-- i argued with them. for me, depression are people are those who are bungled up and do not want to get out of bed and are in corners and do not want to bother with anything not anger as part of depression. now, he has me on prozac, a few other medications. around thanksgiving, i did contemplate committing suicide but my -- my question to you is, are you guys studying that in any way as far as with the anger -- like i said, i did not know anger was a part of deep -- a part of being depressed. i go out, play in coach sports, and joy everything. it was having. the other question i had about the cannabis the other gentleman called because people do -- i

work in the medical field and i hear doctors ask about self-medicating, they cannot get medications for some reason. that they do have marijuana and it seems to calm them so they can cope. those are my questions, thank you. guest: thank you, george. that is important. there is a tendency to think about depression as involving sadness. if there is actually a different picture of depression in men versus women. in men, it is more common to see irritability and anger rather than sadness. many people, even positions, do not understand that. that is often the way depression emerges, particularly in men as they get older. we see suicide as a particular risk in men over the age of 50.

we look at this carefully. depression is very treatable. a lot of the irritability and anger, part of this syndrome can be turned around so that people can get reengaged and enjoy the things they are used to doing. the self-medication question is always important. people will try out various things to see what works. the fact is alcohol, cannabis things people try it, may have short-term benefits. alcohol is a good sedative and it does have effects on anxiety. but it creates its own set of issues when people become dependent. the same is true for other compounds across the spectrum. we try to be careful about making sure that as people begin to self medicate, they think about long-term as well as short-term benefits and they consider options that may not have any of the adverse effects of it compound like alcohol or

cannabis. host: mylan tweets into you, is the increase in autism due to it we reported? guest: that is a great question and a tough one. there is a huge increase, no question. the numbers from the cdc beginning back in 2001 they were collecting that data for the current study on epidemiology. they were about one in 500. now it is one in 64. some of that is due to more reporting, without question. that there is no much greater awareness and there are more people who get the label of autism, who may have gotten some other label in the past. it also is probably the case that people who work have not

gotten a label in the past because they were quirky or a little shy and withdrawn now might get such a label. that said, for somebody who has been in this field a long time, if you look at those children who have really severe autism, the ones that you would not have missed 30 or 40 years ago, when i started in the field, that was a rare circumstance. in 1985, when i went to do a study with children with autism i have to look long and hard. that would not be the case today. my sense is that both things are true. there are more affected and more detected. when you put that together you get that nearly 10-fold increase in the prevalence of it being reported. host: abba is calling in from houston. you are on the air. caller: dr. insel, my question is -- sometimes it feels like

everything falls that they cannot diagnose falls in the category of depression. for example, myself, i have been a survivor of domestic violence. i have been diagnosed bipolar. there is no history of bipolar in my family. my children, my 45-year-old son and his wife will not let me visit my grand son. there is such a stigma. last month, my daughter's wedding, i saw my eight-year-old grandson them for the first time. i think of these diagnoses are stigmatizing the families. families do not understand and there needs to be further

education, and there should the a hard look at misdiagnoses. both of my feet and legs are swelling from this medication i am taking. i am under observation. it is my body. i have to suffer the consequences. -- host: we leave it there and get a response from dr. thomas insel from the national institute of mental health. guest: these days, the buzzword in medicine is "precision medicine." the hope is that come up with diagnostic labels that are precise and indicate what precise treatment somebody should receive. we see that happening in a beautiful way and cancer, where terms like "breast cancer" and "colon cancer" are being thrown away so we can get more precise molecular diagnoses that tell us

exactly what to treat. we are not there formatted -- for mental illness. whether it is depression, bipolar, schizophrenia, autism these are heterogeneous terms that are limited to just describing symptoms and trying to see how they clustered together. that is one approach but it is not good enough. what we need to do is get some better understanding of the fundamentals of the biology behind any of the symptoms that we can get more precise. at that point, i think it will be possible to get more precise treatments. we often say that the pathway to better treatments is better diagnostics. we are very invested in trying to take an illness like depression and understand the

five or 10 or 15 forms of this and what will be the best treatment for anyone with any of those particular forms. the question you're asking is a challenging and important one that we need to do deeper science on to be able to give you something that will be more useful so you can get a better outcome and have fewer adverse events that go with whatever treatment you received, whether that is medication or psychotherapy, or device developed for depression. host: marker is in massachusetts. caller: good morning, doctor. bipolar runs in my family strongly. my mother in the 1950's and 1960's would go to a facility and a state hospital. they would just private places. she would be gone three months.

when she came home, i believe it is called ect, after those treatments, she will be -- would be fine for about seven years. my son is bipolar. he goes to the hospital, they keep him five days, and he is out. it is not enough time, dr. it is really sad and it is all about the money. your comments, please. guest: i am not going to disagree with you that treatments we have, particularly for hospital stays, are not sufficient. it takes more than five days to get someone on the proper dose of medication, to get them engaged in the right kind of treatments. we do not provide that. the reality is the treatments we provide today do not have the quality that most deserve. we need to do better. you mentioned ect, that is an

interesting example. it is a treatment that has been around a long time, not used often, and not really understood. ironically, it is probably the most effective treatment we have for depression, including bipolar depression. when someone is at the end of the rope and is completely dysfunctional. though it sounds radical, this is a treatment that works at about 85% efficacy rate. it is really used in the u.s., partly because of the stigma around the treatment. many people believe it is highly dangerous. we have a modern form that is us as effective and have far fewer side effects. imagine if i told you we had a treatment for dementia that was affected 85% of the time, but no one would use it, and that it was illegal in parts of california. imagine if we had a treatment for pancreatic cancer or rest cancer that was 85% effective

that takes two to three weeks to work and requires a brief hospitalization. people would not believe the fact such a treatment was being -- was not being used. there are options. we can do better. but some of this requires a change in policy and a change in how we approach the problem. most of all, remember this is a medical problem, not just social or behavioral. this needs to be taken care of and the health care system, not the criminal justice system, not a place where you deal with it in the homeless shelters. this needs to be in health care arena. host: what is ect and what is this enough -- the stigma? caller: -- guest: this is shock treatment. the statement comes from movies like "one flew over the cuckoo's

nest." the fact that it could have been used against someone's will and in ap narrative fashion. though we understand little about how it works, it is the most effective intervention we have for severe depression. host: hasn't it been making a comeback? guest: in a different form. the modern version is called either the transcranial magnetic stimulation, which is done with a magnet and said it electric consultant -- convulsive there p. or you'd do just ect and a small area of the brain. the that attic stimulation though well tolerated does not appear to be as effective as tea. the unit raleigh will -- the

unilateral ect seems effective. the memory loss, the biggest problem we had with ect, are about 10% of what they were with the classic bilateral ect. there is an option, here. it is an important avenue, for us. it is important to remember that just like with diabetes, we are not thinking about the magic bullet. there is not going to be a single pill or insufficient that will be the full answer. we want holistic care. you opportunity for drugs, devices, and psychosocial treatments to be available and something that caretakers and families and patients can look at and say what is the best for me. host: next call for dr. insel from the national institutes of mental health comes from virginia. caller: good morning. my problem is -- i have been

doing this for 30 years. it appears to me that funding is the problem not the amount, but the way the grants go to the state. often times, the administrative costs take up two thirds of funding to the clients. i have been doing this from the medicaid standpoint. they are paying $37 a day for 24 hour care. that is absurd. you can barely get a hotel room. but this is to provide care and everything. those in charge, their minds seem to be stuck in the past. there is no progressive thinking. everybody likes the status quo because it seems to be acceptable to those in the administrative aspect. host: clans, what you do, you talked about being a provider. caller: i own a facility in virginia. host: when it comes to mental illness, you have -- caller: we house mentally ill

people. all degrees. be it mental retardation says schizophrenia. guest: clarence, thank you for that question. that is way outside my lane, i would love to ask you more about it, if you're on the line. you say it is $38 a day or so what is that in respect to what the total cost should be? how sure are you? caller: it should be twice that. if you look at the hourly rate we are making over $1.75 for it. the people providing this care particularly where i am from they are going out of his us left and right because it is impossible to provide care at that rate. it seems -- if a grant fund comes through to any state, first it goes to the state, and the administrative cost from --

big beat up almost all of it. there is a minimum of $37 a day or $38 a day for us. that is pretty much a fact. guest: i am not sure i can give you anything to help on this score. we do not deal with medicaid or with -- which is in the center for medicaid and medicare services, or sam said, which provide service through the mental block health grants. we are on the science and. but it is important to know, something the public is not often appreciate, is how undervalued and underfunded mental health care is. it is interesting to know from clarence when he has to hire somebody to assist what he is able to pay and whether he is able to get the highest -- workers to care for those who

has mental health problems but have to use minimum wage workers to get the support. i guess we have to ask ourselves if that is the world we want for those in the greatest need? host: would you like to make a final comment clarence? caller: there seems to be not enough money for research as well. if we could get that money funded properly to keep up with the 21st century, we could get out of this and get some of these people -- most of my clients have been to jail. it is absurd. but maybe some of these people in jail who do not even understand the reality of what they are doing. guest: we hear this over and over again and appreciate your insights. i agree. i think we have to levels of problems. the urgent need for supporting better care in the trenches where all of this is taking

place. in the research arena, we have to make those investments and figure out how to offset future costs. we use the example of how insightful it was to invest in developing a polio vaccine rather than funding more and more iron lungs for those affected. you need to support the iron lung until the vaccine, but you do not want to give up on a vaccine that could cure the problem. host: catherine in maryland. please go ahead. caller: good morning, dr. insel. i have a comment about -- a question about it, you made earlier in reference to marijuana. i believe you said there is research on it inducing -- let me try to get this right.

if a person has tendencies or propensities of mental illness if they use marijuana at an early age, like during their teen years, perhaps they can bring it on faster. is that the statement you made? guest: the data that have come mostly from the institute of psychology -- psychiatry in london suggests that the heavy use of marijuana is a risk factor for the onset of psychosis. the question is whether those same people would have had a psychotic event without it. we never quite know. those studies have not been done. the figure they provide is about a 13-fold increase in risk from heavy smoking of marijuana. we are talking people under the age of 18 or 20. that is a group of adolescents and young adults.

caller: i find that fascinating, simply because my brother -- he was a heavy marijuana smoker in his teen years. in my family there is a history of mental illness. he was diagnosed in his 20's with full-fledged schizophrenia. i am wondering for someone like him, which i have always believed that his marijuana usage kind of heightened the risk factor for him developing schizophrenia at such a young age, if there is a way in which he can live a normal life without -- i believe he takes an injection every month -- if there is any hope for people in that situation where they can reverse the schizophrenia at some point. is there research on that? guest: i am not sure we have

reversal in the lingo, but recovery is very much what we are looking for. making sure the symptoms are in check and the thought processes are enforced well enough so that they can get back to work and get on with life. that happens for many people. i want to tag something you said by way of describing your brother that is an important observation that many of us miss. for someone who has the onset of psychosis at age 20, 21, 22 -- it is always before age 25 -- the new view is that that is the end of a long process. like the way we talk about a heart attack. heart attacks happen after years of narrowing of your coronary arteries. in this case, the concept is that schizophrenia is an illness that begins much earlier. that psychosis is a late stage of it. that what your brother was going

through at age 14 or 18, when he was not only smoking a lot of marijuana by becoming more socially isolated may be had some odd ideals already, but not really getting the help he needed, we call it the prodrome may be two or three years before the psychotic episode that people are already affected by this illness. the question is can we intervened by providing the proper support to prevent the psychotic episode. that is what is driving us now. we expect 100,000 people have a first psychotic episode in the united states. most will be under the age of 25. the question is how did we get ahead of that and make sure that number is under 50,000. what can we do to the back -- to

detect and then preempt this psychotic event. that is what will allow people to continue to finish school, or into relationships, and thrive. it could make an enormous difference in bending the curve on what would otherwise become a chronic disease with chronic disability. host: what is the definition of psychosis? guest: psychosis is when someone loses their contact with reality. we usually think of hearing voices, severe paranoid ideas that people are chasing you reading your mind, sending signals from outer space to monitor year. a whole range of problems with thought processes that do not follow any logical continue him. what people often experience is tremendous anxiety and fear. it is scary to have your thoughts start to run out of control in a way that take you

to places you find very threatening. it is obvious when you see it. someone on the street talking to themselves -- unless they have a cell phone connected to them -- that is what it looks like. host: sam in manassas virginia. caller: good morning. guest: good morning. caller: you listen to mostly -- a man makes the system to be broken -- host: i'm going to interrupt you, you are hard to understand with the connection we have. if you will just make your statement and we will get a response from dr. insel. you're talking about muslim terrorists? are you putting that in a mental illness category? caller: yes.

in relation to mental illness is there a possibility that young people have melt -- have mental illness that makes them think -- host: i think we got the point. thank you. guest: let me make sure i get the question, maybe you could repeat it for me. host: he was talking about, this was sam's point that muslim terrorists get into a mindset to i guess, attack. i may be paraphrasing, your new sleep. -- erroneously. if you could make it more general. guest: the concept of if there is young people who get into terrorist organizations because of a mental illness or a need to belong. i do not think we have good evidence for that.

i do not know much about what drives people into these organizations. those with mental illnesses are not joiners, but rather loners. they have a difficult time connecting to other people and a difficult time functioning when they are ill. i appreciate the concept that those who might become dangerous or terrorists or become adversaries have a brain disorder, but i do not think we have data that would support that concept. it takes us on a slippery slope when you begin to label people who disagree with us, in any way, as having an illness instead of a disagreement. host: bryan is in iowa. a few minutes left with our guest. caller: how are you doing? i have a question, wondering

about what the doctor thought about this. i have a party that touches the subject to talk about when it comes to mental illness. that is social security disability and how we take care of people financially who are mentally ill. i am 46, will be 47 soon. i came down with a mental illness because of an incident that occurred at age 21 that cause me to become a very fearful and paranoid. none of this had ever happened to me before. i went home -- i had gone to work in california -- host: we are a little tight on time, so you want to talk about social security disability and mental illness and how do you want to tie that together? caller: the thing is is people on social security disability like myself who have a mental

illness and cannot work a full-time job are getting -- even though i am so grateful for the help i am getting, quite frankly, the amount of money i get each month is not enough for me to survive on. i have to rely on other help -- host: let's get an answer from dr. insel. guest: brian, thank you for bringing this up. i do not know enough about your individual situation, but the national situation is worth commenting on. 60% of people who get ssi welfare, or social security income, 60% of those under 65 have mental illness. it is the largest single group. it accounts for some and like $28 billion each year in the u.s. the most recent year we have the numbers for it is 2013. that is about where it plays out in that year.

it seems like an enormous amount of money when you say $28 billion, but the reality is that is covering some 3 million people. it is also a large number of people. the average payment is about $600 a month depending on where you live and your situation. the question is is that enough to live on an obviously it is not, almost anywhere. the problem we are facing is how do we get around that. does that mean we spend more money, provide different services, are there different expectations, limit who gets it. there is a limited amount of resources and a great need, so we have this mismatch between supply and demand. i do not have an answer by think it is an important conversation to have. host: that will end our segment with dr. thomas

loretta lynch investigating the baltimore police department. and making remarks after the announcement of the recent election results. after that a ceremony marking the 70th anniversary of ve-day. loretta lynch has announced her department will conduct an investigation following the death of freddie gray while in your police custody. his death sparked a series of protests and riots in the city. this is over 20 minutes.

loretta lynch: good morning everyone. as we all know, as we have all seen, we have watched as baltimore his struggle with issues that face cities across our country today. we have seen the tragic loss of a young man's life. we have seen a peaceful protest movement: us to express the concern of a beleaguered community. we have seen brave officers upholding the right to peaceful protests while also sustaining serious injuries themselves during the city's unfortunate foray into violence and we have watched now through the prism of one of the most challenging issues of our time, the issue of police community relations. when i traveled to baltimore

earlier this week i had an opportunity to see the significant work that the syrian police department had done with the cops office over the last six months through a collaborative reform process but despite the progress being made it was clear that recent events including the tragic in custody death of mr. freddie gray had given rise to if -- serious erosion of public trust. i have been asked by city officials and community leaders to augment our approach to the situation with a court enforcement model. i spent the last few days considering which of the justice department's tools best needs the current means of the baltimore police department and the broader baltimore baltimore -- broader baltimore community. we are opening an investigation into whether the police department has engaged in a pattern or practice of violations of the constitution or federal law. this investigation will begin immediately and will focus on

allegations that officers used excessive force including deadly force and conduct unlawful searches, seizures, and arrests, and engage in discriminatory policing. the cops office will continue to work with the baltimore police department and the collaborative reform process will now convert to the provision of technical assistance to the baltimore police department. some may ask how this differs from our current work with baltimore police department. the answer is rather than examining whether the police department violated good policies, we will now examine whether they violated the constitution and the communities civil rights. this approach has been welcomed by the baltimore city fraternal order of police and i want to thank them for their support and their partnership as we move forward. in the coming days, civil rights attorneys and investigators conducting the investigation and the police experts who will assist them will be engaging with community members and law

enforcement. we will examine policies practices, and available data and at the conclusion of our investigation, we will issue a report of our findings. if unconstitutional policies or practices are found, we will seek a court enforceable agreement to address those issues. we will continue to move forward to improve policing and baltimore even as the investigation is underway. our goal is to work with the community, public officials, and law enforcement to create a stronger, better baltimore. the department of justice civil rights division has conducted dozens of these investigations and we have seen from our work in jurisdictions across the country that communities that have gone through this process are experiencing improved policing practices and increased trust between the police and the community. i encourage other cities to study our past recommendations

and see whether they can be applied in their own communities. this process is meant to ensure that officers are being provided with the tools that they need including training, policy guidance, and equipment to be more effective to partner with civilians and to strengthen public safety. for many people across the country, the tragic death of mr. freddie gray and the unfortunate violence that did occur has come to personify the city as if that alone is baltimore. earlier this week i visited with members of the community who took to the streets in the days following the unrest to pick up trash, to clear away debris, and their baltimore. i visited with elected officials who were determined to help the neighborhoods that they love come back stronger and more united and they are baltimore. i visited youth leaders who believe there is a brighter day ahead and they are baltimore too.

i also visited with law enforcement officers who had worked up to 16 days without a break and they were focused not on themselves or even their own safety but i'm protecting the people who live in their community. they, too, are baltimore. none of us have any illusions that reform is easy. the challenges that we face and baltimore faces now did not arise in a day and change will not come overnight. it will take time and sustained effort. the people i met in baltimore, from the protesters to the public officials, to the officers, including one who was injured, all said to me ultimately the same thing, i love my city and want to make it better. that is why i optimistic about this process and i am hopeful about the days and weeks to come. that is why i am confident that as a result of this investigation and hard work that is still ahead -- make no mistake, it is hard work -- all residents of the baltimore community, residents and law enforcement alike, will be able to create a stronger and safer and more united city together.

thank you for your time and attention. at this time i would like to open it up for a few questions. reporter: the request came from the city. what have you heard or seen from residents of baltimore that leads you to believe that the ongoing justice review needs to be augmented? are the problems deeper than you initially understood? can you talk about why cop does not work? or is not sufficient? loretta lynch: the process has helped numerous communities and police departments across the

country. but for collaborative reform to ultimately be effective, we need the three-part base of support. please, elected officials, and community engagement. and the ability to have faith in the process. we have all seen events change in baltimore and become much more intense over a short period of time. the community's trust has been worse and has severed in terms of the relationship with the police department. we felt that was one factor. in viewing whether we could use it to make the changes that we need. also, as we look more to the issues facing the police department itself in terms of the needs it has and the issues residents were raising, they were more intense than when we started the collaborative process. we thought the best thing to do was to conduct an investigation to see if these issues rose to the level of civil rights violations. and if so, have the best model in which to address them.

in our view, a court enforced order. reporter: senator mikulski made reference to a fractured trust between police and communities around the country. i wonder, from your standpoint how serious that fracture is. loretta lynch: we have had a number of situations that have highlighted the fracture in various communities, in different parts of the country cities of all sizes, issues ranging from people being harmed or unfortunate deaths in custody. i think we see it when it occurs. i think the issue goes beyond just the interaction between the police and the community. we are talking about generations, not of only mistrust, but generations of communities that feel separated from government overall.

you are talking about situations where there is a flashpoint occurrence that coalesces years of frustration and anger. that is what i think you saw in baltimore when there was that unfortunate night of violence and you see it in other cities around country as well. you can't look at a city and protect what is going to happen. can't look at a city and analyze it and certainly we are not looking to do that. we hope that our work, through collaborative reform and investigation, other cities can look at their own environments and decide what issues they see and whether or not some of the work done in the past can be brought to bear and help as well. reporter: will the department release any findings the folks have found in the collaborative review? loretta lynch: the information is going to be folded into the pattern of practice report. it usually ends in a report that

is made public. we are now going to full that into the investigation and will not have the collaborative reform report. there will be a report at the end of the pattern of practice investigation that will draw on that. reporter: this violence took place just as you are coming into office. as you saw this unfold, what was your reaction? what did you think? loretta lynch: i watched it, as did most people, through the prism of my television screen. i've seen similar incidents across the country and my first reaction was profound sadness. it truly was. it was profound sadness for the loss of life, the erosion of trust, the sadness and despair the community was feeling, for the frustration i do the police officers were feeling also as they tried to encourage peaceful protest but had to deal with violence. my first reaction was profound sadness. reporter: the fbi director and secretary of homeland security is having a conference with the nation's police to talk about the growing concern over isis

social media. how much is the concern is that at how urgent is a concern -- how urgent of a concern is that for the doj? loretta lynch: i think social media is a tool we have seen be used in cases that resulted in recruitment, as a means of distributing information. it is part of the full canopy of things. i'm going to apologize for not knowing everyone's name right away. otherwise, i would not point to you in this manner. reporter: the baltimore police

department says that they did not know that -- how are you guys working to make sure that local officials are looped into the threat that you guys identify at the federal level? loretta lynch: when information is determined to be a threat to any police department, we provide them with as much as relation as they can. in the situation you saw, there is an individual underscore new before but had not been very active in the immediate past. the information provided was more limited than the garland police would have liked to seen. certainly, all efforts are made to provide them with information and they were tremendously helpful in the results of the case and the results of the shooting that occurred. reporter: carrie johnson, npr. as you know, a lot of localities are looking to you and your department now to help heal the fractured trust between police and communities. that said, you only have so many resources to conduct these

reviews and investigations. do you need more attorneys and investigators? d needs a lot to be changed -- do you need a law to be changed? loretta lynch: was on the hill for my first information meeting. we always ask for increased resources to handle the cases we have and the ones we anticipate. to the larger issue raised by your question, which is communities looking for help and resources, the department of justice is here to help and we try to be a resource. reality is, we cannot litigate our way out of this problem and and is not our intention to

engage in a review of every police department. it is rather our goal and found hope that the work we have done will be a base for communities to look at and to build upon as they determine what issues exist in their communities. we now have a very solid body of supports, for collaborative reform and pattern of practice investigations. one of the things i most pleased about over recent years is that many of our investigations are begun very cooperatively in conjunction with law enforcement and elected officials. they reach to us for assistance. they are not in an adversarial mode. by and large, most of them have been under the environment of working very well with police and community. our hope is that other jurisdictions, cities large and small can look at these reports and say, are these the issues i face? what does the justice department see that? what is my police department

doing that might look like this or be a better model of haiti or? one of the things we try to do through the cops process is pair police with their piers who have had successful -- with their peers. our goal is to be the resource and guide, not the hand reaching into every police department. we truly believe that communities, cities, police departments, they know the city's best and know what the issues and problems are. we want to help them reach the best solutions. reporter: eric tucker, ap. much has been made about the different racial dynamics wayne talk about baltimore city versus ferguson. ferguson had with the department with a very few number of

minorities. baltimore is different. loretta lynch: i think that regardless of the ethnic or racial makeup of every city, every city is different. they all present different issues. policing is a challenging profession, no matter where you are. the issues facing baltimore certainly do -- some people express them in racial tones. people were expecting them to me as community leaders feeling pain. community police feeling frustrated at not being able to protect their city. there was a commonality that crossed races, crossed groups. every city is different and i do not want to prejudge or put that particular prism on baltimore or any other city. reporter: senator mikulski said

that grant money should be tied to training. loretta lynch: we have a wide range of grant programs. many are specifically for training purposes. many simply provide equipment and do other things. our approach has always been rather than conditioning getting a grant on a particular program, we work with the jurisdiction to really focus on the specific need they have and basically give them access to the. training they need. the training for every department is different. we are always considering ways to make the grant programs more efficient. reporter: what more should the

federal government be doing to deal with isis using social media? what more should the federal government be doing? loretta lynch: at this point, i can say that we are certainly using all the tools available to us to determine how social media is being used. as always, we have to balance that with the right to free speech, with privacy rights. those are very important concerns. we have to balance that with making sure that what we do does not interfere with the free flow of information for law-abiding citizens, for example. we are focusing on that as an issue. it is not a new issue. we have seen social media being used in a number of cases and it is an expansion of how the internet has been used for several years now. both in recruitment and radicalization. >> one more question. loretta lynch: several hands are

up now. reporter: can you expect to people why they should not be concerned that the federal government was flying surveillance planes over baltimore during the protests? loretta lynch: someone came to me and said something about, where you flying drones over baltimore? i said, i don't have drones. it is not an uncommon practice for police helicopters to fly over and try to figure out where our people moving to or where violence might be breaking out and buy information to the field, someone to officers on the ground providing surveillance reports as well. i do not think it was a new occurrence and you see it in a number of cities. it was for the purpose us finding out if there were pockets of violence and what can be done about that. you will have to be the last one.

reporter: test the of the day, when the mayor was talking about the investigation, there was a 40% drop in excessive force complaints. is that it just and that things are getting better? loretta lynch: all the data that has been gathered will be factored into the investigation. it is premature to say what the data means. there are numbers that can look great, but if you are the person involved in an unfortunate incident, for you it feels like it is 100%. we will look at all those issues and incidents and look at the larger issues of whether or not the police, as they work to stop, arrest, and detain people, how they implement their policies, the use and guidance they have already, that will factor into our investigation.

it is premature right now to say how it will impact. thank you all. >> british party leaders including prime minister david cameron making remarks after the announcement of election results. and marking the anniversary of v-e day, the end of world war ii in europe. on the next "washington journal", bernard kerik offering his use in criminal justice and

prison reform. then mark mazezetti on the u.s. drone program. and then the advanced placement u.s. government exam preparation. they go through sample questions and take calls from high school students. we will take your calls and you can join the conversation at facebook and twitter. live at 7 a.m. eastern on c-span. >> here's a look at some of our featured programs for this weekend. saturday morning at 10 eastern on c-span, we are live from greenville, south carolina for the gop freedom senate -- summit. on mother's day, sunday, at noon eastern, members of his first families remember first ladies,

featuring the daughters of jackie kennedy, lady bird johnson, betty ford, and laura bush. 2 on c-span -- on c-span2 jon krakauer on sexual assault. and the first female four-star general talks about her life and military career. and on c-span3 4:45 p.m. remembering the liberation of nazi concentration camps with an interview with kurt cline who as a teenager, escaped and lost his parents in auschwitz and as an interrogator for the u.s. army questioned hitler's personal driver. the seven the anniversary of the end of world war ii at the memorial in washington d.c.

get our complete schedule at c-span.org. >> after losing a majority of seats in thursday's u.k. election, nick clegg and labour party leader ed miliband have announced their resignations. david cameron who won a need -- a narrow majority also spoke to reporters briefly outside 10 downing street in london. we begin with mr. clegg's remarks. this is about 25 minutes. [applause] mr. clegg: thank you very much.

thank you. i always expected the election to be exceptionally difficult for the liberal democrats, given the heavy responsibility we have had to bear a government under the most challenging circumstances. but clearly the results of being more crushing and unkind than i have feared. that is -- i must take responsibility and therefore i announce i will be presenting of -- as leader of the liberal democrats. for the last seven years it has been a privilege and an unlimited honor to lead a party of the most resilient courageous, and remarkable people. the liberal democrats are family and i will always be extremely proud of the warmth, good grace and good humor which are political family has shown through the ups and downs of recent years. i want to thank every member,

every campaigner, every counselor, and every element -- parliamentarian for the commitment you have shown to our country and to our party. it is simply heartbreaking to see so many friends and colleagues who have served their constituents so diligently over so many years, abruptly lose their seats. because the forces are beyond their control. in 2011 after a night of disappointing election results for our party, one of our candidates in edinburgh said if his defeat was part payment for the ending of child the tension then he accepted it with all his heart. -- detention, then he accepted it with all his heart.

if our losses today are part payment for every family that is more secure because of a job we helped to create every person with depression who is treated with a compassion they deserve every child who does a little better in school, every apprentice with a long and rewarding career to look forward to, every gay couple who know that their love is worth no less than anyone else's, and every pensioner with a little more freedom and dignity, then i hope at least our losses can be injured with a little self dignity, too. we will never know how many lives we changed for the better because we had the courage to stand up -- step up at a time of crisis but we have done something that cannot be undone. they can be no doubt that we leave government a far stronger,

fairer, greener, and more liberal country than it was five years ago. however unforgiving the judgment has been, i believe the history books will judge our party kindly put a service we sought to provide a time of great economic difficulty. in policies and values which we brought to bear in government opportunity, fairness, and liberty. which i believe will stand the test of time. to have served my country added time of crisis as an honored that will stay with me forever. i hope those who are granted the opportunity to serve our country in government now and in the future will recognize the privilege and responsibility they have been given. that is the greatest thing they will ever do. it is too early to give a considered account of why we have suffered the catastrophic

losses we have and the party will have to reflect on these in the time ahead. but one thing it seems to me is clear. liberalism here as well is across europe is not faring well against the politics of fear. economic and social hardship following the cracks in 2008 and the grinding insecurities of globalization have led people to reach for new surfaces. the politics of us versus them is now on the march. it is clear that the constituency north of the border, a scottish nationalism swept north of the border. south of the border, they look at what that means.

this brings our country to a perilous point where grievance and fear try distant communities. i hope our leaders realize the disastrous consequences for our way of life. if they continue to appeal generosity and fear rather than hope. in the absence of strong and statesmanlike leadership. they are now in grave jeopardy. it is exactly at this time that british liberalism, a fine noble tradition that believes we are stronger together and weaker apart is more needed than ever before.

fear and grievance have won. liberalism has lost but it is more precious than ever and we must keep fighting for it. that is the great challenge my successor will have to face. i will always give my support to those that continue to keep the flame of british liberalism alive. on the morning of the most crushing blow to the democrats since our party was founded, it is easy to imagine there is no road back. but, there is. because there is no path to a fairer, greener, freer britain without british liberalism showing the way. this is a very dark hour for our party. but we can't and will not allow decent liberal values to be extinguished overnight.

our party will come back. our party will win again. it will take patience, resilience, and grit. that is what has built our party before and will build it again. thank you. [applause] [cheers and applause]

ed miliband: thank you for your kindness, friends. this is not the speech a wanted to give today. i believe that britain needed a labour government. i still do, but the public voted otherwise area did i rang david cameron to congratulate him. i take absolute and total responsibility for the results in our defeat in this election. i am so sorry for all of those colleagues. ed bull, jim murphy, douglas alexander, and all the mps and candidates that were defeated. colleagues and standardbearers they have always been and always will be. [applause]

i also want to congratulate all of our candidates elected yesterday and will help take our party forward as well. [applause] i want to thank those people that ran our campaign. it was the most united cohesive, and enjoyable campaign i've ever been involved in. i want to thank douglas alexander, lucy powell, and all of you. the incredible team of the labour party. [applause] and i also want to thank the

incredible team of labor party members, activists, and all those people that pounded the street. [applause] friends, britain needs a strong labour party. one that can rebuild after this defeat so we can have a government that stands up for working people again. and now it's time for someone else to take leadership of this party. i have tendered my resignation taking effect after this day. i want to do so straightaway because a party needs to have an open and honest debate about the right way forward without constraint. it was the best anyone could hope for. i am proud to have her as my

deputy. [applause] she will take over until a new leader is elected. i am looking forward to reacquainting myself -- but before i do, i want to say a few things. thank you to the british people. thank you to the people who met me on train stations, colleges work places, and schools. thank for sharing your stories with me. it has been an enormous privilege. thank you for the support.

and thank you for the most unlikely cult of the 21st century. [applause] second, i want to address those that voted labour yesterday. today you will feel disappointed. even bleak. but the argument of our campaign will not go away. the issue of our unequal country will not go away. this is the challenge of our time. the fight goes on. and whoever is our new leader, labour will keep making the case for a country that works for working people. [applause]

i believe in our united kingdom. not just because this is our country but because this is the best way to serve the working people of our country. i believe there is more that unites us than divides us across the whole united kingdom. and all of us in the months and years ahead must rise to the challenge of keeping our country together. [applause] finally, i want to say something to my party. thank you.

thank you for the privilege. i joined this party at age 17. i never dreamed i would lead it. it has been an incredible force for progress from workers rights to minimum wage. no other party in british politics can boast these achievements. and yes, it will be a force for progress and change once again. the most loyal supporters and amazing people. i am truly sorry i did not succeed. i did my best for five years. now you need to show your responsibility. your responsibility, not simply to mourn our defeat, but to pick yourself up and continue the fight. wwee have come back before and this party will come back again. [applause]

and if i may, i say to everyone. decency, stability, and comradeship that we believe is the way the country should be run. an ability to have disagreement without being disagreeable. i urge everyone to keep this in mind. finally, i want to say this. the force for progress and social justice is never simple or straightforward. change happens because people don't give up. they keep demanding change.

we can see they are trusted. i am never going to give up on that cause. i will never give up fighting for the britain i believe in. that fight will always be my fight. i will always be there. thank you very much. [applause] thank you very much.

david cameron: i have just been to see her majesty the queen and i will now form a majority conservative government. i have been proud to lead the first coalition government in 70 years and i want to thank all those that worked so hard to make it a success. and in particular, on this day nick clegg. elections can be bruising clashes of ideas and arguments. and people believe profoundly in public service have seen that service cut short.

ed miliband rang me this morning to wish me luck with the new government. it was a generous gesture from someone in public service. for all the right reasons. the government i led did important work. it laid the foundations for a better future and we must build on them. i truly believe we are on the brink of something special in our country. we can make britain a place that a good life is in reach for everyone who is willing to work and do the right thing. our manifesto is a manifesto for working people. and as a majority government, we will be able to deliver. it is the reason why a majority government is more accountable. 3 million apprenticeships, more help with childcare. helping 30 million people cope with the cost of living by cutting their taxes.

building homes people are able to buy. creating millions more jobs that give people the chance of a better future. and yes, we will deliver that referendum on our future in europe. as we conduct this vital work, we must ensure we bring our country together. as i said, we will govern as a party of one nation. one united kingdom. that means ensuring this recovery, it means rebalancing our economy and building that northern powerhouse. it means giving everyone in the country a chance so that no matter where you're from you have the opportunity to make the most of your life. it means giving people training, a job and hope for the future. it means that for children that

don't get the best start in life, there must be the nursery education and good schooling that can transform their life chances. and it means bringing together the different nations of our united kingdom. i have always believed in governing with respect. that's why in the last parliament, we gave power to scotland and wales and gave the people of scotland a referendum on whether to stay in the united kingdom. in this parliament, i will stay true to my word and implement as fast as i can the devolution that all parties agreed for scotland, wales, and north ern ireland. governing with respect means recognizing the different nations of our united kingdom have their own governments as well as the united kingdom government. both are important. and with our plans, the governments of these nations will become more powerful with wider responsibilities. in scotland, our plans are to create the strongest government anywhere in the world with

important powers over taxation. and no constitutional settlement will be complete if it did not offer fairness to england. when i stood here five years ago, our country was in the grip of an economic crisis. five years on, britain is so much stronger. but the real opportunities lie ahead. everything i've seen over the past five years and indeed during this election campaign has proved once again that this is a country with unrivaled skills and creativeness. a country with such good humor and such great compassion. i am convinced that if we draw on all of this that we can take these islands with our proud history and build an even prouder future. together, we can make great written greater still. thank you. [applause]

>> later in the day leaders and others attended the memorial service to mark the end of world war ii in europe known as ve day. the service started with the national two minutes of silence followed by a ceremony and remarks of the grandson of former british prime minister winston churchill. this is about 30 minutes. >> the prime minister david

cameron. the conservatives have won a majority overnight. ed miliband held a conference today that his resignation would take effect after this service. nick clegg announced his resignation. this morning, the prime minister said we just start by remembering those who gave such a service and sacrifice to save our country but also to save our democracy which we have seen in action today. the first minister of wales.

his royal highness, the duke of york. on the 70th anniversary of

victory in europe as we prepare for a two-minute silence, all the elements are in place to pay tribute to that generation, to all the men and women who helped secure peace and freedom for our world. [bells ring] [bells ring]

[horns] ♪ [horns]

♪ >> wales, scotland, and

northern ireland. nicola sturgeon, the prime minister since 2014. and the first minister of wales. ♪ >> representatives of the service chiefs. the army, the navy.

♪ >> the next wreath was laid by the president of the legion. it supports the veterans of the great war. after many more lives that have been sacrificed, the legion

continues to support the members of the armed forces. vice admiral sir peter wilkinson. ♪ the last wreath laid by randolph churchill and robert gale. robert dale who was loading his landing craft with ammunition after the amphibious invasion in

1945 when he heard about the end of the war in europe. ♪ >> on this day, at this hour, we commemorate the 70th anniversary of ve day. we give thanks for all who play ed their part in achieving

victory in the second world war. we remember with sorrow all those who were killed and whose lives were changed forever. >> the right reverend, bishop to her majesty's forces. randolph church hill will now read extracts from his great-grandfather, winston churchill. randolph churchill: the extract from winston churchill's speech the eighth of may, 1945. yesterday morning at 2:41 a.m. at headquarters, general jodl, the representative of the german high command, and grand admiral doenitz, the designated head of the german state, signed the act of unconditional surrender of all german land, sea, and air

forces in europe to the allied expeditionary forces, and simultaneously to the soviet high command. today is victory in europe day. hostilities will end officially at one minute after midnight tonight, but in the interest of saving lives, the cease-fire began yesterday, to be sounded all along the front, and our dear channel islands are also to be freed today. the german war is therefore at an end. after years of intense preparation, germany hurled herself on poland at the beginning of september 1939 and, in pursuance of our guarantee to poland and in

agreement with the french republic, great britain, the british empire and commonwealth of nations, declared war upon this foul aggression. after gallant france had been struck down we, from this island and from our united empire maintained the struggle single-handed for a whole year until we were joined by the military might of soviet russia, and later by the overwhelming power and resources of the united states of america. we may allow ourselves a brief period of rejoicing, but let us not forget for a moment the toil and efforts that lie ahead. we must now devote all our strength and resources to the completion of our task, both at home and abroad.

advance, britannia. long live the cause of freedom. god save the king.

>> oh, almighty god, grant that we beseech you that we honor those who died in service of their country and the crown. may be so inspired by the spirit of their love and fortitude that forgetting all selfish and unworthy motive, we may live only to thy glory and to the service of mankind, through jesus christ, our lord, amen. ♪ [singing]

♪ >> teach us, good lord, to serve you as you deserve to give and not count the cost, to fight and not heed the wounds, to toil and not to seek for rest, to labor and not to ask for reward, except knowing that we do your will, through jesus christ our

lord, amen. our father, which art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. thy kingdom come, thy will be done, as earth as it is in heaven. give us this day our daily bread and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive them that trespass against us and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil, for thine is the kingdom the power, and the glory forever and ever, amen. under god's gracious mercy and protection we commit you. lord bless you and keep you. the lord make his face to shine upon you and be gracious unto you. the lord lift up the light of his countenance upon you and give you his peace this day and always. amen.

♪ >> teach us good lord, to fight and not to seek for rest. to labor and not to ask for any reward, save that of knowing that we do thy will. through jesus christ, our lord, amen. our father, which art in heaven hallowed be thy name. thy kingdom come, thy will be done, as earth as it is in heaven. give us this day our daily bread and forgive us our trespasses,

as we forgive them that trespass against us and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil, for thine is the kingdom the power, and the glory forever and ever, amen. under god's gracious mercy and protection we commit you. lord bless you and keep you. the lord make his face to shine upon you and be gracious unto you. the lord lift up the light of his countenance upon you and give you his peace this day and always. amen. [horns]

♪ ♪ >> god save our gracious queen long live our noble queen god save the queen send her victorious, happy and glorious long to reign over us, god save the queen ♪

>> the duke of york leaving by the foreign and commonwealth office. leading the dispersal. the politicians take their leave. they joined this pause in national life. they've come here to pay their respects. robert gale, the royal naval veteran, wreath layer.

representatives of the three services. the navy, the army, the air force. terry charman, a respectful moment. >> beautifully done with the simplicity that marks a lot of the remembrance in britain. one sees it in the cemeteries, or all over the world. beautifully-maintained memorial. >> today is the start of the ve day weekend. it is the solemn remembrance today. the mood will change. >> i think the mood will change. there was a lot of solemnity in 1945, but then of course the

mood did change to one of celebration. though not as a riotous celebration as greeted the armistice in 1918. >> do you think it is because of the second world war went on that much longer, the end was that much longer and coming? >> the people of britain were much more affected by the second world war than the first. rationing, intensive bombing destruction of cities. the invitation now goes to the public to lay a wreath. the all embracing invitation to take part in today's remembrance. >> so many of the different branches represented.

i have spotted at least three old surges -- soldiers wearing berets with the polish in eagle. we muster member the allies of that served alongside the british during the war. >> and the germans that fled not see germany. >> germans, non-jewish and jewish came to this country as refugees. they took part in fighting that regime. >> many german refugees served in the regiments. ♪ >> the 19 standards of the british legion. ♪

>> the silence has been broken and we have the applause, a sense of celebration. >> yes. >> the anniversary must bring back memories today remembering who made the ultimate sacrifice. on this day 70 years ago, it would be another three months before victory in the far east.

then, the largest conflict in history was over. [applause] >> shortly, the barriers will be removed and to the public -- and the public will disperse. >> germany also marked the 70th anniversary at the bundestag. the ceremony included speeches by the heads of both houses as well as a german historian.

[no audio] >> federal president, madam chancellor, president of the federal constitutional court excellencies, colleagues guests the 8th of may was a day of liberation.

when these words were spoken in the address to the german bundestag 30 years ago today not the first person to express this, but the first to do with the authority that resides with the head of state. it does not reflect broad public opinion. but affections were changing and today, it is the view that was just shared by the majority of germans. the 8th of may marks the end of a war that was started by the german government. by the end, it had claimed more than 50 million lives, including

the loss of around 8 million germans. 70 years ago today, the guns fell silent in europe almost six years after 2077 terrible days of war. germany's unconditional surrender and its total defeat in a war, the criminal nature of which most germans had failed to recognize until it was too late. indeed, many were reluctant to admit it to themselves for years afterwards. a viennese writer and later a nobel laureate wrote, "it is a measure of the self-delusion in which the germans have been living, the enormity of their

delusion, the blind power of their belief, which is so profoundly disquieting." and he asked, "what is left of them? what else are they without their dreadful military faith? where else can they fall? what can catch them?" the germans could not afford a fall from grace, politically economically, and morally. so it is more astonishing that despite our countries at guilt, our fall was broken by other european nations, by neighbors that germany itself had

inflicted unimaginable suffering by a community of nations which after the war was not the same as before. our neighbors' willingness to embark on a journey of reconciliation is as unprecedented in history after -- history as the catastrophe which preceded it. today we remember the millions of victims of a uniquely terrible war of annihilation against other nations and people, against slavs and he -- and the european jews. the 8th of may was a day of liberation for the entire continent, but it was not a day in which the german liberated themselves. and why we would not to wish to forget the failed attempts by

those brave germans who mounted resistance to hitler, today our thoughts and respects are primarily with those who serving with our western allies and in the red army against national socialist tyranny and suffered unimaginable losses. federal president, i am confident that on behalf of the entire chamber in thanking you and also the federal chancellor and the foreign minister for your visits and gestures and speeches, which you have held over the past two days, at memorial sites, and also at concentration camps. [applause] during the dying days of the

war, the soviet presence in berlin focused energies on seizing the reichstag building. after the fire in february 1943, it ceased to be the seat of parliament under the national socialists for many years. indeed, it did not regain that status for another five decades after the end of the war. when this finally became possible at government reunification, we made a conscious decision to preserve -- to restore and preserve much of the graffiti that the soviet soldiers had written on the walls during this final days of the war in may 1945, because these are authentic symbols of the end of the war and the chance of a new beginning.

ladies and gentlemen, the 8th of may was the end and the beginning, also a day of liberation, for the war had to end, of course, before it was possible to make a fresh start with a new opportunity to shape a better future. the new beginning itself bore the scars of war. the united nations charter and the project of overcoming german nationalism through a union of states contrasted starkly with nuclear standoff in a bipolar world and with the decades of division of our continent and our country. in the western occupation zone the germans learned the lessons of the past.

and they then embarked on the long road -- doing so separately at first, and finally together. it aptly sums up how the end of war affected the federal republic. it is precisely because the 8th of may that the debate about our past became a painful process of internal liberation. but this does not mean liberating ourselves from our history. on the contrary, it means facing up to our guilt even when it is difficult to bear. we are convinced that it is only through awareness of our bitter experience that we can shape the present and future and a politically responsible manner and serve peace and freedom in

the world. last year, professor, you pointed out that living at the time of great global political change and that these changes have shaken many of the beliefs that were born out of history and were previously regarded as absolute. in light of these challenges, i wish to thank you for your willingness to explain from a historian and active citizen perspective what the 8th of may means for us today. but, first, we will hear the second movement of joseph haydn's string quartet in c major, opus 76, number 3, a somewhat melancholy theme of variations on a theme long heard throughout the world, not only by his music's lovers.

haydn composed the melody in 1797, during the french revolutionary war to the austrian emperor, and as a challenge to the martial spirit of "la marseillaise." later, during the german pre-march, this was written to accompany the melody, voicing an impassioned plea for national unity and democratic constitution. the eventful history of this song of germans mirrors the germans' long road west.

the long road west encapsulates the twists and turns of the german journey from the hubris of "deutschland, deutschland uber alles," to the perversion by national socialism and up until the republic -- justice and freedom, as the guiding principles of a democratic germany, one that lives with peace and freedom to its neighbors. we are grateful for this. and we will always remain in debt to our neighbors and

partners for this. [applause] [haydn's string quartet in c major, opus 76, number 3 second movement, plays] ♪