to head off streams, attempts at radicalizing young frenchman and women. >> standby for a moment. pictures we are looking at now from the area around where this unity rally has started. leaders, dozens of them standing by and they are lining up as they take a moment to commemorate the victims of this week's attacks. david cameron and the spanish prime minister and as the camera pans back, the turkish prime minister. we need to make a point there are friends or relatives of the victims themselves also taking part of the rally. alongside a lot of muslim

leaders and they have come out in worse and have called out and supporters to basically show the majority of frenchman do not support in any way shape or form what is that happening throughout the week. john, what did you say to that? do you think fronts, what -- france what do they need to do to get closer to their muslim population and bring them into the fabric of society in a better fashion? >> there are no easy solutions. the mechanism set in place, the national council of muslim faith is a complete failure to reaching out to the people we are concerned with and nothing to do with the base. institutions, more schools, for example -- cap a counterterrorism expert said one of the rings that europe needs

that's one of the things that europe needs is many more schools that will teach about islam. that is one thing. as something to note about the rally, the one big absence in force is the national front. i do not know what the details were, were they not invited? were they disinvited? this is a real danger, though one, large growing element on the political stage, the national front feels itself to be marginalized and taken advantage of the situation to recruit more and more people to join in of his immigrants and radical muslims. the average person does not distinguish and that's a political fact there that will exacerbate the problem. >> john, as you have been speaking, witnessing the french president francois hollande greeting all of the leaders in paris.

we saw for instant francois hollande meeting the nato head, former norwegian president who was the head of the norwegian government at the time of the shootings back in 2011. perhaps a little bit of a deja vu for him, another painful chapter. >> just a few things. the honda francois hollande, we forgot to mention, the political archrivals behind the president of france, regarding -- she was not invited pretty --. no formal invitations were issued to the party and she was received by francois hollande last week after the event. and made it clear on friday that everybody was welcome, he even

said he would guarantee the security of leaders including le pen, talking about the security. a tremendous challenge for friends -- france's police. can you imagine 50 world leaders? [indiscernible] >> it is absolutely clear a number of socialist leaders and centerleft politicians felt increasingly uncomfortable with le pen. is it true she was person non grata? what she said, the leaders said it is not the case. and the feeling that maybe she is being exploiting these for political purposes. >> john bowen, i want to turn to you. angela merkel, so much to talk

to and discuss as we're looking at these pictures from central paris where the unity march is taking place. i want to ask about france's secular. one of the fundamental of the republic as we know it. what does it mean, if today, can you factor when it comes to being of a different religion and bringing everyone onto the same page? >> it does not have to be. the best way to understand is no preference for what religion over another. and at the same time, [indiscernible] to make sure those members who want to worship have a place to worship. france is a land of religious freedom. and at the same time, it tries

to keep a balance as it makes religion not part of the public sphere and that is important. look at the leaders i have talked to and said we have no problems as long as it is enforced in an evenhanded way. there are few catholic school, for example. muslims should not be given a hard time when they want to create muslim schools. there is no problem with that. the second point would be there are a number of measures taken recently a known problem given a solution that was really seen by many, mostly muslim is one more insult directed toward them. the strange efforts taken to keep mothers wear headscarves when accompanying school outings comes up again and again and muslims see it as an attack on them. if they were to see the user rather silly, symbolic items a

evenhanded enforcement of the secular tradition, i do not think muslims have a problem with it. >> john bowen, a professor at washington university in st. louis. i want to thank you very much indeed and we will let you go. let's talk through the pages we are seeing once again on your screen. "we are charlie." it has been a slogan ever since the attack on charlie hebdo, the magazine on wednesday. holding that the banner is basically a list of french political personalities from the right wing party, prime minister's from sarkozy's former government and the socialist party as well. side-by-side, shoulder to shoulder in the center of paris. obviously time and time again,

hundreds of thousands of people on the streets of the french capital this sunday. we will turn to our reporter who is watching it unfold. that is the place where the rally started. this is starting to empty now that the unity march is underway? >> not really, there are so many people here. it is impossible for anybody to move really. , very little movement. the international leaders, the republican march in paris seem to have made way to the -- the town hall. we will hear very little movement around me. people seem to be moving a given around right in the heart of paris and all are leaving the avenue still, it is extremely

difficult and the atmosphere especially here and there are reports of a different route taken around the -- northeast of paris. it seems there are some people who decided to go into different directions simultaneously because they're so many pierre -- so many people here, it shows the success of this republican march. the french authorities wanted as many people as possible in the streets of paris tonight today to show their opposition to what happened. to show their solidarity and to pay tribute to the victims of the tragic attack taking place in france since wednesday. it is that the authorities, the government, and the leaders of religious communities -- a huge

turnout. hundreds of thousands of people here, caring sluggers -- carrying slogans such as jesuis charlie. people on the statue of place de la republique waving flags from all over the world. quite emotional here. a very special moment in the history of france. following the unprecedented attack on the country has suffered. quick you can see it on the pictures, and aerial shot of place de la republique. as you are able to see -- >> you can hear the people cheering. take a look at this. >> absolutely. take it all in. unprecedented unity at place de la republique. tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of people filling the streets of paris. >> looking at all of that [indiscernible]

>> i do not think people understand. these are usually full of cars and now they are full of people. >> just to be there and hearing the shouts around you, and now the politicians are probably going to move away from all of this and the people will take over. >> we are seeing the monument at place de la republique. people have climbed up onto the monument. we are seeing people waving flags, the french flag home of the parisian flat, the norwegian flag -- flag, the parisian flag, the norwegian flag. people from all walks of life in paris have shown up. the mayor of paris was wearing a blue scarf and holding the banner. jesuis charlie, we are charlie.

>> it is -- what michael was saying people's movements. that spontaneous sort of display. >> since wednesday night. >> i have gone into place de la republique since then and there been people there lighting candles and singing the french anthem and maintaining some sort of vigil. what we have seen is a more organized event, that it is really driven and guided and pushed by the people of paris. it came from the bottom up as opposed from the top down. quick it started -- >> it started with 35,000 people on wednesday. >> and the viral hashtag. social media playing a very important task these days. >> social media is part of the story on both sides not only in

terms of what it means for french unity but also what it has meant in terms of growth of islamic radicalization. and social media is -- no doubt the connection to the world is given friends the ability to be in the spotlight today around the world and the chance for lots of other people to think about using it. >> and the hashtag swishy -- and the hashtag jesuischarlie. >> so many american friends of me send e-mails and they do not speak french and -- >> we have all become french. >> some other people are saying in france, jesuis charlie a lot of people used to despise charlie. >> pretty emotional pictures and very moving.

these are staff members of charlie hebdo and they are currently eating hugged -- being hugged by the french president. >> and a new edition which is likely to have one million. >> closing ranks when it is to help charlie hebdo come out with another french edition and we are expecting one million copies to be printed. an ordinary copy or edition would be printed and run 60,000. >> it will be sold abroad which is extraordinary because it has never happened in that history of the magazine. the other thing that has come out is teaching the world to say "i am charlie" in french. which of course means --

the world now seems -- sees a different paris. for many, harasses the eiffel tower. -- visit the eiffel tower. this has exposed a whole different side and a tale of 2 cities. it is the city and the suburbs. >> it begins with mark kirk numeral story. -- it begins with my personal story. the kouachi brothers were part of a group in northeastern paris and it turns out my son lives next door. and of course, that becomes a very personal story and you realize these guys were fomenting within 400-500 yards

with a where mice on lives. -- where my son lives every >> and it attracts many hipsters. >> it was a rundown part of paris and is now one of the trickier part -- trendier pars. >> it does put charlie hebdo on the map. i know in other countries, some of the characters have proven to be controversial and we have to understand here in france, you may love charlie hebdo our love charlie hebdo -- or hate charlie hebdo but you respect charlie hebdo, the freedom of speech and publishing cartoons. charlie hebdo was never an anti-muslim newspaper. they would target anyone. in one of their latest issues

they have a very provocative real life of jesus. and they also had cartoons against the jewish leaders. it is really part of the very french tradition of political cartoons and these cartoons were more than cartoonists. they were journalists. and that is an important thing. when you look at the target, where journalists, police officers and the jews and that sums up the story. >> indeed it does. we have the french president saying the army will protect the jewish sites throughout the city and the common month. -- in the coming months. there are an unprecedented number of french jews who have emigrated. >> will talk about france's relationship to muslim people and we need to look at france's

relation to the jewish community. that is a hugely important topic. >> it is interesting. i was back in jerusalem when the prime minister ariel sharon, as result of many protests held in paris of which israelis, called on french jews to leave france because it was not safe. as a result, she got -- he got -- you can see members of the jewish and muslim community. >> you can see the man and the beer, a very popular jewish -- using the man with the beard a very popular jewish author. >> for me what was extraordinary to see the imam, stand for a

moment of silence with a jewish counterpart, something you never, ever see. >> a very important point. what you said earlier one of our purposes is to figure out ways to create a communication between different cultures. what i've always said is the most important aspect of that is not dialogue per se, it is a question of giving one's opinion but doing things together. it is accomplishing things together. the fact that we see jewish leaders, muslim leaders and christian leaders side-by-side doing something, affirming something on behalf of friends -- france and it is hatred, it is no important symbol. not only about symbolism but feeling of togetherness. the speaker who came on earlier said something very important.

he set the muslim community here oftentimes feels there -- and they are french what the other french or not feel like they are french. i think he is probably correct about that in many ways. the other french people here often feel that the muslims will someday go back home or someday take over france or somehow they are antagonistic to france. >> if you are just joining us, just about to turn 4:04 in the french capital. you are looking at pictures and hundreds of thousands of people have turned out to take a stand against terror and hundreds of thousands of people and dozens of world leaders come to the french capital to commemorate.

this unity march the east side of paris friday's hostage siege played out where 4 hostages were killed near a kosher as you said, a great many people and thousands of people do not go to place de la republique where this began and decided to come here. it is a building momentum and an hour ago, it was quite empty and now lots of people. i've been speaking to one woman that she has come here to

express solidarity with the french people. why are you here? but i am here because i feel -- i am french and my family came from all around the world and i do not accept this kind of [indiscernible] this kind of terrorism so i feel like all people are in france and europe asked to come and show we are not a muslim. we are free. that is why i am here. >> thank you. marcus many people expressing the same sentiment here to express solidarity and liberty of expression.

you can hear the applause all around the national anthem inc. sung and flags. momentum of building and we are expecting thousands of more people today. we know the prime minister called at least one million or but more than that is the hope. build momentum slowly but surely here. >> the rally building momentum area they east of paris, we can expect this to go on for a few hours. the distance between -- is about three collectors or so but -- three kilometers, to move these people on foot will take quite amount of time. rochelle ferguson, thank you. we will come back at this rally gets closer to where you are.

once again, look at these pictures. >> it is organized and put together. many of these people do not know exactly what they are doing. >> the reality that in the security measures, you cannot expect those people to move within a short period of time. i think they will stay put. i cannot stress it enough. it is an area of paris which is normally full of traffic normally would take two minutes to go if you are lucky. by cab from place de la republique to -- look at that shot. the second alternative route. >> a number of rows and there are 2 main routes. logistically, it is very difficult. >> they should all the metro stations in their precinct

around lunchtime today. people had to walk in order to get to the start of the route. >> a very traditional route demonstrated in paris like 2003. 2 very symbolic squares with the statue with the three words. and, of course, the square of the french nation. so many people, i cannot remember seeing. it is interesting, most recent demonstrations were a year ago and these were very polarizing and decisive -- a divisive demonstration of gay marriage. today, we see a completely different story. something that clearly and visibly unite. >> french people, the french people are used to turning out

in larger numbers as we are seeing today. >> another important word for people to learn -- protest. we hear it a lot. >> it is a march. >> it is a rally. it crosses boundaries and communities. what you are saying, if you went down there and started talking to individuals on gay marriage, you get a diverse selection of views. this is one thing, as i keep saying, the majority have finally found a -- >> it to the glory of france because of these incidents this past week, is being sure to every country on earth today. many countries, showing live or special reports. what are the people of the world seeing? they are seeing a defiance against terrorism which is something in america we do not feel so concretely right now.

it was unclear. certainly, there is very little effort to bring the muslim community into that discourse at that particular time after 9/11. we are also seeing, kind of your most of the does europe, most of the leads are from europe or countries very attached to your either because of colonial -- to europe either because of colonial times or conflict. we were told by israel and palestinian territory. we are talking about areas where there are limited to europe because the recent pasts where there been terrorist activities and where friends -- france has become a big player. >> as we watch the rally take place, we actually have a little bit of a happy ending after a difficult week at the french capital. we need to say there is an investigation underway when it

comes to the attacks. for more now on what the investigators will be looking at to what they should be looking into, a were in security and crime science at the university college london and he is with us on the phone. thank you very much for being with us. first of all, were you surprised to see the attacks layout in paris this week or was it when certain extent to be expected seeing the correct levels would've all been living under to some extent over the past few years? >> that is right. over the past few months, we have seen a greater risk of attacks coming through. where as in the last year most have been willing to go on jihadist the tax most of them have wondered to travel where

they have gone to do their jihad. you have the sort of strategic leaders saying stop coming over here. that is why would've seen small attacks and the united states have prevented in the u.k. and this latest attack in france. >> do we know anything about the networks or something about the networks but how much do we know? the investigation into the attack of the kouachi brothers seem to be focusing more on yemen and al qaeda and the arabian peninsula. how much do we know about the networks and what they may be plain or may or may not be planning? >> we know from previous cases

in yemen, has encouraged individuals to go into terrorism within in the west. there was a december 2009 where an event that's where an individual tried to detonate and an ied. there was a religious leader associated with the group. he had called for a in the west repeatedly. he was a charismatic figure. a lot of people downloaded his lectures. >> is it possible to stop these kind of attacks from happening? french police were watching the

offices and they were under police protection. intelligence services are cap tabs on the brothers. it wasn't possible to stop these attacks. can you stop them from happening? >> it is a difficult job to detect and prevent these guys ahead of time. their problem is how do you pick the individuals that will turn their grievance into violent action? there are an estimated 200 individuals who has spent time in syria and have returned to france. to follow one individual for 24

hours takes 20 individuals. they have a difficult job to keep on top of everybody. it is what happens in an emergency and a hospital. you need to triage who needs the most attention. to make those decisions they rely on fragments of intelligence. it turns out a neighbor had suspicions about the individuals , broken to the apartment, but found the cache of weapons. the brothers found him threatened him, and said, don't

report this to the police. without those fragments of information, the intelligence community has their hands tied behind their back. >> and that young here annette young here. this raises the issue of sharing information between various intelligence bodies. do you think that is likely to improve? >> it happens in the aftermath of every high-profile attack. the number one recommendation

every single time is that we just need to communicate more. some of those suggestions are about to maintaining trends nationally. sometimes it's about communicating between different partners. i think that is key. when we look at these cases, all of the information is there, but it has not brought together and centralized in one area. >> thank you very much indeed for being part of our special coverage. let's talk you through some of the news we are getting now on the wires. we are getting information that at least 500,000 people have turned up in the streets of paris.

you can see that at the bottom of your screen. this is the location where this unity rally started about one hour ago. there are a lots of people there. somebody is being taken away. perhaps they were not feeling well. we are now going to go live to one of our reporters who is following all of this, mark o in. wen. talk us through what you are seeing. >> thank you. parisians have a reputation for being unfriendly. my cameraman and i have been

invited up to the fourth floor apartment to film this historic event. it is a remarkable crowd. in some places, it has started to thin out a little bit. the other side is completely jammed. there are people back to long there. the estimate of 500,000 may be conservative. multinational is the best word to use. everyone is crying out, long live these. it is certainly something that

will be continued throughout the day. today, it is at a standstill. you have the leading voices chanting. on the other side, the ranks of people carrying flags. i can see canada in the distance. but most of all, you can see the flag of france, which is everywhere. >> i want to thank you for now. we are going to go live -- talk

us through what you are seeing. >> you have the avenues filled with people. it is filled with people. people are moving. security was of the utmost concern.

we know there are at least 5000 policemen deployed around inside paris. all around place de la republique, it should be about 2200 policemen. at least 250 policemen undercover, taking care of these heads of state. heads of state who come with their own security. i can tell you we have also seen helicopters flying over the place de la republique and it areas leaving place de la republique. we have been told by the ministry of interior there are snipers on the roof just in case something would happen. in place de la republique, people are slowly moving, but it will take time, given the amount of people who are here and wanted to be part of this historic moment, this republican march. it's rather emotional for the french. on place de la republique, on the statue, you have demonstrators, french people some of which are of north african descent, waving flags.

they are chanting with the crowd, saying who are you, and the whole crowd singing back we are charlie. people on the statue saying terrorists are murderers. there's a group of young people saying we are french, we are muslim, and we want to show our solidarity. clearly the muslim community wants to show the world that the french muslim community has no links with the extremist and carried out these unprecedented attacks on french soil. france has the largest muslim community, so this was a serious issue. obviously a lot of observers and experts, a lot of french people were worried that these recent attacks would only increase tension between communities.

this march is designed to prove the opposite. to show the world that france's united, and there's a real sense of solidarity. a real wave of solidarity that started right after wednesday's attack on charlie hebdo's headquarters. i witnessed these rallies, people with candles and banners, singing, chanting, and these are the continuations of those rallies. clearly, an emotional moment for the french. i'm from place de la republique, and i've never seen as many people, not even when france one won the first world cup. >> this could be said to be a more important event in comparison to even the victory of the french side in the 1998 world cup. thank you very much. we have been seeing people filing past, behind clarice. this is turning into a slow event, hundreds of thousands of

people in the streets of paris. it can only be the tip of the iceberg in some respects. we are getting reports from all around france that hundreds of thousands of people have turned out in the french cities basically across the nation. i'm looking at one line here from authorities. more than 60,000 people turned up in marseille. in leonlyon, around 200,000 people have turned out. we are getting news from bordeaux in the southwest of french -- southwest of france. more than 100,000 people have turned up. i'm just receiving another line now from the news agency, that altogether, discounting paris on this day, more than 600,000 people have come out across this nation to basically express their disgust with these attacks that have been playing out this week. and to basically come out and

defend liberty, and the principles like freedom of the press. we now go to the studio, we are following events as they develop online. as we have been discussing shawna, this has turned into a social media story from a certain perspective. je suis charlie has become a very popular hashtag. >> in addition to the hundreds of thousand people all over france, and in paris, there are even more who aren't here who are behind their computers, on their smart, that are tweeting at uploading things. let's start with the hashtag one of the most popular in france as we speak.

we have 100 hashtags coming in every second. a lot of photos of the demonstration, someone saying i don't think i've seen so many people gathering to march for something. many people in other countries using that hashtag. the je suis charlie hashtag was rumored to become the most popular in history. that's not true, but it has been used more than 5 million times since the attack. there's another one that has been a rallying call in recent days, following je suis charlie, and its je suis ahmed. he was a french and muslim

police officer killed. as users that i might not agree with what you have to say, i will fight to protect your right to say it. that is the spirit behind the je suis ahmed. one of the things that many people continue to be upset about is the content of the cartoons that were published on charlie hebdo. they are not met unanimously even though many people are recognizing that free speech they still upset people. >> i have heard people saying i don't agree with charlie hebdo and i don't agree with what they have been doing in their cartoons, but i can't support can support them and their right to put them out. >> exactly. i have chosen three of the charlie hebdo cartoons that were very controversial when they came out. the one of the left in pink, you have the prophet mohammed, can't deal with the fundamentalists,

and he says it's hard to be loved by idiots. the one of the middle, charlie hebdo as a person, making out. love is stronger than hate. the third one is the prophet mohammed saying -- a muslim at least, saying 100 lashes if you are not dead laughing. >> there's also a lot of focus when it comes to this march on the international leaders present. there are dozens and dozens of them. >> a lot of people are surprised by some of them, especially, and their presence there. this photo has been making the rounds, it's president francois hollande, comforting angela

merkel, looking quite distraught. there is another photo making the rounds, is not a photo as much as the cartoon that has the international march, all of these hundreds of people in line marching along. you have the air force, their determination towards this breaking the guns in front of them, pushing them away. the guns right there, that's another strong image. >> is important to note that charlie hebdo has been mocking putting out cartoons of a lot of political leaders as well. it's not only the prophet mohammed that has been satirized. we've also seen francois hollande, a lot of cartoons of him. >> is important not to forget that. let's move on to a slate article, the french version of slate. there's an article here that takes a look at the reporters without borders report looking

at freedom of expression around the world. it says a lot of the leaders of the country's present are not the best at freedom of speech back home. among the countries where the situation is difficult, we have this map here. this is a reporters without borders map. it's in french, but as you can see white is a good situation. it goes all the way down to very

serious. >> the message means that white means good, black -- >> the colors are controversial. let's take a look at the leaders present today. have this map, and among the countries present, there is the united arab emirates, greece gambon in israel. the situation is difficult in those countries. you have somewhere as you say, the marker is black. we're is very difficult according to reporters without borders. we have representatives from molly, jordan, russia, and turkey. >> we turn now to the je suis charlie phenomenon. the hashtag has spread enormously across the world in the past few days or so. >> it even a smartphone at. in the last few days, je suis charlie, you can download it for free on the apple app store. it was paid for in part by apple, who put it really together, it's a very simple act. you upload it onto your phone. >> you brought the application. >> you open the phone, you open the application, and basically you upload your location onto a map. it shows you the map of all the other je suis charlie people who have uploaded.

it has 11,700, it only came out of day ago. >> it's around the world. if you move the map around, if it loads, i looked earlier, in western europe, we had some. >> what is the most popular twitter hashtag? i looked for it. i'm afraid it something like lol. something teenagerly. there's an article that is very timely in my opinion, especially for news channels they can always get in touch with people on the ground or even people on the ground at the demonstrations who can't find each other, how are you find people when you are in a sea of people? this article on this website talks about fire chat, which is a messaging system that doesn't use the internet.

if you remember, fire chat was used in hong kong. the umbrella movement. the second piece of advice the article has is not to use the 3g networks if you can, avoid that, going on to @g networks or even 2g networks or even the 4g networks so that will probably help you communicate with the right people. >> every newsroom needs one of those for a reporters. >> thank you for talking this through what's happening online and what's happening on social media. as you have been speaking, but just been told that we had been in touch with the interior

ministry to hear a little bit about what they say about the number of people who have turned up here in paris and elsewhere. they are telling us at this hour, they simply don't have any estimates of this point, how many people might actually have turned up due to the fact that they are overwhelmed when it comes to accounting. that really tells you the story this sunday, as we are looking at these pictures of paris, the french capital, coming out in full force after what has been a pretty horrific week in the french capital. that almost feels like an understatement. hundreds of thousands of people are taking part in this unity march. how many hundreds of thousands of people, we simply cannot tell you at this stage due to the fact that it is so difficult and there are so many people out there walking this sunday. as you can see, the boulevards streets, completely rammed with people.

let me just tell you so you understand what you're looking at, these are streets and boulevards where cars usually dominate. these are streets that are usually packed when it comes to vehicles. now they are packed with people today. people holding up the banners like je suis charlie, as you can see on the left side of the screen. basically, people coming out in full force to express their contempt for what has been happening in france. remember, 17 people have been killed, in three different attacks in the french capital this week. on wednesday, of course, we saw 12 people being killed in and around the offices of the french satirical paper charlie hebdo. on thursday, we saw a policewoman killed in the south of paris in the suburbs. on friday, we saw four people killed in a hostage drama that played out in a kosher store on the eastern fringe of the french capital. the attackers themselves, three men were also killed by security forces in their respective standoffs. we are now going to cross and told to our reporter rachelle ferguson, standing by at place

de la nation. rochelle, talk us through what you are going through. >> place de la nation is filling up. it's turned into a huge thing. plenty of different banners as well, je suis charlie which has become a universal symbol. but equally, lots of cartoons around. equally calls for the liberty or freedom of expression to be respected. if i can just turn to speak to one of the people here who joined the march, tell us why you joined today. >> i came here because here,

today, the french are sad. but is not only the french, it's the world. no religion, nothing, we are human. we talk about liberty of expression, but that's not the true subject. the true subject is the terrorism in the world. they attack france, they attacked europe, london, everything. i think this is the beginning that everyone has to realize we have to be ready for that. >> thank you, very much. it's an incredibly emotional day, people swelling with emotion, wanted to express their solidarity. the not refusing to be silent my terrorism. we have moments of silence followed by clapping. the french national anthem being

sung sporadically. really, quite an emotional time here currently. >> rochelle ferguson there at place de la nation. there's a cartoon that was making the rounds after this week, the famous gallic character, and he said while punching in his own special way, his enemy, he said je suis charlie -- which notes how popular this has become. the octogenarian cartoonist who has been drawing asterisk came out of retirement to draw that cartoon that you just saw their during that segment with

rochelle ferguson from nation. >> i can't help but notice that in looking at these glorious images, just how amazingly resilient the french are. let's just put this in perspective. four days ago, two terrorist burst into charlie hebdo, killed 12 people, and then went on the lam. in the next two days, we had all of france fixated on watching whether or not these guys were going to be caught. that same afternoon, two days ago, we had a man burst into a jewish supermarket and take several people hostage. it ended with many people dying during that two day period. and yet, here we are at a demonstration they cannot have very much security come only think about it. it's almost impossible.

the people are not showing much fear of the fact that they themselves know they can't be protected very well. the french authorities seem cognizant of that. and yet, this defiance -- it's not just a defiance. it's much more than that. it's kind of song. >> the homeland security committee meets tomorrow. they will look at of bill, known as the vocal rule. that is live on c-span3. >> tonight on q&a, the groundbreaking 1915 film "the birth of a nation care co.."

>> part two of the movie is really the heart of the protest in the sense that this is where the blacks are all by the per trail of free slaves. this is a scene showing what happens when you give former slaves the right to vote, right to be elected, right to govern. it is a scene in the south carolina legislature where their first order of business is to pass a bill allowing for interracial marriage, because in his hands, black men are solely interested in pursuing and having white women.

>> on the controversial story behind "the birth of a nation." here on c-span, newsmakers is next with chris van hollen of maryland. then a discussion on how the public views efforts to combat isis. and it :00, our conversation with digg layer -- dick lehr. >> >> thanks so much for being with