the end of the war. and in part because it was a union base and garrison town in the last year and a half of the war, it allows a number of individuals from the north to come to chattanooga and began exploiting the resources that are in this greater chattanooga region. even before the war was over, chattanooga's industrial segment of its economy that was beginning to grow just before the civil war actually gets reinvigorated in the closing months of the war, and then will boom in the late 1860's and 1870's. then willr, and boom in the late 1860's and 1870's. we are located right now and what is known as orchard knob, or more specifically the orchard knob reservation of chickamauga

and chattanooga national military park, one of several small areas that are part of the missionary ridge battlefield of the larger chickamauga and chattanooga national military park. the veterans will come together and get congress to establish in andst of 1890 chickamauga chattanooga national military park as the first such public area in the united states. subsequently, battlefields at antietam, shiloh, gettysburg, and vicksburg will be created in the first era of preservation and commemoration of the civil war, on the very ground where it occurred. today, this national military park, with its units at the chickamauga battlefield, on lookout mountain, the small areas preserved here on missionary ridge still tells this story, a vital story in the course of our nation's history, an important part of deciding how the civil war turned out.

you can read about our countries but here youoks, can walk some of the very ground where those decisions were made. even though here on the chattanooga battlefield today you are mostly in an urban environment, you can still stands near to where ulysses s. grant stood. look at that profile of missionary ridge. a little bit about the difficulties he faced in dealing with the confederates on that formidable piece of terrain . amazed, whenng, union troops charged up that steep slope. you can drive along crest road and see the monuments markers along missionary ridge. how those union troops could charge up the steep slopes of missionary ridge. c-span friday night,

examines the history of the civil rights movement with a tour of the medgar evers house, the 1917 race riots in st. louis, martin luther king possible at her from birmingham jail, the bombing of the 16th street baptist church, and more, next friday. union victory at antietam in 1862, president abraham lincoln wrote an order freeing all slaves in the states rebelling against the union, known as the preliminary emancipation proclamation. it's the only surviving copy of the document written in president lincoln's on hand. c-span got a look at the new york state exhibit on the proclamation. he begins, i, abraham lincoln, president of the united states of america and commander in chief of the army and navy thereof, do hereby proclaim and

declare that hereafter and , the war will be prosecuted for the object of practically restoring the constitutional relation between the united states and each of the states and the people in which that relation is or may be suspected or disturbed. if they did not return to the then, he would in 1863 free enslaved people, enslaved in the states in rebellion. wanted toy, lincoln figure out a way to have a strong legal argument to support emancipation. and by focusing the emancipation proclamation on the states in rebellion, he was able to make it a matter of his extraordinary powers in war as president. he made an important political

decision, because there were slaves in the states that were controlled by the union, and territories controlled by the union. proclamationion concerns those in the states in rebellion. i was part of lincoln strategy, to have a strong legal foundation for issuing the emancipation proclamation, and part of his strategy to make unionhe public in the understood he was acting based on the need to win the civil war. out of what is powerful about the document is that it is not particularly poetic. when you read it, it is written entirely legalistic prose, different from the gettysburg address or the second inaugural address, where you really see poetry toing almost convey a message. this document is much more legalistic, because lincoln understood it might be subject to legal challenge, and that part of what he was trying to do

was demonstrate that he was fromg with legal authority his war powers. and so he needed the document to read in that legalistic way. one of the things i want to point out about the document -- one is that you have the power of seeing the document in lincoln's on hand. you have the places where lincoln crossed out text and replaced it with other text. originally, he was describing the executive government of the united states will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons. so he crossed out "during the continuance in offense of the present incumbent. " making aee lincoln judgment about how he wanted to characterize a commitment being made in this document. over here, you have places where pasted actually cut and

text from the confiscation act. over the wordust ninth, at you have what looks to be fingerprints, which we assume is lincoln's fingerprint as a result of the paste he used to attach those excerpts to the document. at the end, you can see abraham lincoln's signature, as well as the signature of the secretary of state. powerfulsomething very about being so close to a was created by lincoln, this heroic figure in american history. the other thing that is powerful about the document, i think, at this moment in american history, trajectory,ws the the trajectory of american

history that begins with the declaration of independence, and this assertion of equality, which was not reflected in the reality of the time. you have the course of american history, where there is this evolution, where slavery is ultimately abolished, where african men at first are given the right to vote. the women are given the right to vote. you have the civil rights movement, which is also highlighted in the exhibit. you have the trajectory of american history. it is powerful to see the preliminary emancipation proclamation as part of that trajectory, fulfillment of at least part of the promise of the declaration of independence. giveneech by dr. king was 100 years after the preliminary emancipation proclamation to honor the centennial of the document. in the speech, king talks about the need to fulfill the promise of the emancipation proclamation, the need to honor the notion of emancipation by providing true equality.

the speech was given at the sheraton in new york. i am sure there was a lot of energy in the room, but also probably a real awareness on the part of people in the room of the gap between the condition of american life and the condition and thean americans, lofty promise of the declaration of independence in the emancipation proclamation. one of my favorite lines -- it is not clear if he actually used this and when he delivered the speech, but it is present in the draft. there is something like, we do not have as much time as the patients that caution would give us. because itline captures the urgency of the moment. it is in such contrast with the rest of the exhibit, in the sense that the emancipation proclamation is thought of as freeing the slaves, but freedom is not real unless you have true

equality. that is the point that king is making. the time is late. it has already been 100 years since the emancipation proclamation. and yet still african americans do not have the full range of rights and freedoms as other citizens. when king is speaking, that is before the civil rights act and the voting rights act. there is progress that follows that speech. king really is capturing, i think, an important part about american history, and the extent to which america had, even by 1962, not yet fulfilled the promise of the declaration of independence. will believe with conviction we have work to do to fulfill the promise of america, but that all the things that are right with america, that have been accomplished over american history, can be the source of

energy that drives us forward and provide greater opportunity for all the citizens. >> strong vincent was a pennsylvania attorney who joined the union military at the outbreak of the civil war. an army colonel, he was killed in the battle of gettysburg. c-span spoke with historian william garvey about the life and death of strong vincent. >> this is a great story of a patriot. strong vincent was born around 1837. the family moved in from waterford, the county seat. his family was well-off. father is a successful manufacturer. at age 14, a good example of the kind of person he was -- he

decided he had enough of school. he said to his father, i do not want to go to school anymore. i want to be active. i want to be involved. that is book learning. idleather said, nobody is around me. you are going to work at the foundry. after two years at the foundry, he decided maybe that is not what he wanted to do. he ended up working for his father in the finance department, and now realized he needed education. and so he went off to ultimately harvard. he was a very good student, but not an outstanding one. he was about in the middle of his class. he however was everybody's friend. everybody wanted to get to know him. he was one of these natural .eaders that is likable people are drawn to him. he is decisive. he is personable. he is a gentleman. when he came out, he became a

lawyer. moved back to. -- to erie. suddenly, the civil war broke out. patriot, he knew there was only one thing he could do. the first regiment he got involved in, from erie, pennsylvania, went to pittsburgh. they were only serving for three months, and they were mustered out after three months. he came home. most people would have felt he did his duty. but a new regimen was being so he joinede, that regiment. he writes to his wife shortly before the climactic radel at gettysburg that if he were to die, he could imagine no greater defensean to die in the of the united states flag. no greater glory than to die on the soil of pennsylvania, in the half of this great flag.

the war was not going well, as you know. lee hoped for one big victory. vincent was part of need -- meade's army that was trying to get between lee and washington in 1863. his climactic battle was developing, although nobody expected it to occur in gettysburg. 1863, the armies collided, by mistake, actually. neither one expected to be fighting there. elements ran into each other in a small town. the second day -- this is the climactic moment of vincent's life, and i believe the battle of gettysburg. he saw a man on a horse grant orders, looking frantically for a commander to give the orders to, because little round top,

which was the site of the confederate attack, although no one was sure that was going to be the case -- it was the end of the union line. it was absolutely undefended. one of the people in meade's command saw it was uncovered and sent orders to cover it immediately. but the person who brought the orders could not find the man he was supposed to give it to. franticallyhim riding around, looking for the guy, and said, what are your orders? did me your orders. the orders were to defend the top. he said, i will take the responsibility of defending that men,and he moves his over a thousand, to the top of little round top. at the very moment the confederates come out of what was called devil's den, ready to attack, there was vincent, putting his men into position on the top. they attack only minutes after vincent puts his men into

position. his placing of those men without the orders -- he did it on his own. it it without any authority. save the day. act thethose guys beat attack. however, unfortunately, the confederate attack was fierce, and part of the line began to buckle. this was late in the afternoon on the second. vincent sees that part of his line was starting to cave in. rushed over to that side. he had his riding crop in his hand. he does not have a sword. he has his wife's riding crop from the horse. he was standing on a rock, saying to his man, hold your position. he had the riding crop in the air. and he was a perfect target for a sniper. and they nailed him with a shot in the andaman that proved fatal a couple days later.

joshua chamberlain, who had been under vincent -- they had developed a very close friendship -- who was in charge of one end of that line, took over when vincent was mortally wounded. he did not die right away. he was carried to the back. tamerlan took over. later in the afternoon, within the next hour, chamberlain saw that his men were lame -- were running out of ammunition. he knew in another charger to -- two, they might break through. chamberlain decides, our only choice is to attack. menives the order for his to charge down the hill with bayonets. they were running out of ammunition. he charges down the hill. they come down, screaming and yelling. tired from a long day's march

and then the fight, they see the man coming at them, and they panicked and ran. chamberlain goes on, by the way, to live for another 40, 50 years. he becomes a political figure. he becomes a governor. he becomes a college president. he tells the story over and over. he lives to tell the story. vincent, who died and whose body was eventually brought home, was a hero in erie. the story wasld, not as dramatic as chamberlain's charge down the hill. we had a celebration in 1995 of erie's history, a bicentennial of the community. none of our goals was to

remember some of the heroes of the community. vincent was a hero we thought had been somewhat forgotten. except for the high school named after him, there was no memorial to him around the community. so we decided to build one. that is what you see behind us. vincent has a wonderful career ahead of him. he was a natural leader, a wealthy man, a lawyer by profession. he would have become a major hero -- leader in this community. he could have easily avoided serving in the way i have already explained, but three times, he goes back. that is the kind of patriotism, the kind of commitment to country, the kind of commitment to the cause that every country needs. he was an example or -- an exemplar to people who believe the cause is more important than an individual's interest. to theare critical young. he rose and history are critical

to point the way to others. because if we are not willing to give him the half of the common behalf of the in the common good, we soon have no common good. [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2014] >> martin luther king's letter from birmingham jail, the bombing of the 16th street apt his church, and more. friday, august 22, on c-span. was a confederate propagandist who worked in england to build support for the confederate cause. an interview with the writer of a book containing some of the writings of henry hotze. he lived 53 years, but we

know nothing about his first 20 years, nor his last one the years. 1855-1865,e, tremendous record of the confederate military, foreign service, mobile politics, and all kind of different things. basically a journalist at heart. he is foreign-born. once to the south, where he is a prominent speaker of racial and military issues. he uses his journalistic style during the war as a propagandist. a sickly, he is in europe, trying to convince european powers to join the war effort against the union. ageame to america at about 15. we do not know if he is behind -- by himself. earlyin alabama by the

1850's. this man has a knack for meeting important people and using these people in his career as mentors, later as contacts. knott once this a tutor neartze, montgomery, to translate a famous book on race into english. this book was written in france. to translate hotze this book, a racial account that talks about how races are inherently unequal and can never be equal. why is that important? because in the south, people ideaknott would like that to take hold. then they can justify slavery. old, is only 20 years translates the book, but basically hijacks the book.

he writes an introduction that is over 100 pages, in which this young man puts his own ideas about racial issues, and puts his own spin on racial issues, which is odd for a young man like this. but that kind of introduces to more people in mobile, and he starts to move in these circles. this translation that is called the moral and intellectual diversity of races -- she comes to mobile in 1856. after the translation comes out, to mixed reviews, he goes into local politics in mobile. he for a while works as a secretary to a foreign ministry, a man appointed minister to belgium. lands a job as a secretary to the litigation. -- legation. he comes back to work for "the

mobile register." fororks under john forsythe "the mobile register" for a couple of years in the middle of the 1860 election. the editor is gone so much, campaigning for stephen douglas, hotze fairly well takes over the paper, and for a young man does a good job. it is odd for the south, but mobile was a fairly moderate location. mobile voted for stephen douglas, the more moderate person in the campaign, mainly because mobile is full of northerners at the time. it is a merchant center. we did not grow cotton, but cotton shipped from upstate came through mobile. lots of northerners lived here. mobile was more moderate during the secession crisis.

hotze basically carries out the policies of forsyth, promoting stephen douglas. a lot of people -- it is writing for john forsythe in the 1860's. john forsythe owned and operated "the mobile register" for over 40 years. his father, john forsythe senior -- forsyth county, georgia is named for him. jackson's is andrew secretary of state and served as governor twice. john forsythe of mobile is a national democratic party leader. he is very big in the campaign of douglas. he is douglas's campaign manager in alabama. he is big in the 1860 conventions in alabama and nationally. he takes a role in national democratic party politics. when the war -- the war is over, he will be a big reconstruction is all mostd it

like a mentorship relationship. he is only 24, 25 years old. tze is kind of a young protége. the men of town are impressed by his intellect, his ability. he is very notable, in that anywhere he goes, he stands out in a crowd. ott, wintersythe, kn a youngsee him as protége brown for bigger adventures. when the war breaks out ,hotze belongs to the mobile cadets, kind of a social organization, the affluent men of society of mobile. they would drill in annual parades, picnics, and of a social activity. the war breaks out. sent to richmond,

virginia, to set up camp alongside hamptons. in this case left us very good first-hand accounts of what they made. series of letters back to the paper. he talks about mundane things -- who came to visit, what gifts they got. a year later, when he is in europe, he rewrites the story. threeites a series called " months in the confederate army." coming intoaganda play, because it is the same story, that he knows there is a new audience, so he changes his focus. he starts to talk about the issues, like the justification

of secession. he talks about the legality of what they are doing. he talks about how the soldiers are aristocratic, trying to strike a chord with britain. in his second series, it is the same events, the same place, but you can see now he is talking to a broader audience with a different purpose, it seems like. when we talk about the civil war at the university of mobile, i tell my students that when the war starts, the best chance the south has that winning the war is in alliance with a european power. realizes this, as does the -- confederacy. tryingw mission, he is to get some recognition and intervention of european powers. in these early writings, he wants to convince the european populace of the justice of the cause. he wants to convince these folks

the south can win, first of all, hoping to sway the political leaders to recognize the confederacy, and hopefully in this case join in the war effort. in about three months of the gets bored.e he is trying to find some other assignment. they never go to battle, by the way. the cadets will later serve with distinction. but while he is there, it is pretty much clearing of brush, setting up camp, digging the trains. it is not glamorous work. in about two or three months, he gets tired of this. thetarts to call him connections, big guys in the confederate army now, and in political circles. he wants a new assignment. appointed in 1861, in the fall, to go to europe to try to speed up the purchasing of supplies.

they have sent guys like william yancey to work out some kind of deals to buy weapons, maybe supplies, whatever. it is going slow. he is sentenced -- to try to speed that up. when he sent there, being a journalist, he sees in the local papers all this anti-southern propaganda. it is going unchecked. there is no confederate voice. he comes back to america, goes to richmond. he goes to the administration gall,hat i think is great tells the guys come out we need this person to be a propaganda agent, and i have got the person -- it's me. they fall for it. go1862, he is appointed to back to europe as a commercial agent, but his task is to pretty much judge appeared -- opinion and try to slay opinion in europe of the war. after the first battle of bull run, in the south, there is

expectation these guys are about to jump in. early on, the south believes it is a done deal. they believe, for example, there is no way britain won't take a chance at weakening a rival. if they could weaken the northern u.s., that is a trading rival. king cotton diplomacy is a familiar term. the south is convinced that if they threaten to shut off the supply of cotton, the british would come running in a heartbeat to come join the cause. it never happened in this way, because the british leadership could never find it in their interest to do so. it was never worth risking war with america to help the self. it's a three-year story. it's an ingenious plan. the papers of the day have editorials they call leaders. they are unsigned. all these leaders are pretty much anti-southern.

america, every newspaper was a partisan paper. the prime minister has his own paper. makes contact, as he always does. there is a line about how good he is about passing out cigars and whiskey. he makes contact with the writers of these papers. he will write editorials that are pro-southern. he will give these to british writers. they will sell these to the london papers. they come out in the london papers. it looks like, to the british public, these are londoners writing these things. from mobile writing pro-southern editorials that are now being placed in british papers. the person reading that paper thanks, my countrymen feel this way. guyit is this southern riding unsigned editorials with a southern point of view. in the paper, he has got several basic themes. the paper, as i say, runs for three years, every week, but

this seems almost never change. his first big theme is telling the british of the material advantage it would be to support the confederacy. what we said a while ago about the cotton trade weakening america's trading rival -- he wants to tell the population that it is a great advantage to support the confederacy. he would also talk about the blockade. the blockade was a sore spot with many europeans, as you are blockading the south. that is where their cotton trade comes through. the blockade, how illegal it is. and should the british put up with it? he would then talk about battles, accurate accounts you could not find in mobile. in southern papers, it is always exaggerated victories. when you do more studies, never use newspapers. they are so biased.

his are fairly accurate. he would talk about things like, eventually, race. as the war -- which is the topic of me minute -- as the war became more hopeless, he becomes more racist in his writings. he realizes slavery is gone, but he starts talking about, if slavery leaves, there is still this basis for separation based on race. rulent,ry viral and -- vi we would view it disgusting, racial things, which goes back to this translation work from years ago. >> how was it received? >> very badly. this was one of the reasons europe never got in the war. 18 63, when lincoln issues the emancipation proclamation, that almost guarantees britain will not join the war. 33, written has already abolished slavery. britain is a wage earning, factory working society.

there is not much chance they are going to help the south if doing so promotes slavery, excess they are anti-slavery. becomes more and more racial, i think it is a desperation move, and he loses the credibility he had. in the book, i conclude that there is a danger in what he says. this is another strange story. when the war ends, he never comes back to america. for the next 20 years of his life, he vanishes once again. we know he married. think, he dies in, i 1884. not much is known about him. years later, there is a guy named ludwig sherman in germany. -- in england,k race war.ed it is later lauded by the nazis as a primer on race.

which do not cease thought was a good example, so much so that sherman is later presented a medal by the nazis for his work on race -- he includes writings of hotze. here is the connection. this guy from mobile, writing on race, is later referenced in german works that are later praised by the nazis, who of course are the all-time infamous proponents of racial inequality. words -- what we write, what we say, can be dangerous. this sentiment is a dangerous sentiment. i do contend the south had little chance of losing this war, if it is a long more, unless they get an ally. to that extent, the work hotze tried to do as far as gaining recognition is valuable. if that had worked, there might have been a different outcome early on. who knows. that is a speculation.

the other thing is the racial part. as the war becomes hopeless, you see not just hotze but a lot of folk in the self inking toward that postwar world. slavery has been that legal 200 years for almost at this point. they realize that is going away. slavery is dead. they still believe there should be some kind of separation. they could use works like hotze to justify that separation. again, very dangerous. that, >> the civil war history

continues on c-span. the slave mart exam. -- museum. trading hubs in the south. a tour of the slave mart with nicole green, director of what is today the old slave mart museum. >> we are sitting in the former sales room of the auction complex. we are on the second floor, but originally this building did not have a second floor. it was just a long, narrow building that was part of a complex of four buildings that made up ryan smart. -- ryan's mart. port of entry for enslaved africans coming into what is now the united states.

about 40% of all enslaved africans coming into this centuryin the 18th entered through the port of charleston. the transatlantic slave trade was abolished in 1808, although there was smuggling. the domestic slave trade, since the majority of enslaved people who were sold here were american-born. were the children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren of enslaved africans, brought here against their will generations before. in 1856, when we see the first advertised slave sale, a 20-year-old woman -- this building was not even here. if you look at the walls around us, you will notice this is actually a mallee. intos an alley that led the auction complex. the main building was a four story jail or baruch -- barracks.

two-storyalso a structure used as a kitchen. there was also a smaller structure in the southwest corner of the lot that was described as a dead house or a morgue. if a slave trader knew there was an enslaved person in that jail that was sick, they would remove that persons of this other structure so as not to infect the larger population. thousands of enslaved people were sold here between 1863. the largest slave sale that i know about was 256 enslaved people. dollars, an enslaved man who was in the prime of his life, very strong and able bodied, could be sold for, today, about $35,000. of course, if you had a special trade or skill, you would be worth more.

enslaved people had to be prepared for sale, especially if they had traveled from a great distance. person -- let's say they were coming from richmond, virginia. it could take a long time. by the time they got here to ryan's mart, they would not be in any condition to be sold. they would be bruised, probably, with the shackles and chains they had been wearing, especially the men, who were shackled the entire time. very thin, dirty. they were in no position to be sold on the auction block. a potential buyer would not want to purchase them. so, arriving at a place like this, this auction complex,

thomas ryan and later mr. oakes would have a staff of black and white enslaved and free people to get those people who were coming to be sold ready for the auction block. enslaved people were fed really well before auction, trying to fatten them up. they would also be provided water here to watch themselves. and sometimes, they would also or some otheroil kind of oil, and encouraged her to rub that into their skin. healthier, andar their muscles would look more defined, and they would look bulked up. all of that would happen. the last thing that had happened was, people had to find out when the auction was going to happen. placed inld have been the local papers.

and some of those larger slave auctions would be advertised throughout the southeast. if you were a slave trader in the south and someone said ryan's mart, they would know where you were talking about. -- you wouldle think they would not have any agency. they would not have any power in a situation like this. maybe as they stood on auction no power. they knew they were going to be sold, but they had things they did. if there was an enslaved man who , and athe auction block potential buyer started bidding on him, a potential buyer who he knew of, maybe he was start speaking up and saying, if you buy me, i will work for you. i will work very hard for you, sir. and maybe start bragging about

how strong he was, or how skilled he was. and maybe even try to encourage buyer buyer to purchase his wie and child also. weres not because they happy with their lot in life or happy about being enslaved or content, this man was trying to keep his family together, and he was going to do anything and say anything to achieve that. the last advertised slave sale in november, 1863. 1936 that until miriam will some -- wilson purchased the building. she knew, and many people knew, this was a place where enslaved people were sold. and she wanted to open this

building as a museum. she established the old slave mart museum in 1937. and opened, i believe in march of this year, opened this building as the first african-american museum in the country. next friday night, c-span examines the history of the civil rights movement, with a tour of the medgar evers house in jackson, mississippi, the 1917 race riots in st. louis, martin luther king's letter from birmingham jail, the bombing of the 16th street baptist church, and more. marty young is the director of the pioneer heritage center at louisiana state university in shreveport. he gave c-span a tour of a doctors office from the civil war era and some of the surgical

tools used at the time. >> we are in our dr.'s office at the heritage center. pioneermedicine is -- medicine is a long stretch from where it is today. modern medicine has evolved over a short time, whereas pioneer medicine kind of stayed stagnant for a while, without a lot of changes. doingere still bloodletting, using leeches, doing things modern medicine has found upon. we know some of those have come full circle as well. things that wee take for granted today when we things likerk for, the instruments being as germ-free as possible, or the dr. has washed his hands before

he decides to work on us. the tools are sterilized. modern painkillers. anesthetics. a lot of these things were nowhere even on the radar yet for these doctors that were practicing. we use the term loosely for doctors when we are talking early medicine. a lot of doctors in our region were self-taught, or had worked under somebody else who had been self-taught. we were getting ready to retire. they would just learn as they went. this would be the room you would come into for possibly a tooth pulling, if they were going to take councils out, if they were going to remove an appendix, if they were going to deliver a baby, if you were going to do when i exam. -- do an eye exam. warmer weather, better days, people would sit outside and wait. middleas cold and nasty, of winter, everybody could easily be crammed into the exam room, with maybe just a sheet pulled across the patient.

of any was not that huge important thing for them to have to have when you went to the doctor. other things that would make it scary to come to the doctor during this time your time is, if you look at the exam table, the exam table is all metal. his is a mental exam table with a sterile -- exam table. would they sterilize it? no. would there be clean paper like we imagine today? no. manikin on here, but under our manikin is a groove bent into the center tray of the -- exam table. that groove runs into a pan which is called the blood pan and the blood groove. if the doctor was doing work, the blood would run around the side of the patient, under his back, into that groove, and into the pay him. the smaller pan would allow the larger panel on the floor. , do the surgery was done

they sterilize it? no. bucket of water and a rag. they would wash it off. that would be about as clean as they would get it, and the same for their tools. a good doctor would have a wash basin for washing their hands and a basin and a bar of soap. the soap was not antibacterial. it was basically homemade lye soap, but it was better than nothing. they would wash up if they could, and then they would start to do their work. nothing to render you unconscious for surgery. there is nothing to give you for paying. what we would call really good painkillers -- morphine had not been invented yet. been invented yet. let's say our manikin was breaking horses and was thrown and was landed wrong. wrotee landed, he maybe his light. we know it is broken, because his foot is pointing the wrong direction.

they bring him into the doctor's office, maybe seven miles on a bumpy road with him bouncing around in the back of the wagon. anddoctor looks at him gives him his best medical opinion. he goes, yes, it's broken. the doctor says, the first thing is we will have to try to get his boots off. our manikin does not have his boots on. to remove the boots, first thing you would have to do is rotate the leg back into the right position. that would just entail the ,octor rotating the leg back with him screaming and hollering the entire time. something else the doctors would do that they don't do today is, he would ask his buddies that brought him, i am going to need your help. their job would be to pin him to the table while the doctor did his work. let's say i was the person who brought him in. my job would be to do this and pin him to the table while the doctor rotated that put back into the right position.

the doctor gets ready to take his boot off. bag, andround in his he might just pull his pocket knife out and go to cut the leather on the boot. he may moan and groan and ask the why not cut his boots off? it may be the only pair of shoes he has. the doctor would have to decide whether to cut the boots off or go by his wishes. he would manage to manage -- wrestle the boot loose. leg is all bloody. the bone has been exposed through the skin. the dr. does his best. no painkillers, no x-ray. the doctor has to set the bone.

the only way he knows how can be the first effort will be, he will take the heel and foot and apply pressure and poll and see if he can pull the bone under the skin. somewhat, but doesn't work as well as it should. what is he going to do? he is going to take his fingers and put pressure on the broken own and push it back to the hole in the skin. he is going to rotate the bone until he thinks he feels the bones come together. at that point he is going to bandage it up. no plaster cast at this time. he is going to splint it. this involves two boards. two boards, one on each side of the leg. the wound would be bound. he would take the boards, laid them -- lay them side-by-side.

tightly wrapped the board on and that will become the cast. within 10 days, maybe a little longer, the house starts getting a foul order. there may be flies. the biggest fear is it has gotten infected. an infection was not something he wanted to get. with gangrene sitting in, they didn't have antibiotics. you hadn't hope your body was strong enough to fight it off. curefection set in, the was imputation. would say, i was afraid it would happen. one reason was the doctor had his fingers in the wound. but he had to do what he had to do. now the infection is there. the doctor would have to come

above the area and remove the lake. the first imputation would be at the knee. they would come up the mid part of the thigh and you something -- and imputation get. amputation kit. most doctors would be practiced and amputations, especially after the american civil war, because they had had many patients to work on. it was the root to go -- route to go. the first tool would be the scalpel. these are not nice and delicate. it is long and narrow with a sharp edge. the reason for the length is because the blade would to be pushed through the thigh. then they would take the bone

saw. small --saw is very has very small teeth. it would be used to saw through the bone. they waste -- would saw as close as they could. they would cut it higher than the flash and then folded over the bone. it and stitch it. that would make be stumped. you -- they would stitch it. that would make be stumped. but it was a very effective surgery done really. farmers.rs were tenant they were also what words -- was called saddlebag doctors. out and roam the countryside and go to small communities. we have a great example of what

the doctors would carry. not only with a have a saddlebag with the surgical kits in it, but we have a great example of a dr.'s kit with all the medicines he would have had and it needed. individually held by leather straps and whatnot. the bottles lean out. to doctors can gain access them. he would have kept spoons in smaller portions of medicines and whatnot. this would have all been closed by the dr. on horseback. this would be his medical bag. a lot of medicines were based -- opium.oa or sometimes they did not have true medical properties but they had -- made you feel good.

locally, and they would use for medicines, things like dandelions'twas great for when you are constipated. willow bark. you can boil it down and scrape the residue out of the pot. it was a great early painkiller. one of my favorites was a tree called tickle tongue. that is what they would use prior to dental work. it you can suck on it and it would make your mouth don't him. not as good as novocain but better than nothing. office and pharmacy was here. there were jars of ground-up powders and whatnot. he would make his own pills and medicines that way. the used to things that would grow naturally. some of them did have medicinal purposes and actually worked. some of them did not.

a lot of these recipes, they did not call them prescriptions, called for things that are poisonous. there are recipes that call for -- required three drops of hemlock. hemlock is very poisonous. there are several that call for crushed up buckeye seeds. buckeyes are poisonous. a little could cure you. a lot could kill you. he would have your -- his pharmacy, scales for measuring the powders and whatnot. this also was the dentist's office. dental work is one of the scariest things people would had to have done. we have our dental chair and double jewel -- dental drail. it is a drill that runs off a treadle.

ours is missing a few pieces. you would use foot power to get the belt turning. you can hear it, nice and squeaky. you can imagine the sound. that is what would cause the drillbit to turn to read the dentist would use that to drill your teeth. the dental chair is a true dental chair. and medical chair that would have been used. this was used around 1856. by a local doctor. south of town, here. trueblue medical chair. the reason we know this is by the design. and by its function. if you foot tunnel here, -- foot here, the chair can lean back and you get a lot of angle for the patient.

the absence ofs any arms. in order for the doctor to pull a tooth, he had to keep you as a mobile as he could. the patient would sit in the chair. the doctor would step over the patient in into the chair so he could work on the mouth. basically keep his body from moving around so much. pulling of teeth, like today but without the novocain. plyers weresed -- used. one of my favorite was a tool called a to ski. -- tooth key. it consists of a handle, shaft, and hook. iswill imagine the fingertip the end of a tooth or read hang this at the edge of the tooth and rotate it around.

using just manpower, you would rotate the tooth out of the gum line. we always hear about george washington having wooden teeth. they weren't always wooden. mathe years went by, they de dentures and false teeth. if we look, we have ivory teeth. or porcelain. porcelain was used, too. the unique thing about these is they are toxic. the base that they made and used, they use lead. you poppies in your mouth. your mouth. in you are feeling sickly. told -- he tells you to stay off your feet for a few

days. you won't wear your dentures while you are in bed. you sit -- set them on the table. you get to feeling better and put your teeth back in. you feel sick again. you can get lead poisoning just from wearing your dentures. we talked about the doctors. regionally, when you look at if we go 1849, the records show there were only 87 doctors in the western half of louisiana. when youretty scarce talk about a whole state. the doctors, we talked about them moving around. they were much needed. we always tell the kids on the tour is, the next time you go to your doctor, be sure to shake himor her hand and tell her -- him or her thank you.

>> in 1857, the supreme court ruled that black people were >> in 1857 the supreme court ruled 7-2 that black people were citizens. rule against dred scott, a slave who had sued for his freedom. a look at the role of the old st. louis courthouse in the dred scott decision. >> i have asked myself, why is it important to have a historic structure? to preserve a historic structure? you can read about the history. you get that little moment where you are thinking, wow. that is really amazing. this event happened right where i am standing. that is the value of the structure.pture -- you get the connection between

people walking around today and thinking their own pots, and suddenly, they can jump into the past. have some sort of connection with people from the past. we are in st. louis's old courthouse, a building that since 1930 butd it is an historic building that has been preserved to tell a little about st. louis's history. this courthouse is known for dred scott sued for his freedom. that freedom suit launched in 1846 went to the u.s. supreme court, which in 1857 decided that they would be held as slaves and continue to be slaves. it was a decision that was very broad. it said that people couldn't be

restricted from taking their slaves into federal territories any longer so it opened up the western territories to the possibility of slavery. it was one of the main deciding factors in leading the nation on on a path toward civil war. there were a lot of other things that happened, the kansas/nebraska act. all kinds of things going on at the same time, roughly in the late 1850's. any one of those, you could say, well, it is one of the place where is the civil war really began, where the roots of the civil war are. long before the first gun was fired at fort sumpter in south carolina, there were many things leading the country on the road to civil war and one of the was the case heard in this building the case of dread and harriet scott.

it is told on this large level as someone sues and it is a deciding factor of the civil war. the people themselves get lost in the story. dred scott was a st. louisian. he came here and lived here. he was born probably in the late 1790's, early 1800's and he was born on a plantation by a family named blow. they moved and they took dred scott with him and tried to make a go on another plantation and failed there. they moved to st. louis and bought a hotel and tried to do a different type of work to make their living. they found that they needed

ready cash so they sold dred scott after they arrived here in st. louis in the 1830's. dred was purchased by a doctor emerson who was a physician working with the u.s. army. dr. emerson was posted in many different places but two of them are the things that resulted in the suit of the scotts later on. one was fort armstrong, which is in the state of illinois, which was not supposed to have slavery because of the northwest ordinance. another was the territory of wisconsin, today minnesota. so dred scott was taken to these places, held as a slave there, even though slavery was illegal in those places and brought back to st. louis. while he was at fort snelling,

he met a woman named harriet robinson who was enslaved to another officer at the fort. dr. emerson purchased her and allowed the scotts to marry, legally, which is unusual at the time. dred and harriet scott return to st. louis, they had two children, both daughters. after a time, dr. emerson passed away. mrs. emerson was asked by the scotts whether they might be able to purchase their freedom from her. it was something, especially in urban slavery that wasn't that unusual. she refused. she was not interested in selling the scott family. so they decided based on the fact that they were still being held as slaves and held in

bondage to sue for their freedom. they entered this courthouse in 1846. each one had their own petition. it wasn't just dred, it was dred and harriet. the case came to trial here in this building in 1847. there was hearsay evidence introduced. it was a mistrial. they lost the first trial and they asked for another trial, which the judge granted. they were able to present the evidence successfully and the jury of all white male, 12 white males, probably some of them slave owners decided that dred and harriet scott should be free. the verdict that was rendered

was to give them their freedom. mrs. emerson didn't agree and she appealed the decision to the state supreme court, which they rendered their verdict. the slavery issue was heating up all over the nation. so the justices that were on the state supreme court, two were slave owners and they believed -- the trend was to free slaves that were taken to free territory. they thought it was wrong. slaves were property and to take a person's property away because a person had taken it to a certain area of the country was not a fair thing to do under the law. so they changed from the bench,

they legislatured, changing what the legal system was saying at that time in missouri, they were saying that the scotts would be returned to slavery. a new attorney named roswell fields and he talks to the scotts about a different strategy. he felt they could take their case to the federal district court here in st. louis. mrs. emerson remared and she transferred ownership of the scotts from herself to her brother. sanford was a resident of new york state at this time. the scotts were being held in bondage, technically by a man who lives in another state, a free state to boot. so he thought the strategy would be so the scotts could

sue sanford for their freedom. they lost but they appealed that case to the u.s. supreme court and that was the case that was heard by the supreme court in 1856 and again in 1857 when they actually rendered their decision. it is interesting that sanford, his name is on the case and he doesn't come into it until 1854 when they go to the federal courts. sanford is also a key player in we know the scotts were returned by the supreme court but they were set free in this room a couple months later. the way that happened was sanford died in new york state

and upon his death the ownership reverted to his sister and to her husband. he was an abolitionist and he was a sitting member of congress at this time. suddenly, he finds he's the owner of the most famous slaves in the united states just literally overnight. he wanted to divest himself of these slaves as quickly as he could before the press found out. he sold the scott family for a token dollar to taylor blow, one of the sons of the original family from the plantation where scott was born back in virginia. taylor blow brought them into this courtroom and set them free in 1857. so the scotts achieved the freedom that they had fought so long to obtain while still provoking this incredibly

important supreme court decision that led the country to the civil war, which eventually freed all of the slaves. dred did not live long after the decision was rendered. he died probably of tuberculosis a year after the case was decided. his wife lived until 1876 so she would have seen the civil war and freedom come along. a good share of their lives, the scotts lived here in st. louis. they died here. they are buried here. in many respects, we can say the scott family was st. louisians. their case started here and in many ways ended here, not with the decision in washington but with being set free. c-span examines the history

>> next friday night, c-span examines the history of the civil rights movement, with a tour of a house in jackson, mississippi. riots in st. louis, martin luther king's letter from birmingham jail. the 16th street baptist church, and more. all next friday at 8:00 p.m. on c-span.e david goldfeel is the author of the book, america aflame, how created a nation. he talked with c-span about the role of immigration and religion the runup to the civil war. david goldfield, in your book, you say the civil war is america's greatest failure why? >> it was a failure because we went to war. political failure

because the political process could not accommodate differing viewpoints on the major issues of the day. the major issues of the day were primarily slavery. in thelarly slavery western territories. secondly, immigration. believe it or not, americans were fighting over immigration in the 1850's just as much as we are fighting over immigration now. the fight over immigration was about the influx of irish catholics. , thesefound in my book issues are linked. anti-catholic, particularly anti-irish catholic emigration, and anti-slavery. both of these issues came together in a new political

party called the republican party. the republican party initially anti-party.as an one of the important things i would like to tell my students, don't confuse anti-slavery with pro-black. the republican party advertised itself as the white man's party. they wanted to ban slavery from the territories primarily because they did not want black slaves competing with white labor. if that were the case, then of course free labor, slave labor, would push out the working man. you have to pay wages to the working man but not the slave. the republican party advertised itself as the white working man's party. it was popular in the midwest in the cities of the northeast as well.

the second strain in the republican party was anti-catholic movement. in the early 1850's, a new political party appeared cold -- called the no-nothing party. this was in response to the irish immigration. the irish immigrated before the american revolution, but accelerated as british policy was impoverishing and otherwise reducing the irish to peasants. future for themselves, many were dying by famine. they decided to emigrate to america. the land of the free. when they got to america, unfortunately, they found there was a great deal prejudice against them. why? because they were roman catholic.

what does catholicism have to do with prejudice? according to some people, irish catholics owed their allegiance to the pope in rome, not to the president of the united states. a democracy, individual voters have to have the freedom to make up their own minds on political issues. the feeling was they would look to their priests, archbishops, and ultimately be pope for marching orders. i want to say and who to vote for. on what to say and who to vote for. this was considered un-american. that is totally false, but sometimes people believe that regardless of facts. the know nothing party was dedicated to limiting immigration and limiting the

civil rights of immigrants once they were in the u.s. they were called the know nothing party because it was a secret organization. if you approached one of them is, they would have said, i don't know anything about that. hence they were called the know nothings. the formal name of the american party -- was the american party. they thought that they would be much stronger if they combined with the new party that i mentioned earlier, the republican party. these two strains, the anti-catholic anti-immigrant strain in the essay slavery then -- during -- and anti-slavery strain came together in the republican party. many of them looked on slavery as a mortal sin. slaveholders, in fact, as

sinners. what this did was tended to polarize the political process. your enemy or opponent was no longer merely misguided. your enemy was evil. if you believe that america was a godless land and the western territories were the providence of the lord, extending not across the land but across the globe, then these two evils had to be vanquished. when abraham858, lincoln, who was anti-slavery, when he ran against stephen douglas as a democrat in 1858 greatecipitated the lincoln-douglas debates, the

republican party slogan, the slogan under which abraham lincoln ran his campaign was vanquished the twin despotisms, catholicism and slavery. those two strains and republican party were essential for its success. in fact, in 1860, when abraham lincoln went to the white house and was elected resident, the 16th president of the united many of his votes came from protestant workingmen in the cities who could care less about the slavery issue, but they knew that the republican party, as the evangelical christian party, stood for the rights of protestants over the rights of roman catholics and wanted to restrict the rights of roman catholics.

our system of government governs best from the center, from moderation. if you look at all of the legislation we have had in our history, civil rights they have been results of compromise, of moderation. moderation was much less possible in an environment when your opponent was the devil and you were the saint. religion was brought into politics before the civil war. in fact, it was building to a climax he for the civil war as early as the 1830's. the evangelical movement, known as the great awakening, started to intrude in the process. i open my book with the disappearance of a nun. viewers may ask what in the world are disappearing none has to do with the civil war. the outcome of that disappearing

un was the burning to the ground of a convent in in 1854.etts and fomenting that argument was the father of. beecher stowe, who said that roman catholics were the that they had no place in america, that they were a foreign power and should be dealt with as such . that led to the burning of the convent. it was an early indication of the power and bigotry of northern evangelicals. so, we have great books written on the civil war where the north becomes the republic of virtue, and the self becomes the evil empire. and what my book does is changes equation and says they were both at fault, they were both wrong and precipitating the

bloodiest war in american history, because what happened during the civil war? die, untold losses of treasure and property, and the men who came home are often body, not tod and mention the millions of people home whoore and -- at mourn the loss of the people who lost their lives. historians say wait a minute, the war ended slavery. 4 million slaves were liberated. the war saved the union. i want readers of my book to ask two questions. one, could this conflict has been avoided? , could those great results of the civil war have been achieved by other means? in 1888, the great african-american leader frederick douglass gave a speech

stating that the emancipation a fraud.ion was maybe this was an overstatement, but as he looked around and saw the status of african-americans, particularly in the south, ticking the same cotton they had picked under slavery and living the same lines are very similar they had lived under slavery, he wondered what was gained by the emancipation proclamation and what was gained by that bloody war. the 150thmemorating anniversary of the civil war this year and for the next four years. it is important that we honor those who gave their lives for their respective causes, but it would have been a greater tribute to our nation had they lived. >> >> we go now to the mariners museum in virginia beach, for a the u.s.s.exhibit on monitor, the first iron clad

warship commissioned by the u.s. navy. >> one of the things we're one of the things we're best known for is the u.s.s. monitor center. int's something we've done partnership with the national oceanic and atmospheric administration. and it really tells the story of the union iron clad u.s.s. monitor. this was a vessel in the american civil war that went onto fight the merrimack, otherwise known as the c.s.s. battle ofin the first iron clad vessels. march 9, 1862on here in hampton roads. that's why this is a fitting place for the u.s.s. monitor center. the u.s.s. monitor was built in response to the growing confederate threat here in hampton roads.

the confederacy was building an they werevessel, taking the old u.s.s. merrimack and converting it to the c.s.s. virginia. behind the virginia was to break the union blockade here in hampton roads. it was an arms race. virginia was growing here in hampton road. monitor was being built in foundries all over the belled in a send brooklyn. she was headed down here to try her tracks.inia in but she arrived one day late. virginia8, 1862 the came out in to hampton roads and in very short order just cut union fleet, made up of wooden ships. this was an iron clad vessel, a machine, and it was horrific to all those who viewed what ofpened that day on march 8 1862. the monitor arrived that evening to help save the union blockade. the next morning the monitor went into battle with the virginia and the rest, as i say, is history. first battle of iron clad

warships and it really did naval warfare forever from that day forward. most ofs. monitor spent her life here at hampton road are on the james river. late 1862, she was body --south of beaufort, south carolina. she had to make the capeherous passage around mat was. in the early morning hours of lost her31, 1862, she bats, not with another vessel, not with the enemy, but with the elements. so she did sink 16 miles off cape hatteras in about 20 feet taking 16 of her men with her. the exhibition really tells the story not just of the monitor, but of the monitor and the virginia, that arms race between and confederacy, as well as the stories of the people. the people who built the the people who served in the vessels.

so it tells that complete story. theaters thatl deal with the bats itself, the battle of hampton road, march 8 and 9 of 1862. we have immersive environments, guncan walk interest the deck of the c.s.s. virginia and you'll see actual artifacts from themselves who served on board the virginia. we also have some of the arc why logical elements that have been from the wreck of the u.s.s. monitor. replica ofull scale the iron clad, to get a feel for this vessel. thateet long, with resolving gun tour it in the middle. board and right up on that is one of the highlights of this exhibition. the u.s.s. monitor center is not just an exhibition. it's also a state of the art conservation lab, and in that we have conservators from around the world working on union iron clad. we have the rotating gun tour

the steam engine, condensers, and the guns you school,ut in elementary the guns that fought in the battle of hampton roads. they're all undergoing and they're here all on public view. in the largeding wet lab in newport news, virginia. is we treatere objects from the monitor's wreck site. so the goal is to take on generals that were once underneath the water and extract well as of it as stablize objects, the ultimate on display toem the public. the 90's they did a large scale recovery of the wreck the primary goal of recovering monitor's main gun first, which was the resolving gun turret in history large tank which holds

about 9,000-gallons of water, it undergoing electro chemical treatment to remove corrosion from the surface. in front of that .s the main engine noaa recovered approximately five of the ship's eight known steam ep gins, so this represents the main propulsion called aip, which is vibrating side engine steam engine. condensers, which collected exhausted steam from ten gins and con vermonted back water, which could either be pumped out to the ocean or sent back to the boilers to be used. that this project would take several decades, one of the wetial thoughts was how can best show the public, teach them the conservation process. can we share some of this lab side of the story with the public. built then when they facility, we had large windows so the public could look through and see the process going on.

made it part of our daily work, we have an online access, so people can go onto the museum's website and look, camerases in the distance. you can look online, we have a block as well as within the museum, we try to tell the conservation side of the story. to take --al is they're finished with treatment, to put them on display so they can start telling the ship's story. calledcurrently what's the clone lab or what you would conservationormal lab. this is where final treatment for artifacts are carried out. includes chemical coatings, constructing support mounts for objects, doing additional in a dry and stable environment. when it comes to stories of monitor and the personal the human and connection, you can't get much

closer than actual personal items. so what we're looking at is some were foundfacts that in association with the sailors him these mismatched pair of thes were found on one of sailors, why, was he quickly his bunk, so he just threw on whatever shoes he had? be the lower half of a wellington which is a taller boot. mismatched?y really gives you the connection of, it must have been some kind point.ggle at that you're at that moment of trying to desperation of trying to get out. we have other things like parts forms of other clothing. but then you get even closer to side, the things we know where they came from. this case, a good example this is spoon which was recovered with a lot of other silverware from within the turret and it has the initials

j. it -- j. n. on it. make nicholas. so we can a direct personal story, this was his object. he's one of those sailors that of.d be the remains so it's really a direct individual.o an and again, even closer than that, also one of the sets of remains is this ring, which they were hoping when they removed it would have some' kind of initial or name. know.ill we don't that, theve monitor museum and other groups are who theying to solve were. it was found on the right hand of a sailor. we -- no inscription. it's one of those stories where you get so close, you feel like who are these people.

storys still part of that of trying to figure out who they were. but really making a direct personal connection with objects like this. such a small thing. it's just a ring. connotation of the story behind it are almost bigger than turret, because you can't get much more personal than a ring. know so littlewe about it. we have guesses on who it could don't know, so it just, all the weight of family what does this meaning behind along with really specific personal items, we have pocket contents, in there we found this key. it the question is what opens is it a family keep sake? the ship, a box under we really don't know.

cliches one of those things saying it's the key to a whole story that we may never know. have the object. something, it was on the wreck, but that personal story is not with it. so, questions about where it came from, what's it for, all of mysteries will stay with the ship and her crew. other items like these pencils here, that was a hand-used item that somebody used on the ship. we have navy buttons that were recovered that, you know, in about time, say good year on them. we think, oh, we're so different from back then. don't, things change, but

yet there's that modern connection as well. so you can see even though the is 150 years old, it's still touching lives today. components like instrumentation from the engine in the turret assembly. this is actually the plate that turret must go in a forward direction, stop, and then right to left. so here's this plate and they turn the turret. so although it's one small piece, it adds to the big story. so you can think of it as a puzzle. and each artifact adds one more piece to the bigger picture. can add more to the story, so that's what's important about studying these objects is that they're giving us more of that story, trying picture of the lives

crew and that time period well. first batas the between two iron clad vessels, so it changed they've warfare forker. on march 8, the virginia steamed out on the hampton road and laid blockade union worston, and it was the u.s. naval loss until pearl harbor. so on march 9 when the virginia they spent met almost four hours pounding each other, almost point blank range, neither ship seriously crippled the other one. before, whene day it proved iron against wood, it proved wood was obsolete. so battle 2010 these two ships changed they've warfare, not only the civil war, although the battle was itsidered a tactical draw, is the burke in a lot of ways of

the modern navy. the wisconsin, the missouri, they have a gun turre the on them. the one in this tank is the first one ever on a ship. that's probably why it's so isortant, because it american naval mystery, it's world history, it's the stories crew, the civil war, the struggles. there were slaves on the monitor. it really ties in a whole bunch different angles of not only civil war history, but world history as well. >> n >> next friday night, c-span examines the history of the

civil rights movement, with a of the evers house in jackson, mississippi. race riots in st. louis. martin luther king's letter from birmingham jail. the 16th street baptist church, and more, all next friday at 8:00 p.m. eastern on c-span. in 1864 the confederate submarine h.l. hunley became the to sink an en my warship, it then disappeared. it wasn't found until 1995 and removed from the water five years later. c-span spoke with an archeologist about the recovery of thetoration submarine. >> the submarine is the first to sink an enemy vessel in combat. that is the significance. it is not the first submarine. it was not the most advance summering, even of its day in the 1860's, but it was the first

one to do something. it was proof of concept that submarine technology could work. it was brought to charleston in a number ofter months of preparation, they went out at night in 1864. siege atn was under the time. they had been strangled by land and by sea. they picked one of the ships blockading the harbor. they went out and made the , sunk it, solidifying its place in history, but then it disappeared. it never returns to the dock. it became a mystery. for 136 years, it was undiscovered, nobody knew where it was. in 1995, the discovery began the process and preparation for the

recovery. it involved preparing the getting the conservation facility outfitted, and getting experts in who could do a good job for not only the recovery, but the follow-up treatment. that began in the year 2000. it is foreign a half feet long, three and a half feet wide, four feet tall. allowed access for the crew. there was a crew of eight on board the submarine. the captain we knew before hand. he was in charge of navigating, steering the sub, directing it toward its target. the other members of the crew were primarily tasked with powering the submarine. had a handmoved, it crank. each crewman would turn the crank, and that would turn the propeller and that is how they would power the submarine. it was a simple device designed

to be practical and accomplish its task, which was to attack. a lower portion of the bow went out maybe 18-20 feet, and it was an explosive device. they called it a torpedo, but it was a bomb. they would back away and returned to shore, the id being that the next night they could andut and get another bomb hit another ship. it disappeared and was a mystery for many years. when it was discovered, it was 1000 deep. starting with the recovery operation, its location, taking that information, what we knew , bringing it back into

the lab. and then our scientists began a detailed investigation into the summer rain. we recovered the summering in the year 2000. 2001 was the interior excavation. was full ofubmarine mud which was excellent for us. as archaeologist, it signaled we were going to have good preservation, and we did. looking at the artifacts, including human remains and associated artifacts and trying to put those into contacts to context,happened, that to seethose into context what happened, how the crew died, for example. this will hopefully point us to a conclusion as to what happened that night. the crew is a fascinating part

of the story of the hunley. if you look at the submarine, it is a long, narrow tube. out,ng and it, going making an attack, several hours out, several hours back, putting your life at risk, knowing that if anything goes wrong at all you will meet certain death. the first two crews of a submarine died in accidents in training in charleston. you can imagine the third crew knew full well that everybody else who had worked on a , on a submarine, had died, but they were still willing to join the third crew and take the summary noun and try to do something. the third crew were from all different parts of the south. a fourth of the crew were probably born in europe. there was not a common thread that tied these guys together except for volunteering. crew in was to bury the

2004, to lay them to rest. the work leading up to them, we wanted to get a face associated with the names we had come up with. the identities of the crew we knew. we knew information about the artifacts associated with them, but one of the things we wanted was to see what they look like. so all eight of the crew men usedcasts of their skulls to make facial reconstruction, and that is what we see here. they were presented to the public to for they were buried in april, 2004. to recoveroing anything, especially in marine artifact, you have to have a proper place to take care of it. you have to have a lab. you cannot just pull it out of the ocean and put it on a dock somewhere. it will fall apart.

what happens to artifacts that have been in a marine environment for an extended time? they absorb chlorides from the seawater. fine if thedes are object remains wet, but if you let it dry out, the salt will crystallize and destroyer object from the inside out. is one of the primary tasks to remove these chlorides, which is why 10 years on the summer rain is still sitting in a tank of -- the submarine is still sitting in a tank of water. beginning last week, we began the rotation of the submarine. the submarine was found 45 degrees starboard. it was recovered in the same position. archaeologically, we did not submarine.turb the we wanted to lift the entire site off the seafloor and bring it to our lab to study.

years, it has0 been sitting in slayings that have cradled it from underneath. it was an excellent way -- in ings that have cradled it from underneath. it was an excellent way to support it, but the next phase inl involve submerging it chemicals, in caustics, and we have to minimize other materials because of with it their reaction to those chemicals. we have to remove the slings and come up with another way to support the submarine. up bright and be set down on its keel. this is the first time it will since it sank. i have done all of my work on it in amarine with certain position, 45 degrees starboard.

it in its sameed orientation as it was found. now, for the first time, we are .urning it up right not only was it amazing to see it sitting again as it was designed to sit, it turned from being an artifact of iron, keeled over on its side. when we turned it up, it looked again like a weapon of war. it looked again like a submarine. in addition to that, the whole was largelyard side of scared. we could not get a good look at it. one quarter of the whole surface was blocked. we had never gotten a continuous look at the part of the summering. there were things there we had not seen before. the rotation, i spent 20 minutes walking around it. it was like a new submarine for

me. it gets your excitement going again, even more so. we are now chomping at the bit. once the rotation is complete -- they are still fine tuning it -- we are going to get in there and begin looking at these parts we have not seen. the alt met goal is to get it and associated artifacts back in 1864. >> the history of the civil rights movement >> next friday night, c-span examines the history of the civil rights movement. of the evers house in jackson, mississippi, the louis,ce riots in st. martin luther king's letter from birmingham jail, the bombing of 16th street baptist church, and more. all next friday at 8:00 p.m. c-span. here on

coming up next, house majority his homee scalise in district in louisiana, then some much yesterday's summit on bullying prevention. at 7:00 a.m. eastern, "washington journal," live with your calls and the day's latest news. house majority whip steve louisiana this week speaking at the st. tammany west chamber of commerce. this is 30 minutes. >> thank you very much. for the work you all do, it's been a great experience over the last few decades to see how the

business community has grown and developments coming out. i want to talk a little about ine of the things happening washington, some of the things we've been working onto try to solve the problems that our facing.is when i come back home it's really an honor to be elected by be the house to majority whip. but it's frankly even more of an honor to be elected to represent people of southeast louisiana. so i want to thank you for that opportunity, and i want to talk about some of the things i hear from you when i'm back home, and it's really good to be back home, because when we district and talk to people, i meet with the north shore business council last week they gave me a real welcome. we're working on making sure we how to use that the right way. but i still haven't watching yet, but cease like everybody in southeast houseana but me watches of karksdz because i've heard the stories. but when you talk about the facingges that we're

right now, you look at how the struggling.till this is not how it's supposed to be. when ever you have recessions, and in our economy over deck a it's always gone up and down, recessions and recoveries. yet if you look at where we are today, there are a million fewer people working today than when president obama took office six years ago. and you're not seeing the kind of growth that you should be seeing, and a lot of it is because of the policies coming out of washington. and i hear it all the time. when you talk to families that are frustrated because they're too much for gasoline, food, payingor more for health care, even promised they'd be paying less, these are all because of the policies coming out much washington. so when you look at what we've been doing to address it, there are a lot of things passed out of the are not partisan issues. think everything

in washington is partisan, why thingsou get some basic done. so i want to talk about some of the things we've passed that would directly solve these that are not partisan. in fact they're very bipartisan. happened.aven't and there's an important reason why they haven't happened, and clearly we don't have the kind of leadership we need in the white house to work with us to problems, because they are all very fixable problems. these are not complicated problems. how do you get washington to live within its means, get spending under control. it every day. if your businesses weren't controlling your spending and you were spending more than you year, borrowing whether it's from china or the bank down the street, eventually would stop lending you money if you couldn't figure out how to get your spending under control. it happened in washington. so let me walk through a few things. what i want to talk about we just did before we left because there's a crisis now along the border. the normal

immigration problems that our nation has had for decades. it's actually a fairly recent development over the last few months where you have more than 1,000 peep every week coming border primarily in texas. so we've been trying to get the tosident to work with us start addressing this problem. he has the tools today to solve he wanted to, but he's chosen not to. the house and senate both took up legislation to solve the crisis at the border, we had different approaches to it. the senate took up a bill and they couldn't get the votes to it. in the house, literally my first they said hey, pass an immigration bill. complicated.s very but frankly when you get to the peoplesue, a lot of across the country disagree on how to solve the immigration thelems, even within republican conference there's disagreement. but one area where most people do not disagree is that you

ought to start to secure the first to prove that you can enforce existing law. get back to rule of law. because we're a nation that was bit on immigrants. my great grandparents came from italy. least firstay at secure the border and then we'll see what it looks like after. that so what we did is we up a border security bill in the house. and we worked in i way that allows the governor as long the border to actually call up the national guard if the federal won't do its job. presidents both republican and jobcrat have not done their appropriately in securing the border. but if you look at what's happened right now with the crisis where you literally have thousands of people coming over every month, where the federal saying if we catch you, they're giving themselves up. if we catch you ear just going you and send you to a state, i talked to the governor the other day, the governor has the department of

homeland security sent into louisiana, for example. that.vernor ought to know but the governor as long the border have said just give me the tools. the federal government would be do its job, let me do the job for them and call up the we put thatrd. so in a bill. we paid for it, by the way. we didn't add that to the deficit, we said that out the be paid for out of existing funds wethis year's budget and identified that. we did a few other reforms that for borderexample, patrol agents. right now the president could change this today if he wanted to, but border patrol agents are not allowed to patrol thousands the federal border. does that make any sense? we're paying federal border agents and telling them can you drive up to that point, but when you get to that stretch of you can't patrol that area. that?ow who else knows these people, the coyotes, a multimillion dollar cottage

industry, people that are being paid to bring people across the illegally. bill we changed that and said if it part of federal aid it ought to be patrolled by our agents. we've passed that bill. we even had bipartisan support, and we sent that bill over to the senate. we didn't leave until we finished our job. we delayed the rest says that congress was scheduled to go on the you house until we got our work done. but the senate left town without completing their job. soy call on the senate to come back to washington and take up don'tuse bill and if they like the house bill, you can the bill, change the bill. but take the bill up and go do your job and solve this crisis at the border. so we did that right before we left to come back home so that peoplenow go and talk to in the real wore and find out just what other problems y'all can bring, how we solutions to the table.

and i want to talk about a few solutions.rect if you start with the if you start with the economy, in southeast louisiana, one thing we know that is a clear way to get the economy moving again is american energy. i represent the hub of development of oil and gas in the gulf of mexico. one of the high spots in our economy. you look at the 10 lowest unemployment rates in the nation right now and of those 10, half of them, half of them, their economies are based on energy. midland, texas, the lowest. north dakota, the president talks about raising the minimum wage. people will lose their jobs. that's not the right approach. go up to north dakota. they don't have any mandates to raise the minimum wage. you start at mcdonald's making $18 because people going into that state to work and can't find enough workers because of energy. one of the top five best employment areas of the nation because of american energy.