have been tracking the incredible work ever since. i give you examples. the department of labor has the american apprenticeship program that is working on finding pathways to employment and jumpstarting the spirit of apprenticeship. we heard about the national guard youth challenge. public private situations like americorps, to make sure that the kids are being served. getting back to that roosevelt idea of getting kids involved and working and getting their hands dirty. we are seeing the department of education of justice issuing new guidance. there was correctional education guidance. there was an event at an alexandria juvenile detention facility.

you have to educate young people when they are in your facilities. if they had disabilities, they are given certain allowances. in a certain amount of time, they have to be in the classroom and are eligible or pell grants. clarifying helpful to communities -- clarifying the rules has been helpful to communities. we are seeing young boys and girls of color being suspended ridiculous rates. they're not been pulled out of the school and sometimes involving law enforcement. you have made more money available for mental health. one of the pieces i most excited

about -- the president want something called the my brother's keeper community challenge. there are many who have accepted this community challenge. they are convening communities in a public way of developing plans for how to reduce disparity. the mayor and the philadelphia was the first to release his plan. the mayor from indianapolis was the second to release a plan. they're looking at doing blah blah work -- block by block work. where's in communities take this seriously. there have been all sorts of ngos that are helping these communities. we have webinars.

it has created this great momentum of network across the country. has been a great private sector response. we are hearing from corporate ceos that this is usually important to their bottom line. it has been over $300 million between philanthropy and the business community. nba has a big campaign. ubs has the next gen leaders program. we have been really impressed to see corporate america step up. it has been about building the infrastructure and beginning to implement the work. we are opus on impact.

or making sure that is implemented well. make sure it leads to impact. this isn't something that is just the presidents's. i'm hopeful that it will happen. >> that was great. [applause] >> i have maybe two or three questions and then we will open it up to the audience. there may be reactions from things that were set. if i have taken liberties, i apologize. you say above all, african-american and must find a way of dividing a viable

household environment with authoritative -- we do not know what kind of hassle patterns to use the -- what kind of household patterns to use. if they are dissipate in the complex postindustrial society of which they live in that this might require a social movement facilitated to buy strong private sector report. we have heard a lot about more jobs. antonelli with all of these things. if the we do those things but don't do what you are to be talking about here, do you think that we will be successful?

[laughter] >> 20th the size this has got to be a mutual effort. it is not to be involved in incentivizing this move. we have another situation like this? i could not find any. there have been many kinds of experiments. a high proportion of -- guess what, it is not a problem. most do get together.

more importantly it provides some key points in terms of childcare. for me on the aids problem -- when you look closely at the child rearing of who is minding the kids, there is a detailed look at what the arrangements are. whether there's a grandmother or so on. african-americans -- the one significant difference is the much higher proportion rely on siblings.

twice as high. all tickets are bringing up younger kids. -- all the kids are bringing up younger kids it is not a good idea of kids bringing up kids. they become responsible. one of the things i feel as a consequence that is you normalize the idea of hits being authoritative figures. for boys, that streams into the gang leader being the substitute for the sibling at home. this is where the government -- after school programs -- this is

where i would really focus. we need structures. we know that they have improved cognitive skills. that is where i put my money as far as government support. having done all of that come it seems african-americans have got a workout. i will not tell them how to do it. there are variations that are possible. have got to work a system in which ensures there are adults there supervising children. too many are being socialized.

>> what they are going to do not going to tell african-americans how to do it. there may be other arrangements or what have you. believe leave it to the wisdom of the african-american crowd. some solution has got to be firm. >> anyone else want to follow up? >> i think any reasonable social scientists would say poverty -- from a structure is a consequence of poverty. doing the best i can, we demonstrate that the rate of instability of complexity -- it is historically unique among rich nations.

had we seen such a high rate of turmoil in the family about the effect on kids -- the question is what to do. we argue that the couples arrive at the hospital together saying they are going to get matter -- married. we really look in death under the hood -- in depth under the hood. families are being formed by accidents rather than design. very brief courtships. there is no bedrock. these are not relationships. they became relationships after the fact. in response to a surprise dignity. the couple didn't know each other very well. there is no glue. when hard times come, they break up quickly.

then and women in early adulthood are in desperate search for meaning. if they do not feel that they matter -- children will be that meaning source. childbearing the argue is motivated. multiple partner fertility, this family go around, this father go around, it is partly consequence of the fact that there are alternative sources of meaning for men and women. if you want to promote a young man of caller -- color, talk to young man about his kids. how much men have embraced the

father roles? since the time they have embraced it, they're less and less likely to be able to claim it in a meaningful way. >> i think kathy is dead wrong. i think that this notion that is based on what men say is problematic. it was the narrator that you have in your previous books previous writing, are that these men, many of them, whatever their rhetoric is that their behavior speaks much differently. i think it is a balancing act that we have to take where yes i

think they are genuine. they are not lying. we should have no illusion that is their behavior. when we look at intimate violence, when we look at -- there is this look that came out. she was to blame all the problems on the criminal justice system. these men are cheating. they are irresponsible. tough love like we are with child custody, but i think we have to take a more honest approach to what the behavior is in a simply what they say in interviews.

next to you want to comment? >> one of the comments and most fascinated about and pleased by is the example that the president and first lady set. a new yorker called my attention this dialogue that apparently is in a new round of the about first lady -- a new biography about the first lady. the dialogue goes like this. when brought when asked if marriage really matter, she would say marriage is everything. that is in this new biography about michelle. sometimes the president gets blowback when he talks about the

example he and michelle set. the importance of two parents in kids lives. how do you react to that question mark what is the third position on the importance of them as role models for the country? >> i think the administration has invested quite a bit unhealthy fatherhood and relationships. we talked about what the data shows. when kids are growing up in a healthy and stable two-parent home, there are all sorts of positive consequences. negative consequences when that doesn't happen. that is something that administration continues to push. what you hear from administration is making sure it is a healthy situation went to folks are coupled together. i think that is one. i think the president's example

of the first lady is a huge example. one of the things i noticed when talking to folks whether it is my own family or other folks the oftentimes refer to the president and first lady by their first names. it is not a disrespecting. i think people feel an affinity towards them in a familiar quality to them. my grandmother's house next to martin luther king and john f. kennedy is now a teacher of the president and first lady -- picture of that president and the first lady. >> let's turn to policing. a rock and a hard place. you could circle back. how possible is it that the reaction to the aspects of bad

policing would be no policing in areas where many need that protection? >> my goodness. one of the inspiring components of my brother's keeper -- i have been too many -- to many. law-enforcement is there. they are there in force. they're helping to facilitate sections. they're working with young people. i think my brother's keeper had created for these communities that are developing these action plans a safe place to have very difficult discussions and also to think about what the long-term planning is whether it is increasing policing whether it is expanding the program and having more you want or smit

forms. they're doing this work for the long-term as opposed to waiting for a crisis to happen. that is a huge important thing to think about now. be honest about that challenges. as a public safety data for. there were thinking about how to use data? make sure that you are targeting time, attention, and resources where it matters. i think that is one of the pieces that is incredibly important. i also think the policing report that came out has been helpful for communities. it gives them a toolkit. it gives them a guide. a set of principles that has been developed by a bipartisan group of folks. they could go back to their of

the safety officials to their local elected officials and ask what are we doing here? how far we way from that? that is the focus that we are trying to put there. >> i participated in one of these my brothers keeper dealings. there was a three-day -- on the issue of violence. i was so impressed by that. they didn't just come in and leave. they were there for the entire conference. community leaders from all over new orleans and quite a few youth in their. it was a remarkable meeting. we discussed the issue and came up with a wonderful set of

suggestions. the police are very much involved. we recommend the issue of violence. if the others are like this we're in for a greatly improved situation. >> ok. we are going to open up for questions from the audience. we will see what we have. in the back. >> [inaudible] i have a question about what you think are similarities or differences with the trends you have seen among black youth and you distinguish between african-american families that have been here for hundreds of years ursus young immigrant

african families? i have people who say african families perform better for children from those kinds of backgrounds do better and what are your thoughts? >> there is a wonderful chapter on that subject. let me get rid of a myth. of the relative -- a good part of -- africans have about -- this is not reflecting african culture. on the other hand, i don't go to the higher extreme.

culture makes no difference. just selection. culture is important. immigrants in america taking advantage of the situation in america do develop a distinct culture. it offers them -- but offers them -- it buffers them. culture doesn't matter. not because it is bringing over this wonderful indian culture. africans are bringing over a dysfunctional mess, but because of the process of interaction of a highly motivated group.

created something with the call american immigrant culture. culture does matter. in that sense. >> yes, sir. right there. >> i run the jack camp foundation. thank you for having this and your it's. given that the topics is jobs and policy and the economy and yes, culture matters, but in terms -- government is not exactly a leader on the culture front. what policies can you specifically say here is the lowest -- democrats and republicans could get on the board with? i'm partial to true enterprise

which has been bastardized into -- which are not all bad. they are not enterprise zones. unleash the aspirations that we want young men in our society and young women to have. >> kathy and michael. we're looking for low hanging fruit for this potential for bipartisan. >> some will be low hanging and some will be a partisan. [laughter] >> whatever that means. >> we need to think carefully of this process of accidental family formation. we could have all the planning and the world. to say there is a lack of a better rock is an understatement. we need to figure out to motivate young women and men to plan their families.

in we could do that through public information campaigns. we could do that with high school curriculum. there has been experimentation around that. if you form a family i accident rather than design, you're almost condemned from the get-go from having a stable family. for two, i think there is a lot of -- there isn't a lot of support for this idea. i think we are a family oriented culture. but the idea that every child should have a mom and a dad and that the culture should honor every father and treat every father as if his contributions are important -- i could go on all day. there is good evidence for that. these dads are not all or even mainly thugs. that is not true.

and any given time, a man who ever has a nonmarital birth is fathering on a weekly basis. it is a complicated future. we need to focus on child support were meant could claim the right to parent a children. it transforms single mothers serving institutions to fragile families serving institution. there's probably a fragile family. we should get that involve. get data on the emergency contact form. >> i will be brief. i think there are three things. certainly bipartisan support -- make sure we are fulfilling the jobs of the future and moving away from this idea.

i saw my fair share of resume writing courses. bring people in and teach them skills. the shift now is what are the jobs of the future of that community or for the nation? how are you making sure you are preparing the nation to have the skills that they need and create pathways to those jobs? one of the big things are stem fields. tech higher is trying to focus on communities around building those skills. we see a lot of coding. sometimes you could get into a lucrative career. that is what piece. -- that is one piece.

the other is upscaling. the department of labor has been looking. they could become the night manager and make sure folks are getting skills to take on higher-paying jobs and get more education or. the 13th in second chances. we're seeing you in so many programs. folks getting out of jail and try to get a job. now you have efforts. evidence-based program. giving them skills. help them think about the life afterward. interact with the employer.

how are you integrating people back into the? those are three things that i beginning to work. >> i think that the sector could become involved in school care free care. i want them get much more involved. many are not efficient enough. job-training programs, there are organization that addresses the issue of not so much how to get a job for the problem isn't in getting jobs, for keeping just. there's an emphasis respect. there are organizations that are

six weeks or eight weeks to train these people in how to smile at people. how you present yourself and so on. i would like to see that. it works. they want it. entrepreneurship -- it's amazing what is done in internet technology is used. some equivalent has existed. people are provided with some

capital. i'm pretty sure it will work. finally, you opportunity programs. -- yiouth opportunity programs. some have worked well. those are four ways i think the private sector could -- >> we are scheduled to go until 1:30 p.m. we are past. i want to thank everyone for great panels of our. yes, sir. >> i want to thank everybody. it has been refreshing. i have been try to capture this on video. when i get that, i want to share

it. i understand why academics tends to get out of touch. we're using old and outdated data. getting out the bill today will be the best measure and however but trying to set the tenor is to in the dollars should go and what academics need to sometimes come into the trenches over research dollars and programs such as we are doing. our program deals with student base options, personal discovery. i'm working with young.

i'm sitting down and talking and trying to find out what is the thing to do with their lives? we pull all caps discovery programs first personal every which is more subjective in nature and reviewed the discoveries which allows us to see what is that divide in deviation between subjectively what they want and objectively what are the inventories they have right now? we attempt to build a pathway from the saving want to do based on ready at the very inventories as it leads to character? are there research dollars available for programs that need

funding to be could take models and begin to -- >> i have to fix my old job -- pitch my old job. pretty good money. prove evidence-based practices. national service.gov. the presidents than pushing for it. sometimes philanthropy talks about it. the money is hard to come by. we know how important that is.

they are similar programs at health and human services. there is money out there from the federal government perspective. have something called money ball. you have been tracking other sources is your sources to do this kind of work. >> that was good. he is looking for community-based programs to partner with and a strong evaluations that by the result. great panel. thank you for being here. this is just the beginning of a discussion. we have lots more to talk about in the coming years. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2015] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] >> tonight on c-span, and interview with senator sanders.

he tax about the criminal justice system and the american enterprise institute was deformed looking at this rate of black men in -- the state of black men in the united states. >> on the next "washington journal" representative ron kind discusses concerned with the trade promotion of 40 bill. then their recent girocopter landing on capitol hill. later, a look at a poll that shows young americans preferred to retain control of the white house in 2016. our guest is a fully director at harvard institute of politics. "washington journal" at 7 a.m. eastern. you could join the conversation with her cousin comments on facebook and twitter. that's with your comments on

facebook and twitter. >> a grieving nation gathered for abraham lincoln's funeral train as it made its way to his final resting place in springfield, illinois. this sunday afternoon on american his three tv -- history tv, we are live to commemorate anniversary of president lincoln's funeral was over 1000 reenactors and a creation of the eulogy. speeches and musical performance is best performances and a tour of the lincoln memorial car. the grand prize winners in hours didn't can documentary competition -- in our student cam documentary competition. sunday morning, the supreme court of the u.s. oral arguments on the issue of same-sex marriage on whether the 14th amendment requires the state to

license a marriage between two people of the same sex. on book tv, looking at the life of our worst lady, michelle obama -- first lady, michelle obama. and jon ronson who has read many books. so you have been publicly shamed. and a journey through the ban this industry. we will also take your phone calls, e-mails, facebook comments, and tweets. get the complete schedule and c-span.org. >> on wednesday senator bernie sanders announced he will be running for president. he elected to the senate as an independent, he says he was seeking the democratic presidential nomination. last month he set down for an

interview and discuss the presidential race new hampshire's tv station wmur. this is 25 minutes. ♪ >> good evening. welcome to the latest in our conversation with a candidate series. our guest this evening is independent vermont senator bernie sanders. we will find out where he stands on the key issues that are out there. i will be asking the candidates questions. after the break, we'll have our students -- studio audience in a town hall format here and let's get a quick look at the candidates biography. >> bernie sanders was born in 1940 one in brooklyn. graduated from the university of chicago in 1964. soon after he moved to vermont. he was elected mayor of burlington. he won the 1981 election by only 10 votes and went on to serve as

mayor for four terms. in 1988, you lost his first run for the sole congressional seat. two years later he served in the house of representatives. in 2006, he won a seat in the senate was elected to a second term. he is the longest-serving independent member of congress in the history of this country. he has focused his career and supporting the middle class, environment, in a versa health care, veterans, and his outspoken about what he calls influence of big money in politics. he is married with four children and seven grandchildren. >> with that out of the way let's introduce senator bernie sanders. good to see you. you are an independent. but party would you run in? >> that is one of issues we are ready -- dealing. there's a lot of disappointment and dissolutionment with both parties. i'm independent.

on the other hand, putting on a campaign in 50 states outside of the two-party system requires a lot of time, energy, and money. >> is their preference? would you prefer to run as an independent? >> if i were a billionaire that would be the preference. i'm not a billionaire. >> so the likelihood is you will run as democrat. >> most likely. >> the situation involves foreign policy and isis is garnering a lot of opinions. varying opinions on how aggressive the u.s. should be. what are your thoughts? >> i was very disappointed in the letter sent i-40 seven of my republican colleagues. it was trying to sabotage the effort of john kerry and the obama administration to reach an agreement with iran sullied do not develop a nuclear weapon, but do it in a weapon that does

not require a war. i voted against the war in iraq. i don't want to see a never ending quagmire for troops. i hope that agreement will be developed. i get concerned with countries like saudi arabia where isis is functioning. they say, we want american troops on the ground. people do not know this. saudi arabia has the third largest defense budget in the world. at the end of the day, the war against isis is about a war -- it will have to be won by the islam nations themselves. we should support them special

operations. the day-to-day struggles will have to be waged by the muslim countries themselves. i went to see them get more involved and we are right now. the >> a more limited approach. >> do you believe iran should have the capability or be a lot more less to have a nuclear program? >> absolutely not. quite if the alternative is to prevent them is a war, i want to do everything i can to prevent the war and support them from getting that weapon. >> when it comes to the big picture, the islamic terrorist groups that are growing in size --

>> we have got to organize and mobilize and support the nations in the region. we have got to give them support in terms of airstrike in special operations. we have been at war for world over a decade. it has been extraordinary for this country. the idea of getting involved in a never ending war disturbs me very much. the muslim countries themselves with our support will have to take the lead. >> you are aware people say that is burying our heads in the sand? >> they will be on our door and it will be too late. >> we have been in afghanistan and iraq. how did it work out? i think it destabilize the

entire region and led to many problems we are seeing right now. i don't think the u.s. is going to win the war. the countries themselves will have two win that war. they will have to be front and center. >> how much does immigration play a role when it comes to national security? or is it separate? >> separate. >> all right. a lot of people believe the country cannot sustain more immigration, legal or otherwise because of the stress up with some public services. where do you see the debate heading? clocks -- >> real unemployment in this

country is 11%. i do not think we should be bringing in a lot of low-wage workers from other countries. on the other hand, i believe that we need to develop the cap toward citizenship -- we will not ship them elsewhere. the last bill that i did support, i managed to get an amendment included that would provide money for youth employment opportunities. it is a significant step over in addressing the problems of youth it when it. >> should be a priority? >> yes. >> we will take a quick rate go to the audience. stay with us.

we will continue right after the break. >> now conversation with the candidate continues. >> welcome back. our guest is senator bernie sanders. let's get to our first question. george sanders. no relation. >> thank you for being here. in addition to boating, what could we as individuals do to hold congress more accountable? ask thank you -- >> thank you. but is a question being shared by millions of americans. we have a congress that is heavily dominated by big money interest and large campaign can she bidders. in this last midterm election

family spent hundreds of millions of dollars. what does the citizen do? we have got to address the issue of voter turnout. you're right in saying the very least we could do is vote. 53% of american people didn't vote. 80% of young people didn't to vote. low income people didn't vote. the first thing we have to do is create an environment that says it is supposed about all people. second, i think we need to develop a middle-class agenda that says that our main function is to reverse the decline of the american middle class here at it means raising the minimum wage. reinstating the millions of jobs that this country desperately needs. that is what the american people

want. >> thank you very much. this one comes from cap lane allen. >> thank you for being here. how do a seniors get the message accepted by politicians and voters that we can afford any cuts to the social security and medicare program whether by privatization or lane cuts? -- plain cuts? >> thank you for that question. if you see someone getting up on tv and they are saying social security is going broke and we need to make cuts in social

security, they are simply not telling you the truth. social security the trust fund has 2.8 trillion dollars and compare every benefit owed to every eligible american for the next 18 years. social security is not going broke. the average person is getting $14,000 a year. there are seniors in new hampshire, vermont, and this country who are trying to get by. it is criminal. it is cruel to talk about cutting benefits for those people. hope to lead the fight against efforts to cut. what is the solution. we need a longer than that. if zone is taking $10 million a year and so is taking on hundred $18,000 a year, they are paying the exact amount in the trust fund. lift that cap. you know what you could do, you could extend social security

until 2060. you can expand benefits. i was at press conference to preserve social security -- 2 million signatures from seniors all across this country. don't cut social security. i will be in a fight with my republican colleagues who in many cases went to cut social security. it is an enormously important issue. we have got to expand it. thanks for the question. >> without means testing? >> what are the means? we have an increase in poverty in this country. people are struggling to determine whether they will pay for their food heat, medicine -- you do not cut social security. you strengthen it.

>> good to see you serve. >> if you were chosen as the next president of the united's eight, a child born on your inauguration day would probably graduate from high school in the year 2035 and would probably retire from the workforce about the 2080's. could you tell us your plans and ideas you would put in place to ensure that child is able to compete in an increasingly and difficult marketplace in the world? >> let me be very frank, my views are different from any of my colleagues. we treat children in this country -- every american should be ashamed that we have the highest rate of childhood poverty in the industrialized world. one out of five children is

living in poverty should mention of be the case. working families in vermont, all over find it difficult to find quality, affordable, childcare. if a kid graduates high school and wants to go to college, we live in a highly competitive economy. where we making it harder for kids to go to college because the cost of college is off the wall? the countries throughout the world -- zero dollars. they understand it is an investment in the future of their country. make college policies -- tuition free. it is a good thing for the american people and our economy. they college affordable and and outrage that so many young people are struggling with these huge student debts.

changing our national radio ready -- you do not give tax breaks to billionaires. you do not send more than we should consider working families all over this country, sorry, your kids cannot go to college. a very much in favor of changing our policies. >> free tuition sounds great but how do you change the bills. >> 99% of all new income states is going to the top 1%. i could think of many ways to find higher education. >> there enough. this one is from social media and they spoke. over the years, there have been a variety of labels placed on you, not the list of which is socialist. do you feel you are a socialist? >> i am a democratic socialist. what does it mean? it makes sense to look at countries like denmark and norway and sweden and countries

europe great things for working enemies. there have been discussions on whether or not he will could afford health care. it is the right of all people. the end of ending much less per capita for people. we are the only nation in the industrialized world that doesn't irritate health care to all people who end up a lot more than other countries. that is something to be learned from other countries. in terms of higher education the cost of higher education country after country throughout europe -- their cost is zero for the families. that makes sense to me. in denmark, and you know what the minimum wages? about $20 an hour if you work at mcdonald's. as a nation, we should learn from those countries.

provide health care for all people. free college education and have a tax system that is fair and progressive. you have got a lot of money. we will ask you to start paying your fair share. >> thank you for that question on facebook. return to our studio audience. >> welcome senator. how can the client they were with at a homeless shelter and supervision the part of the political process when they are totally convinced that money buys campaigns and they are discouraged? i think it contributes to the huge percentage that do not vote. >> that is an enormously important question. i do not think it is just a people -- congratulations on your work of taking care of the homeless and the world's most warner people -- most portable

people in our society. -- most of all honorablvulnerable people in our society. billionaires could literally buy and sell politicians. changing that is not going to become easy. if i run for president, that would be my major mission. i hope regardless of our political points of views, no american is happy when 63% of the people did not participate in the last election. what we need is to give hope to people through an agenda that speaks to their needs. what do low income people need? decent paying jobs. we're back to raise the minimum wage to a living wage. if the people of the state and vermont make 25% -- they do not get any overtime. you got women making 78% on the

dollar compared to what men make. that is wrong. we have got to change that. we shouldn't have homelessness. i have introduced and passed legislation or low income housing so people could live with the committee. we have 45 million people in this country living in poverty. as a most more than any time in the modern history of america. we are seeing a proliferation of ilya nears and millionaires. that has got to be changed. >> thank you. we'll go back to the audience. >> my pleasure to be here. my question -- in order to not send money and went overseas -- until he get our own social security taken care of. >> before you spend millions abroad, take care of the people

at home? >> yes. >> we work in a bipartisan way to pass legislation which will significantly clearly we need to take care of the people in need in this country. but i would also say we canterbury our heads in the sand. it's a dangerous world out there. i just mentioned a moment ago, do i not support sending american combat troops into iraq to take on isis. that's pri marley a job of saudi arabia of the u.a.e. and jordan. we can't be isolationist. but what you are really talking about is changing national priorities in this country. taking care of those people who are hurting and not giving more tax breaks to corporations who

stash their money in the cayman islands. why does that happen? why do we ignore the needs of the middle class and provide for the billionaire class and that is the power they have today and that is what we have to change. >> another question. robert, thanks for joining us. >> thank you. senator sanders, as president would you pursue a carbon tax to make all energy competitive and to give much needed dollars to infrastructure projects? >> theatsd what i've done along with senator barbara box. she and i introduced the carbon tax until the congress. let me touch on an issue that is controversial and sensitive. i happen to believe and agree with the overwhelming majority

of scientists two who tell us climate change is real caused by human activities and if we do not get our act together, the situation will only get worse in years to come. we need to transform our energy system away from fossil fuel. it is unaccept to believe me have you all these companies putting forth all this carbon and not paying the cost for it. yes, i support a carbon tax. >> how far should the government go to combat it, deal with it? >> i agree with the world's scientific community that climate change is the major environmental crisis facing the planet. they are estimating in this country the planet will be l become five to 10 degrees warmer by the end of this century

leading to floods, drouts, extreme weather disturbances, coastal communities under water. i think we have a major crisis is and the government has to be very bold along with governments throughout the world. it is an international problem, in frons forming our energy system. a huge issue. >> jeffrey writes with a couple of states legalizing marijuana, where do you stand on a nationwide legalization of marijuana? >> one or two kids were actually smoking marijuana, that was a joke. i don't recall too many of them were being arrested. it wasn't an issue we felt of the highest priority arresting kids smoking marion. i'm also on board legislation have co-sponsored legislation dealing with medical marijuana.

i think colorado it was first state in the country to legalize marijuana. i want to take a good look at the pluses and minuses of that and we can go from there. >> let's go back to our audience. >> welcome to beautiful downtown manchester. so dealing with alzheimer's rising at alarming rates. research define to prevent these diseases is inadequate. would you support in high levels of funding for research to curb the future cost that could bankrupt medicaid and medicare? >> absolutely and you are right. the fro pro jex is the costs in dealing with alzheimer's is going to be many many tens of billions of dollars. so it makes a lot of sense to us from a human point of view as

well as a cost effective point of view to try to find curious to that terrible illness. and yes, i would support increased funding. >> thank you for the question. that's all the time we have right now for the television portion. next up republican donald trump is going to be on the program. this is a conversation with senator sanders that will continue on line as well as our mobile app. you will find 0 more questions from our studio audience. thanks for watching. >> on the next "washington journal" ron kind of wisconsin will discuss his concerns with the trade promotion authority bill. then congressman of florida is here to talk about the recent continuer landing on capitol hill. later a look at a poll that shows that young americans

prefer democrats retain control of the white house in 2016. our guest is john, polling director at harvard politics. you can join the conversation with your calls and comments on facebook and twitter. >> the new congressal directly is a handy guide >> c-span pleased to present the

winners in the student cam competition. it encurenls middle and high school students to think critically about issues that affect the nation. students were asked to create their theme to demonstrate how a policy, law or action by one of the three branches of government affected them or their community. this year our grand prize winners are --. their entry focused on the subject of minimum wage. >> it's been increased 22 times to keep up with inflation

including 7 times in the past 25 years. some say it's time to do it again. but is that really in the best interest of our communities? >> sidsni jones is a single mother with a four-year-old child. she has to make tough choices every week since she has to make ends meet on a minimum wage job. she says $15,000 a year isn't enough for her to get by. >> sometimes i have to decide if my son needs underwear i'm going to have to be late on a bill to buy him underwear or ask people to borrow money. so it is hard sometimes. >> sidney is not alone. according to the bureau of labor statistics 3.3 million americans make minimum wage or below. that's 2.6% of all u.s. workers. most minimum wage workers are

employed in food service retail sales or personal care such as daycare. rose marie makes minimum wage as a custodian. >> we wouldn't be able to take care of ourselves and we can't do that on minimum wage. they have programs like food stamps. why do you need food stamps? because you got to eat. you don't make enough to feed yourself and pay all your bills, you just don't. >> the push is on to raise the federal minimum wage from $7.25 to maybe $10.10 an hour which would provide a little over $21,000 a year if the individual works 40 hours per week. it's been six years since the minimum wage was raised. some in congress say now is the time to raise it again. >> but things are getting

better. the problem is they are only getting better for some. we know that corporate profits have continued to break records while americans are working harder and getting paid less. >> but some like kentucky congressman say raising the minimum wage will cost jobs citing a non-partisan study. >> if we mandate a higher minimum wage in entry level jobs, then we would lose 500,000 to a million jobs immediately those low income jobs. that's the last thing we want. we don't want to create more unemployment. >> representative bar says more education and better worker training are the keys to improving the lives of minimum wage workers. not an artificial wage. >> what we need to focus on again is policies that produce

economic greeth so that workers in minimum wage jobs move into higher wage jobs. that would open up those jobs for new workers to come in who are currently unemployed to back those minimum wage jobs and move up the ladder of success that way. >> many business owners agree. mark started a scrap metal company 20 years ago. today it has $120 million in annual sales employing a staff of 50. he believes a wage hike hurts his bottom line forcing companies to raise prices. >> mandating a higher labor rate will raise their cost and will force them to raise their prices in the marketplace. >> vice president biden says increasing the minimum wage will help all workers earn more and spend more. >> it's long past due to increase the minimum wage that.

will lift millions of hardworking families out of poverty and produce a ripple effect that boost wages for middle class and spurs economic growth for the united states of america. >> some minimum wage workers say extra money will make them less dependant on government benefits saving taxpayers millions of dollars. >> the city helped me get my apartment. they paid the first month and the deposit. but everything needs money so bad to help them out they don't have any money anymore. this was my opportunity to get on my oin. if i had my own money, i could have paid the deposit and first month like normal. but i couldn't because of the situation i was in. >> but even some minimum wage workers believe mandating a pay hike will cost them and everyone else in the long run.

>> if you raise minimum wage, everything else has to go up as well. it's said government pressing for $10.10. employees have to pay more money therefore they have to raise product prices up. in the long run it hurts us more and it also makes our money worthless more than it is now. >> minimum wage jobs should be considered entry level jobs. >> congress should not mandate higher wages rather invest in programs that help workers advance to higher skills and higher paying jobs. >> these actions would benefit our community because more people making more money would create more tax revenue for government which would flult people being able to invest more in positive community changes. >> to watch all of the winning

videos and learn more about our competition, go to c-span.org and click on student cam and tell us what you think about the issue these student as dressed in their documentary on facebook and twitter. >> hillary clinton talked about the need for criminal justice reform and called for wider use of body cameras by police departments across the country. these remarks came at columbia university in new york. this is a half hour. >> thank you so much. i want to thank everyone at the school of international and public affairs.

it is a special treat to be here with and on behalf of a great leader of this city and our country. he has made such an indelible impact on new york. and tid great privilege of working with him as first lady and then of course as a new senator. when i was just starting out as a senator david's door was always open, he and his wonderful wife were great friends and supporters and good sounding boards about ideas that we wanted to consider to enhance the quality of life and opportunities for the people of this city. i was pleased to address the

leadership and public policy forum as my first year as a senator and i so appreciated then as i have in all of the years since david's generosity with his time and most of all his wisdom. so 14 years later i am honored to have this chance once again to help celebrate the legacy of one of new york's greatest public servants. i'm pleased too that you will have the opportunity after my remarks to hear from such a distinguished panel to go into more detail about some of the issues that we face. i also know that manhattan bureau president is here along with other local and community leaders.

because surely this is a time when our collective efforts to device approaches to the problems that still aflict us is more important than ever. indeed it is a time for wisdom. for yet again the family of a young black man is grieving a life cut short. yet again the streets of an american city are marred by violence, by shattered glass and shouts of anger and shows of force. yet again a community is reeling its fault lines laid bear and bonds of trust and respect frade. yet again brave police officers have been attacked in the line of duty. what we have seen in baltimore should indeed i think does tear at our soul. from ferguson to scaten island to baltimore the patterns have

become unmistakable and undeniable. walter scott shot in the back in charleston south carolina, unarmed terrified of spending more time in jail for child support payments he couldn't afford. rice shot in a park in cleveland, ohio unarmed and just 12 years old. eric garner choked to death after being stopped for selling cigarettes on the streets of our city. and now freddie gray. his spine nearly severed while in police custody. not only as a mother and a grandmother but as a citizen, a human being, my heartbreaks for

these young men and their families. we have to come to terms with some hard truths about race and justice in america. [applause] there is something profoundly wrong when african-american men are still far more likely to be stopped and serged by police, charged with crimes and sentenced to longer prison terms than their white counterparts. there is something wrong when a third of all black men face the prospect of prison during their lifetimes. and an estimated 1.5 million black men are quote missing from their families and communities

because of incarceration and premature death. there is something wrong when more than one out of every three young black men in baltimore cannot find a job. there is something wrong when trust between law enforcement and the communities they serve breaks down as far as it has in many of our communities. we have allowed our criminal justice system to get out of balance. and these recent tragedies should galvanize to us come together as a nation to find our balance again. we should begin by he'd heeding the pleas of michael brown and trayvon martin in the past years. those who are instigating further violence in baltimore

are disrespecting the gray family and the entire community. they are compounding the tragedy of freddie gray's death and setting back the cause of justice. so the violence has to stop. but more broadly let's remember that every one in every community benefits when there is respect for the law and when everyone in every community is respected by the law. [applause] that is what we have to work towards in baltimore and across our country. we must urgently refwilled bonds of trust and respect among americans. between police and citizens, yes, but also across society. restoring trust in our politics,

our press, our markets. between and among neighbors and even people with whom we disagree politically. this is so fundamental to who we are as a nation and everything we want to achieve together. it truly is about how we treat each other and what we value. making it possible for every american to reach his or her god given potential regardless of who you are, where you were born or who you love. the inequities that persist in our justice system undermine this shared vision of what america can be and should be. i learned this firsthand as a young attorney just out of law school at one of those law schools that will remain nameless here at columbia.

one of my earliest jobs for the children's defense fund which david had mentioned i was so fornte to work as a young lawyer and serving on the board. was studying the problem then of youth, teenagers, sometimes preteens incarcerated in adult jails. then as director of the university of arkansas school of law's legal aid clinic, i advocated on behalf of prison inmates and poor families. i saw repeatedly how our legal system can be and all too often is stacked against those who have the least power, who are the most vulnerable. i saw how families could be and were torn apart by excessive incarceration.

i saw the toll on children growing up up in homes shattered by poverty and prison. so unfortunately i know these are not new challenges by any means n. fact, they have become even more complex and urgent over time. and today they demand fresh thinking and bold action from all of us. today there seems to be a growing bipartisan movement for common sense reforms in our criminal justice system. senators as different on the political spectrum as cory booker and rand paul and mike lee are reaching across the aisle to find ways to work together. it is rare to see democrats and republicans agree on anything today. but we're beginning to agree on this. we need to restore balance to our criminal justice system.

[applause] now of course it is not enough just to agree and give speeches about it. we actually have to work together to get the job done. we need to deliver real reforms that can be felt on our streets in our crouses and our jails and prissens in communities too long neglected. let me touch on two areas in particular where i believe we need to push for more progress. first, we need smart strategies to fight crime that help restore trust between law enforcement and our communities, especially communities of color. there is a lot of good work to build on. across the country there are so many police officers out there every day inspiring trust and confidence honorably doing their duty, putting themselves on the line to save lives.

there are police departments deploying creative and effective strategies demonstrating how we can protect the public without resorting to unnecessary force. we need to learn from those examples, build on what works. we can start by making sure that federal funds for state and local law enforcement are used to boltster best practices rather than buy weapons of war that have no place on our streets. [applause] president obama's task force on policing gives us a good place to start. it's recommendations offer a roadmap for reform from training to technology guided by more and better data. we should make sure every police department in the country has body cameras to record interaks between officers on patrol and

suspects. that will improve transparency and accountability, it will help protect good people on both sides of the lens. for every tragedy caught on tape there surely have been many more that remained invisible. not every problem can be or will be prevented by cameras but this is a common sense step we should take. the president has provided the idea of matching funds to state and local governments ininvesting in body cameras. we should go farther and make this the norm everywhere. and we should listen to law enforcement leaders who are calling for a renewed focus working with communities to prevent crime rather than measuring the success just by the number of assists or convictions. i supported a greater emphasis on community policing along with putting more officers on the

street to get to know these communities. david was an early pioneer of this policy. his leadership help hadded lay the foundation for dramatic drops in crime in the years that followed. and today smart policing in communities that builds relationships, partners and trust makes more sense than ever. it shouldn't be limited just to officers on the beat. it's an an ethic that should extend to prosecutors and we all share a responsibility to help restitch the fabric of our neighborhoods and communities. we also have to be honest about the gaps that exist across our country, the inequality that stalks our streets because you cannot talk about smart policing and reforming the criminal justice system if you also don't

talk about what's needed to provide economic opportunity better educational chances for young people, more support to families so they can do the best job they are capable of doing to help support their own children. today i saw an article on the front page of "u.s.a. today" that really struck me, written by a journalist who lives in baltimore, and here's what i read three times to make sure i was reading correctly. "at a conference in 2013 at johns hopkins university, vice provost, jonathan bagger pointed out that only six miles separate the baltimore neighborhoods of rowland park and hollins market, but there is a 20-year conference in the average life expectancy."

we have learned, in the last few years, that life expectancy, which is a measure of the quality of life in communities and countries, manifests the same inequality that we see in so many other parts of our society. women, white women without high school education, are losing life expectancy. black men and black women are seeing their life expectancy goes down in so many parts of our country.

this may not grab headlines although i was glad to see it on the front page of "u.s.a. today," but it tells us more than i think we can bear about what we are up against. we need to start understanding how important it is to care for every single child as though that child were our own. david and i started our conversation this morning talking about our grandchildren. now, his are considerably older than mine. but it was not just two long-time friends catching up with each other. it was so clearly sharing what is most important to us, as it is to families everywhere in our country. so i don't want the discussion about criminal justice, smart policing, to be siloed and to permit discussions and arguments and debates about it to only talk about that.

the conversation needs to be much broader, because that is a symptom, not a cause, of what ails us today. the second area where we need to chart a new course is how we approach punishment and prison. it's a stark fact that the united states has less than 5% of the world's population, yet we have almost 25% of the world's total prison population. the numbers today are much higher than they were 30, 40 years ago, despite the fact that crime is at historic lows. of the more than two million americans incarcerated today, a significant percentage are low-level offenders, people held for violating parole or minor drug crimes or who are simply awaiting trial in backlogged courts, keeping them behind bars does little to reduce crime but it does a lot to tear apart families and communities.

one in every 28 children in our country now has a parent in prison. think about what that means for those children. when we talk about 1.5 million missing african american men we're talking about missing husbands, missing fathers, missing brothers. they're not there to look after their children or to bring home a paycheck, and the consequences are profound. without the mass incarceration that we currently practice millions fewer people would be living in poverty and it's not just families trying to stay afloat with one parent behind bars.

of the 600,000 prisoners who re-enter society each year roughly 60% face long-term unemployment. and for all this, taxpayers are paying about $80 billion a year to keep so many people in prison. the price of incarcerating a single inmate is often more than $30,000 per year and up to $60,000 in some states. that's the salary of a teacher or a police officer. one year in a new jersey state prison costs $44,000 more than the annual tuition at princeton. if the united states brought our correctional expenditures back in line with where they were several decades ago, we'd save an estimated $28 billion a year and i believe we would not be less safe. you can pay a lot of police officers and nurses and others with $28 billion to help us deal with the pipeline issues. it's time to change our approach. it's time to end the era of mass

incarceration. we need a true national debate about how to reduce our prison population while keeping our communities safe. i don't know all the answers. that's why i'm here, to ask all the smart people at columbia and in new york to start thinking this through with me. i know we should work together to pursue alternative punishments for low-level offenders. they do have to be in some way registered in the criminal justice system, but we don't want that to be a fast track to long-term criminal activity. we don't want to create another incarceration generation. i have been encouraged to see changes i supported as a senator to reduce the unjust federal sentencing disparity between crack and powdered cocaine crimes finally become law and last year the sentencing commission reduced recommended prison terms for some drug

crimes. president obama and former attorney general holder have led the way with important additional steps and i am so looking forward to our new attorney general, loretta lynch, carrying this work forward. there are other measures that i and so many have championed to reform arbitrary mandatory minimum sentences that are long overdue. we also need probation and drug diversion programs to deal swiftly with violations while allowing low-level offenders who

stay clean and stay out of trouble to stay out of prison. i've seen the positive effects of specialized drug courts and juvenile programs work to the betterment of individuals and communities and please, please let us put mental health back on the top of our national agenda. you and i know that the promise of deinstitutionalizing those in mental health facilities was supposed to be followed by the creation of community based treatment centers. we got half of that equation but not the other half. our prisons and our jails are now our mental health institutions.

i have to tell you, i was somewhat surprised in both iowa and new hampshire to be asked so many questions about mental health. what are we going to do with people who need help for substance abuse or mental illness? what are we going to do when the remaining facilities are being shut down for budget reasons? what are we going to do when hospitals don't really get reimbursed for providing the kind of emergency care that is needed for mental health patients? it's not just a problem in our cities. there's a quiet epidemic of substance abuse sweeping small town and rural america, as well. we have to do more and finally get serious about treatment. i'll be talking about all of this in the months to coming offering new solutions to protect and strengthen our families and communities. i know in a time when we're afflicted by short-termism

we're not looking over the horizon for the investments that we need to make in our fellow citizens, in our children. so i'm well aware that progress will not be easy, despite the emerging bipartisan consensus for certain reforms and that we will have to overcome deep divisions and try to begin to replenish our depleted reservoirs of trust. but i am convinced, as the congenital optimist i must be to live my life that we can rise to this challenge, we can heal our wounds, we can restore balance to our justice system and respect in our communities and we can make sure that we take actions that are going to make a difference in the lives of those who, for too long, have been marginalized and forgotten. let's protect the rights of all our people. let's take on the broader inequities in our society. we can't separate the unrest we see in our streets from the cycles of poverty and despair that hollow out those neighborhoods.

despite all the progress we've made in our country lifting people up, and it has been extraordinary, too many of our fellow citizens are still left out. 25 years ago in his inaugural address as mayor, david dinkins warned of leaving too many lost amidst the wealth and grandeur that surrounds us. today his words and the emotion behind them ring truer than ever. you don't have to look too far from this magnificent hall to find children still living in poverty or trapped in failing

schools, families who work hard but can't afford the rising prices in their neighborhoods. mothers and fathers who fear for their son's safety when they go off to school or just to go buy a pack of skittles. these challenges are all woven together and they all must be tackled together. our goal must truly be inclusive and lasting prosperity that's measured by how many families get ahead and stay ahead, how many children climb out of poverty and stay out of prison how many young people can go to college without breaking the bank, how many new immigrants can start small businesses, how many parents can get good jobs that allow them to balance the demands of work and family. that's how we should measure prosperity!

hillary: with all due respect, that's a far better management than the size of the bonuses handed out in downtown office buildings. now, even in the most painful times, like those we are seeing in baltimore, when parents fear for their children, when smoke fills the skies above our cities, when police officers are assaulted, even then, especially

then, let's remember the aspirations and values that unite us all, that every person should have the opportunity succeed, that no one is disposable, that every life matters. so, yes, mayor dinkins, this is a time for wisdom, a time for honesty about race and justice in america and, yes, a time for reform. david dinkins is a leader we can look to. we know what he stood for. let us take the challenge and example he presents and think about what we must do to make sure that this country we love this city we live in, are both good and great. and please join me in saying a prayer for the family of freddie gray and all the men whose names we know and those we don't, who

have lost their lives unnecessarily and tragically and in particular today, include in that prayer, the people of baltimore and our beloved country. thank you all very much. >> with u.k. parliamentary elections just one week away the bbc hosts a special program with the leaders of britain's three main political parties. for 90 minutes, a studio audience will question the leaders. watch it live at 3:00 p.m. eastern on c-span3. sunday night, walter pincus on his opinion on the invasion of

iraq. >> i think the bush administration and willful it's never proved to be experts on iraq and they proved it. history proved it. we get deceived by it and we can go back to vietnam with a great example for the first time. we did openly and we had a history. in the middle east, it is a different coach her. >> the state of black men in the

united states. the head of "my brother's keeper" spoke. from the american enterprise institute, this is 1.5 hours. understanding black youth doing the best i can -- fatherhood in the inner city. helping black men thrive. my brother keeper, these are the works of our very distinguished panel. each guest has produced important work about the issues facing black men in high poverty areas.

to be sure, what we're talking about today is not the condition or status of all black men. as professor patterson has shown, the influence and contributions of african american men far exceed what you might expect based on their percentage in the population. and we have our twice-elected president of the united states to show the extent to which black men succeed in our country. but as today's headlines make clear, there are very serious problems. policing, violence unemployment, or schools -- all are significant components of black life in america. and they are also significant facts of american life. to discuss these issues, issues which aei is focused upon, we have a great group of scholars. first, we have professor orlando patterson. professor patterson is the john

cole fester of sociology at harvard. he is the author of numerous papers and works. his most recent publication is "the corporal matrix: understanding black youth." i recommend it highly. after professor patterson, she is the bloomberg professor of public health at johns hopkins. she is one of the nation's leading poverty researchers, researching family life. her most recent work is "doing the best i can: doing the best in my committee." robert cherry is the stearns professor of economics at the brooklyn college. his publications include "moving families forward."

he also authored papers on teen birth rates, and his article on helping black men thrive appears in the current issue of "national affairs." and finally, michael smith manages president obama's initiative to ensure that all young people can fulfill their potential. michael, i have to say, my heart is with you. as a former practitioner of social services, i have a special affinity for people who are in the game -- working for outcomes people struggling. we wanted to give you a special shout out. thank you for being here, i know it is busy at the white house.

we are honored to have you. with that, i will turn it over to professor patterson to begin our discussion. [applause] professor patterson: thank you for inviting me. and i originally landed to a powerpoint. but with only 10 minutes, i think it is best if i just spoke without it. and i want to talk about what we have learned from this work, which was just published. "the cultural matrix." along with scholars contributing and it -- let me first say that culture occupies a status in the social sciences. starting with traditionally, most people thought, understanding the plight of the

poor. and understanding the trials of the rich. starting about the middle of the 60's, with the publication of the report, as well as academic works in the culture of poverty, there was a sharp swing against using culture to explain everything. there are complex reasons why. it is -- for complex reasons, it deals with racial pride. fashion, and so on. i'm happy to say that that is beginning to change. the reputation has gone through a revival, partly because the

predictions are not be quite correct. but i am not here to defend, i want to talk about this issue. also, how culture matters. a couple of points about culture. there is no such thing as a culture of the poor. or the culture of poverty. it bothers me that economists, especially the behavior of economists, have picked up the subject beyond a rational approach. it looks to me very much like a psychology of poverty. they make the mistakes we made 20 years ago.

what we mean by culture, essentially, is shared knowledge about the world. it is not static. if i make one important point with you, it is quite dynamic. one reason that policy people need to talk about culture there's nothing you can do about it. culture can change, and we have dramatic examples of that. the change in attitudes, the civil rights movement, even most recent -- the change towards gay

people. in 15 years, u.s. and a lot. cultures can change, and we can change it. in every place of the world, we never talk about culture in isolation. it is their culture and there is a deus ex machina that guides you. culture works in context. in the same cultural pattern, it may have multiple consequences in one context. it never perceives in isolation. regarding youth and the cold for inner cities, again, i want to make a few points i want you to go away with. i want to talk about inner-city culture. there are cultures, the inner-city is remarkably heterogeneous. there is, and it may come as a surprise you, a middle class

there. the shock has been shown that as much as 6.5% are from families that grew up in the cities. it has a very stable working-class population, about 60% which constitute the bulk of the population. and of course, it has about 20% living in the problematic areas. this is not entirely disconnected. i want to emphasize this. when you think of the inner cities, including baltimore, just remember -- the great majority, 80%, are among the most stable, god-fearing group. most african-americans go to church. most are more evangelical than any america. they're the most law-abiding of

any people. disabuse yourself of the idea. this is a problem with the baltimore police. they think of a single group, a single culture -- when fact, it is not. most of the culture and the cities is very stable and god-fearing and so on. what you do have, though, is about 20%, and it varies from city to city, to as much as 25% in detroit that are disconnected. the street people, the street culture.

and that is a culture of violence. that is a culture with a strong emphasis on hyper-masculinity. and it is a zone of instability. and it creates real problems for people in the inner cities. let me add here, the brutality and the savagery of the police. being an occupying force, we get something else. and i emphasize this, black americans in the inner cities are caught between a rock and a hard place. between the rock of police brutality and savagery on the one hand, the occupying force, which profile the entire black population in terms of the 20% and on the other hand, that 20% of street culture types. and it is associated with violence. you heard that the rate of homicide has grown genetically since the 1990's -- grown dramatically since the 1990's. that is to say that the homicide rate is still eight times the national average. among teenagers, it is rising again. so we should not forget that

side of the problem. they badly need the police. because the police become an occupying force, that is problematic. but, you know, i was saying recently -- the worst thing that could happen to black americans, other than having an occupying force policing them, is to have no force. that is caught between a rock and our place. a big problem facing black americans now. those other cultures, they are remarkable. this matter is not new. the dominant popular culture this is nothing more than black culture -- but in fact, it is the most popular group. that contributed to music, theater, fashion, and so on. don't forget that. when we say the culture is one of the enormous creativity, one of the things we try to explain is this paradox. of being socially isolated and segregated, but culturally very integrated. because that powerful culture comes from the fact that there is a dialectic, and interaction.

black americans are very much the dominant popular culture this is nothing more than black culture -- but in fact, it is the most popular group. that contributed to music theater, fashion, and so on. don't forget that. when we say the culture is one of the enormous creativity, one of the things we try to explain is this paradox. of being socially isolated and segregated, but culturally very integrated. because that powerful culture comes from the fact that there is a dialectic, and interaction.

black americans are very much absorbed into the dominant culture. even as it gives back to that culture. and this continues to be the case. these values reflect the mainstream in many important ways. in fact, the individual taking responsibility for one's own actions. what bothers me, is when we talk about black america, and we have gone through all of the major surveys, they take responsibly for their