for a new al qaeda universe. that is why officials are worried about them. >> is the reason the president is so circumspect or focused on listing what we are not going to do -- about what he just said. don't want to be the bush administration? is that is what is going on here? >> i think getting involved in a and open-ended way, that's true. it, how do wee to from whatt terrorism is truly strategically important. concerns about the way

the administration approaches it is often times who want to get the language right. i'm not sure there is the same commitment to the policy follow through on the language. you need to set the language so you can set the bar. abrams is probably the best person i have seen a government being able to set the language in government. what feels to me to be happening is in a lot of cases, there's a lot of focus on exactly what the language is in the policy doesn't always follow to it. a few months ago, in many ways, with the speech on isis. sure they are doing as well as they need to

understanding strategically where they need to go. they had a big middle east policy review and notably, nobody involved was outside the white house and nobody had ever lived in the middle east. >> talking about communicating. you've done a lot of work on this. juliana has become kind of our expert on jihadist social media. it is amazing how sophisticated they are. >> isis has its own media arm. the are behind a lot of savvy and well produced videos we are seeing. it is all shot in hd, looks

straight out of hollywood. had one thing the intelligence community really took note of, that it had an american at the end, un-american isis fighter in syria overseeing syrians dig their own graves and then he killed them. why he hadreasons partnershipicated is that it is propaganda. they brought more western fighters and they bring their knowledge as well. we have french jihadist reaching to frenchnch individuals. it german to germans, brits to brits. last a crazy experience saturday or two saturdays ago when i was in the newsroom and

we started to get word that there was another isis batting video that was about to be released. uncovered this twitter handle called jihad matchmaker. and i went to see anybody who had been mentioning it and i clicked on somebody and i saw that they were teasing out a new video that was coming. and within a few minutes, they posted a link to that video and a few minutes later, they posted one that said it's up on youtube. this storyr side of is that you have youtube, facebook, twitter, and what is the responsibility of these companies to try to crack down on their use of social media to get their message across. facebook has done a better job of that but then they went to a russian competitor and over the

got aouple of weeks, it little better at tracking down as well. there is also a counter argument that the intelligence community makes which is we don't have the intelligence on the grounds of this is how we are able to track these guys and get more information about them. it really is remarkable to see the advances they have made and how they might be going about editing these videos. they are clearly shot with very sophisticated amber is. someone has the possibility that they can be in chat rooms and talking in the chat rooms about how to be editing these videos. people actually meet people on these -- making rights? who likes to cut people set off like to meet girl that -- >> we asked the very same

question. we were tipped off to this site, we didn't have it completely verified. however, you go on and see that these guys are actually using it , there was one guy that said something like, hook up brother up and send other twitter handles for other jihadist. going through that twitter handle took us to a new video. they are on it and using it. that hass a group employed sexual savory and have taken over territories. it is a movement that is well-organized and no status afforded followers. the multimedia approach is one of the most open campaigns you have seen of any terrorist group. 400 pages laying out, all of their attacks for a particular

year, broken down by region. not just of the headings and brutality but how they are trying to govern and demonstrate legitimacy and engage different trolls. this is an all-out multimedia efforts to gain legitimacy and terrorized their enemies. there is a personalization to this which we've never seen before. it is unprecedentedly sophisticated ways. not just on a chat room but reaching out to you wherever you are in whatever language you speak and bringing you on board. videos and oned of them showed us a zealot and in syria going around and handing out ice cream to little children. it shows the softer side and

thus -- a way to say that we are not all the headings and blood and guts. come join the fight. >> let's step back a little bit and talk about iraq right now. is tryingime minister to put together a new government. how is that going? >> slowly. the iraqi government negotiations are slow, full of threats, full of uncertain progress and the failure to put things together. i wish i were more surprised, but it seems to me that the normal of politics and a rack is the kind of messy politics we are seeing. >> do either of you think this new government can be more inclusive? that you can field an army and forces, ground

combat operations, and we could support with airstrikes? >> i think you can rejuvenate the iraqi military force. i think that is doable. the real question for the new government is, can you revert the sense of bitterness and disillusionment among the tribes that have bought into the idea of putting their lives and and feltes at risk very much abandoned by the maliki government. there is lingering resentment and disillusionment there. neweven after the government was formed, you heard tribal leaders and others talk about that not being enough. government be inclusive and the rejuvenation of the sons of a rack? that you begin to see inorganic countermovement and fighting force in western a rack.

those tribes also sort of cross the border and so isis has erased the border between iraq and area. some of these tribes exist along the borders as well. >> one of the other challenges follows directly with what we were saying, a spectacular sense of entitlement that people have, that we are the key and therefore we have to get this much. up sharing 300% of the pie. and there's not enough haida go around. getting people's expectations down the size is a real political challenge and that is part of why you can't rush this withse everybody comes in this stratospheric sense of entitlement. had a roundtable and joe lieberman was there.

go aheade should just and attack assad and get it over with. force, craterair their air fields, just do it. sitting with the president, one of the advisers that suggested that, what would you say? la, la.a, la, [laughter] >> i don't think you open the gates of damascus to islamic marauders, but i think you can triangulate here. are known for the ability to do multiple things at once. the u.s. approach to things is very linear or binary. that what we do doesn't legitimize him and his rule long-term i'll also attacking ice. keeping in mind he has traded with them and allow them some

buffers. he has attacked the free syrian army at think you can do some strategic things. not an all-out bombardment but things like attacking the wheree taken over by isis they got military weaponry, fighter jets, blow it to smither wanes -- smithereens so that they don't have it or the free syrian army for later. let's due installments with the last bastion of what the free syrian army has held territory. it a are under assault from the government and isis. let's look at the artillery. i think you can be creative without opening up all-out war. i wonder under what pretext of legal justification would you have for doing a lot of these things.

if we were to take down the assad government, we would then be thinking about how to prevent the slaughter of 2 million now wife that certainly would feel vulnerable. this idea that we are one step the logjamreaking and all hell breaks loose. nothingometimes you do and hundreds of thousands -- >> i totally agree. >> and a worse nightmare is emerging. >> there are multiple bad options. >> i think there are bad options and worse options. >> and they did not change that much from a year ago when obama was faced with a chemical attack and deciding whether or not to try to take out a thought that way. one of the reasons they didn't is because they didn't know what

would come the next day and that question still exists. >> i want to go to questions in the audience and while you're thinking, tell us why isis is different from anything we have confronted here. have more men, material, and resources and an established safe haven in the heart of the middle east in a way that al qaeda has only imagined and the world we have not seen before. not onlyr is they can inspire foreign fighters, we have seen plots in australia and others disrupted around the find, but they can also inspiration in a new platform for this global movement. territory, to hold we saw the syrian kurdish refugee problem because they are pushing in the northeast and syria. militaryran some iraqi , they are not stopping.

economy anda war use the same smuggling routes that they have tapped into it. and they are flush with money. >> please tell us who you are. >> good evening, ladies and gentlemen. i am from syria. i moved here a couple of months ago. i resent the whole thing. i want to be like a different advocate. i am lucky to know the americans point of view but i want to tell you what the syrians or muslims say. for america, they are helping the world.

they are getting rid of terrorism. world, the rest of the there is a country attacking a muslim people. the owners of the u.s. government are treating with, symptoms, not the root of the problem. iraqdid it in afghanistan, , and they are doing it in syria. thele just fighting in mountains, we are seeing them on social media. i am very educated and i can understand the reasoning behind the intervention. the others are not and they are using that in the propaganda. , i didn'testion is mean to take so much time. government american policy in terms of media justifying this intervention? for the rest of the islamic world or in general, they

believe that isis is created by the cia. dominating. qaeda,e thing with al the same thing with radicals. islamic,ound is arabic they are driven by an ideology. is if you kill those people, you will see much worse than those people because they have the ideology. if you compare al qaeda with ,sis, both having the same goal they are competing for who is the worst. isis, you wille see much worse people because for the new group to earn legitimacy, they need to prove that the previous people are not doing enough to support islam. i want to know about the media

and what you're doing to address the arab world. >> i don't think we are very at persuading people that we come in peace for the most of the world and it is partly because there are so many well-developed operations and so that the u.s. does come with an agenda against islam. i also think that we shouldn't want to be loved. i think we should explain what we're doing and why we're doing it, and demonstrate the sincerity of our actions. if people want to say the united states that treated isis -- assad was desperate for an enemy like isis.

because that creates precisely the opponent he wants to fight against. who do you really want to win? side with me against these monsters. and i think there is a lot of money either coming directly out of damascus or implicitly permitted by damascus. you can talk about it. i'm not sure you will persuade people. i think the united states as a government is miserable at keeping secrets. ofis absolutely incapable having a secret strategy. we can't do it. i think we should be clear about what we are doing and ultimately not get too involved with the approval rating of the united states in a country like egypt. doing,out what you're leave it where it is and part of our goal should be if people are equally better leave against the united states, make them neutral and grudging as a success.

they can go bitter and violent and for a lot of people, that is a big step. >> i've heard a counter narrative is well. deep resentments and the syrian population for what is felt to be abandonment from the west. it is a dammed if you do, if you don't approach which is often the case in middle east policy. i think that's why the administration has put so much stock on coalition building and legal and international legitimacy. we are terrible at trying to counter violent extremism and the ideology. the most credible voices don't set in washington and new york. they sit in baghdad, cairo, and beirut. >> my question is about the organization.

a couple months ago, there was news in pakistani media from saudi arabia and that pakistan -- being directed in the syria area. [indiscernible] i ask this question to the general. he said this is all propaganda. we have been telling america for a couple of decades that they will not get anything out. she will tell you it is pakistani killing other americans. my question to you is this. that kind ofeally evil thing, why didn't we go after them? if they are not, maybe we have to learn a lot from them because

one penny equal to $100, they are more effective. i hope you understand the question. >> absolutely. i think there are competition relationships across the board here. pakistan is a great example of this where clearly the pakistani intelligence and military have seen defense in the context of afghanistan and forces as part of the national security and their national interest. and has been direct opposition to u.s. interests at times and pakistan has been an ally and the same thing goes with guitar, an ally to the u.s.. and is also supported extremist causes. there is a balance in the relationship and part of it is having an open and honest conversation and holding these regimes to account, realizing that we need them. we can't go it alone.

>> is formerly with the state department focused on iraq. one of you is that used the term dismissed. clericsthe role of the in terms of discrediting isis? i have read the carotid and nothing says you can rob banks without shariae law or trade women for sex trade. what role do you see in terms of organizing the islamic clerics like the islamic scholars to make public statements and discredit them? >> we have seen a lot of that already. this is one of the things that started in saudi arabia in 2003 when they themselves were victims of a terrorist attack

and really began to line up the clerical establishment. we have certainly seen more of that. i spoke to somebody today who is in saudi arabia last week who knows the government is scared that clerics are lining up. hostilele are not so with the government and the clerical establishment. of al look at the defeat qaeda's ideology. and remember there was a genuine the germ of jihad as him would spread throughout 1.5 billion muslims around the world and it really didn't. he systematically underestimate the role of states, the state's relationship and the clerical establishment systematic rejection of jihad as him. forree that there is a role

clerics to discredit this. what i hear from people that know more about islam than i do isthat the theology of isis somewhat more mainstream than other jihadi ideologies. it's not quite as easy to discredit but certainly the effects in terms of slavery of women and murders and all those is amplengs, there argument in islam that says it is absolutely atrocious and we will continue to see as part of this effort -- >> i'm sorry, john. >> i'm done. >> we have heard and you have confirmed here that there is an endgame. introductionut the

. if i recall correctly during the kosovo campaign, there were several thousands identified the third-rate enemies to bend them to our will and let kosovo go. gun,sortie is one machine this progression at this rate, fighterse the moderate that will take more than one year to train them. the iraqis you illustrated, we're not sure how long it will take to organize them and get enough credibility to convince the tribal leaders to come on inrd and really reengage another surge if you wish like 2008. is anall this, there endgame with no boots on the ground, no american military forces committed.

we don't really understand who is on our side at the moment. their allies may come, mostly of symbolic value. not call it that when the president said it will be more akin to yemen or somalia. conflict, no american boots on the ground and so far, 190 sorties. is that serious? >> i think it's an excellent question. of the danger here is strategy and execution that is basically half measures. you're absolutely right especially as you move across the border. this is a president that has staked his claim on ending wars. invest.as not wanted to he has not used the term or in his presentation to the nation.

and not wanting to commit boots on the ground other than special risers and spotters, perhaps. at the end of the day we will have to do great for a long time and hope that the allies come along with us. to fight oning behalf of this cause understanding what our own limitations are. >> a lady in the back there. and this will have to be pretty close to the last question. been senior adviser and tactical instructor to the u.s. marine corps on counterinsurgency in both iraq and afghanistan, one of the things that struck me most is we say the right thing as one of the gentleman on the podium said. we very rarely are seen to be doing the right thing. very often that is manifest in the so-called experts we have sent to particularly around but to some extent in afghanistan and iraq where there are lots of

experts with no expertise, confined to mega bases and many cities and don't really know what we are dealing with. we need to be within a community , those that have grudges, grievances, and frustrations. abdicated that role either being unwilling or unable to tackle how communities think and deal and the vacuum and avoid being created there has been taken over by the extra miss and fanatics we are now having to deal with. so that has been the bane of my existence and 12 and a half years in a rack and afghanistan and i don't know how anyone is going to be able to address that. >> it comes out to this issue i think we're very comfortable , and what you're describing

policy andly nuanced politics. bureaucracyo see a that is very good it is to show rising and under ending that elledge. having one of the problems of the u.s. intelligence community is how to go from knowledge to wisdom. you can know lots of facts but how do you know what to do with it as an institution? it's really hard. abouttanks are all letting people do things with the idea that a lot of different people do a lot of different things and somehow out of the middle, you will end up in the individual but no decision is necessarily absolutely the right decision. your experience suggests to me is that we have to think of the nation. how deep into this can we get?

what outcomes can we produce? reticent, become too i think a lot of my air france have claimed the obama administration is much too reticent and they think there's nothing you're willing to do and you become less relevant. as a country, we have to be better at the gearing out where we can do things. there is physics and chemistry involved. there are times we have to be very precise about applying psychology politics. times three say that is too delicate. we can't do that. and compensate for another direction. i think this is about the world that has become much more complex in which there has been a democratization of destruction in which a lot of individuals can have global reach that was not possible 10 years ago.

and we're still trying to swallow what it is we can do and i think it will take us a while to get there. but your experience to me not only highlight what we were unable to do in a narrative and that you encountered in afghanistan and iraq, but as you know better than anyone in this room, to get a really smart bureaucracy, a really smart bureaucracy, and all my time of working with u.s. government, i haven't seen one. >> we got this a little bit. it surge was successful. it worked. both administrations admitted at the end of the day that it worked. >> we will have to close here but we have the rare opportunity to call on someone who has been in washington longer than i have. the johnsonduring

administration and just raised his hand. you may ask the last question of this session. >> i didn't think you would call on me that way. >> i may never get another chance. >> if i had orange socks on the university of texas and i see your purple tcu sox, johnson, what school has fuchsia socks? socks thate vicious i got at a supply store. matching ones.t >> the president has said and it has been repeated by others that anisis constitute existential threat to the middle east, to the region, to others that it here to the religious , 71 percent of the

american people as a whole believe our country should do something. it has been genuinely interesting to listen to the analysis and good questions. what should the president have done and what should the president do? >> we will start with you, juliana. >> want me to go? >> i feel less comfortable saying what he should and shouldn't do. >> i sat with president bush the last four years of his administration, a very difficult time where it felt like we were losing in a rack. likely began to lose in western pakistan. certain point, the president and the country have to commit to real sacrifice and

a real fight if that is what we are up against. we can leave it for others, we can maintain and contain. but if we are going to fight a group that has global ambitions and wants to reach and touch the west and attack us, it is giving life to a broader movement, we have to be ready for a fight and that means not taking things off the table. what the president should not do is stop saying what we are not going to do. start believing in what we say we are going to commit to. because then our allies will really follow and we can really quarterback like a good university of texas quarterback or tcu quarterback. and you know it's going to happen. otherwise we will flail around. the real danger for this president is all the things he's wanted to avoid are coming to fruition for lack of action when it matters.

there are moments of reflection and moments of action. there are strategic windows were action matters more than most. we're running the danger of missing those opportunities. >> i think the administration should recognize the war on terror, whatever you want to call it, is not over. osama bin laden is dead and general motors is alive. but the war on terrorism is still there and it won't be over until the terrorist say it is over. that is simply recognizing reality and i don't think that is going back on your word. they are there. they are trying to kill us. i think we simply have to recognize that. when americans are murdered on television, i don't think it calls for a measured first font. i think you have to hit back.

then stepck hard, back and talk about the long-term strategy. i thought last august or september, the president should've have done something demonstrative and humiliating. not launching missiles from the middle of the mediterranean but that says we can do whatever we want to do and the reason we are not is because we don't want to, not because we can't. and put everybody on notice that there is not a predict ability to u.s. action or inaction. as we look at isis, we have to think about what happened in the sunni awakening and we have to understand this is a lot about politics. it's a lot about resources and about people feeling very vulnerable. and we have to work to shrink the area where isis can operate

and you do that by bringing people over and making difficult deals with nasty people and ultimately moving towards drawing this group of. there is a smaller number of people you will have to capture or kill. people will say, we will deal with this new environment. see us thinking through where this needs to go strategically. where it needs to go is some sort of deal whereby the people who are letting these guys operate, whereby the people who are buying oil and doing all these things say we see a better way. we understand where that's going and we keep trying to pound them into the ground. a placeong as they have operate, they will keep operating. will be verying important. americans are scared and they see people beheaded on television and the response from

the president should be one of leadership, reassuring the american people and being honest, not necessarily getting into the rhetorical semantics games, the question of whether or not there will be boots on the ground. there are essentially burns on the -- boots on the ground now and it will be up to the president to be honest and admit if they need to recalibrate the strategy. and not at a medically be ruling things out but welcome and transparent debate in congress as well. you all very much on behalf of csi as an tcu. we will stay alive and take you over to kramer books in washington dc where author and hit door there on your screen has just begun her talk about her new book, the invisible soldiers. how america outsourced our security and on how private

military and security companies have become an industry with military and foreign affairs. >> they assist in contingency operations and as you know, they remain long after traditional troops withdraw. they are also involved in counterterrorism strategies, diplomatic security, border patrol security. drone operations. of course, other nations. multinational companies this is been happening for a long time.

and the shipping industry, one of the biggest markets is the maritime history and maritime security which is a fascinating story in and of itself. one of the challenges of this book has been the fact that in each one of these areas, i could have written a single book. i could have written a 10 volume set on the topic. of thee story development of maritime security becausey interesting the shipping industry debated this for a long time. the invisible soldier is a narrative nonfiction book. i'm trying to do is show you through a story, through the trajectory of the rise of this industry exactly how all of this happened. and hopefully pass on the fascination and the interests i have to you as the general

is ar, because this relatively new industry and passes through the portal of permanence. as part of our world, part of the u.s. defense and security strategy. it has a worldwide presence, and in the book, we move you through that trajectory, introducing you to individuals where i take you to london and you follow me around. the london and whereas one journalist said if you want to understand the origins of the mercenary, you have to go to london first. i hope i'm not stepping on toes nationally or in this room but it's fascinating in that way because the origins for many of the models, excellent companies ,n this arena began in london

began in england. i take you to geneva where i introduce you to some really fascinating individuals who have been working since 2006 on something called the swiss initiative which is an monitorional effort to the armed sector of this industry. and the name of that chapter is conquering chaos. but it was a great adventure and i hope you will see it the same way. since 2006, there have been groups meeting in thata to work on a process will more closely monitor this industry is kind of exciting.

i also take you to kansas, to the command and general staff college at fort leavenworth where i spent some time interviewing people in the military because i want to get the military perspective on this. it is were i learned one of the most interesting asked acts of the debate over the use of these the difference between efficiency and effectiveness. and if i get into this i will be here for two hours. i think we will leave that. maybe somebody in the audience will ask that question. then i take you to congress and several congressional hearings and people in congress who have been trying for greater accountability, i take you to mexico to an interesting place where there are security contractors being trained.

i introduce you to people within the industry. people in the military, in congress, people in the industry who have been involved in it ,rom the earliest stages including some of the journalists that have been following it like david isenberg . so what i have tried to do and hopefully i have succeeded is to pull together the strands of his very large story and show you the components of the evolution of the industry. put a human face on those components. oflso take you to the story a u.s. special forces operative who was shot by a u.s. private in baghdad.tractor

and i introduce you to several companies that i think are quite interesting in their success. one thing that is very important to me, i was saying earlier on the road, i have learned misconceptions and there is a great deal of interest in this topic. they want to go beyond blackwater. beyond the headlines. they want to know what the industry is about and to what degree are we reliant? what part of our defense and security as part of this? and oftentimes, there is an from, and this is probably my pulling together the details of the book into three and five

minute radio spots. don't want to happen is any sensationalizing on this. one of my quest in this book is to tell a compelling story about something that is part of our history and part of world history as a result of globalization and is part of the privatization trend and evolution of rabbit is asian and moving into various arenas. to see that by following this industry and by understanding it better, you can see a shift in the conduct of war. you can see a shift in our defense strategy from military missions to stability and security operations. the greater use of contractors, for example.

recently the u.s. defense authorization act had a report the needto it about for greater monitoring of private contractors and are unified command in africa. that is going to continue evil thing and growing. and it shows the shift in the shows byf war and also some accounts, the beginning of the nationstate. these are international companies and it shows the operation of a borderless business environment. and in the book, it's a nonpartisan book. and it is hopefully a fair analysis. and also, i have interviewed some contractors.

misconception is that they are all bad. and when you read the book, there are several congressional hearings included in the book and one of them was in 2011, a hearing that was focused on the exploitation of contractors. withome of the problems their health care, food, lodging, and certain situations. what you have, in this country, and in all nations when there is a contract given out, there are players of subcontracts. wereubcontractors addressed largely in that congressional hearing which is really fascinating. one of the big questions on the , which was something i was

asking all throughout my research and writing. it has been of great concern to all of us. people would say, why should we care. that is a really big question. if someone else is doing defense and security, i have been fair. some of these companies are excellent. the excellent companies don't want the bad companies or the headlines about bad behavior. have been working on an international code of conduct because this is a bona fide industry. but why should we care? in this question lies the answer. why would we be asking the

question if there wasn't a level of indifference? i could be a peer for another hour telling you why you should care but i'm not going to force you to care. for several to care reasons, i think, and i try to summarize this. author in front of a microphone for 20 minutes is a major risk. it's up to the author to figure some ofto condense these most important details. about several questions on the road but this is the one i care about the most. because of the fact that it does show indifference. that we need to care is partly because we need, as citizens of democracy, the impact of war.

he to ask for more transparency. we need to ask for more monitoring and accountability. you will see the efforts toward that in this country and internationally. but we need to have more transparency. we need to know what the role of private contractors going forward in contingency operations will be. defenseeed to know the and security of our nation or our neighborhoods. where do these people come from? who trains them? what companies are they working for so that we can learn more thatls about this industry as the wartime contracting commission after three years of study and their report and their report in august 2011 declared that we are over reliant on

private contractors. it included the vast stretch of the contractors in contingency operations with a large focus on this industry. we can't just look the other way. we can just say ok, you do our defense and security. several very passionate people in the military, passionate on this topic, you have to feel something to win a war. you have to feel connected. the citizens of the democracy must feel connected to the defense of their nation. at the very least, they need to know who's doing it. we were told the casualties of the war, we were not told the contractor casualties. 2009 inthe spring of the spring of 2011, the

contractor casualties in iraq exceeded traditional military. need to know it because i can give you many statistics here. it's the only way that we, as citizens, can understand the full impact of war. in we have to know that order to work with policymakers and congressmen and women to make smart decisions about the security and the policies of our country. there is also the one detail, the number of mia when we left iraq. i think there were eight i may of 2011 and seven out of those eight or private contractors. of them would not be from

the united states because they would've been subcontracted or you look at the breakdown of different countries that we hire private security out of. but one was traditional military. detail.another book, ihe flow of the am hoping that you will become as interested as i am and all levels of this industry. the origins, the monitoring. services, andd some of the issues of the contractors themselves. some of these sit -- statistics are impossible to -- you can't

really embrace the entire industry and say what the revenue numbers are or how big it is, how many people in employees. groupsre individuals and were keen on that at the moment. but i wanted to read you a couple of quotes from very andht people i interviewed we will move on the questions. i would like to read from the book but i had an editor years ago this is never on love with your own writing. when i'm on the road, i shouldn't be reading all the details were all the paragraphs. i should be reading from some of the sources and he never said don't fall in love with the quotes of her sources.

here, one oferal -- if you wait one second. from the veryte beginning from david isenberg who is sitting right here. >> livens up. it was his statement about the u.s. government dependence on private contractors. he says, think back to the alien series. alienlms about the creature that has entered the bodies of humans. the humans look normal but on

the inside the alien has wrapped itself around every organ and has become so entwined that it cannot be excised. the human would die without it. the private military companies are so entwined that the government would collapse without them. shea, theto chris former cochairman of the wartime contracting commission just in the spring of 2014. he made the comment, the one thing that is given is we can't go to war without contracts and we can go to peace without -- we can go to war without contractors and we can go to peace without contractors. and a former british army officer that has been very active in the industry was ,irector of the company exceptionally bright and generous individual. gary deeply involved in the industry for a long time. one of his quotes was that the

private military and security companies will evolve into andinational multifunctional firms. the governments and corporations will go to them as single servers. and get used to relying on them. now wills hidden simply be integrated so that future generations won't know the difference. traditional militaries will become smaller and smaller and the industry will continue to grow. and one from a general who at the command and general staff been veryo has knowledgeable on the topic has and hasding about it been involved in iraq says, "a

nationstate with the slow ability to act momentarily due to political realities is becoming increasingly vulnerable to easy solutions that avoid the complexity of government. that is the reality and nothing businesses. anarchy worldwide, the more these companies offer themselves as a solution. and that is a good quotation to sortw that up with is the of less known quotation by eisenhower. we all know in the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of influence. that is the famous comment by

eisenhower in his farewell address from january, 1951. if i had more time i would talk about being at the eisenhower library last week, fascinating to see their response to the evolution of some of what he said. that youf the comments never really read about was the in 1961 -- warning crises they will continue to be. whether meeting them, there is a recurring temptation here to feel that some spectacular and costly action could become the miraculous solution to all current difficulties. so -- so i think that -- how many more minutes to have?

ok. -- there are so many colorful people. will put actually aside my humility and read a couple paragraphs. we do the first two paragraphs, and then the beginning of a -- i washat is about comeing doug brooks would tonight -- that introduces you to the train station for private companies in the united states. first, one tribute to doug brooks. this is the prologue. the book starts with a prologue to introduce the general reader to the topics through a story,

and then it is in three parts, transformation, the beginning, evolution of the industry and the mercenary trade into the is expansion,rt b so you get an id of the vast markets and services provided by companies. -- he was forced to wear the shoes for five hours as he crossed the desert in the middle of the night. they seemed like ordinary leather shoes, but the heels were at the front. they were the invention of the human smugglers who help people toe the boy and his parents

escape from iraq into kuwait. the idea is if his footprints were detected, the path of the journey would appear to be reversed. although the boy long to go home last night, he understood if he did then his backward from print would define a trio leading to the quake order and expose his family's flight. the person was 14 years old when inwas forced to leave iraq april, 19 85. his mother awakened him after midnight to tell him he would sue be going on a desperate invention. for the third time, he felt the anxiety of sudden change, coursing through him like a -- injection. the first time, 11 months before, when in the middle of the night he heard a rush of rap having on the roof above his bed. he had a dream like image that it was his brother coming home,

the brother who had fled to syria months before to avoid fighting for saddam hussein in the war against iran. brother,t was not his and again he heard a loud cracking sound of splintering wood. soldiers in the security forces had smashed to the front door of his family home, and as his mother watched, they drag away of father who was suspected betraying saddam. the second shot came in them days and months the father his -- that followed his father's disappearance. school had always been easy, but now each morning began with a teacher's brutal ritual with whipping his back in pursuit of facts about his father or brother. this was information that could lead to the teacher's promotion. the boy insisted he knew nothing and that was the truth. all he knew was he hated saddam

hussein. it was the first stirring up hatred he had ever felt, yet strong enough to shape the rest of his life. that is the very beginning. see,let's -- a chapter called and now the debate. so this is a chapter where i interviewed for people here in washington, and with the hope that some day those four people would like to participate in a public discourse on the topic. so we would get deeply into everything, from cost-effectiveness, the human costs, the issues of subcontractors, to monitoring, oversight, and transparency, and so it began with thae head of

the trade association, doug brooks. dan the torpedoes, full speed ahead, was the rallying cry of harrogate at that battle of mobile bay. in february 2012, it was the same message crossing doug brook's computer in washington. from his office window on the eighth floor, he had a clear view of farragut square, a park that featured a statue of the famed union admiral, and brooks like to tell his visitors that he was the first admiral in the u.s. naval, especially revered for conquering parts and west indies. rooks may have known about farragut iquique did the isoa, which he had founded. he was equally passionate about both.

works was a driven booster who job was towhose clarify the capability of military and security companies to the outside world. but not too much. the friendly public face of a secretive multibillion-dollar business. ass far, he was sick successful -- he was as successful in his realm as his hero across the park had been in his. reading, but iep dashed in casebe my editor who told me not to follow love not owned writing, i do not want to look like i ever did, but i thought this was two fair paragraphs to read you. so i think we should probably turn the session over to you, -- you can answer

ask questions. thank you very much. [applause] >> thanks to kramers. gardner athere.r. so do you have questions? [indiscernible] well, that is actually -- i spent every friday for about three months at the command and general staff college and sat in some group discussions, because that had -- they had a special study in 2009 on this topic. at there several majors school who had written monographs on it early on.

very interesting. and so what they were trying to do that spring was to they studied the use of private contractors in bosnia, and that was their case study. then they had all these discussion groups about your necessity -- how to work with rival contractors. so that was the beginning of my research, and i was very --cinated by the fact that it went through all stereotypes. this is been happening for years now, and there is the command that again in the fall of 2008. but in that spring there was an effort on the part of all those majors who were there working on advanced degrees and taking their year of study, and the concern was how to work with them and to avoid

and 2 -- youion have to read the chapter. positive effort on the part. it was on that level, and a very serious study of bosnia and also iraq. and what could have been done better and where does the monitoring come from. how can we expect better accountability. one of the reasons the international code of conduct , the swiss initiative, the group in geneva trying to establish monitoring, one of the points that they make is similar to what was going on in those noups in 2009, which is that government is going to completely regulate these

companies. it is probably never going to happen. some of the suggestions were one of we had a regulatory commission, what if we had a cabinet post? there are so many private contractors in so many agencies. what would that look like? and there were discussions about that. what does it mean in a democracy to have these companies and have -- how do you use them for the benefit of a nation and have enough misuseability to prevent and the empowering of the industry itself? the industry getting over -- getting too powerful, as what happened in the companies in the 14th and 15th centuries in italy. so there were many discussions the embraced history and

monographs that had come out of -- what is really the think tank of the army. mentioned, there was a discussion of efficiency and effectiveness, because their concern was that these are on-call companies. that is how they market themselves. they say we are the fedex of defense and security. it is on call, avoiding a lot of that isy processes together theulling troops. and so their concern was that, look, the most successful defense strategy in history, and areudy some of those, too, the most successful ones were not the most efficient ones, but sometimes to be effective is a long process.

so they had great concern about attraction of these companies. that is one of the appeals. sort of to answer your question. congratulate you on the book. you are one of the few people thus far who have -- but in the future -- my question is this -- what auc as the evolution of the industry in terms of domestic and basically internationally? you talked about drones, for example. kind of michigan do you think they will pursue in the country -- what kind of mission do you think they will be pursuing an around the world? >> i want to repeat what he said

at the beginning, because it was a compliment about pulling things together, all together in the book. quite a challenge. and his question is, what do i see as the future for the industry? markets and a lot of money, the simple answer. it is as i said, and it is actually the way i described it in the book, which is -- i got to switch back here, sorry -- it is not an ad for glasses -- but basically, in the general's quote that i gave you earlier that as conflicts develop

worldwide, of course, there will be use of these companies. there is great expertise in these companies, and you go on the website -- you should go on the recruitment websites, some of the websites of the really big companies. the array of services offered is so immense periods of the future of the industry in this country, certainly, border patrol, the immigration situation is frontier for contracts. whether it is organizations, contracting them, or homeland security and their border patrol industry --trone the drone industry, and part of what you will find very -- theseng, i did studies, i am the conduit for

you -- i've been reading studies and interviewing people for years, and i have read many studies about the operations of drones in the number of people it takes. it is a very labor-intensive operation. it is not the image you have, another misconception on the road. people, five or six people, focusing on something and pushing buttons. it is hundreds of people. so i think there is a growing privatization of alat ariel analysis-- aeri analysis android operations, which going back to the military was something that one of the people i interest -- interviewed was someone in the marines who actually said, he was concerned andt depersonalized warfare

pairing contractors and drones together, the average citizen is to remove from the conflict. -- i think that that area and maritime security. have to look at this in a fair way. they have been trying to get the truth out without the sensationalizing any part of it, yet making it a compelling story. but you have to realize there ie examples of success, and would say maritime security is one of them. wouldn't you agree, david? --the industry debated this hasn't the industry debated this, our see, and terrorism has diminished thus far. that is another area where it icon.definitely -- afr i do not think the defense

authorization act of 2014 am i talking about the importance of contractors.edit it says we have to do it differently than we have in the past, we have to analyze what happened in iraq, have to improve the situation. i am probably missing something, but lots of things regarding the u.n. a study just came out, the problem with this book is is forever's changing and evolving, and a study just came out a couple months ago showing that the u.n. had increased its 300% since 2009 in private security. and if you interviewed someone the reasonwho said is obvious, it is becoming so dangerous. we have to have armed security. when you read the book, you can see how the parallels of the

increased conflict and hostile anironments has brought expansion of markets for these companies. , like anyso see that industry, there are certain companies that are getting the most work, which is interesting. i think five or six of them just pulled together in one very big company, including the third incarnation of blackwater just a couple weeks ago. so i may have to be following this topic for the rest of my life. --changes, you false evolves. it will be interesting what happens in the weeks ahead, and the roles that are the contractors will play. iraq war hashe

been called the first contractors war. so are we looking at the second contractors were, and what we need to do to prepare for that, as we go in in terms of transparency, accountability, and oversight? wouldn't it be fascinating to be told that -- to include the company's and the contracts -- and the contracts, so many contracts and so many companies, to be guild something about -- to be told something about the role of these companies in the larger picture? it seems that that would just widen the scope of our participation in our nation's defense security. that is at raychem another question out there. did that answer your question, david? yes, you had your hand up. >> [indiscernible]

>> the question was about the u.n., and we talked about that a little bit. there is more on that in the book, by the way. the second question about regulation, it in this country? >> [indiscernible] >> no, they have been addressing the issue. .n. is innd is -- the u a very situation, because there is a group that has been addressing the situation, and there are participants, fabulous people, who have been going to geneva to these meetings regarding international -- is involved in both

recognizing their need for private security, and at the same time, recognizing the need for greater monitoring. u.n. working group on mercenaries. >> [indiscernible] , there isd recognition on an international level, and there certainly is recognition within the u.n. but i think when i found out that since 2006 there have been people working on this concept of an international regulation, that is what the initiative is, it is the swiss government, and lawyers,anitarian involved,ts first is lots of human rights organizations, and members of this industry. like i said, this is a bona fide industry, and you do not want headlines about that behavior

within your industry to completely ruin the whole concept of what you do if you are doing a good job at it, and you do not want -- but there are a problems. reasons there is an international group that has been working since 2006 on better monitoring. and since i am in washington, i can't say and i do not think it will take away from the sales of turner, there is a page a 240-page report that came out of congress, the wartime contract commissioning report, that embraced all contractors in iraq and afghanistan since 2003 2 2011. but it is fascinating, the details about the reasons for

the need for better monitoring. and you see that in my book. all kinds of incidents that you may not have heard about. one who is knowledgeable about this, and working on it, including representatives of the u.n., are well aware of the possibility for human rights issues, fraud, waste, and all the bad behavior you have seen flashing and headlines. they are also aware of the fact that this is an industry that has passed through the pirtle -- the portal opponents. that means it must be closely monitored and it must be respected for its power and use. quotation fromer the former british army officer that i quoted earlier, i thought it was really brilliant in that

is the story,his the evolution of this industry, the story straight out of science fiction, is always the seed, and the iraqi, and watered it, big-time. now we have a new crop that was bred globally. perhaps it may have to be stopped many years from now, but for now it must be used and closely monitor. anyone taking a close look will tell you that. and so that is part of the inspiration for the book, is to deliver a fair analysis. sidesow, that shows all and the reality, that at this point in the early 21st century, what we are looking at. and also be fascinated by it. the military history cannot business history, and we are watching it. you know, i will do one more

quote, if i can find it. quickly, from someone who is known as or has the reputation for being once a the -- let me see if i can find us here -- and thissays a lot about -- was somebody who runs a very successful company who worked in africa, kind of notorious in england, not mentioning in -- all the names are here. you have to buy the book to find the names. for severald him hours, couple blocks from here, actually, couple years ago, in a couple of his quotes are very the interesting

aspect of the industry and the fact that it is viewed by many who have been following it for years as something permanent. and so that means we need to and improve the monitoring. -- two paragraphs -- alternatively, alternately charming and confident and defensive, witty and somber, he spoke for a long while about the helution of the sector, as calls the industry. the british were earlier. and's through 1990's, british history of empire. it is like we have been around doing this thing for a long while. waslts the trajectory of -- analogous to the history of the american railroad industry.

at first they were accused of everything, but they were essential as the world was changing, and they in turn change the world, he says. the global frontier is like 's wild west publicity analogy makes sense. he added get another analogy for his industry. you start off wild and then become part of the establishment. -- experimental music becoming mainstream. now what is all the fuss about? so-called the chapter, "what is all the fuss about?" there have been people for years, for the last several years, working on and also people within the industry working on a system of guidelines and regulations. perhapsartly out of the cynicism that individual nations are not going to regulate them,

and also the fact that they have become global wildcards. there are a couple of examples of that recently, and one just very recently in the spring of 2014 when we sold billions of attack of apache helicopters and hellfire missiles to iraq, this is in the spring, late -- to trainrain and workers and train the military on how to use those weapons. and so some of the companies, private, military and security companies were hired to do that. we didn't hire them. the iraqi government did. and so there are other instances of that. so this is an international industry. it may have gotten its biggest