want to welcome to his place will be listening carefully to that request for myself i am not convinced that further steps need to be taken. i worry about legalizing youth nashea that people might be pushed into thing that is they don't want for themselves but let's have the debate. >> mr. speaker returning to the issue of taxes and royalty when will the prime minister keep his promise and publish his past rirns? >> on the subject of taxes and middle income people, when are we going to get an answer from labor about what was it that deputy leader of the party meant when she said -- and let me repeat it again for the record. i think people on middle incomes should contribute more through their taxes? there is as we go into the summer there is one party in this house with a big tax problem and i'm looking at it. >> mr. speaker given that poor

mental health is the single biggest driver of well being in this country will he act on a recommendation from the think tank forum and tackle the poorly supported melts by this government signing up to the employers mindful framework and tackle those issues? i will look very carefully at the center forward report that he mentions. i think it is important and he helped to do this in government that we now have a situation where mental health is given proper parrot of esteem through the -- pairty of esteem. we've done good terms of making available for talking therapies for health patients but i will look carefully at the report. >> you've been watching prime minister's questions. members will wrap up legislative business this week before they recess for the summer. prime minister's questions returns in september when members return to the house of commons.

to catch up on past prime minister's questions and other british public affairs programs atch any time at c-span.org. >> next, a conversation with apollo 11 astronaut bussaledrin. then the latest on talks concerning iran's nuclear program. and at 11:00 p.m., q&a.

>> today is the 45 ds anniversary of the moon landing. this is 35 minutes. with buzzre back aldrin, apollo 11 astronaut, marking today the 45th anniversary of the first moon landing, lunar landing. mr. aldrin, remind the viewers what the mission was of apollo 11. guest: the mission was to carry out president kennedy's commitment in 1961, to land a man on the moon and bring him 1970 --ely before within a decade full stop i forget exactly the wording.

. within a decade will i forget exactly the wording. we can count up. host: two the 50th. guest: yes. host: what do you want to mark the 50th? guest: the next president, until , everyoneclose assumes it will be a democrat. we want the next president to be able to say, i believe this nation should consist -- should commit itself into decade -- in two decades to a pioneer

planet on mars. going back to 1969, why was it important that the united states be the first, and how do you feel it has changed the world? ii, theuring world war germans were the first to come up with a high-technology walk v2, and had ithe been available a good bit sooner, or had we not overrun in overrun whereot they were launching those records, it could have made a big difference. because it really tempered london, or great britain. and of course, we came up with the atom bomb in time to drop

the last two. there were no others. that was a gamble that president truman made. released hereto for classified documents of the orders, descriptions of the where the suicide homeowners and all the airplanes that they had held in reserve the suicide bombers for troop ships and the carriers. it was going to be a bloody battle. no surrender. with hiroshima and not the there was nagasaki,

an unconditional surrender. but this -- sputnik came along and surprised us. why didn't the united states put something in orbit? sputnik indicated to a lot of nations that we were behind and we had to scurry to catch up. and i believe that is why president kennedy asked his what we can do to beat the soviets. and supposedly, somebody said it's going to take 50 years to have a man on the moon. well, he didn't believe that. commitment after gegaringeron -- yuri had flown around.

alan shepard barely into orbit, that's all we could do. 20 days later, he made that speech. , jamesder of nasa wagner, was told what was going to cost. on his way over in the limo to the white house to tell president kennedy what it was going to cost, he took that number and multiplied it by two. [laughs] the first one of major programs that came in on time and under budget. the peak spending in the development of the 20 rocket systems and spacecraft to guarantee at least one successful landing, the peak funding was in 1967 building on up and it was 3.5% to four percent of the available budget.

host: discretionary spending, three percent to four percent. half -- 3.5%and a to four percent. host: what is it today? 0.5% net -- 0.5% and it has been for a long time. howing on the moon is complicated is going to be and , and ier people feel feel, when they first land on the surface. we will build up their accommodations, their laboratories, there have her cat -- their habitat before they land. i know a lot of people are going

to say, that's not the way we americans do that. i think the chinese would stay there. i think the russians would stay there. on -- taying guest: that is right, they are there for life. host: on mars? guest: right. and instead of justifying why we do that on mars, we will turn around and say, all right, we will bring those people back. back, they crossed the next people going. the people it trained these people were professionals. and those professionals watched everything those people were doing while they were there, and then they trained the next group . there is not a question when

these people come back as to their training the next people. they have already been trained. the question i would ask the skeptics -- what exactly are you with the human beings, hopefully americans, that the world has spent liens of dollars, the united states has spent liens of dollars of dollarsbillions putting them on the surface of the moon as the pioneering human ?eings the first human beings on another planet, what are we going to do to help defray the ongoing expenses that the world, that the united states, invested in those people? they going to go around and talk to every kindergarten in the country? are they going to play golf? are they going to write their memoirs?

life, in my estimation, is going to be miserable. because that is all they are going to do is talk about it, talk about it. they can do that from mars. it's a one-way communication because of the time difference. but i have yet to have somebody come up and tell me what we would do with the first people that land that would justify the additional expense and time to set up a return system to take with you to launch rockets, the fuel. i have given this an awful lot of thought. i will not be around to be a candidate. but i suspect there will come a when an applicant for an astronaut will sign something to spend thees

rest of his life on mars. he can change his mind and we will find another job for him. we have a lot of people lined up to talk to you. the 45thrking anniversary, july 25, 1969, of the first lunar landing. virginia, kent, you're on the air. caller: good morning, sir. i want to ask you, as far as going to mars, what role do you think private business would play, and what nations would you have cooperate with us to go to mars? and i also want to say i enjoyed your role on the "big bang theory" and it was very enjoyable. host: --guest: thank you. the nations that are capable of contributing at first, this will happen first at the moon. we have already been to the moon.

we know an awful lot about it. were we to compete with the other nations, they are less to be theallow us lunar development authority that gathers together the other .ations it's very important that we have a working relationship with china. beyonder earth orbit and , human spaceflight, peaceful ,urposes, it is sort of a trial highly visible to the world, the two nations can work together. july isember that next 'se 40th anniversary of apollo .ole use in 1975

that was a pretty warm part of the cold war, with missiles pointed at each other. it was called "mutually assured yet, theon," and administrator of nasa will only went to the moon -- when we went to the moon was a major person behind pushing for this joint mission with the russians. thinkt think many people that was a mistake. i think it paved the way for more acceptable relations later on. going back to landing first on the moon, the russians wanted to do that, but they didn't. we gradually caught up with them after mercury and gemini, with all of the things that we did .uring that

it was clear that we were leading them. however, they had the capability of sending one cosmonaut around the moon, and they knew what we were going to do on apollo eight. they did not have the rocket successfully to be able to do that, but it was because of that, that we accelerated the first mission to orbit the moon ahead of what the schedule was going to be. the first time a cruise on a big rocket, they orbited the moon. ae second time we ever put spacecraft -- a crew on a spacecraft, it was a very bold achievement. host: let's go back to that recording in 1969 and hear that famous comment recorded right your colleague, neil armstrong.

[video clip] >> the vehicle -- the eagle has landed. thermstrong has landed on moon. 38-year-old american standing on the surface of the moon. on this july 20, 1969. ,> it is one small step for man one giant leap for mankind. >> it is beautiful. >> it's much like the desert of the heat -- like the high desert of the united states. it's very different, but pretty. >> congratulations. >> you are cleared for takeoff.

>> [indiscernible] >> beautiful, very pretty. very quiet ride. >> apollo 11, apollo 11. buzz aldrin, you were listening to that, smiling, you know, gesturing at a couple of moments. what did you remember? guest: i remember mike collins , "when you step on the moon, what are you going to say? have you thought about that?" , he said,n his usual

well, i think about it -- i'll think about it when we land successfully. [laughs] host: how did he come up with a? guest: i don't know. i thought for a good while that the intelligence person and traveled with us around the , boardfter the flight had beengen, consulted by the crew of apollo eight when on christmas eve, they read from genesis, a very moving decision. i think he was into mental in that. i asked him if he had anything to do with -- he was instrumental in that. i asked him if he had anything to do with neil's words, and he didn't answer. host: here is a tweet. what was it like during an

apollo liftoff from her? what did you see and feel? did you ever feel anything like that on earth? since then, -- before, i had lifted off in a titan mission in the last gemini program. i think a lot of people had seen movies taken of the shuttle people when they go up, and they are shaking all over. saturn lifted off so smoothly. we had instruments that told us , andre leaving the ground voice transmissions, but feel it leaving a ground -- the ground, we both commented afterwards we were not somehow attached to the ground anymore. hunting ofhe sort of

guidance, but if you look at the movies at liftoff, it was so smooth and those engines were moving at all. host: let's go to marion new castle, delaware. mary, good morning to you. you are on the air with buzz aldrin. all right, let me move on to lidia in woodstock, illinois. independent color. caller: we have beautiful image of the liftoff, except with the challenger spacecraft. i happen to know prior to that launch, that engineers were trying to have that launch postponed. it was postponed several times. they knew that the whole rate was not going to hold up with the cold temperatures. was reported in the newspaper, probably the "chattanooga times."

if they knew at the time that was a problem the liddy, why did they -- that was a possibility, go ahead?ey those engineers were not being listened to and that launch took place, and that teacher was not the person mr. reagan wanted her to be. get aok, lidia, let's response from mr. aldrin. the action board is by very capable people and they look into all aspects. they have that responsibility. i'm sorry to say that to second guess a decision that's made only resistance -- only raises s that are similar to

"we didn't go to the moon" or there" green men here or or the paddle that was illuminated out the window was a ufo. it was not. and yet, people take an inkling of something and carry it on. , buterstand the concern the o-rings were the cause of the accident. , theysegments of rocket were recovered afterwards. they were dragged through salt water to florida. they disassembled them, string ,hem out, but them on a flatbed saw the wayand they

at 40 miles an hour where they put them back into utah and tied them back on, and from that time on, everything close to those segments were treated as hazardous material, even the whole building. i have really never been a fan motorsd rocket associated with human spaceflight. you cannot shut them off once they are started. you have to pull away from whatever the thrust is. and i'm told that when they blow banghey blow up with a big than hydrogen and oxygen. anust think it was inappropriate implementation of president bush's vision for

space exploration after the columbia accident that left us with three shuttles. the accident board said the foam did it. we know that means the ice and the foam struck the wing. but president bush said, just finishe accident board, the space station. retire the opera der -- the orbiter at the end of 2010, because this dangerous mission. we will give you seven years to come up with a replacement. and they said, don't look crew and cargo together on the launch vehicle. i didn't understand what "on the launch vehicle" meant. i was afraid it open the door to what had been studied of putting the crew on the solid rocket and

everything else, and i didn't agree with that. and i told to admirals. -- two admirals that i didn't agree, the accident board chief, and ahead of expiration of nafta -- nasa. host: we will go to dan that, independent color. in massachusetts. caller: good morning. i really love this show. it's a pleasure to be talking to mr. aldrin right there. when i was five years old, i remember the moon landing, asking my dad -- what is that on tv echo and he says, -- what is that on tv? and he said, that is a man on the moon, and i couldn't believe it. it changed my life. buzz aldrin has got to be one of the greatest patriots in the world, with the other nasa astronauts. to risk their lives to get on

board these rockets that he was just talking about, the solid rockets. you got to be so brave. dan, buzz aldrin is saying we didn't have solid rockets, one of thelling you bravest americans. the risen one time when the head of operations brought 30 people into a room and he says, i want to tell you guys that no one who is not in this room right now is going to be on the first landing. it will be from the people here. and i think all of you are qualified to do that and it's just going to be determined by the sequence. now, without going in a lot of detail, 1960 7, 1968, lunar

5 --e five -- 1, 2, 3, 4, was overweight. it was not going to be a lander. the first landing was going to be lunar module six in the middle of october, 1969. it didn't turn out that way because the manager said, i want to reduce the weight on my spacecraft, on number five. he was given approval and he did , and it changed the course of space history. host: at what point did you and mike collins and neil armstrong know that apollo 11 was going to be the first landing? guest: it was known when they started deciding, because that clearance for number five had before.been made i think they flew seven, the first command flight module, and then apollo eight, the first fligro