pesticides and herbicides weren't good for your body. we didn't believe in factory farming and raised in an eco-friendly household. thanks to jimmy carter my dad put three solar panels on the roof much the next he showed how we saved 30% and everyone said we should do that too. as a very young kid these were belief systems instilled in me. so get into the beverage business and just real brief, i figured i could take on the big companies and show them that a little company could care. when we started steve's we were the first certified soda company in america. and next thing we did was a fair trade certified company. we cared about the farmers and land and people.

the next initiative was we worked with a native energy in 2,007 to be the very first to offset all the carbon emissions. that was an important thing. people thought that was nuts too. i had people at coca-cola and other large companies saying, kid, what are you doing? this makes no sense and i said i care about it and i could use all my little cans and little bottles to tell a story about carbon offsets. so i actually used the beverage business because of our over consumption with a story on them i used those products to tell my story and that story is out in the world ten years later across 5 or 6 brands that i created and continue to tell our story have doing good world and giving back and being a conscience citizen. so we see oftentimes our consumers start to make changes because they love our brand and love what we're doing.

we start to see other young pwrabdz coming up saying how do we do it. just very excited to be around here. this is an amazing room of beings that is based on the energy of the whole amazing room of beings that is based on the energy of the universe. tphapl mass stay and thank you for having us. [applause] it's how many earths are needed to provide the level of

consumption where we are today. for the u.s.a. it's 5.5 earths. for the u.k. it's three and a quarter. for france it's three. for germany it's 2.5 and russia it's 2.5 and brazil it's two and china it's almost one. but that's going to change. so obviously none of this is sustainable and it's only going to come from us by saying no and we can also boycott. that's the radical approach is boycott. we did that against tuna that was catching dolphins. guess what? they changed their practices because women said, i'm not buying it. good so the deeper we go into the saying no and we can also boycott. that's the radical approach is issues the more educated we are. vote with your dollars.

thank you very much. [applause] >> on this weekend's news makers montana governor steve bullock is our guest. as chair of the governor association he talks about efforts to elect more democratic governers and current issues that governers are facing in their states. watch the interview sunday at 10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. eastern on c-span. sunday on q & a glenn kessler on his biggest pinocchios of 2014 awards. the biggest false claims this past year. >> democrats get more upset because i think they have bought into the myth of the liberal media and he think the media is on their side. whereas republicans they firmly believe in a myth of the liberal media so they kind of expect

that they're going to be fair. i hope that over the last four years i've done enough back and forth, traoetsdz both parties with equal fervor that people have now come to tkpwhrupblgingly say, you're someone we can do business business with. sunday night at 8:00 skpaoerpb pacific on c-span's q & a. >> now a look at some of the issues effecting college athletic programs from

"washington journal" this is an hour. learned talking today we're taking a look at college athletics programs. joining us for the discussion reporter steve, good morning. college athletics how much of it is the program itself makes up the larger part of the university. what's the role they play? >> well, within the broader budget of the united states it's a small piece of it just in terms of the finances. but in terms of the reknown and the publicity it draws it's viewed even within college athletics and within higher ed as being a front porch for the united states and getting its message out there and just sort of the way people interact with colleges generally is through the athletics. in large part in a large way is through the athletics program. >> how students are involved?

>> in the broader basis within the totality of the ncaa across all three divisions about 450 and 470,000programs. joining us students who are playing sports within division one which is the group of schools that are involved in the basketball tournament, march madness, abouts 180,000 students. >> eight out of the ten earn bachelor's degrees and 35% will go to post stkpwrad watt degrees. are there issues the time demands of their sports and managing their time and being able to get through and go on to college. i mean, most of the attention is on men's basketball and football which is a big revenue generation sports and supports on television the most. and the time demands are

greatest and where the academic backgrounds of some of the athletes are not -- sometimes not as good. you have to keep in mind the totality of college sports runs across much broader spectrum and many in sports whether it's in swimming or track and field or soccer or whatever where they're there is a whole lot going on and a lot of those students who are heavily engaged in their academics and still have a lot of demands on them but there is not a lot of professional prospects out there for them so they are getting a degree and things. >>

>> it doesn't mean that they're not academically rigorous but some of this has to do with the interest of playing keep in mindsports. if you're involved with in sports you might have interest in sports or sports management or recreation or those sports oriented types of programs. certain of these programs also are more -- it's simpler to manage depending on the academic model of the university or what the academic demands are. theyend to give students more freedom to pick and choose what their involved in. but no question there's been signs of sort of athletes being funneled toward certain academic programs.

they raised some questions and whether or not they're being able to major in programssports. if. being involved in an engineering or premed program is a big time commitment for any student.

do go but there is a

lot of advising given to college athletes and 134 of that results in some decisions that athletes end up not being happy with when they're done in school. perhaps they're not where they wanted to end up when they first started into school or maybe they're not happy with where they ended up they got done with school but an incredible support network and completely different environment than it is for the normal student in terms of being able to access and advising and

help with lining up major programs and so on. again, time demands on the athletes are considerable and that's the reason why they're set up but there is a huge scaffolding around the athletes to help them manage these kinds of things. >> >> sometimes it works out and sometimes it doesn't and again it's a question of whether or not are the students -- are the athletes ending up in programs they want to be or putting in programs simply to help keep them eligible and in some place it works really well and other places it has not worked well and there has been the university of north carolina where there is a lot of publicity about an academic scandal there and and it's proven and been shown not to be particularly rigorous or well

monitored and a lot of problems like that. >> we had a chance to discuss big ten presidents and the one of those was the head of michigan state. she talked about her university's perspective. let's get some of her perspective and then you can comment on it. >> we have scholarship student athletes who are both men and woman who's grad race rates are the same as our student body. obviously there are a few who come to the united states who leave a bit early to pursue their athletic interests, but we see all of our students no matter their athletic skills as athletes second and provide academic support for them to be successful. we also had programs to ensure that student athletes return to graduate and stay connected with us. two examples currently might be

a player who isinterests, but we see all of our students no matter their athletic skills as athletes playing hockey for the detroit red wings who keeps emailing me he's within six credits of getting heu degree. and look at a person like steve smith who is a commentator for -- on basketball making a terrific income after his professional playing career who is finishing his degree and stayed connected to michigan state and role model for almost every student athlete we of. the media focuses on the 1% of students who are really the student athletes who are not indicative of our set of students who receive scholarships as part of the athletic program >> i think there is validity to the focus of the media as it were but the 1% are the football players and the basketball players and those are the people

who are involved in sports and people are most interested on the ones on television and so on. you'll hear this over and over again, with referring to the student athletes that's a term that is sort of evolved out of the ncaa itself to try to make it sound like there's -- it's an equal deal and in the minds of a lot of athletes that's not the case. that in many instances for a lot of these guys athletics comes equivalent if not first because of the time demands that are involved. >> is there a different role? >> yeah, and there's -- there's no point in kidding around about it. the demands made are significant and in terms of -- or in terms of what's going on outside and things that are optional. they're optional to the extend you don't want to do them you're lose your position on the team

to somebody who does. whether or not they're mandatory or optional it's all the same. there are decisions that those guys make and that we've shown on cross-examination that there's plenty of down time that these guys spend playing video games or watching tv marathons. i mean, there's plenty of time to do things and their decisions are made. but the time demands that are made on these folks are considerable. >> and those not following the trial -- >> this this was a kiss at a resolved around the athletes names, images and likenesses and whether or not they were being appropriately compensated for that use through live television and rebroadcast of games and through all kinds of different

uses. and ultimately what has happened at the district court level the athletes were awarded -- it was made partially on their behalf that would open the possibility of athletes getting on a deferred basis compensation for their participation in sports. your actual dollars as opposed to to a college scholarship which is the cost to room, tuition and fees, the schools in major conferences will in january in all likelihood change that death is any things so a college athletic scholarship will cover those things plus the cost of attendance which will be transportation back and forth from school and other incidentals. >> let's hear from some people who have questions who are calling. an educate erb, you're up first,

daryl. go ahead. >> i appreciate it. i'm an fc a character coach in the high school in new castl, pennsylvania, and i've just been introduced to this program in the last two years. our program reaches into the life of the student athlete and try to support them and the support produces a more quality player and more quality student and we have volunteers. do you find this in the colleges as well in high schools? have you heard of any of this? >> in terms of what type of support are you provide something >> well, we're providing academic support and providing emotional support and in other words my job and i always laugh they say, what's your job i said my job is working with the

kid that comes off and starts dropping the f-bomb and gets all excited and we try to bring him to control and then we find out that there's a problem at home. we find out that there's a problem in his studies and we find out -- we use the support to be able to help them and how i'm making this transition into what you're saying is that in colleges there is a lot of down time. >> so you're serving more like a mentor. you're wondering if colleges have more of an incentive. >> i'm wondering whether you checked into any of this and what's your opinion of that. >> okay. i think there are considerable support programs that are put out there for the athletes that are both in terms of their academics as well as in their other areas of their lives. i think that schools do make an effort to try to support them in terms of their mental and psychological health.

i think there's been a greater awareness of concussions and the impact of that that's kind of had -- i think there's also help that's offered for guys on an emotional level. there is a spiritual element in this in some programs. i think schools are making an effort and i think there are places where it could get better. we saw problems with year with how university of michigan football program dealt with concussions and athlete injuries. are getting more and more aware of that's kind of had -- i think there's also help that's offered for guys on an emotional that just as professional sports are. but there is that kind of support available. >> a parent in abilene, texas, go ahead. >> good morning. i was a player and a parent. my son plays at northwestern western. i played at ucla about 40 years ago and i think there is a lot of ignorance out there as to how athletic scholarship is paid

for. i went at a college when all the ills were blamed on 100 football plays at northwestern western. i played at ucla about 40 years players in the world. like you explained how college scholarship is -- it's really it's not a scholarship >> the athletics department will run their own scholarship programs that's true. how are they paid for? the money that backs all the athletics programs is generated by the programs. there's also subsidies that are put into the programs by the universities and the amount of money that goes into those programs through funding and fees varies from school to school and only seven programs in the most recent year that is available that received no type of subsidy. is there is definitely

involvement of athletic funds and fees through those kinds of skpraplz fees. that is what you're getting at? >> he's gone but the concept of fees to students who aren't involved in athletic programs have an option to say that i'd rather have my fees be put to something else than a sports program? >> there are fees charged specifically to support athletic programs. those athletic fees in the vast vast majority of cases those are not optional. they're mandatory fees just like the fee that you get charged to help support the computer infrastructure and the phone system, the bus system, whatever else. it's part and parcel of the fee structure. >> how much of the revenue that's comprised especially in the ncaa comes from television? >> a lot of it comes from television. either through the arrangements

with the conferences make from football whichand also comes from the ncaa as a television contract. but the football television money is a much bigger driver in those conferences that have the bigger television contracts, the five major conferences atlantic coast, big ten, big 12. >> good morning. >> good morning. first and foremost thanks for disclosing all the information that you do. it's very helpful. >> appreciate it. thanks. >> no beproblem. i wanted to make a comment and hang up after that. i hear all of this stuff going on about ncaa and how athletes should be thankful for a scholarship. being a former athlete it's the

biggest hypocrisy that i ever witnessed. you cannot tell me that these athletes cannot be paid money when i see a coach like nick saban having a $3 million home paid for and i see a coach like harbaugh getting offered $8 million and a kid getting suspended because he made a few bucks off his autograph. you can are can't make an argument about that when these universities are making hundreds of millions of dollars off their backs. it will never add up and never equalize. these kids for most of them have not asked to come to school. for the most part of it a lot of them are forced to come to school because they have to meet a requirement to become a professional athlete. when we're talking about the 1% that that michigan state president had the nerve to get up there and talk about, okay.

it's a free marketing scheme. it helps the athlete being able to land on their feet and run as soon as they're drafted. >> can i ask you where you went to school and what sport you played? >> i went -- i actually went to school a few years ago i went to -- >> did you go on a scholarship yourself? >> i did. >> what did you play? >> i played a sport, i'm not going to disclose that. >> okay, thank you. >> what he's raising are significant issues. there is a lot of conflict within the ncaa about whether athletes are getting in relation to the salaries that coaches are being paid and the amounts of revenue that is being generated bite schools. that is a big piece of what's going on in other litigations that are pending against the ncaa. there are -- and the

conferences. >> we have a lifting of some of of those average fayepay for head coach. 3.7 million. big ten about 3 million. >> major college coaches are making in the neighborhood 2.7 to $3 million a year in football. that's serious money. and that's the reason why people are finding this sort of inequity in athletics in terms of what they're able to receive and i think it's something that is the schools in those conferences are eager to try to address. i think schools have gun to recognize in part because they've been forced by these legal actions to recognize that the amounts of revenue that's being generated through these programs is so gigantic and the

salaries are so gigantic that there is this imbalance that has developed over time. and they are trying to address that. whether or not that's going to be sufficient remains to be seen. >> there is a movement to unionize athletes. >> that's true. there is a case pending about the effort that northwestern university team that was presented with with the exception to unionize and how that will turn out. it was thought that the nlrb would issue a ruling because of the 15 members of the board was oh oat term was expiring on september 16th. there was a thought that the decision would be made by then.

they'll deal with it because the perception is that this case will be continued to be appealed and litigated through the various procedures and eventually into the courts. >> as part of the big ten series we had a chance to talk with the university of iowa and asked about this concept of unionizing student athletes. something she's opposed to and here's why. >> i view our student athletes as students first. our student athletes here perform well above not only the school average when it comes to grad wakes and gp a, but also well above the national average. they take their studies and and academic peace here very seriously. we need to be able to create a great environment and have all

the support they need whether support for academics or support to keep them healthy. i'm all for making certain we continue to add to benefits for them and provide the highest quality opportunities for them. but i really would hate them to see them think of themselves as employees than student athletes. i think that is not what i looked at college sports for. >> that's great and that's the position that's held by college presidents. the nlrb however took a different view of it and in the regional director's decision, it's a person who performs severies for another under a contract of hire subject to the other's control or right of control and in return for payment. and in a lot of people's minds that's exactly what is going on in college athletics. that there's a contract of hire

and that's the national letter of intent and they're compensated and athletic scholarship is worth tens of thousands of dollars. u "usa today" we looked at what potential value of a men's basketball scholarship is. if you look at the value everything that's part of that the coaching. if you were to go out and get that on your own, other benefits that athletes get along the way and that was without putting a dollar value on the exposure. we found it to be around $125,000 a year. so i mean, there is compensation. now that could be used as an argument back in the other direction. hey, look at all the benefits that the athletes are getting. that is a pretty equitable system. so i mean again, this goes back and forth about this.

but there's no question that this is something that continues to be highly debated and i know the schools are trying as president mason said, they're trying to figure out a way to try to bring some more he can quit ability to

thank you for taking my call. i'm of age when it came into effect. i don't think our public is quite knowledgeable of title 9 . they have to spend $1 million on women's sports. does the title 9 go through k-12? guest: yes, you do see it at the high school level. it does

apply. there are a variety of wyasays this is looked at. it's the same amount of spending. it's not strictly about one thing or another. there are safe harbors schools can use as targets in compliance with title 9. sometimes it comes down to what happens when the department of education makes examinations of an athletics program when a complaint is filed. (202) 737-0001host: bob, go ahead. caller: i want to talk about the arms racee -- about the

facilities. they are building and cramping on campus a $350 million facility and that program lost money last year. guest: there's no question facilities have become a huge area of competition among schools. the luxuriousness of stadiums is seen as recruiting tools. also they are revenue generating sources. other kinds of higher priced seating.

there is some questioning as to whether or not this is the best way for a program to be spending their money. it's a really serious issue, because they are putting themselves into enormous debt situations. some of the money the schools are getting, some of that -- a lot of that money is already spent because of long term commitments made in building facilities. they are able to build luxury

suites to help finance the cost of those stadiums. it has been problematic for the schools, but there's no question there is this arms race. there is some connection between some giving to the university and people who gave to the athletics program . their affinity was generated by the athletics program. there was significant concern about -- if we drop sports, what kind of impact will this have on our overall funding

structure? there is definitely competition within schools for dollars. as opposed to dollars toward the general fund. host: are student athletes -- are their names nad -- names and likenesses used for merchandising? guest: it's not coincidental that the replica football jerseys that were sold through the university have the number 2 on them. they have done a good job of pointing out certain issues with the ncaa. they found out these were being

marketed with the athlete's name. it's not coincidental which numbers are bieng put -- being put on the jerseys/ the underlying quarterback at oregon getting a royalty payment off jerries that have his shirt number on it, no. >> al from pennsylvania, you're up next. hi. >> apparently under a rational that somehow mr. sandusky who has a lower level assistant

coach at penn state helped penn state football team to unfair advantage on the field: he could no longer play and wiped out the victories over the years. wasn't this a very harsh and unfair. >> and it's something that will be litigated in a case in the pennsylvania state courts that got expanded over -- because harsh and initially the issue was whether or not the money that was find

and levied against the university will have to be spent against the state of pennsylvania. it's becoming a question about the ncaa's ability to mete out certain of these penalties and they're being placed in a tough spot in a state court and that's going to be coming up in february. it's a topic of on going litigation. >> we're talking about college athletic programs. we interviewed the presidents of big time colleges. if you want to see that series still available on the c-span website. watch those for yourself. let's here from leo in lafayette, louisiana. good morning. >> 17 to 19

all americans. this particular university gets 13 or 14. and no one determines what is all involved. in football i have a kid that plays football over numerous amount of years go undefeated. but because of moneys we can't go to a major bowl but alabama does, and usc does and all the rest does. my third and final question, if i need an education in biology or law why is it that an athlete after one or two years can leave and go and pursue their career but as a biology major or education major, i can't leave? host: thanks, carl guest: i'm not quite sure what you're asking in the third question, but in terms of what's

going on with the university of kentucky basketball program the bigger issue with what's going on in kentucky is the way john calipari, the coach there, has used sort of the one and done system that's been set up under the collective bargaining with the nba, that's required basketball players to go to school for at least one year and what calipari has done, and he's been successful at it so it's drawn more and more players is that it's taking these guys and they win and prepares them for pro careers, they go to school one year and leave and go on to the pros, and he's managed to continue to keep recruiting and drawing more athletes and players in and he's got a team that is playing louisville today, and many people are thinking they want kentucky to lose a game this season and basically they've accumulated basically 10 guys who are largely interchangeable and put together a power-house team of guys, many of whom are viewed as

nba prospects, many of whom will only be in school for one year and whether or not that sort of makes a mockery of the entire educational system where they're having to be eligible essentially to maintain eligible through the fall semester. there are reasons for them to maintain eligibility through the spring, as if they were coming back, would create problems for kentucky if they weren't but, you know, that's an issue, whether or not that's what college should be about, and college sports should be about, is college athletes coming in one year to play ball, being out and that's basically what they're doing. host: a viewer asking if a student athlete, if he or she is on scholarship, are they required to pay any money if they don't graduate to go pro guest: no, they're not required to repay money if they turn pro. their issue is being able to come back to school to complete their degrees. when presidents talk about

benefits they're trying to put in place for school and athletes to come back to school schools are getting more and more, you know, aggressive about trying to create opportunities for athletes to come back to school if they leave early to turn pro. host: is the ncaa making any effort to self-regulate if the program, its organization if i understand, 40 or so coaches and the like, are formed as special counsel to oversee these kind of issues or take a look at them? guest: well, i mean the ncaa itself as an association, the member schools it's created for the purpose of self regulation. i mean, that's the whole idea. the question is whether or not that self regulation is working. and whether or not that's resulting in something that sufficiently is beneficial to the athletes or not. but, you know, the ncaa isn't some , you know, third-party group. yes, there are staff people who work in the employ of the association, who are based in

indianapolis and charged with interpreting rules and enforcing rules and overall running the association. but in terms of the rules-making piece of this the ncaa is the schools. and i think folks, you know, sort of lose sight of that that the rules making is done by the schools themselves. and so that's -- whether or not the schools are doing a sufficiently good job of that remains to be seen. i mean, a judge in -- a federal judge in california said not so much and is prepared to impose the system on the schools, and you know so there are definitely people just passionate observers of the system who think the schools aren't doing a good job. host: the republican charlie of pennsylvania introduced the athletes accountability act, takes a wide look at a variety of things. is college interested in sports and how it's regulated and

worked out guest: there's an element of congress interested in this. the question is how big of congress is interested. there is clearly a significant vocal group of congressmen and senators who have taken an issue in these issues as they have come up. whether or not there's a sufficiently large number of them to effect change remains to be seen. i mean, there have been a number of bills that have been introduced, that were introduced last year and some that were introduced late in the session as well. tony cardonas from california, and jim moran, who's left now, from virginia have produced bills. bill was sponsored by representative beatty. there have been a lot of cosigners to these bills there have been letters written to the ncaa in response to these questions. there have been hearings on this. the question is whether or not there is sufficient level of

willpower in congress to get involved in a way that potentially will legislate some things, or whether or not just the force of congress pulling people onto capitol hill to have to respond to questions, to appear at hearings, and whether or not that's sufficient to get peoples' attention in college athletics to produce movement. host: steve berkowitz from usa today, here to talk about college athletic programs. sam, from georgia, go ahead. caller: good morning. host: hi. caller: i have a comment. i really feel like starting at the nfl level that big money and -or organized crime moves the nfl. and i hate to see it filtrating into college athletics, but if you really watch a lot of football games, you kind of wonder why certain teams win,

and i'm not an ohio state fan nor a wisconsin fan, but they are no better than wisconsin, but this so-called playoff group and how they organize it thank you. guest: you know he's getting at some pretty serious allegations. there have been scandals in college athletics but when he's talking about the score of the big 10 championship games, that's a pretty serious allegation that you're making there, with regard to ohio state beating wisconsin as bad as they did and whether or not that had to do with anything. host: margaret, good morning. caller: hi, there, mr. berkowitz. my daughter was a highly recruited gymnast in high school and ultimately went to several colleges to look at

programs and she decided on ohio state and made a lot of decisions about we know what you want to do we love that you know what your major is but the minute pretty much she got on campus, she was told she had to change her major or she would lose her scholarship. anyway, it's a revolving door with gymnastics at ohio state, and we as parents tried to get involved. jim smith oversees gymnastics, because there's been a problem with the program. basically the conclusion was pretty much if it's not football, we don't care. it's not a money-making sport and we got no help, no support from the academic side when we kept asking why she was being recruited.

they knew it when she was recruited that she was this major, but ultimately there was no support from anyone in academics at ohio state guest: gene smith is the athletics director at ohio state. these are the kinds of things we were talking about earlier in the show with regard to clustering in majors and athletes being funneled into certain major programs and in many instances athletes are told, look, you can be pre-med if you want, but there's a lot of really hard courses in pre-med and if you don't get a certain grade point average you'll risk your eligibility because you don't do well in the classes that are really hard to deal with, even without playing sports that if you don't do well enough in those classes, then you're not going to be able to play. and athletes then, you know a lot of times athletes will say, okay, that's not maybe such a great idea and there are some athletes who persevere and get it done. there are plenty of football

players who become doctors. and there are lots of people who go on to law school who are gymnasts, and these are decisions the students have to make and it's not easy. again, it gets into the whole issue of time commitment, and it's a tough balancing act, but whether or not the degree to which athletes are supported in their academic choices gets into -- again, it's a school-by-school situation. some athletes find it to be really fulfilling other athletes not so much. there's no question what the caller was talking about there, that the experiences are out there, and they're real, and those things happen, and they're not just happening in football and mens' basketball. they're happening in gymnastics, swimming, track athletes, and it happens across the board. host: mike from pennsylvania. good morning, go ahead. caller: okay, earlier, you had a call from another penn state

alumni and it brought up the fairness issue with what happened to penn state. you didn't seem to have an opinion about the fairness issue and what he was referring to was sandusky who was a criminal who was tried, convicted and sent to jail, and the ncaa punishes the president, team, players, coaches, students and alumni who had absolutely nothing to do with what sandusky did and that is the fairness issue that everybody in pennsylvania is discussing. guest: the fairness issue that everybody in pennsylvania is discussing and everybody associated with the university of southern california football program were discussing when the ncaa was dealing with reggie bush or any of these programs, it's very difficult to punish people for past deeds so you can't retroactively punish penn state short of taking away

victories and that's proven to be a punishment that people don't really recognize, you know, you take away victories and people say well they played the games won the games and the general public's mind, that's the way those games were decided. so yeah, i mean there's no question that the ncaa's enforcement structure creates a circumstance where athletes and schools in the present are being punished for deeds in the past, and that's partially because it's so difficult for the ncaa to try it enforce these rules and the whole enforcement procedures that are involved, they lack subpoena power. it's very difficult for these cases to be adjudicated quickly, so by the time they get found out about and investigated and adjudicated, you're dealing with something that occurred two years ago, three years ago, four years ago, and then how do you hold the school accountable for something that occurred there without punishing athletes who had nothing to do with it and potentially coaches who had nothing to do with it, and it's

a very difficult situation for the ncaa to deal with, and the alternative is that, you know, there's no rules and we can do whatever they want, and that's not what the schools want. host: let's hear from dave a student from omaha nebraska. good morning. caller: good morning. you sent like the diversity along the lines of title 9, that the ncaa would institute religious and racial, along those lines. guest: i'm sorry i'm not clear on your question. caller: well, i think like the female athletics quotas do you think they would ever institute a quota system for religious or racial diversity on campuses? guest: i don't think that the ncaa would have anything to do with that. i mean, the title 9 is a federal law, and that's where that comes from. that's not from the ncaa. that was passed by congress. i think the ncaa has made some effort to try to bring, you know, diversity in terms of its

governance panels, that are involved in rules making to try to have women involved, to try to have minorities involved to try to balance those things out, but, you know, having that sort of quotas or having that legislated, in terms of athlete involvement, i think is not going to happen. host: one more call for our guest, chris from grand park, illinois, hi. caller: good morning. i'd like to know, student athletes who are injured and they cannot continue to you know through the rest of the four years, do they lose the scholarships or let's say they are injured to the point where it affects their performance? do those students lose their scholarships? guest: under the current system, it is possible for that to happen. at the moment scholarships at many schools are renewable

annually. in theory that's not supposed to happen. you're not supposed to lose your scholarship for injury or because, you know, you proved not to be quite as good a player as they had hoped when you were recruited or things like that, but the fact of the matter is that kind of thing does occur. now, the ncaa is trying and schools and conferences are starting to institute or pledge to institute systems that will result in scholarship commitments in what are called head count sports where each athlete occupies an entire athletic scholarship, football mens basketball, womens basketball, volleyball, other sports like that, where the commitment is made for four years, as long as the athlete lives up to certain academic and behavioral rules. now, again some of that's going to be subjective and it'll be interesting to see how these things are put into practice. but whether or not -- but those kinds of commitments for

four-year colleges may not be there in sports such as soccer and baseball where schools are allowed to divide scholarships among individual athletes so you may have 24 athletes on a team sharing 12 scholarships. those awards may not be recognized entirely for four years as they go along and those also may become -- those also may remain renewable from year to year but i think that's something that a lot of people don't understand is that scholarships at the present are not required to be four-year commitments. they can be and are renewable annually. host: our guest writes about sports and does projects for sports for usa today, steve berkowitz. if you want mo