these are people who had been young children in those days. at that time, the main staircase of the white house, if you remember from yankee doodle dandy, came straight down into the state floor and not the grand staircase that was built at the time of the truman restoration. so they used to tell wonderful stories about going up and getting the huge silver platters and using them as to bargains. -- to bargains. when you think of things that have gone on in the white house from abigail adams laundry in the eastern to marilyn and her pony in the stream, no one has figured out what to do in the eastern. as become a variety of things. at the time lucy was there, her mother found everybody who should cut that had been in the white house and brought them back to the white house. one of those people was eleanor roosevelt's daughter.

amazon the dining room of the floor where we love to eat in our jammies. as she wandered around, she sat in her rascally fashion, i remember this room. i had my appendix out in this. [laughter] i used to think of that every night when we sat down for dinner. [laughter] the white house has absorbed the hospitality of all the families that have lived there. and you feel that hospitality not just as a visitor but when you actually go there to live. you leave some of yourself behind as well for those who come after. so it becomes a warmer and more hospital place -- hospitable place as every generation goes on. one thing that i did notice about the white house when i first got there was that it was deathly still on the second

floor and it was just no sound. i said with great trepidation to the reagans, how long does it take to feel comfortable. ? they set about 30 days. after i had been there and accumulated 30 days, they were absolutely right. it did not feel like a museum anymore. it did feel like a place that you called home. about that time, my husband came for the first time. and he was there by himself. i came up and found this man in a state of absolute manic in the room saying, don't ever leave me here alone. [laughter] the quiet is deafening. but he got used to it, too. we had a great many things about the white house that we dearly loved. our dog, willy, was a puppy in

1986 and came to the white house quite often. and so he grew up with the south lawn. could this day, willy has never understood why he will never again see a lawn that size. when we got home for the weekend, he would look at a little patch of grass and go, is this it? [laughter] never did understand why we didn't have a lot of squirrels. i got a great education one day from willy and that is that squirrels do not just run down trees, grab nuts, and run backup. they gather all the stuff under their tree. at their leisure, they take it up to the nest. i didn't know that, but willy did. you would have the squirrels on these trees screaming bloody murder as a little apricot poodle ran around, grabbing all their twigs, and getting this huge mouthful. look at me. i found it all. [laughter] the people in the white house

those people who serve the white house and the residents, who are there through many of our generations are probably the most unique group of individuals i've ever met. our wonderful friend and butler all afraid of -- alfredo got down on the hands and knees to play with the dog. i remember gary walters -- i will never forget. it was inaugural night of 1985. the first inaugural in 1981, we had been staying at blair house. although the folks had moved into the white house, it was silly to move in and go the next day. so we just stayed at blair house. we went over for a small glass of champagne. hence, the family portrait that you see in the library. we had not come back to the white house on that first inaugural. but the second inaugural night we did. when we came in, it was very

late at night. i was very embarrassed to find harry standing in the diplomatic reception room waiting for us because usually if i was going to be out late, i would say everybody go home and go to bed. do not wait up for me. i had said that little knowing that i would be the last one in. it was 3:00 in the morning and we came wandering in and it was gary walters standing there. i said gary, i'm so sorry. i apologize. he said, no, this happens every four years. i said, but you will be waiting for somebody else in four years. of course, that was true. i remember i was walking down to the tennis court and there was this little pigeon in the iv that look very seat -- in the iv that look very sick. there was a groundskeeper and asked if he knew what was wrong with the bird. he said no. i asked if he could find out.

he also said no. i said, i think you ought to do that. i walked down the tennis court and it was a saturday morning. i thought, no, no, no. i want back and said excuse me, sir, my father will be really unhappy if this bird dies and nobody tried to find out what was wrong with it. he said, ok. when we got back from the tennis court, there was a pigeon sitting on a towel on the ushers desk waiting for the sc -- spca who discovered it was dying of old age. [laughter] but it did not die in the presence of ivy. president reagan, my father, felt that this world -- squirrels on the white house grounds were severely underprivileged. because they were oaktree's, it did not bear any fruit. there were no a card on the white house grounds.

-- acorns on the white house grounds. he would bring a great big plastic bag of acorns that he had gathered at camp david and would put them on the patio outside the oval office. every day, he would watch and wait for the squirrels to come and take the acorns. on fridays, they would literally be knocking on the glass saying, don't forget us. we will be back on monday. [laughter] at the very end of the administration, there was a meeting held in the oval office. it was very close to the inaugural time. the school's came to the door and mr. bush suddenly realized for these years that the squirrels had been coming to the door. he said, my dog would make short shrift of those squirrels. my father was absolutely incensed. outside the door, there was a little brass plaque that said beware of dog. [laughter]

there is a lot of residual affects the lawn from each of us to the other. and that is one of the things that mrs. reagan was criticized for and a lot of the work that was done in the white house. some of the things that nobody realizes is that at the crime -- time of the truman restoration all the beautiful inlaid of the doors are all taken down and labor refinished. it was gorgeous. well, 10 years later when miss kennedy came in and did her work, there was no need to take those doors down again. by the time the reagans got there, it was 30 years later. in the build up of the wax and the air in the dirt, had covered up all the inlay. it took a lot of money and a great deal time. all those doors had to be taken down, stripped, and put back up. why would you want to do that

because it has been done before? it was done several times, but it needed to be done again. it was things like that with floors and other places. it was constant upkeep of this beautiful house, which really is a residence. that is the important thing about the white house. it is to remember that it is not a 1000 room palace like they have at the presidential palace in italy. it is an honest-to-goodness house that was built by president george washington to be a home in a place for national entertainment, but also to be a home. that was his absolute prerequisite when he began that process. i hope that we have all lived up to it. at least we have tried. we had our share of exciting things. the imf treaty was signed in the room with mr. gorbachev.

i had a picture of it that my father signed to my husband saying, i know you are here somewhere. i'm so glad you could join us. we knew where we were sitting so it was ok. there was a wonderful dinner when charles and diana came. i had to tell a story out my husband. there was a lady in waiting was from the court who is traveling with them who was a real piece of work. [laughter] she happened to be seated next to my husband, for many who know him, he is a mild-mannered man and does not get upset too often. she was at the top of her voice at this table, carrying on about how the privacy of the princess and france have been devastated by the secret service and they had invaded their trip in hawaii and on and on and on. dennis cap quietly trying to explain what the secret service

had to do. it was the state department security. that didn't stop her. you have to understand that the reagans feel a great friendship with her magisterium and if anything were to happen to the membranes -- members of the family they would be absolutely devastated. of course, we would make every effort. that didn't stop her. finally, he turned to her and said, perhaps if you paid a little bit more attention to this type of thing lord mt. blatt would still be alive. [laughter] he came up to me afterwards and said, did i do all right? i said, i think that was wonderful. carry on, dennis. the white house operators, this wonderful group of people who could find you absolutely anywhere, and for somebody to travel all the time as i did in

1980, i was in 27 states and i thought i was a lot. in 1984, i was in all 50 states. 14 of them only once and some of them as many as eight times. the reason that i traveled to under 50,000 miles in one year was because the secret service cap track. from the first of november in 1983 to the election day of 1984, i was in the state of california 65 days. i know what that kind of traveling is like. when you travel all the time you realize that all the sudden the phone rings and it is very scary to hear a voice on the other and saying, where are you? i almost titled the book where are you? i remember the time in 1985 what we were on a cruise in the meta-terror training at the time. -- method for rating -- met its rating at the time said we were

on target of the hijacking and that was not the case. it was nothing to do with us, but it made a great story. when we got to london, and was the day that our people finally got a hold of the hijackers by forcing their plane down. i called him from london. people were coming up to us in the middle of paris saying, i love being an american. ronald reagan is great. i went to the hotel in called and the switchboard said he was away. i said that you are really great. he said, where are you? [laughter] i said, i'm in london. he said,, home soon? there was a day when he file or -- fired donald regan. that was one of my favorite days in the white house. the chairman of the party called me at 5:00 in the morning and said, wake up, kid. you're going to love the news. i immediately got on the phone and called him, i said, this is

brilliant. i love you. he said, where are you? [laughter] that happened a lot. they certainly could keep track of us. the white house switchboard was one of those groups that stayed with you. there were -- their job was to find anyone to talk to. one day, the president was lobbying congress on a piece of legislation and gave them a list of who he wanted to talk to. they called back and said so and so was on the line. i heard this very sleepy voice and he said, where are you? the member of congress said, i'm in australia. it is three clock in the morning, mr. president. is there something i can do for you? he said, it is not me. it is an imposter. [laughter] as the switchboard if they would be kind enough in the future if he was awakening somebody in the middle of the night.

at night when i was in my room, i slept in the lincoln bedroom because it was the only bed in the house that could fit my husband who is six foot seven inches. i would've married him anyway. i called him and said, could you see if you could find my husband ? i think he is in sacramento or loss of angels. they would try and 45 minutes ago by. it was dinner time out here and he was probably out having dinner someplace. the fact that they cannot find him -- they were so mortified that they cap saved to him could we get you of bieber -- a beeper? i finally had to call and say ladies, it is ok. he is probably eating dinner. he will call when he gets back. we made a joke out of it. i always said that my main claim to fame was for eight years that i could dial 202-456-1414 and

say to whoever answered, hi, this is maureen and they knew who it was. it is like being eloise as a ball. -- as an adult. they could still call back and know who you are. the new people i've change the phone system. it is not that easy anymore. i had to get a list from helen thomas. [laughter] it was one of those fantastic experiences. every day, when i would ride through the gates of the white house, i would look out at all the grass in the trees, from the time you get there, you know it is a fine amount of time -- finite amount of time and it would not go on forever. we were there in 1984 when they peeled off the payoff in the north portico and we could see the flame marks from the war of 1812.

you could feel the history of the building more than at any other time. the memories may fame -- fade. time does that to us. every day, i try to regenerate those memories. i would count the squirrels and make sure they were all right and make sure that everything was taken care of. i would take different pictures of the same things so i would have that to look back on. but the one thing was whatever i was there, i would always -- i was always cognizant of the fact i was privileged to be there because a great many people have worked very hard to make that happen. i always wanted to be able to radiate to those people, many of them are you, that sense of community. that we were there because of you. you were really there with us. and every day, i was very aware of that. and i knew every day that the day you stop feeling that way

you shouldn't be there. and i never stopped feeling that way. and like everybody else, when it came time to leave, i cried. [applause] richard smith: maureen has spoken of her own sense of privilege. everyone in this room feels a sense of privilege to be here in the company of these four ladies. i want to thank them again for sharing a lively and very intimate look at a side of white house history that the historians don't often illuminate. we have a few minutes for questions. i'm going to exercise a privilege and ask the first one of peggy. as peggy says, i have known her

for some time. i would ask her to tell a happy memory and a not so happy memory. one is about a little girl who was your playmate. peggy: my aunt? yes. i will take the second one first. you got to remember that, when i was just entering first-grade age six years old, it was 1933. i didn't have secret service then. and if we were good, we could ride to the school in pasadena in the secret service car. it was one of the blue roasters with a rumble seat, and it had

red wheels. and if i was good, i could ride in the rumble seat. at school, we were picked up, i think this was a couple years later. this was when i was nine years old. i was waiting to be picked up to go home. and we were playing on the merry-go-round, a swinging thing you hung onto. a little girl i was with, we were having a great time. and her mother came for her come and she looked at me and then she snatched her daughter. and she said i don't want you playing with her, shur father losing his job. i don't know whether you realize , i think all of us who are mothers do realize -- my parents i know had so many of their own problems dealing with all of the hate that went on. they didn't realize we children

were dealing with it too. i had to deal with it i was 19 years old and i transferred to wellesley. finally i could be myself. i could be me. so much for the unhappy parts. you wanted rollerskating. we didn't have rollerblades in those days. we didn't have rollerblades, probably a good thing. we rollerskating on the third floor. i didn't know the second floor like you did. i lived on the third floor of the white house. there is a parapet that goes around the white house and if you look really hard behind the parapet, their windows. those were our windows. on the top floor the solaria or whatever you want to call it comes down. up there, it's the real thing almost.

there were closets and rooms all around. i remember all of the golden state chairs there, they stacked the tables. they were all stored in a big closet. anyways, there was that room to rollerskating. my brother and i would write our tricycles rollerskates up there. it didn't matter what the weather was. >> [indiscernible] peggy: i.r. number the pre-truman staircase. -- i remember the pre-truman staircase. and most of the time we didn't do stairs, there was a little family elevator that went up to the third floor. i got stuck in between.

there were secret service coming down it wasn't a very big elevator. there was a hole of the top. and we had secret service coming down from up above try to get us in stock. -- unstuck. i.r. number the auto gyro -- i remember the auto gyro landing on the white house lawn. my youngest son is a helicopter pilot, and when he was getting his license, he would come practice landing on our front lawn. i would think back to the day when i saw the first one of those airships landing on the white house lawn. he would come at 10:00 at night and i would say oh no. i do switch on the light, he

would land, and say thanks mom and then take off again. he's a pennsylvania state trooper and he was getting his hours in. i never know whether i'm going to have the pennsylvania state police landing in my front or back yard. [laughter] richard smith: if people have questions, come up to the microphone asked. maureen mentioned alice roosevelt, they were talking about the grand staircase. there is a story apparently that is true where she was mischievous to put it roundly. he gave her great pleasure when she was living in the white house as the president's daughter she would hide of the staircase and went to came by, she would jump out smoking a cigarette and say did you know that the president beat his children regularly? [laughter]

maureen: she came out to a state dinner cussing like a sailor because the guards didn't recognize her. >> my husband and i returned from a trip to washington dc where one of our congressional tours was through the white house. it was a thrill to me because i'm a dozen there. one of the cute they told us was that you had your senior prom in the east room and that it was 100% attended. i would love to hear you elaborate on that. susan: tuesday, it was the only prom ever held her. i was a senior in high school and freshman in college when my dad was president. i was going to a private girls school in washington which i had been going to before my dad became president. and all of a sudden the senior class came to me and said do you think -- normally you go to the

helm and read the grand ballroom and go through that whole process. and i said i don't know, let me check with my parents and see what their reaction would be. and check with the chief usher of the white house. mother and dad said i don't have any problem with it, but i want to be sure that the school pays for all of the refreshments come all the food come all of the flowers, that the taxpayers are not paying for that. so i checked and they said we can arrange all that. and i said ok, fine. we had more volunteer parents to chaperone -- more parents volunteer to chaperone. my parents went out of town. they were out of the country. and so they flew my aunt in, because i lived on the third floor. all of my other brothers were off on a dude ranch or in college getting their masters in something. of course, being at that age, my mother didn't trust me.

she flew my aunt in to stay on the third floor was made because she knew that i would probably have 45 girls spend the night plus my date, and was a college boy. he came in for the weekend and we had to keep everybody in their corners. [laughter] susan: i could have an affair, you know? [laughter] susan: parents talk out of both sides of their mouths come in so to why. maureen: i actually got to sleep with a man in the white house. susan: you couldn't spike the punch. there are truly some disadvantages of doing it at the white house. at a hotel you can spike your punch, but there too many people around. we had a blast, and i do watch that video. it was great fun. they shut us down at midnight, but we went after parties. it was a typical prom, but it happened to be on the state

floor. maureen: another good use for the east room. >> good morning. >> this is a question for susan. what is the most fun you have ever had, that you had in the white house that you have never shared with anybody? [laughter] susan: --maureen: we are waiting. we can wait a long time. susan: leslie is another question. i need to think about that. >> i have one for lucy. i.

your father faced many crises, been on being chief among them. one of the most -- what is the most poignant moment you have privately that you recall? luci: one night, i was watching a movie one of the advantages of living in the white house is you have your own movie theater. and that was pre-video days, so was a real extra advantage then. my father called over and said to me, i think i'm going to need a house of prayer tonight. i had been at a roman catholic convert during the white house and faith was a real strong part of my life. so my father decided i could do something about this. he said i want you to find a church that might be open at any hour of the evening. can you do that? and i said sure, daddy. i'm sure i can do that.

i would be glad to. and he says i will get back to you. so i went to a church, saint dominic's, which is actually quite near the white house. it is a roman catholic church. run by dominican monks. i called them up and said is it possible for us to be able to come over sometime, anytime during the night? i have a friend who might need a house of worship. i didn't think my friend was but there was obviously no doubt who would be. so they said certainly, yes. about midnight, maybe 1:00, my father called me and said luci, that project i asked you to help me out on, have you made any process? and i said yes or.

-- yes, sir. i jumped up and ran up and milton -- met him at the deval patrick reception room. we got in a car and we went over to saint dominic's and they had a little private chapel that we were able to go in. we went in and prayed. my father has not told me any of the reasons why he has made this request. we went in and we prayed and i just prayed for whatever his intentions were, what his concerns were. i knew it was something was very stressful. and we came home and my mother was gone my sister was gone and my father says i don't want a be alone tonight. would you mind coming in and sitting in my room. and i said sure, daddy. i came in and sat in his room, and daddy never explained, at about six a clock in the morning, i was sitting there and he was working, i was working, we were both up all night, i knew not why. about 6:00 in the morning, the phone rang. my father said yes yes yes, oh

thank god. and hung up. i said daddy, what happened? and he says we went in and bond -- bombed this morning. and all of our men have come back alive. you can go now. i went in. but to be able to be there was somebody, even if you didn't know why, your physical presence between those who knew had unquestioned love is extremely reassuring. in people feel great concern for first families, especially first families who have adolescents. because they say it must be so wrenching to live in a gold fishbowl existence like the white house. and it is.

there is no doubt there is truth to all of that. but the fact are that before we were in the white house my father was gone all the time. he never brought people home for lunch. and neither did your daddy, i know that. he turned to his family. in a way that he never had before. i was 16 years old before i ever ate dinner alone with my parents. and so there are some gifts that come to you living in the white house, because first families do turn towards each other and appreciate each other and treasure each other. and lean on each other in a way i think they probably don't before and maybe don't afterwards. and for that, i will always be grateful. it was a surprise gift. [applause]

richard smith: we have time for one more. >> this is for mrs. brigham. i'm a retired schoolteacher. i have adjectives for most of my first ladies, like mrs. johnson i think your mother was brilliant, gracious, mrs. reagan, tenacious, courageous. i wonder if you could encapsulate your mother for us. peggy: i think you want my grandmother. i never knew her before the white house. and there was a set of adjectives for then. she was very gracious, very diplomatic. she was very well organized. but there was a sort of a sadness that came after the

white house. after the white house i can remember being with her and in those days, one didn't have car heaters. you have car roads. i would be sitting in the back of the car with her and i was suddenly realize she was doing this. something always moving, her phone was always going up and down. -- reflect was always going -- her foot was always going up and down. having to be still she had a backup everybody. it was a very poignant letter she wrote on the train coming back from washington. to her two sons. i have the letter. never once did i ever hear her or did she ever in writing criticize anybody.

she was always positive. even when things were going very bad. she was always try to figure out what could she do to make things right or to make them better. she wasn't a pollyanna, i don't mean that at all. i never even heard her criticize when the norwegian all counts were invited to breakfast. or lunch. [laughter] peggy: there was a norwegian elk found given to granddaddy by the king of norway. he was a lovely dog and my family were very fond of animals. there were always dogs at the white house. everything from an irish wolfhound that when he stood up and his hands on my grandmother's shoulders, his head was still above hers. there was a child dog, there was a scout he i have a scotty. and then there was the norwegian all count. i couldn't say norwegian when i was three years old.

so he was ouija. he had his own chair right there. it had arms on it, and he learned how to set up at appropriate moments through the meal and granddaddy would go -- [laughter] peggy: the hysterical part was we went to california, and the dog had two sons join him in. by that time, he was an old hama. -- ham. he knew that salad, defending or what the dressing was, whether he got any or not. soup was a no-no. but the puppies had to learn. it could be hair-raising. i never once heard my grandmother say anything. there was no rug underneath

the table for very good reasons. one puppy was here, one was there, one was there. the floor was highly polished and the puppies would miss. the chair shot one way and the puppy went the other, trying to retrieve. you would think that most housewives would have had connections at all this going on. not my grandmother. she was always referred to as a lady. [applause] richard smith: last. >> the system is -- this is to miss johnson. when you had dates, where did they come pick you up?

luci: i was 30 years old before i ever went out alone on a date with a man. and i had four children by then. so i had a very strange adolescents. my children and said to me and children have said since cain and able to their parents, you don't understand. [laughter] luci: i always said that's absolutely true. i had a bizarre adolescence but i'm the only mother you had any were stuck with me, so i'm doing the best i can. my adolescence spent in the white house, my dates usually met me in the diplomatic reception room, the same room that we meet heads of state in. and they felt a commensurate amount of pressure on them here at they were analyzed beyond

belief. i feel very, very respectful for those members of the press who have chosen to have some understanding towards chelsea clinton and given her a chance at having her use. i really had no privacy in my adolescence. nor did anybody i ever went out with. and that was a real strange thing. you always were worried with someone going out with you because you were the delightful human being that you knew yourself to be, or because it were simply who was going to try and take advantage of you. you could have spent your life never going out because you are always fearful. or you can just say you win some and you lose some, i won some and i lost some.

susan: my dates would come up the elevator, and they would call and say so and so is here to come get you. i would try to bypass my parents to the best ability that i could, because they lived in the second floor and i lived on the third floor. and then mr. bruce or freddie would knock on the door and say susan, your date is here. the thing is, with secret service agents your parents can find you wherever you want. even if you do slip out the door, you'll get a message that says call home, your mom wants to talk to. a lot of the time, and will understand, your parents are out almost every single night. if it's not a reception from 5:00 to 7:00 have our dinner from 7:00 to 9:00, they are not around all that much, unless you carvel weekends, which we would carvel weekends at camp david.

which is totally protected and no one would find out about it. which is the wonderful thing about camp david. the other advantage of having secret service agents was if you took your date to georgetown, parking and georgetown was very difficult. so you rode with them and let them worried about carving -- parking the car. but to answer the other gentleman's question, i think globally -- probably have to make two statements. i had a small dinner party on the sequoia before my prom with my very best friends from high school and their dates. it was one of the neatest inter partes we ever done. the other was celebrated my 18th birthday on the white house lawn with my friends and bring the band in and the whole nine yards. my parents were criticized for serving beer because we did the day before my birthday and i drank beer the day before i

turned 18. that is because of criticism that you just go come on, gives a break. richard smith: thank you for coming. be sure to enjoy the exhibit. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2015] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] >> remarkable partnerships, iconic women. their stories in "first ladies," the book. >> she did say the portrait of washington which is one of the things in that into your to the nation. >> that was going to help sell papers. >> she takes over radio station

and just arts running it. have you do that? >> she exerted and norms influence because she would move a mountain to make sure that her husband was protected. >> "first ladies," now a book. looking inside the personal life of every first lady of american history. based on original interviews from c-span's first ladies series. learn about their lives come ambitions, families, and unique partnerships with their presidential spouses. "first ladies," presidential historians on the lives of 45 iconic american women. filled with lively stories of fascinating women who survived this would be of the white house, sometimes a great personal cost, often changing history. c-span's "first ladies," is an inspiring read. now available as a hardcover or any book through favorite bookstore or online bookseller.

>> next, live, your calls and comments on "washington journal. code -- after that, senate hearing looks at how technology is helping senior citizens stay independent longer. >> tonight on c-span's "q&a," kate andersen brower on the world of the white house through the eyes of the people who work there, from the kennedys through the obamas. >> who are the thick lens? x they are an incredible family. nine members of the family have worked at the white house. i interviewed the only current hard time butler who i didn't get interview, he is still there, he might be the right now. he works every week in the white house. nine numbers of his family works there, his uncle's john and charles were major days, which is like the head butler. he told me, my uncle ran the white house. and they brought him in when he

was 17 years old in 1959, during the eisenhower administration, and he is still working there. he describes how he used to work in the kitchen and he was such a skinny little guy, they kept giving him ice cream deeds. it's incredible that he remembers what the eisenhower's were like. it's a dying breed of person who were members that. that's what it wanted to do, was to pay tribute to these people. >> tonight at eight eastern and pacific on c-span's "q&a." >> this morning, former pennsylvania governor and homeland security secretary tom ridge discusses the prize for civility in public life winner as well as terror threats to the u.s.. peter sullivan talks about state-run health exchanges facing financial trouble. later, author and blogger looks at how some companies are changing their policies to

attract and retain working mothers. as always, your calls and you can join the conversation on facebook and twitter. "washington journal," is next. >> ladies and gentlemen, if we want to be not only the majority party, we want states like pennsylvania, ohio, michigan and wisconsin, then we have to be the party that if we were a rising tide lifting all boats understanding this, there are millions of americans with holes in their boats. we have to be the party that says we will not just let you try to screw out your boat as the tide rises, but we will be there to help you so that you can sell to the great heights of the american dream. host: former pennsylvania senator rick santorum among the