rved. they were patriots, like my grandfather. soldiers sailors, airmen marines, coast guard, merchant marines. they risked and gave their lives so that we and people to world over could live free. there a people who stepped up in unprecedented numbers building bombers on assembly lines. this was the generation that literally saved the world and laid the foundation for peace. this was the generation that traded in their uniforms so they could marry their sweethearts raise children and build the strongest middle class the world has ever known. this was the generation that includes heroes like the

tuskegee airmen, the navajo code talkers. people who continued the fight for freedom here at home expanding quality and opportunity and justice for an minorities and women. we will be grateful for what these men and women did, for the selfless grace a showed in one of our darkest hours pre-and as we mark the 70th anniversary -- darkest hours. as we mark the 70th anniversary let's commemorate ourselves to the freedoms for which they fought. we are a country no matter where we are or where we come from, what we look like or who we love, if we take responsibility every american will have the opportunity to make of our lives what we will. let's stand united with our allies on behalf of our common values. freedom, security, democracy human rights, and the rule of law around the world.

and against bigotry and hatred in all of their forms. we give meaning to that pledge, never forget, never again. let's salute that generation of americans whose courage and sacrifice are the reason we are here today. their spirit lives on in the brave men and women in uniform. as americans grateful for their service, let's truly honor them on this day and every day with the gratitude they have earned and the respect they deserve. may god bless them and may he continue to bless the united states of america. >> i am cognizant tom mcclintock of california. congress is it -- congress is considering an important legislation to create more jobs and prosperity for the american people. i would like to visit with you about it. trade means prosperity, more products means hired -- means

more jobs and higher wages. more products entering our economy means more consumer choices and lower prices. here is the problem unfair trade regulations, labor standards, high taxes and foreign subsidies put american workers at a real disadvantage. to remove these barriers we have to negotiate trade agreements to put americans back in the game. we haven't done that recently because the legal authority expired years ago and we are seeing the result. since 2000 there have been 48 trade agreements among asian nations and americans were part of only two of them. china is writing the rules while we are being left behind. that is why trade promotion authority is being so important. it is the key to restarting the trade engine. here is how it works, congress sets 150 objectives that our

negotiators have to advance. they are the rules both sides have to follow, everything from food safety to labor standards and through trading on the internet. if these objectives aren't met the deal is off. if they are met, then the agreements published in full for 60 days so the american people can weigh in, and only then will congress vote to approve it or reject it. this gives our negotiating partners the confidence that the concessions that they make will not be endlessly altered once the agreement gets to congress. it will either be voted up or voted down. that ensures negotiators will bring back the very best from our trading partners without holding anything back. we negotiated trade agreements since the 1930's. very much like this since the 1970's. in some quarters it has become controversial. some opposing because of the pressure from special interests.

protectionism is the fastest way to destroy an economy as this nation has learned repeatedly. some on the right oppose it because they do not trust the president and his history of executive overreach. that is why i support this bill. without it he can negotiate anything he wants. trade promotion authority binds him to the will of congress before the agreement is reached if and only if he meets congress's objectives will congress then agree to not necessarily passed the agreement but to vote on it after the american people have had their say. i am particularly concerned about illegal immigration. i don't know about you but i am tired of years of economic stagnation of watching our country marginalized and an

administration that often operates in direct defiance of congress and the american people. this bill is a giants step to solving these problems. of the free exchange of goods, whether but people nations means the people of the sides come away with something of greater value to themselves or the trade wouldn't take place. freedom creates prosperity and the greater the freedom the greater the prosperity and the promotion authority is the means by which this freedom is advanced for ourselves and our children. freedom works. it is time we put it back to work. announcer: the new congressional directory is a handy guide to congress. district maps, a foldout map of capitol hill, and a look at congressional committees

federal agencies and state governors. order your copy today. shipping and handling through the c-span online store c-span.org. michigan are presented to give 11 is our guest. he is the top them a credit on the house ways and means committee. he talks about trade legislation and other issues being worked on by congress. sunday night on c-span's q and a, kate andersen brower on the role of the white house through the eyes of the people that work there, from the kennedy's to the obamas. >> they are an incredible family, nine members of the family have worked at the white house. i introduced the only current part-time that letter.

he may still be there right now. he works every week at the white house. nine members of his family work there. he told me, my uncle ran the white house. they brought him in when he was 17 years old in 1959 during the eisenhower administration. he describes how he used to work in the kitchen and he was such a skinny little guy. it is incredible he remembers what the eisenhower's were like. it is this dying breed of person who remembers that. i wanted to pay tribute to these people. announcer: sunday night on c-span's q and day. >> here are a couple of the book festivals we will be covering this spring. in the middle of may we will visit maryland for live coverage of the gaithersburg book

festival with tom davis and martin frost, as well as former senior adviser to president obama david axelrod. we will close out at book expo america, where the public industry showcases their books. including our three-hour live in depth program with pulitzer prize-winning author lawrence rypien that is this spring on c-span twos book tv. announcer: some tips for students having for the advanced placement government exam. jeb bush delivering the commencement address at liberty university. presidential candidates marco rubio, ted cruz, ben carson. "washington journal" continues. host: it's time once again to cram for the exam.

the exam in question is the high school advanced placement u.s. government exam. a test that has been called the kentucky derby of civics tests. our guests to talk about the exams and answer the questions andrew conneen and daniel larsen . for those who aren't studying today, why is this exam important? guest: for students, this is their derby. everyone is a winner. if they do well and they will come our democracy is strengthened. this is a test that is a rigorous test and will test their ability on multiple-choice questions, 60 mobile toys questions -- multiple-choice questions and 100 minutes to answer those for free response questions. -- four free response questions.

host: andrew conneen, this is just days away. next tuesday is the test day. too late to try to read the entire textbook at this point. what would be your best advice for studying? guest: look back at the constitution. look at examples of checks and balances. the test becomes about how the branches interact, how concepts emerge. for sure, go back and look at your checks and balances. host: the format of the testing how does it work? guest: multiple-choice, 60 multiple-choice questions with 45 minutes. read each question carefully. each prompt will have a cardinal work. gerrymandering, you know it

something to do with redrawing the district. you will have 100 minutes to talk about free response questions. in those free response questions, it's not just going to be about congress. we encourage students to think through the 10 big topics of the course and try not to just think about them, but to -- those 10 topics are foundations federalism, public opinion participation, political parties, interest groups, campaigns and elections, congress president -- incorporate them into all four free response questions. host: time management is very important. guest: for the 45 minute multiple-choice, you will be pressured. do not spend too long on any particular question. on the free response portion you will have plenty of time.

25 minutes per question. plenty of time to elaborate, to outline. be complete. you are trying to get college credit. host: let's go through the questions. which of the following gives state governments the most policy discretion? your possible answers are categorical grant, unfunded mandate, block grants, funded mandates, matching grants. i have the answer. guest: a great question because it really asks students to define the word discretion. what does that mean? read very carefully. we were talking about federalism, talking about the united states government trying to impose its will on the states. ita grant would be an example of a caret.

do what we want you to do. which kind of money do they prefer? states prefer that grant with discretionary authority. they have some choice. it is block grant. host: we are taking calls from high school students over the course of this segment. let's start with jaden from parker, colorado. good morning. caller: good morning. i will to give a shout out to ms. gable. what does the containment doctrine do and how does it apply to the u.s. government? host: there will be a lot of shout outs. we are perfectly fine with that. guest: we talked about this being a high-tech dunk tank. containment doctrine is my kryptonite. guest: it brings me back to the cold war. this is not going to be ap u.s. history.

there will be some u.s. history on this test. you need to know something like the civil rights act of 1964. when i hear containment, i think truman doctrine, i think that will not appear on this test. there is not a lot of foreign policy. guest: what will be on this test is the question about the president being a driver of foreign policy. as commander in chief, he makes treaties, creates executive agreements and that will certainly be on the test. he drives foreign policy. there are some checks and balances. maybe not containment policy. that will be too historical. but certainly checks and balances. guest: use examples. if you have an opportunity to right of a presidential power, don't be afraid to use an example like containment policy in the 1940's. guest: the prize on today's

segment is a hold hogan -- hold ulk hogan sign pocket constitution. guest: you never know who you will bump into. i am always armed with a pocket constitution. we bumped into the hulkster yesterday. we asked him to sign his favorite part of the custody. he signed article seven. if a student calls in and can tell us what the article seven pertains to, they will be the big winner of the signed pocket constitution. guest: the caller who identifies the significance of article seven will walk away today with a signed pocket constitution from hul k hogan.

host: ronnie from california is waiting on the line. in terms of presidential succession, who is next in line to be president after the vice president? the senate whip him of the first lady, the secretary of state the senate majority leader or the speaker of the house. your thoughts? caller: i would like to shout out ms. newman. i would go with the vice president. host: after the vice president. caller: the speaker of the house. guest: you are set. keep studying. thanks, chris newman. guest: maybe they will answer the question -- maybe the student has to know the presidential succession act of 1947. after the speaker of the house

secession goes into the president's cabinet. host: sierra in cedar park, texas. go ahead. caller: first of all, i want to give a shout out to mr. ordinaries class. that ms. thornberry's class. guest: this is a good question. we want to thank those teachers out there because the types of lessons we receive on this show are a reflection of the great work of the teachers doing the classrooms -- were asking about specific rational acts. the specific congressional acts. that will not be the focus of this test. use them as much as you can by way of examples. examples can be hypothetical. as long as you are describing in the area that would be true about the -- don't get hung up

on the exact name of the law. there are some laws we should recognize. the civil rights act of 1964 the voting rights act of 1965 come along with court cases as well. host: another question. let's quiz hanna from st. louis, missouri. good morning to you. which of the following offices directly elected -- were directly elected? caller: [indiscernible] host: you are going in and out. we will try to get hanna back on the line. guest: i can answer that.

and important lesson about how our government is changed and evil over time. when the constitution was first ratified, they were suspicious of public opinion. -- has changed and evolved over time. they only put we the people directly in an election to elect their house members. senators were not directly elected until much later. clearly, this is a major theme of our government. they have given more and more power into the hands -- this is a debate between elitism and pluralism. pluralism is the idea that many people should compete over policy in america. when his country was founded leads thought they had the central role in that process. guest: they have democratized the process, but they are still not directly electing the president of the united states. the president is still

indirectly elected through the electoral college. host: if one of our student's wants to answer that question of what article seven does, you can win a pocket constitution signed by kulhulk hogan. let's go to fiona in herndon, virginia. caller: i would like to give a shout out to mr. miles. i have a question on what votes are needed in the senate and the house to make a bill a law. guest: in the house, it's a simple majority. 50% plus one. in the senate, more complicated. to ratify a treaty, you creep its majority in the senate. -- you need a 3/5 majority in the senate.

you need a civil majority in the senate -- because of the filibuster, the threat of extended debate, you sometimes need 60 votes to kill a filibuster, that's called invoking cloture. you actually need 60 senators to support your idea in order to have the final vote. host: we are not getting to the nuclear option, our wait? -- are we? guest: advice and consentthe idea that the senate would block lower-level judicial appointments for years. that has changed now. what has not changed is the ability to use the -- for confirmation. guest: you're on to something importantguest:, which is the

test asking the difference between the formal and informal rules of the senate. we know the constitution says the senate of the united states has the authority to confirm presidential appointments, but the filibuster is a senate rule not a constitution rule. the rule of filibuster has been changed as to when you can and cannot use it. some called out the nuclear option. can we change the rules of the senate, even though it is a role we have may be used for decades? will that be a political problem? that is when the test becomes critical. a constitutional requirement in the senate would talk about confirmations and holding impeachment trials. the informal senate rules would be rules like the filibuster. host: question from twitter. shut out to the second period for mr. patton.

what are the powers of the house of representatives versus those of the senate. guest: we can talk constitutional rules or role differences. the difference with respect to the legislative process is the house has a rules committee that determines the length of the debate. it puts the house debate under strict rules. we can talk the difference between an open and closed rule, if you like. the senate, no rules committee. those debates can go endlessly and some duty of the filibuster. they can invoke cloture. there are also constitutional differences. the house of representatives candidate impeachment the senate holds the trial. those are the differences i would focus on. guest: a key power of the house of representatives in the constitution is the power to start tax laws. the house has a ways and means committee, one of the most powerful committees in capitol hill because they address revenue. host: let's ask a question for

our high school students. aldrich is calling from california. the question for you, for a public opinion poll to be scientifically legitimate, the sample must read a, extra-large, b, conducted by politicians c written, d homogeneous, or d random. caller: the question does the answer is e. . guest: you're right. public opinion polls, if they are not random, we do not consider them valid. caller: i would like to give a shout out to the second period of -- and i would like to try for the pocket constitution. the seventh article is about ratification. guest: hulk hogan is known for

his finishing moves, and the ratification of the constitution was the finishing move. they could write it but they could not be guaranteed to ratify it. hulk hogan, the article seven ratification. guest: let's make sure to finish the test, just like hulk hogan finishes a match. let's not be fatigued by the 100 minutes. do not just think it, inc. it -- ink it. host: stay on the line, we will get your information to give you the hulk hogan signed pocket constitution. in the meantime, alexa has a question on twitter. which of the constitution amendment's we most likely to see on this test? #apgoveislove. guest: this was the discussion we had during breakfast. what are the numbers we have to remember. here are my favorites. in the delivery, the first amendment, the fourth amendment

-- in the bill of rights the first, fourth, and 10th amendment. the tent is the reserve powers which attacked -- which protect state rights. the second constitutional convention we had as well, when we ratify the 14th amendment. how important that is to equal percent -- equal protection and due process of law. of course we also think about the 15th, 19th, 26. these are the amendment i would focus on. host: can you name the amendments he did not list? [laughter] host: grands calling in from dayton, ohio. answer this question first. the process of drawing legislative districts is known as a the senses. b, reapportionment. see, gerrymandering. d, redistricting. or eat, representation.

caller: the answer would lead gerrymandering. host: correct. your question? caller: first i would like to shout out mr. deiters. what court cases are we most likely to see that show examples of judicial activism? guest: i do not know if you will be asked about court cases that show judicial activism. you may be asked about judicial decision-making and prudence, the difference between a loose interpretation of the cause of tuition used by more liberal justices in first a strict or in original interpretation of the constitution or -- constitution. round versus the board, the idea of the equal protection clause d segregating public schools that is always a big case. marbury versus madison, the case that gave the supreme court judicial review over the laws of

congress. guest: i like gitlaw v. new york, one of the primary examples of selective incorporation. roe v. wade introducing privacy. the thing we want to be reminded about is this is not a partisan exam. you will not be asked to argue a political point. activism is often a debate. this will be a bipartisan question where you are stating something that is true and is true for everybody. activism is one of those points we can define. we can define activism as a form of judicial prudence where a judge allows his own personal bias and experience to influence the court opinion, but we probably will not get into a debate as to whether this case or that case has activism. host: you talked about concepts, i am going to introduce three callers at once.

they're are calling in from st. louis, missouri. caller: first of all, shout out to mr. truman's ap government class. our question is about logrolling and its significance. guest: it is a concept of a vote trading. the idea is if you're trying to get a big bill passed, a lot of times it helps to have quid pro quo, this for that. if you add this writer sometimes you call them earmarks if you are that your mark, you will get more supportive votes. it is a great example to use. we tell students to be ready for synonyms. they may not use the word logrolling. maybe they will use a vote trading or reciprocity. be prepared for vocabulary and use context clues so it becomes a reading test. guest: i played this game, visa

and them, and my fourth hour class. can you also say coursework -- when you talk about a new murder powers, can you talk expressed powers -- when you talk about enumerated powers, can you talk expressed powers. host: let's talk to different words students will encounter on the test and what they are supposed to do. identify define, describe, explain, compared. guest: you are right. when you see on an frq critical words like described or identified, they should you up a task -- queue up a task. the lowest bar is identified. that is a definition. it could be a list. it would not involve a sentence, though i would always use a sentence. but then you see describe or

explain. the threshold becomes higher when it is scored. identify is lower. describe or explain is higher. the rule of thumb i have is if i see describe or explain, i want to say what for? what four things can i say? i want to say it not once but say it again and give synonyms and explained thoroughly with an example. identify, one statement is probably sufficient. explain it thoroughly. give examples. host: we have a lot of test prep on our website as well citizenu.org and we have helpful videos and one of the most popular videos is a test prep video. use twitter as well. we get a lot of questions via twitter. there are high school teachers who monitor the feed called # hsgovchat.

i know some of them are meeting with students now, watching us. mr. fitz, mr. mauldin. shout out to those teachers who helped. mr. christensen who helped on #hsgovchat. host: this question from handout who writes, shout out to cause behind's mrs. serrao. what are the most important white house staff members we need to know? guest: i love this question. it sets up one of the informal changes we see in how the government operates. back in the day, cap that secretaries were the most important advisers to the president, but in the last two years, cabinet secretaries though they have prominent titles and roles do not play a day role in advising the president to you that goes to the white house staff. executive office of the president is a cinnamon -- the

synonym of that. this could be valerie jarrett who has been with obama not only every day in the white house but going back to the campaign trail. increasingly presidents rely on white house advisers because they are the most loyal. guest: this is another example of how presidents changed. we call the cabinet the team of rivals during lincoln's era. for obama we call it the teen of names we do not even remember. we are a member of the political class the most because they are closest to the president. this makes the bureaucracy difficult. we have studied in the past, the white house bureaucracy is made up of the, but we now know the cabinet is weak with divided loyalties. it is the white house office that carries more and more power. host: it is time to get quizzed. sarah. who is responsible for presenting the oral argument for the government before the court.

potential answers are a, the attorney general d, the president, see the majority leader, d, the president pro tem, or e, the -- general. caller: the attorney general? guest: this is a tough one and do not feel bad if this is tough for you. the test will include name dropping questions. titles. they may talk committee chairs, the function and role of the attorney general. in this case, maybe an exterior -- an obscure title we have not focused on. it is not unusual to see it on the test. the official who argues the government's arguments would be the solicitor general. host: you had a question of your own? caller: can you explain the difference between the different clinical theories? guest: good question. guest: you're just arriving

those hard questions which means you are going to be ready on tuesday. when i think of political theory, i think elitism versus pluralism. who should, is proportionately -- disproportionately, erect policy in america? -- direct policy in america? should we put policy and those higher educated or are financially more affluent, or should we trust the people at large? allow them to organize into interest groups and have them compete? this is a political theory that goes to the core of our government. but also where should the power be? in the central location like washington, d.c. or be decentralized? we call that federalism. these are the political theories the test may focus on. guest: direct democracy versus representative democracy, that is one of my favorite theory questions. should they make policy through

the referendum level at the state level or should we trust elected representatives to do that? that is a question that is fair game. host: we had up to michigan where jim is waiting. caller: good morning, sir. i am in 82-year-old senior watching c-span many times, and i would like to find out does the state itself override the government's laws? i look at texas as being a country of its own. if it is possible or not, i would like your answer. guest: we are so glad you called in. as a lifelong learner, you can also prepare for the exam. are we not all students of government when it comes down to it. in federalism, it gets confusing. the 10th amendment has reserved

powers to the state. but as hulk hogan himself signed it yesterday, article six talks about national supremacy. on the test, do not be surprised to see mccullough v. maryland, where the supreme court recognize article six that if there is a dispute between national and state government, the national government is supreme. host: it is unclear if jim will take the test. we are talking to high school students in eastern and central time zones on (202) 748-8000. men time zones on (202) 748-8001 . hector is up from california. caller: i want to give a shout out to mrs. -- what is the question of the iron triangle? guest: i was hoping you would ask and i was hoping someone in

california would ask. california is such a great example of the iran triangle -- iron triangle. especially the california beam shippers association. the iran triangle is an example -- the iron tirangle is an example of elitism. because maybe only the california beam -- being shippers association care about the green beans. the fda says in title i of the food and drug act that there are seven varieties of green beans. in fact, they are whole, shoe string, cut, short cuts, diaganol cuts, diagonal short cuts and mixtures. those of the seven varieties of green beans packed in cans. according to the law, the cut of

a green bean cannot be less of them 99 millimeters long. this is not a debate that c-span shows. this is not a debate that appears on the front page of the "new york times." this debate is so detailed and specific that only a few parties really care about it. you have an interest group, the california being shippers association, a lobbyist working with a bureaucrat from the food and drug administration, someone from the bureaucracy, and also those parties are working with somebody from capitol hill from the legislative branch, probably a subcommittee member or staff member from the agricultural committee. three parties very small, detailed policies. it does not get a lot of public attention. but for the very small my new policies, that is where the iron triangle comes in. guest: i guess according to

andy, government is beans. through beans we know the iron triangle. host: we also learn about wrestling today. our pocket constitution was signed by hulk hogan. that is why it is appropriate the twitter question comes from jakethesnake. shout out to mrs. ferrington's 2nd hour ap gove class. what is the difference between pac and superpac? guest: in government, it is bellwether versus manny patio. let's get down to the pac's. the difference between a manny takeo and a manny super pacquiao is a super pac's formed to give hard money to candidates recommended by law. the loophole is evolved until we

call a super pac a synonym that i use. a 527 group or a super pac is outside hard money regulations. this is an independent group not connected to the candidate that can raise unlimited moneys. not $25 here or $2500 their regular bylaws, but maybe two hundred $50,000 here and $1 million layer. these super pac's raise money and that advocate for issues and causes and sometimes candidates. it is outside the regulatory process of the american government. host: this one just has a shout out to dr. hall's av government class. we will quiz this caller from a georgia. here is the question from an old test.

which of the following resulted from a selective incorporation: little by little, the new constitution was ratified. little by little, the articles of confederation were changed. little by little slavery was abolished. little by little, presidency grew in power. or little by little, the bill of rights were applied to the states. caller: i think it is e, the bill of rights apply to the states. host: you are correct. caller: i want to shout out this atkins class in georgia. i want to know the process of the budget. guest: the budget making process is a great example of checks and balances. all large part was shaped by the right to reform act of 1974 where it says that president can prepare a budget. he has a group of advisers called the office of management and budget that helps the president prepare the budget.

but the budget is like any law. congress has to write the law make the law. at the end of the process -- congress also has to approve the budget. at the end of the process, the president has to sign the budget just like any law. guest: this is like an example of how you can use an example on the frq. we know that the branches of government check and balance each other, but sometimes you put a period there. i was a put a semicolon. -- host: less than 10 minutes left for our cram for the exam 2015. we are talking about the kentucky derby of civics exams happening on tuesday, the ap government exam. brandon is in new jersey. good morning.

caller: good morning. i want to give a shout out to mrs. scott. my question is could you explain the difference between layer cake federalism and marble cake federalism? guest: we love federalism and cake. maybe your class can have a cake on tuesday and make it a layer cake federalism that represents the old style of federalism where there are distinct roles for the national or central government as opposed to the state or local government. it used to be very distinct. in the world of education, the national government never had a role at schools. it was all at state and local discretion. we have marble cake federalism now, largely because of the great depression and the crises and the growing role of the national government. the national and state government roles mixes. that could be an example of

transportation, the different roads we drive on. education. it could also be with national security. the idea that the national government certainly plays a major role in national security, but state and local law enforcement can also play a role. guest: this is where you can practice this in a moment game -- beat synonym game. you could also see cooperative federalism. do not get hung up on the words. what does cooperate mean. that is when the roles and responsibilities of government makes, just like a marble cake. host: lily from washington, time to get tested. what term describes an electoral system used by most states in which el toro college votes are awarded based on their winner of most of the state's popular votes. your answers are plurality caucus, single-member district,

convention or majority area and democracy. what do you think? caller: i will go with d. host: the answer is -- guest: plurality. here is the example of the synonyms. plurality elections are also known as winner takes all. you do not have to win a majority of the vote to be elected to congress or to be president. plurality is when you need to win the most votes, which is what happens. single-member district is also a synonym. when you have a single-member districts system, it typically promotes a two-party system. host: do you have a shadow or question? caller: shout out to mr. humans first. -- first period class. my question is the doctrine of -- guest: this is one of those

questions where we are reminded it is about the words. stare decisis did not, in my dinner conversation but it will, up on tuesday. this is a latin phrase that speaks to the supreme court and how it works and how our legal system works. we are a nation of law and not men. our law system is not based on what you are i think but how the courts have decided over time. we call this president. p-r-e-c-d-e-n-t. the latin phrase is starry to sizes, let the decision stand. when our supreme court decides they do not say how do we decide, they have to ask how has this court decided over the years? they must base their decisions -- the outcome of each supreme court case is based on previous president. that is stare decisis, one of

the fundamentals of the legal system. host: let's do for callers now. -- four callers now. caller: we would like to make a shout out to ms. smith of the three b class. my question is what is the significance of pinker v. des moines and new jersery v. tll. guest: pinker versus the morning was a 1960 case where the supreme court said public schools had to uphold the right to free speech and expression. but that was watered down in later cases where the supreme court said public schools can define if speech was disruptive to the educational process. the other case is a fourth amendment case. this is the question of when can

school administrators, into a student's locker and search. do they need reasonable suspicion, a lower standard, or do they need a higher standard the way a police officer may need to search a vehicle on the street. in that case, the supreme court said public school administrators need the lower standard. host: we go to esther von waiting in new jersey. good morning. your question or shout out? caller: shout out to dr. hollis's ap government class. my question is what is the difference between independent regulatory agencies and other bureaucratic agencies? guest: estevan, so glad you asked this. i was asking this myself at breakfast. this is a crucial distinction. as i would make the distinction between pancakes and bacon.

bureaucracy is of the verb of our government. it is on the executive branch. if the president is a noun, who does the work of government? when the laws are passed and the president and forces them, it is the bureaucracy, but that is a vast group of more than 3 million federal employees across the country and world. you have the executive department area these are cabinet officials and their departments. then you have the independent regulatory agency, created by congress to be nonpartisan. they're not supposed to be connected to the administration like the cabinet might be because the president appoints of the department chiefs. the independent regulatory agencies are given a specific function to regulate a specific area of our economy. you may have the epa or cia or

fcc or scc, securities and exchange commission, given the task of regulating wall street. nonpartisan great abiding by the laws of the u.s. guest: the faa which regulates airlines or the sec which regulates broadcast or radio. their independent because the commissioners have fixed terms. they will not be fired because they make a controversial decision. host: 60 seconds left. final tips? guest: continued to study. we have set a number of times. do not just think about it, ink about i.it. this is a vocabulary test. guest: make this more than a civics exam and course, make your interest in american government a civics lifestyle. host: teachers at at least

events in high school in illinois >> former pennsylvania governor tom ridge on this year's civility and public life. then a staff writer about state run health exchanges acing financial troubles and author and blogger looks at how some companies are changing their policies to attract and retain working the mothers. we take your calls and you can join the conversation at facebook and twitter. "washington journal" on c-span. >> this mother's day starting at noon we will bring you a special presentation on first ladies with the children and grandchildren sharing memories and stories of life and the

white house. here is a preview. >> you do not know she was the first first lady ever to invite an african-american woman to tea. it caused a tremendous scandal. it was called the -- incident. she was the wife of depriest. it was the tradition that first ladies invited the members of congress' wives. they were quakers and socially progressive and the context of their day on this issue. they knew it would be a scandal or could it be and they tried to handle in the right way and decided to go ahead because it would be a good move for the country. it created an outrage. my great-grandfather invited her husband to the white house for it was the first time an african-american was invited to

the white house publicly. teddy roosevelt invited booker t. washington but it was private. >> the first democrat i will be quick. the first dinner we had as a family and when you first go there, you do not know the staff and have been there for years and you rotate through. you try to get to know each other and everybody is a little formal. we are sitting at a family dinner table, my mom and dad and sister, susan. every is trying to figure it out. my dad is trying to take the edge off. he sees the wonderful fireplace in that room he says, when we used to go to colorado for christmas, we always love to to have a higher. one of the people who work to there, it must be the president telling us to light of the fire. they went over in lit the fire

and it had not been used in a 10 years. [laughter] steve: smoke is billowing out. this is your first dinner with the staff at the smoke is coming into the dining room. susan and i are coughing. my dad looked at me and said sit back down. [laughter] steve: he goes, betty, don't we just love a fire. he had such a good heart to make them feel better. that is my memory of the first days. [applause] >> our special mother's day presentation starts tomorrow at noon here on c-span. crooks remarkable partnerships, iconic women, their stories in first ladies the book. >> she said with the portrait of washington was one of the rings that endeared her. -- things that endeared her.

>> what she was wearing and what she was doing and we she was seeing, that was going to help sell papers. >> how do you do that? >> she exerted in enormous influence. she would move a mountain to make sure her husband was protected. >> "first ladies" is now a book. looking inside of the personal life of every first lady and american history based on interviews from c-span's series first lady sprint learn about their unique partnerships with their presidential spouses. "first latest" -- "first lady's" field with a lively stories of women who survived the scrutiny of the white house and sometimes any great personal cost often changing history. an entertaining and inspiring read now available as hardcover

or e-book through your favorite bookstore or online bookseller. >> here are a few of the book festivals we will cover on book tv area we will visit to maryland for live coverage of the dangers book -- gaithersburg book festival. former senior adviser to president obama, david axelrod and book expo america in new york city where the publishing industry showcases their upcoming looks pretty in the first week of june, the chicago tribune including our three-hour in-depth program with pulitzer prize award winning author lawrence wright on book tv. >> former governor jeb bush gives the commencement speech at liberty university. we will show you some of the speakers at the day's freedom

summit including wisconsin governor scott walker, former texas governor rick perry and donald trump. >> former florida governor jeb bush speaks at liberty university's commencement. the institution was founded by an angelical leader jerry falwell. the former governor talked about putting his christian faith into action. he is considering a run for the 20 16th republican nomination -- 2016 republican nomination. this is about 20 minutes. [applause] >> it is my pleasure to introduce the 2015 commencement speaker, governor jeb bush. [applause]