so proudly we hailed gleaming?light's last stripes and

bright stars through the periolous fight ramparts we watched streaming?tly glaree rockets' red and the bombs bursting in air gave proof to the night that our flag was still there o say, does that star-spangled and are ayet wavfe -- wave o'er the land of the free brave? ♪ e of the

>> we are here today to help indicate a great museum, one that rises out of the bedrock of our city, our history, and our hearts. in the years to come, the 9/11 memorial museum will take its place alongside the fields of gettysburg among the waters of pearl harbor, and the vietnam veterans memorial, as a sacred marker of our past and as a solemn gathering place, a place we come to remember those who acts of to honor courage and compassion that saved lives and lifted spirits. the outstretched hands that rushed forward that they and in

the hard weeks and months that followed. in the streets of new york, on the grounds of the pentagon, in hanksville,near s kindness poured forth on a dayssal scale, for on a when terrorists refused cc our common humanity, we saw only the humanity in one another. this museum, built on the site of rubble and ruins, is now filled with the faces, the stories him and the memories of our common grief can, and hope. it is a witness to tragedy. it is an affirmation of human life. it is a reminder to us and to all future generations that freedom carries heavy responsibilities, and it is a reflection of our believe that the true hope of humanity resides in our compassion and kindness for one another.

walking through this museum can be difficult at times, but it is impossible to leave without feeling inspired. each story here beats with a human heart, which, if we allow it, touches our own. the stories are the proof that what we do and the choices we make affect each other's lives in the course of human history. this morning, we would like to share just a few of these .tories the museum tells ladies and gentlemen, it is my honor to introduce the president of the united states of america, barack obama. [applause]

>> mayor bloomberg, governor cuomo, honored guests, families of the fallen, in those awful moments after the south tower was hit, some of the injured huddled in the wreckage of the 78th floor. the fires were spreading. the air was filled with smoke. it was dark, and they could barely see. it seemed as if there was no way out. and then there came a voice -- clear, calm, saying he had found the stairs. a young man in his 20's, strong,

emerged from the smoke, and over his nose and his mouth he wore a red handkerchief. he called for fire extinguishers to fight back the flames. he tended to the wounded. he led those survivors down the stairs to safety and carried a woman on his shoulders down 17 flights. then he went back, back up all those flights, then back down again, bringing more wounded to safety. until that moment when the tower fell. they didn't know his name. they didn't know where he came from. but they knew their lives had been saved by the man in the red bandana.

again, mayor bloomberg, distinguished guests, mayor de blasio, governors christie and cuomo, and the families and survivors of that day, to all those who responded with such courage, on behalf of michelle and myself and the american people, it is an honor for us to join in your memories, to recall and to reflect, but above all, to reaffirm the true spirit of 9/11 -- love, compassion, sacrifice, and to enshrine it forever in the heart of our nation. michelle and i just had the

opportunity to join with others on a visit with some of the survivors and families, men and women who inspire us all, and we had a chance to visit some of the exhibits. and i think all who come here will find it to be a profound and moving experience. i want to express our deep gratitude to everybody who was involved in this great undertaking, for bringing us to this day, for giving us this sacred place of healing and of hope. here, at this memorial, this museum, we come together. we stand in the footprints of two mighty towers, graced by the rush of eternal waters. we look into the faces of nearly

3,000 innocent souls, men and women and children of every race, every creed, and every corner of the world. we can touch their names and hear their voices and glimpse the small items that speak to the beauty of their lives -- a wedding ring, a dusty helmet, a shining badge. here we tell their story so that generations yet unborn will never forget, of co-workers who led others to safety, passengers who stormed a cockpit, our men and women in uniform who rushed into an inferno,

our first responders who charged up those stairs, a generation of servicemembers, our 9/11 generation, who have served with honor in more than a decade of war, a nation that stands tall and united and unafraid because no act of terror can match the strength or the character of our country. like the great wall and bedrock that embrace us today, nothing can ever break us, nothing can change who we are as americans. on that september morning, alison crowther lost her son welles.

months later, she was reading in the newspaper an article about those final minutes in the towers. survivors recounted how a young man wearing a red handkerchief had led them to safety. and in that moment alison knew. ever since he was a boy, her son had always carried a red handkerchief. her son welles was the man in the red bandana. ♪ welles was just 24 years old, with a broad smile and a bright future. he worked in the south tower, on the 104th floor. he had a big laugh, a joy of life, and dreams of seeing the world.

he worked in finance, but he had also been a volunteer firefighter. and after the planes hit, he put on that bandana and spent his final moments saving others. three years ago this month, after our seals made sure that justice was done, i came to ground zero, and among the families here that day was alison crowther. and she told me about welles and his fearless spirit, and she showed me a handkerchief like the one he wore that morning. and today, as we saw on our tour, one of his red handkerchiefs is on display in this museum. and from this day forward, all those who come here will have a chance to know the sacrifice of a young man who, like so many, gave his life so others might

live. those we lost live on in us. in the families who love them still, in the friends who remember them always, and in a nation that will honor them now and forever. and today it is my honor to introduce two women forever bound by that day, united in their determination to keep alive the true spirit of 9/11, welles crowther's mother alison, and one of those he saved, ling young. [applause]

my name is ling young. i'm here today because of welles, a man i did not get the chance to thank. i wanted to come here today so i could say thank you to his parents and my new friends, jeff and alison. crowther.ison and i couldefferson not be more proud of our son. he lives on in the people he helped and in the memory of what he chose to do that tuesday in

september. believed that we were all connected as one human family, that we are here to look out for and to care for one another. this is life's most precious meaning. it is our greatest hope that when people come here and see welles'red bandanna they will remember how people helped each other that day, and we hope that they will be inspired to do the same in ways both big and small. this is the true legacy of september 11. ♪ >> i did not realize what had happened until that afternoon. had no idea that our son todd was on an airplane.

off by a day.as historyof define their now, don't we, as premed 11 and post-9/11. here are some bits of the function isand its supposed to be to tell time. it was a good watch, did its job very well, but it does not tell what time it is anymore. but what it does tell is what time it was. it is the 11th, and so that thes the time successful counterattack on fight 93 ended.

>> we are all grateful today to the memorial board, the staff, and the families for creating this really magnificent memorial. why don't we give them a round of applause. [applause] watch wasr's recovered at the site of the crash of flight 93 near shanksvi lle, pennsylvania. it was given to this museum by his loving family. we are honored to have his father david with us here today. todd was one of 40 men and women aboard that plane, strangers,

for san francisco. they decided it would take fate into their own hands at the probable, if not certain risk of their own lives. when hijackers took control of beganplane, people calling family and friends who told them about the other hijacked planes. none of the passengers had been trained for this kind of scenario, that alone even consider such a nightmare. and yet after talking over what they had learned, they joined with members of the crew to storm the cockpit. changedoing so, they the course of history. it was later shown that their actions prevented the plane from reaching the hijackers' intended target, washington, d.c., a mere 20 minutes away. in giving their lives, how many

lives have they saved? one of the first calls made from the plane had been for mark bingham who later helped form the plan they follow. he had called his mother alice, and alice vader left in this message -- >> mark, this is your mom. is one fight that they say is headed toward san francisco. it might be yours. can, group some people and perhaps do everything you can to overpower them. try to call me back if you can. i love you. good luck. bye-bye. ♪

>> good morning. thisyou walk through museum, what strikes you is how your emotions can feel sad at one moment in the very next moment you feel utterly astonished and grateful at how people from all over the world responded. it was as if the entire world came knocking on our door, cried with us, and asked what they could do. people from over 90 countries died on september 11, and so the world understood that while this happened on our soil it happened

to all of us. letters arrived from australia and jordan, guests from india, ireland, and kenya, and people from all walks of life and speaking every language came to help us dig out from under and bandage our pollutants. the world felt like a tightly knit community, a smaller, more caring place. this is how goodwill begins. in the understanding that we are underneath all our many differences fellow men and women, with a love and a sanctity for human life. here in this museum we are reminded to pause and remember how many came to help us and that the true gift of friendship of fellowship can be born

the night. for which we all remain eternally grateful. >> i dedicate this song to my late husband, calvin joseph gooding. ♪ amazing grace sweet the sound saved a wretch like me i once was lost but now i'm found

was blind but now i see grace that taught my heart to fear and grace relieved how precious was that grace appeared the hour i first believed

amazing grace soundeet the a wretchd like me once was lost now i'm found was blind now i see ♪ [applause]

is florence jones. i went to work on september 11. i did not plan on walking down 77 fights of stairs. nor did i expect my boss to have to carry my shoes. i was one of the last of the 25 people to come out of the south tower. my number is 18. i had taken my shoes off on the 60th floor and i walked in my stockings the rest of the way. walked in my still stocking feet 50 more blocks to get to a friend's office, barely in one piece. when i heard that the museum was looking for artifact, i thought

about my shoes. i had put them in a plastic container, and when i took them out, they still had the smell on them from that awful day. and i knew i would never wear them again. so i decided to donate them here . nieces and my nephew and every person that asks what happened to see them and maybe understand a little bit better what it felt like to be us on that day. [applause] >> a simple pair of shoes. what could they possibly tell us about 9/11, about the choices and close calls, about a quarter-mile climb down a staircase filled with falling ceilings, crowded with

colleagues and confusion, about making it out or not? ordinary, everyday objects that we find here in the museum, a wallet him a ring, an id card, a telephone are unlikely, but powerful keepsakes which help us understand the events of that day in human terms. each. carries with it a story, one that might have been our own, four don't we all wear a pair of shoes that we wear to work, that could have been the ones we were that day? steps theyhe last 38 walked to freedom and to life were down a narrow outdoor to these that led street. these stairs were also the last

above-ground remnant found at the world trade center site. they became both a symbol of that terrible day and the months of painstaking recovery. workers removed the 56th time staircase -- 56-ton staircase from its base as carefully as one would a sacred object from an archaeological site. so that it could be placed in it new home inside the museum. today, when you walk down the museum's last set of stairs that lead to bedrock, whether you walk slowly down the wide elegant staircase or stand comfortably on the moving elcalator, you will travfel writer side the steric -- travel right beside the staircase, and if you do, imagine for a moment that these hard concrete stairs were once, for hundreds of

people, the last and long-sought path to survival. >> my name is kay bergeron. i worked in the north tower for four years. ,hat day everyone on our floor people who knew each other and he did not started walking down 68 flights of stairs together. it was orderly and calm. and for every step we took down, the firefighters and police were climbing up. when we got to the sixth floor, asfelt the whole -- it felt if the whole world started to shake. it turned out that the south tower had collapsed. suddenly, there was confusion,

and we were climbing over wires and desks. port authority policeman helped us find our way through. my friend patty and i got separated from everyone, and we were long thinking there is no way out. then we heard a bullhorn that said if we could hear the sound follow the light. way.nt this way and that and after what seemed like forever, we got to the outdoor staircase. i have walked those stairs a to stop at the post office, never to give it a second thought. they were all that separated us from the devastation behind us and life in front of us. today, when i think about those

stairs, what they represent to me is resiliency, of the people there that day trying to help each other and later the resiliency of our country. everything.ps mean [applause] >> we will never understand why one person escaped and another did not. how random it all seems and how feel.ess it makes it all but what this museum does is allow us to see is that we absolutely can affect each other's lives by what we do at a how we aresis,

strengthened by what was done that day in september 11 brought out the largest emergency response in new york city history. 1000 firefighters, 2000 police officers, and 100 city and volunteer ambulances rushed into action. fell, logicwers says no one could have survived and lived to tell the tale. onesouth tower fell, and no survived. meantime, the men from the new york city fire department and the port authority police were still inside the north tower, attempting to rescue the remaining civilians. but when they reached the third floor, the 107th floors of the north tower fell on top of them. crossnant mickey remembered he heard a huge roar

and then everything went dark and totally silent. debris, he tried to protect himself by making himself so small that he might be able to climb into his helmet. when he heard faint voices calling out, he realized he was not alone. he sent mayday signals, hoping someone might hear them. hours passed. outside, there was nothing but piles of fiery wreckage. onlynly could rescuers not locate the north tower, they did not even know where to begin, and yet they kept digging and digging and digging. ♪

honor to introduce to cross at 11 members of the new york city fire department and port authority police department,. trappedhem had been together. god bless them and god bless america. [applause]

>> way down inside a dark old, and after a while we saw the small beam of light about 30 feet above us. and it hadight, broken through the smoke, and even though it only lasted for a little while, it was enough to let us know there was an opening. workersd out the rescue could see it, too. they finally came towards us. they could not believe we had survived and we had broken out on our own. they continued to look for other suppliers. aey had 14 of us trapped in stairwell, tried to stay alive, searching for a way out. miraculously, we survived. once we got out we sell complete devastation. the whole trade center was gone. all you could see were huge

pieces of twisted steel and fires everywhere. and workers, never giving up on finding people. after our rescue, many of us he joined the rescue and recovery teams at ground zero to do for others what had been done for us. we had to. we had come together at ground zero to help each other out. there was a real sense of caring for one another. this is something we should never forget and never stop doing. thank you. [applause] am manual rodriguez.

zero in at ground heavy construction for nine months. hoffman.me is pia i am a crane operator and i worked at ground zero for eight months. favaro.me is tony i'm a detective. i worked at ground zero for nine months. steve butler, a lieutenant with the port authority to lease services unit. months --t ground 049 ground zero for nine months for it after losing my brother tommy, a firefighter with squad company number 1, i was the first person to put his picture on this piece of steel, which we call the last column. after that many others followed with pictures and signatures.

rings] >> the last column was part of the last area that was searched. >> it really tells the story some of the building, the obstruction, and the cleanup effort. >> as the site was cleared and came to stand alone, people working at the site and family members began affixing the photos. >> everyone was putting photos on the column. we had a flag on top of it that became an icon on the site. the sheer size of it, the number of signatures, not only to lost loved ones, but also to this new family that developed on ground zero. >> we have all became this family that work together to try to make other families feel better. filled inever have

the hole, but if we made it smaller, that was all the do. somethinglumn mean desperate we completed our job and did a job well done. it symbolizes the best of what humanity can do. [bell rings] >> of all the heartbreaking things we had to learn how to do after september 11, the most was -- and the most difficult -- was finding a way to honor every single person who s, in theose four plane pentagon, or the world trade center towers, and those who died trying to save them. a give their families and us

place to come and remember them. now therehere we are is such a place, filled with the photos, keepsakes, and stories of those we lost. these are our book of memories. called memorial wall, there's a wall that connects the footprints of the rth and southo tower. on it are written 10 simple words by virgil that express what this museum is all about. no day shall a race you from the memory of time. from there, you walk through to fromall of faces, lined floor to ceiling with smiling fathers, daughters, brothers,

nieces, family, and loved ones. in the same way we have photos in our own homes, these pictures are live with the memories of the birthdays, weddings, barbecues, and baseball games of those we lost. what you will be looking at are the pages of the chapter in our history we call september 11. >> oh, there he goes. picture. >> it is. i would be so proud of you. just amazing, just like you. >> all the people.

>> wow. this was a couple of weeks before 9/11 actually happened. >> i love this one. >> yeah. mannerisms, everything, just like your father. you look like him. you act like him. >> and sound like him. ♪ >> i love that picture. you were 2.nd

over the years, i know all of these names now, you know? although she was very -- she was 50. she had hung out with impaired or member she told us she had the night before. >> when he heard the call on the sheer, he told her partner got to go, and she just ran up the stairs and he just held a cap went straight to those buildings, and he said he had to go help people i. >> [indiscernible] >> life is too short to plan

things. i think i learned that on that day. >> [indiscernible] right there. uncle robert. adopted you and named you -- >> hope, because i am the hope for the family. niece andcle robert's namesake. ♪ >> this is a place where thousands of stories converge, where we can touch the face of history, our history, and yet while we come here to remember the past and it is the future

that stands with us in this hall . to truly honor that they, we must promise but to keep our memories of it alive and to search for ways to build something positive in the names of those we lost. they were the pride of their families and the pride of their , their stories, their spirits, and their examples can live on as our guides and our begins in making their names and their lives stand for something meaningful in our world. what greater legacy can there be for the lives cut short and to live in the good works created in their names? ada, and my sister

wendy worked in tower one of the world trade center. i worked two blocks away as the printable of a high school that encouraged leadership and public service. at morning, it was my job to protect our 600-plus students, but i could not protect my sister. my whole life has been about educating children. said wendy died, i imagine we went to afghanistan and go to school there. what a kick in the head to osama bin laden? kathy and countless others joined forces, and for years after 9/11, a school was opened in my sister's memory in a province in afghanistan. [applause] >> about 200 boys and girls

came to study and since then, many, many more, all of them entrusted with education and their country's future. there can be beauty out of the ashes. it's hard work, but it can be done. >> my name is jim. my younger brother was at his desk at the pentagon on september 11. he was a civilian working for the department of the army. after the attack, many wondered how will we remember those we lost. as family members, we needed to find a way to honor and remember them and in the process maybe find a way to heal ourselves. working together with friends, colleagues, families, supporters from around the world, we opened the pentagon memorial on september 11, 2008. it is a place we remember 184 men, women, and children, a place to provide solace and healing surrounded by the

beauty of life. my brother dave and i had been young together and we expected to grow old together, play a lot of golf and argue about who had the better looking grandchildren. now there will be children born after 9/11 who will only read about that day in books. some of them might even think the people it happened to weren't real. we are here to help them know that they were. my hope now is to create an educational center at the pentagon memorial where school children can come and spend some time getting to know their country's story and the very real people who lived it. [applause] >> we would like to end our dedication ceremony on a note of hope that all the visitors to this museum, those who lived through the tragedy and those young enough to be learning

about it for the first time will come away with a sense not of the worst of humanity, but of the best. there are hard lessons, hard history lessons to be learned here, but also shafts of light that can illuminate our days ahead. to all those who have worked so tirelessly to bring this mue seem and its ideals to life, we owe you our deepest gratitude and appreciation and special thanks to joe daniels president and alice greenwald, director of the 9/11 memorial museum. [applause] >> this museum is a testament to the resilience, the courage, and the compassion of the human spirit that lies within each and every human being. so i think it's only fitting then that we bring our ceremony to a close with one of aaron

copeland's most enduring and life affirming pieces, "fanfare for the common man." ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪

♪ ♪ ♪ ♪

♪ ♪

♪ ♪ [applause] >> for over 35 years, c-span brings public affairs events from washington directly to you, putting you in the room at congressional hearings, white house events, briefingings and conferences and offering complete gavel to gavel coverage of the u.s. house all as a public service for private industry. we're c-span, created by the cable tv industry 35 years ago and brought to you as a local

service by your local cable or satellite provider. former secretary of state hillary clinton reflected today on her career in public office and her efforts at the clinton foundation to help achieve economic equality and upward ability for all americans. speaking at the new america foundation, secretary clinton addressed the struggles of the 10 million single mothers in america earning lower wages and without access to affordable child care. >> imagine a young single mother trying to raise a family today. after all, there are some 10 million single moms working hard to make it on their own in america today up from just 3.4 million in 1970. mothers are now the primary or sole breadwinners in nearly 40% of all families. this single mom lives somewhere in our vast metro sprawl

traveling long distances every day to work a low wage job she is lucky to have. many other young people in her neighborhood are still looking. he works hard, but she knows that her male co-workers tend to make more than she does. it's demeaning and demoralizing and it short changes her whole family. she lives in dread of her baby getting sick or some other emergency because like nine out of 10 workers earning the lowest wages, most of them women, she doesn't have access to paid family leave and forget sick days or flexibility or predictability which is just as important for parents and care givers. so she relies on a network of friends and family to help care for her kids, but that, too, is hard. the neighborhood isn't like the one she and certainly not her mother grew up in. religious and community organizations are weaker. the schools never seem good

enough. there are few quality affordable child care options. she has dreams. she certainly has dreams for her kids. she doesn't just face ceilings on her aspirations and opportunities. sometimes it feels as if the floor has collapsed beneath her. now, these are the kinds of daily struggles of millions and millions of americans. those fighting to get into the middle class and those fighting to stay there. >> secretary clinton's entire remarks from earlier today are available at our website, c-span.org. tomorrow marks the 60th anniversary of the supreme court's brown versus the board of education decision striking down school he is greg investigation. from "washington journal," we'll speak with sherrilyn ifill about the impact of the

case and the status of immigration today. also the president of the foundation for individual rights and education will join us. he'll talk about free speech on college campuses. and we'll later switch focus potential ook at financials in the u.s. economy. "washington journal," every day at 7:00 eastern on c-span. >> can you remember who first influenced you to just think about issues, think about the government? >> my father and mother. i was so impressed by it, i put it in a book called 17 traditions, how they raised the four children, two boys and two girls in a factory town in new england. it was conversation around the dinner table. there is no looking at tv or listening to radio or looking like this. we talked. they challenged us in a nice way and asked us questions and needled us and joked with us.

the bottom line was, freedom requires responsibility. you can't just say i want freedom because most people think they're free because they're personally free. he they can buy their own clothes, go make their own friends and go wherever they want, listen to whatever music, eat whatever they want. that doesn't mean they're civically free. that's the emphasis. you have to engage in democracy. my dad used to say, if you don't use your rights, you're going to lose your rights. the >> ralph nader, sunday night at 8:00 on c-span's q & a. the federal communications commission yesterday voted 3-2 to limit the amount of spectrum the two largest mobile carriers, at&t and verizon can buy in next year's spectrum auction. in a party line vote, chairman tom wheeler and the commission two democrats approved a plan that would reserve part of the spectrum in each market for wireless carriers that don't

have a large footprint in that area. this portion of yesterday's meeting is about 1:40. >> ok, sir. it's all yours. >> good morning. commissioners, my colleagues are here to present the intent of auction reported order that established rules for implementing the broadcast television incentive auction. thank you for your continuing oversight and support of the incentive auction process. today's item is the product of an extraordinary piece of work done by my colleagues throughout the commission. i want to thank each and every one of them. joining me at the table today are julian, bill lake, chief of the media bureau, roger sherman, chief of the wireless telecommunications bureau, rod porter, deputy chief of the international bureau and howard simons, advice chairman of the

incentive auction task force. our presenters are bill sharapova who serves as the legal council to the incentive auction task force and truly the architect of the report and order and edward smitty smith who has provided invaluable substantive and process to the entire venture to this point. now bill and smitty will discuss the report in order. >> good morning, mr. chairman and commissioners. based on the extensive record developed in this proceeding, the decisions in this draft item provide the essential framework for the auction. the commission will resolve discreet outstanding issues and adopt final auction procedures in the coming months through a process that will allow additional public input and conclude well in advance of the auction itself. for new services in the spectrum recovered through the incentive auction, the draft item adopts a 600 mega hertz band plan with paired up link and down link bands comprised

of five mega hertz building blocks. the draft item adopts partial economic areas or p's, as the services area for the new band finding it will promote localized competition and maybe aggregated to provide service on a larger scale. the band plan has the flexibility to accommodate various spectrum recovery scenarios and variation in the amount of spectrum recovered in different geographic areas. the band plan also incorporates technically reasonable guard bands including an 111 mega hertz duplex to prevent harmful interference between licensed services. the bands will be made available for unlicensed use. depending on how much spectrum the incentive auction recovers, 20 to 34 mega hurts will be made available for unlicensed use on a nationwide basis. devices will be required to be interonnerable across the entire new band. the draft item establishes an

fish approach to repacking the broadcast television bands that willful fill congress's mandate to use all reasonable efforts to preserve the coverage area and population served of broadcasters that remain on the air following the auction. in particular, it will ensure that each eligible station serves essentially the same viewers that it served before the incentive auction and that no station causes more than .5% new interference to another station. to help preserve the important services provided by low power television and television translator stations, the draft item establishes streamlined procedures for displaced stations to relocate. it also states the commission's intent to initiate a rule-making proceeding to consider additional means to mitigate the potential impact of the incentive auction and the repacking process on low power television and television translator stations. television white space devices will be able to continue to operate in the repacked television bands following the incentive auction. the draft item explains that

there will be at least one channel not assigned to a television station in every market at the end of the repacking process and states the commission's intent after public notice and comment to designate one such channel in each area for shared use by wireless microphones and television white space devices. >> thank you, bill. >> broadcaster participation, it has simplicity and speed in the first auction. in particular, the descending clock format will make participation transparent and easy. broadcasters need indicate only whether they accept the opening price and if so, any subsequent prices. if at any point a broadcaster decides prices are too low, it may drop out of the auction. the identity of broadcasters that participate in the reverse auction will be kept confidential for two years after the auction except for winning bidders. the forward auction is also innovatively designed for speed so that reverse auction

participants need not await its outcome for weeks or months. bidding for generic or interchangeable spectrum blocks rather than specific frequencies will condense the time required forbidding significantly. the draft item doops a final staying rule that will allow market forces to determine the best balance of the spectrum repurposed and revenues raised while ensuring that the auction satisfies the minimum proceeds requirements established by congress and fully funds. following the incentive auction, the transition to a reorganized u.h.f. band will be as rapid as possible without causing unnecessary disruption. the time required for stations reassigned to a new channel to modify their facilities will vary. construction deadlines will be tailored to specific situations. the repurpose spectrum will be cleared no later than 39 months after the effective date of the ensin tiff auction. the draft item establishes procedures to reimburse costs,

reasonable incurred by tv stations that are reassigned new channels and to continue new stations. these procedures will make reimbursements available before stations and others have out-of-pocket expenses. adopts item also ensuring access to new listensees. translator stations will be able to continue operating in newly licensed spectrum unless and until they are displaced. wireless devices will be able to operate on repurposed spectrum during the transition period. the auction represents a once in a lifetime opportunity for broadcasters and the commission is committed to providing them with information to enable them to make informed business decisions about whether and how to participate. beginning this summer our outreach efforts will include

information about the auction mechanism, an estimated timeline for actions, and information about potential opening bids. our outreach will be nationwide with a focus on key markets. closer to the auction we will offer demonstrations of the auction bidding system, interactive tutorials and other opportunities for broadcasters to familiarize themselves with reverse auction application and bidding processes in advance of the auction. >> thank you very much smitty. >> bill, as the commission is well aware, the incentive auction team is a large group of highly dedicated professionals, each of them deserves individual recognition and thanks, but, unfortunately, as you can see from the chart, we don't have enough time. the incentive auction is only possible thank to the really hard work of all of these dedicated people and others in the commission, so to our brave and intrepid team, thank you very much and we look forward to continuing to work on this project. >> thank you, to you, gary, for

your leadership and to the entire brief and intrepid team. >> like many in this room, i spend a fair amount of time in my airports. during my early days of travel, newspapers and magazines and the actual books were the must read attachments for any trip. today not so much. if you take the metro or other service, you will find riders glued to a tablet, cell phone or other wireless device. basic communication and news is now delivered anytime anywhere. school age children and old school stalwarts, people from ll walks of life are using the tools of the day which makes our lives more convenient, more accessible and more efficient. this is a world in which we live and it is a wonderful place indeed. as our societal appetite for

content increases and in order for us to continue alone this path, we must position ourselves to provide this nation with an adequate amount of spectrum making this proceeding one of the most important and challenging of the day. innovation in mobile broadband has spurred spectrum demand at a breathtaking rate. i marvel at the fact when i took office in 2009, tablet computers had not even hit the market. now estimates are that by 2016, more than 100 million in our nation will own one. those tablets as you have heard me say time and time again use 121 times as much spectrum as the traditional cell phone, so if we want our communities to have access to the most advanced wireless technologies, our regulatory policies must

keep pace and that includes repurposing more spectrum for commercial wireless services. in 2012, congress took a dramatic step by giving us statutory authority to conduct the world's first voluntary incentive auction that protects the integrity of the broadcast tv industry. now the commission must expeditiously and carefully carry out this directive. designing this auction is daunting and unprecedented. it must integrate three major elements, the reverse auction for those tv stations that want to relinquish their spectrum rights for payment, the repacking of broadcast television stations that want to stay on the air and the forward auction which will license repurpose spectrum for wireless services. each element presents its own set of difficult technical issues, but further complicating the task is that congress imposed specific

requirements for each element. however, the commission staff has shown that it's more than up to the challenge and the nprm, the staff set us on a course that indeed would benefit both the broadcast television and wireless industries and advance communications policy objectives such as participation by smaller companies, competition, and accommodating other existing services that are proven so valuable. with this order, the staff has recommended rules that improve on these goals. i am particularly pleased that the order does more to promote participation by designated entities or d.e.s, and small businesses. we make clear we intend to initial a rule-making that would revisit a number of d.e. rules including increasing bidding credits and their attributable material relationship rule and wrap up that proceeding early enough so

that parties can account for any rule changes as a plan for incentive auction. we also state that we intend to result a pending request to waive the rule in the near term. another noteworthy change will promote more competition. it is important that our wireless auctions also attract carriers who may have a smaller service footprint and less capital than nationwide providers yet possess a strong desire to acquire more spectrum in order to serve a particular footprint. this approach promotes competition in local markets and has the added benefit of ensuring that the auction promotes efficient allocation of spectrum to the highest and best use. this is particularly important in this case since we must incentivize broadcast television stations to participate in the reverse auction. we can promote these goals by auctioning smaller block sizes

of spectrum in smaller geographical licensed areas, so i am glad that we push large and small carriers to develop a consensus so we could shift from the largest economic areas to smaller partial economic areas. i am also pleased that we have reaffirmed our commitment to ensuring that unlicensed spectrum in the 600 mega hurts band can be used to provide broadband service. i have been a strong advocate for tv white spaces since we adopted those finer rules in 2010. this technology, which takes advantage of the excellent signal promulgation specifications can provide wireless broadband services in low income communities that are often difficult to serve. there are initiatives such as air u, a partnership between new america foundation, technology companies and gigu that are finding solutions for

universities in those rural areas. this past summer, air u worked with west virginia university to launch a pilot program that provides campus wide wi-fi services using tv wide spaces. i commend chairman wheeler for considering an alternative plan that would provide for more unlicensed speculate frum in band.0 mega hertz there will spur services worldwide. there is protection for certain services than originally proposed. for example, i have been concerned about the impact that is a 2012 statute and this proceeding could have on low powered television stations or lp tv's and translators. they provide diverse and local television programming and translator stations are an important free over the air television resource in the most

remote of locations. it was important for me that the commission export all reasonable options to allow these stations to continue to broadcast after the auction. the notice of proposed rule-making sought comment on allowing these stations to channel share. this order goes further by explaining that the commission will initiate a more comprehensive rule-making proceeding to explore several other options for l.p. tvs. in addition to channel sharing, it will explore allowing these to vhf to transition channels using repacking software to help l.p. tvs find new locations to operate and extending the september 2015 deadline for converting digital services so that low powered television stations do not have to relocate to meet that deadline and relocate yet again

after the incentive auction. the order also adopts a rule that will allow these stations to continue post-auction to serve in the 600 mega hertz licensed area until a wireless carrier commences operation. the wireless carrier must notify lp tvs 120 days in advance of that day. i also commend the staff for working hard to find solutions for wireless microphones. broadcasters and other entities which rely on wireless microphones for late breaking electronic news gathering or live events need the assurances of reliable high quality audio. in the incentive auction order, we will permit wireless mics to operate in the four mega hertz of the gap in the empty occurring television channel in every market. in the companion order, we also adopt today we are granting to

professional sound companies and venues that routinely use 50 or more microphones the same licensees.ow power this will provide a meaning benefit to those entities who need the protection the licensee performs. this order marks an important milestone for this proceeding, but as it makes clear, our work is not over. we must seek comment on option design and other issues to address important policy issues before conducting the auction. we have greatly benefited thus far from the input of many in the industry. still needed, however, is continued participation to ensure that we get the final details right. at this time i wish to thank once again gary epstein, bill

scher, edward smitty smith for their presentations and exchange special thanks to all staff members who spent hours briefing me and working with me to address my many questions about the items particularly, my wireless legal visor lewis peretz who of course i always thank, though he may not acknowledge that. i also want to thank paul dari, bill stafford, brenda boykin for their work on the wireless microphone order. thank you. >> thank you. >> during a long road trip, my family pulled off the the adults get the full-size menu, and the kids get the paper menus with coloring games and puzzles. armed with a cheap crayons and what i would like to think is wisdom beyond her years, i watched my