high. if you got the 95 on the physics region, it's a 95. --is the leverage they have seeing parents pushed that. -- this givesde many of them leverage in the system to say this isn't working. if i get the sat for all, which we are pushing in new york city, it gave me a tool in high schools of push on local

principals and superintendents to say that you have kids in the region qualifying yet only 40 kids are taking it. --n you look at your taxes when i had to subsidize my classrooms, it made me very angry. andy, what is your take on these results? >> well, big questions about what the future of state and federal policy are going to look like. it looks like the nation is rebelling -- 35, maybe 40 years of the drift of policy on this. what i mean is there is a sense that america's local system of schools weren't getting the job done in the way we need them to. say, the late 1970's, early 1980's, scores on the sat's and

so forth. there has been this impulse to centralize more and more. we have the accountability movements of the 1980's and 1990's. the apotheosis of accountability. top,we had race to the where we get more and more power in the state government and at the federal government. going through these results, it is remarkable -- i use the term "technocrat," the idea that a central administrator with technical knowledge can make things better. people are rebelling against technocrats, state policy and federal policy leaders who tell us they can solve things for us. core,is anger with common a sense that this is centrally created and put upon people rather than developed organically from locals up. frustration with tests. standardized test. it is not indication of their

students work, is the standardization they are upset about. teacher evaluations from something else they are frustrated about. i was surprised at the frustration specifically of anger with federal policy. folks are telling us that they like policy -- they don't like policy folks, technocrats, wonks developing policy in their schools -- what does this mean for policy? the thing i wrestle with is there was reason we got to where we got with standards and evaluations and common core and so forth. we had a sense that what preceded that wasn't working. we didn't like what we had and now we are rebelling against the reaction to what we had. what comes next? >> so much to talk about. let's start with teacher quality. i found it to be, again, one of the more compelling findings, because of the unanimity around teacher quality, how that looms so large.

and again, we know the research. we know that every teacher can have a great impact on -- a great teacher can have a great impact on kids. people certainly feel the same way, yet how to improve teacher quality. the so what question is where the rubber hits the road. i don't know what -- you have -- you all look so eager talking about it. i will start with you because you are closer to the classroom. coming out a few years ago. talk about teacher quality. i want to get your perspective. a practitioner at a systems level. talk about teacher quality, what you see as the most important factors and -- >> one of the biggest challenges with teacher quality is that teachers do not exist in a vacuum. i remember feeling very differently -- i felt very prepared and that is something a lot of people do not say coming out of their programs. i felt very prepared to teach

when i graduated from my preparation program. i spent a year apprenticing before i had my own classroom. i had other teaching experiences before i was handed the keys so i felt very much ready to go in, design curriculum, test all the things i needed to do. what i was not prepared for was the context. i ended up having to struggle to do all the things i was hired to do because of testing pressure, politics, not having enough resources, all those things that people talk about, complain about. and so i think that is the biggest challenge. we can design the best teacher quality, design the best evaluations, we can design the best teacher preparation programs, the best professional development. if you continue putting people

-- good people into bad situations you're still going to , get bad results. >> when you say bad situations, tell us a little more about what that means. >> i found thousands of teachers who will say the same thing. i had an abusive p rincipal. unruly school building. not even a few months into my first year in the classroom, i had a drunk parent accost me in the middle of the day. i had an assistant principal say something like just make sure someone is with you next time. [laughter] next time. i collapsed from exhaustion in my classroom, i was overworked. i was getting up at dawn every day, i would get to my classroom and i would work all day and stay afterwards to catch up on data entry and grading and calling parents and all sorts of different things and i would get

home after dark and i would -- i was barely able to drag myself out of bed to do it again. if that is the circumstance you are putting people into, you can have great people but you will burn them out. they are going to leave. >> i have three kids. i have never been as tired as my first year of teaching. i would come home exhausted every day. >> i know, i sleep very well now. [laughter] >> you have been a very successful principal. you have managed complex systems like chicago. at the same time you would , operate at a policy level that does not allow you to go in and help somebody out. how do you navigate that, what is your thinking about how to find the right balance between what people say they want now or what they want to move away

from, but then the reality of shifting the distribution average, how many teachers in chicago? 120,000. >> talk about the approach. >> one, the idea of having a residency is really important. too much about training at university levels can be generic. we aim for the middle. frankly, when you get to that, without a resume, you are never going to do well. my first job was at rikers island. no one trains you to teach at a jail. the second thing we talked about is the leadership. we are never going to improve teacher quality until we focus on principal quality. the report hammers that. last year i spent a year at a school here locally with 25 teachers. it was not until we got to the granular work of looking at pedagogy, and classroom

management, the tedious kinds of work, that we began to see improvement in that school. it goes back to the leadership. finally, we have forgotten about that in our sort of obsession with teacher quality. the last thing -- quality matters a lot. where do you get the information from? at a school today, and can are with a wonderful teacher -- a kindergarten with a wonderful teacher. i had no idea who she was. and so we met her last week. we felt much better. you get the information from without violating, frankly, someone's rights around privacy? that kind of info we have to get in the hands of parents. >> you think a lot about these issues at the sort of policy level. and you spoke to it a little bit

about how folks are feeling but where do you think we should be going now around this issue of teacher quality and talk about the evaluation piece as well. what have you been seeing, where do you think we should be going with this, how should we be tackling it? >> i go back to race to the top when this subject of teacher evaluation became national. if you have not read this new report called the mirage, set aside 45 minutes and be prepared to be really depressed. it is staggering. the reason i link to these two is there was this idea that report thatprevious 95% of teachers were rated as effective. the sense that we do not have an educator evaluation system that would do a good enough job of differentiating teacher quality

and providing support. the evaluations were sold on the idea not that we are going to fire our way to success but we would provide supports necessary to help teachers get better. the research going back decades is not very heartening. this new report on the mirage takes your breath away. we're spending on average in the se districts something like $18,000 per teacher per year on professional development. they could not find any professional development like a discrete set of activities or a range of activities that could be predicting of a teacher improving in his or her craft. whether that is on an observation rubric, student growth percentile scores. we are spending lots of money to improve in a craft and we have been trying this really well and all of our measures, all of our indicators tell us we do not know how to do it.

i am thinking we spent -- it will be 10 years implementing teacher eval systems and now we -- telling teachers and principals that these will improve teacher practice, and now we have to come to grips with the fact that we do not know how to improve teacher practice nearly in the way that we thought whether it was from the practice side or the performance side. the last thing i will say about this is what is embedded in me,, the big question for is there good matchup between when the teachers and parents say teacher effectiveness and what our technical algorithms for effectiveness actually are, are we doing a good job of measuring good teachers with what parents are saying? my big concern about this is our policy on evaluation got ahead of the practice, head of the research. this is one of the big problems about centralizing policy decisions. you say you have a great

technocratic solution and one decade later you are left like i am. >> at some point we will come back to it. i am curious as to whether it is a matter of not knowing how to improve teacher practice or not knowing how to do it at scale. and in my mind and experience, the scale issue looms larger than knowing how to do it because a great principal -- there are so many examples of where the school has turned around, improved teacher quality , curriculum, etc., but the question becomes scale as he -- and it gets into technocratic issues. to comeprobably going back to the contextual issues. ,ut from your perspective certainly you have a lot of context. tell me how you all think about the teacher quality piece around that. and then, again, how we ensure

that our students, particularly our most vulnerable, have the absolute best in front of them every day. it's got a couple of pieces. thats the research says the teacher is very important, but it says even more clearly that all the stuff that happened in that kids life outside of the classroom has a big effect, much bigger than that teacher. one of the main proponents of doing all the great teacher --ff -- teacher evaluations estimates that using test scores as a gauge, teachers have a 7%, maximum 10% impact on scores. that is how big a huge impact is. ago told usears

that those outside factors in a , the sort of circumstances in which a kid grows up, especially segregation or poverty, accounts for two thirds of their test scores. first of all, we can make a big dent by doing stuff we have to do and we absolutely have to do it. if we do not make a big dent in the circumstances in which kids live in these days, though circumstances are dismal. for this country. 50% of public school students in this country now live in low-income families. in mississippi it is 71%. serious about addressing that context, we are swimming against the tide. and this goes back to what we were talking about, the disconnect between what people see and the technocrats we have

, been attacking this issue at the tail end, which is not going to help. the theory is we do not have enough great teachers. what we do is we take the not great teachers we have, and i am not agreeing that we don't have not great teachers. we have many great teachers, but some probably are not great. in most systems, if we thought we had a big problem we would go to how we develop those great something and start with that system. like doctors. if we did not have fantastic doctors we would take the ones we have and give them additional training and ask them to do more brain surgery. i don't think most of us would be that comfortable with that. or even pulling toenails. what we would do is say what is going on with how we prepare doctors. and with doctors, some of the best advice comes from other doctors. when you work in the hospital, the guy who knows who the surgeon is is the fellow surgeon who has to fix it. if you have a team of good

teachers, the best people to ask about who is not pulling their weight is the other teachers. we are doing a bad job of that. that is a long-winded way of saying that i think we need to be starting their as part of it. the other piece we have totally ignored is the system we are using, especially value added, we did a study that is possibly more depressing than the report you're talking about. teachers are saying trying to make value added work when it does not work. >> one thing about pd and then context. professional development is one of those things -- there is really good professional development out there. folks overwhelmingly say the professional learning i get from

my fellow twitter educators is better than what i get in school. pd in schools is horrible. that is one of the reasons i am so happy i know how to knit. i would bring knitting to every professional development session i would go to so i have done something worthwhile. it is bad. they would hand you a binder, someone is running at you for hours, showing you some sort of powerpoint presentation about things you could have easily read. they're saying this is how you will get all your students learning how to read if you do the same song and dance with this blah blah blah program that we have. if they had asked the teachers it would never have happened. it is always someone in the central office who gets the sales pitch and then they end up buying this professional development that everyone hates. going back to the teachers and saying, what do you need,

especially having professional learning communities, is more effective than buying learning in a box. >> the idea of elevating the teaching profession as a profession and organizing the system so that it professionalizes educators is one of the most important challenges and opportunities and is scalable. we will have a different conversation about that. let's talk about choice. we will start with you. i find the choice results interesting. people support choice. they support charters. they do not support vouchers. what role do you think choice should be playing? what do you see as -- certainly , there is tons of choice, in chicago. where do you see choice going? >> at surprise looking at the choice piece. that's not surprised looking at the tort -- not surprised

looking at the choice piece. as a parent i want choice. there is choice in the traditional system. i don't know why, but what i think and my feelings about vouchers. overall, i support the concept. this is my problem with vouchers -- it does not always pay for access to the private. $4000, $5,000, between what the voucher will give you, you can't afford it anyway. it is a false choice. as a middle-class parent i can bridge that gap very easily. what people see is that it does take away some people from the traditional system into the private system. but if we were to close the gap completely and i do not know how you would do that, then it might make sense. but because you can't do that, it does not make sense, especially for poor parents. >> talk about choice.

you are a proponent, you have done work on this a lot. what is your take on these results and where you think choice is going to continue to play a role as we go forward? >> well, what the evidence tells us is that when parents get more choice they do not give it up. it feels to me that this movement goes in one direction. and it is empowering more families, especially low income families. and when i was coming up through the education stuff, there was the milwaukee voucher program. then there was 2, there was the second one in cleveland. there are now 60 programs across america, including the savings accounts and the tax credit programs and scholarship programs that are getting bigger in indiana and louisiana. private choices growing, and the

buzz that i put in your ears is this -- there was this view 20 years ago that voucher tax credit made it world safe for charters. the view is when pennsylvania or wisconsin debating voucher legislation, democratic legislators said ok, we're not going to do the crazy voucher thing but we will expand choice via charters. charters expanded and then vouchers. but i think this changed everything. in 1990, there was one way to do public education. you had a single government provider that ran all schools in the geographic area. what chartering taught us is that is not the only way you can do public education. you can have the government oversee but have a wide array of nonprofit providers providing public education. it is the difference between rowing and steering. for those of you who know the government lingo on this. over 20 years, most of the

over 20 years, most of the public takes for granted, especially in urban areas where choice proliferated, you can have a system of public education, preserve the principles while having a wide array of providers giving the public education. when you recognize that, i see that the leap from there to more tax credit programs is tiny. the only difference that was the private school choice program, there is a wide array of providers. the only difference is is the school religious or not. this is why i think charter has made the world safe for vouchers and tax credits. you can have government oversight. we will see more of these programs. i would not be surprised if we had 100 programs five years from now. >> let's talk about choice. the work you do is around meeting the needs of the whole child getting in there early, , making sure there is equity of access to programs and all that. how does the choice factor, the individual agency that parents should have and want, how does that fit into the agenda?

>> i think it can fit into the agenda. i think realistically as things are playing out now, so much of the charter world is still a wild, wild west in terms of what the rules are or in a lot of states what the rules are not. i saw 2 interesting things. part of the limitations of a poll, there is another poll that came out in january on choice and what people wanted when it came to choice. there were a couple of findings that were very interesting. americans overall pretty happy with charters. but there were 2 really big pieces, caveats here. across the board, democrats,

independents, the biggest concern is that there were not rules to hold charters accountable and make them transparent and make them better serve the populations they were intended to serve. that is a lot of what we are seeing. what we're seeing if we look across state is that charter s are becoming a microcosm of our larger public school system? some are serving kids with better skills better and the lower grade charters are serving kids poorly. serving kids poorly whether it is a very narrow curriculum where they are so focused on test scores that there is none of the stuff that is part and parcel of a good education. no art, no music, very littler pe. there are some who proclaim that proudly -- we made that choice because we want these kids to do reading and math.

for many of us, especially those who are parents, that would not acceptable. the charters admit this would not be acceptable. we do not open them in cities where parents would not like them. the other thing i found interesting in this whole is how things played out among groups of parents when it came to what mattered. the reason you have choice presumably is you are not want from youru regular neighborhood public school. what black versus white parents weren't getting from their neighborhood public school -- for example black parents were , much more concerned about their kids'because schools have bigger classes. there are much more concerned by more than 50% about extracurriculars because their kids are going to school that do not have extracurriculars.

and they are more concerned about test scores because their kids are going to schools -- >> i am glad someone read the report. [laughter] >> the has been the bigger issue. especially in black and brown communities, there have been decades of protests and organizing around getting a separate, unequal education. not having the best teachers, not having the resources that are needed, having over credit -- overcrowded classes, school buildings that are crumbling down. choice is being handed to people instead of giving people what they asked for in the first place is a big issue. we like the idea of charters. that is one of those overall questions -- like, oh, i like that idea. when it comes down to it, most people prefer to go to their neighborhood school. there also -- there is a big question, particularly when you talk about vouchers, which

people are against, why are we talking about lifeboats when we can save the whole ship? the idea that we would not invest in your schools, parents are not saying i want to take my kid out of the school. they are saying i like this school. i just want more things that might students deserve. for folks who are most hard-hit, we need smaller classes. there is a reason they are saying they are not satisfied with the school. we need to be looking at what they are saying because even in places where there are lots of charter options, you hear a lot like in a little thick, parents say i bewildered by the am number of choices i have and most of them are not the good choices. >> on that same poll, these are people who like choice. when they were asked to rank five options of fixing the system as a whole, choice was last. >> we will go to the lightning round. then i will turn it over. we will start with andy. we will have a new secretary of

education in 18 months, give or take. they call you in and say, in one sentence, tell me what i need to do to fix american public education. what is your one sentence reply? >> in the current context, mr. secretary, you should focus on using the bully pulpit as opposed to trying to use policy. we are not in a place where people want folks inside the beltway telling them what they -- what to do with their schools. >> bully pulpit. they call you up, what do you say? >> fix school district governance and school level leadership. >> abusing punctuation on this one. >> governance matters. we do not talk about it enough. that is a topic for a different time. >> living wage for all families. >> you look at it economic.

what do you say? >> the view of common core, we need fantastic support, a great foundation, and a gradual rollout with all resources we need, and then that can be part , a big part, of fixing what is wrong. >> all good advice. i have a feeling that you may have an opportunity to give it to the next secretary. whoever it may be. let me turn it over to the audience. we have 15 or 20 minutes for questions. not for opinions. [laughter] not for pontifications. i have been in these crowds before. a question, and no multipart questions either. if you have a question, say who you are, what organization you are from and let's open up -- do we have mike runners? please raise your hand and feel free to ask it.

>> i own my own consultancy. my question revolves around something that was mentioned in the article, which has to do with the focus on noncognitive learning domains. that has been a topic of social and emotional character development, which we have not talked about yet this morning. someone mentioned a little bit which is all the other going on in the kid's life. how are we addressing that and how does this address that in particular? >> let me do a little plug. it is not finalized until november 3 where we will be talking about that issue, social emotional well-being much level become a much larger issue. let's talk about fco. >> my wife happens to be a cognitive psychologist.

bottom line is the expression noncognitive is what we have to get rid of. it pushes people to a different part of the conversation. my second advice to the secretary is the idea of nonacademic competency we have to focus on. finding ways to mitigate the stresses of poverty. we should get to self-direction, economic empowerment, civic engagement, civic identity. the kind of stuff we understood around attachment. yes, it is a piece of that work, too, but there is a line of work we know longer see explicitly focused on in schools that we know we have to get to to get kids to be successful. some of these things not only correlate to academic achievement by our predictive -- but are addictive of it. like attachment and resilience. that kind of stuff has to be made explicit in curriculum and

pedagogy and teacher development and we do not do that. >> the reason i said living wage as opposed to school-based intervention is because i think what we try to do in this policy conversation too often is that, i think about it in terms of diet sometimes. you can try to mitigate the diet witha crappy vitamins, or you can fix the crappy diet. we look at the bare minimum we can give kids legally, and sometimes illegally, in order to get away with what will be happening in the classroom when we could just fix that overall context. if we had we had the public health community talking to people and talking about, you know what, actually if we were , not allowing parents to be underpaid for their work and they had more income, they were getting a fair wage for their work, not only would they not have to have two jobs, they could have the one job that pays

them enough, and come home and sit at the dinner table and read them at bedtime story and i don't have to worry about doing that in the classroom. if you have that, we would have a higher tax base and that would fix some of the many problems that people perennially turn to when they talk about quality of schools. if you do not have high durations of poverty, teachers are not spending all of their time fixing behavior problems and they can focus on teaching. we try to pull kids out for next program -- forer -- next her program here that and runs out in two years. just fix the root problem. if parents are distracted and they are spending two hours in a bus everyday to get to and from different jobs, that all breaks down.

kids are getting a great education, let's just stop -- >> before turning it over to giving, having been a superintendent in very diverse districts, social and emotional well-being is for every kid and we often frame it as being for only the most vulnerable kids when there is a lot of evidence that kids who may be otherwise achieving from the outside are and taken out in really terrible other ways. elaine, talk about anything you want to talk about as well. >> i will be the good news and there are a shocking number of districts that are doing this right. they are starting from the ground up. they are starting from what's the purpose of education and it starts with not to just get kid college and career ready. but college, career, and civic ready. ready for life.

ready to be a citizen, a participant in a democracy. there are metrics for what works, what counts as success, much bigger. are the kids engaged, are the parents coming to school? probably the most prominent example of these are full-service community schools. the open early in the morning stay up late at night, they , recognize that they lose ground over the summer and the weekends and after school. they partner with the ymca and the boys and girls club and they bring sports activities into the school. they recognize there is a stigma attached to kids having to set the breakfast table with a poverty sticker on their head. some get breakfast and others get dinner. they bring in the parents -- instead of saying these parents goes care -- who the hell through having a kid and doesn't care? it is hard.

let's do a coffee shop in the morning, and if the parents do not know english, let's put a ged class in the evening. the teachers report -- they love it. they teach in these schools because that is what they don't have to be -- nutritionists, social workers, everything else. >> talk about how it fits into the policy conversation going on now and what you see happening with that. >> i will be very brief. i am encouraged and i want to lay a worry on the table. the reason i am encouraged about this subject is one of the wasous downsides of nclb the way it constrained the national sense of what a good school was or was not. a couple states used other measures. we all know that is not what measures whether a school is great or not. it is not what parents focus on.

but from an administrator's point of view, we need a way to measure these schools so let's use a simple rubric, a simple algorithm that pops up. the reason i am encouraged is it will give a whole lot more power to states and give them a lot less direction on what the state, and district, and report cards will look like. i am almost certain that we are going to see interesting experimentation at the school district and state level on more metrics of school performance including persistence, whether the child has dental care, whether there are social services. and so forth. that is great. my only concern is we have to make sure that in this new accountability regime, we are reporting on all these other things so we're not having what have, which was

a bunch of schools saying they are doing great but getting awful output results from their kids. >> we will talk about it much more. i agree with what you just said. connecticut came out yesterday with a new way of measuring schools. it looks interesting. i'm really concerned about over-measuring things like grit and character. a balance got to be here. having middle schoolers, measuring a kid's character on any day could be -- [laughter] it does give us an opportunity as educators. one of the most important factors in promoting social and emotional well-being is relationships. if you -- schools that focus on positive relationships and

teachers that focus tends to get a better impact. if you ask kids, does anybody have your back in school, there are ways that you can build that into accountability and ways you can message. what is the most important? does the child have a sense of being valued? it does not have to be a fancy program. i think there are ways of doing it. a couple more questions. go right here. you can just start talking. a result from the survey said that one of the ways we can tell if students have improved and progressed is by looking at school work. -- student work. the national center for literacy education did a survey and found that teachers said the same. but that we also found that the amount of time teachers have to collaborate is plummeting. schools that have

a half hour or less per week. the question becomes, how do we create through policy that time for teachers to look at student work? not going to that horrible pd that sabrina talked about. not to have to spend all of their time preparing for testing . >> i am curious if we see at the -- whether as two former superintendents we see it the same way. i know what my answer would be. how would you -- how do you think about that problem as leader of a system? is it a policy question, is it a budget question? how do you think about doing that across hundreds of schools. >> you cannot legislate common sense. policy is a blunt instrument. you can create a policy framework, but the work of pedagogy, that kind of common , doing what is right around the master schedule, etc. i want to go to a resource issue. one person understands the amount of collaborative work.

it has to be done amongst teachers. practitioners need time to talk and time to talk about the work. you have to make room for that. it may be having a longer school day and paying people for it. it could be allowing more more teachers to allow that work to happen. it goes to something my topic, -- myopic, the idea of looking at who is creating the master schedule. he trains schools and how to rebuild the master schedule. too many of the folks who are pushing the buttons in the office don't know how to do that. it is a multilayered problem. it goes back to the school level work. and the amount of resources to allow that to happen. >> the master schedule is the black box of schools.

who else wants to comment on this issue? >> there is definitely that and the issue people have but there is how to use the time. that is where the real professional development happens, when people have common planning time and they can talk to their fellow teachers. they can do things like action research as opposed to going to the powerpoint and god help you if you do not know how to knit. the other thing, i know for us in my school, we only had 45 minutes of guaranteed playing time and that was personal planning time in the day. that was because there was a mandatory, at least 75 minutes of math. 90 minutes of reading. everything else got pieced and -- pieced in around that. making sure that whoever is making these dictates that you have to have this amount of time recognizes that you will not get as much bang for your buck if the teacher has not had a chance to plan effective instruction.

>> i would argue it is not as much a policy question as a resource allocation question, and also supervision issue. is the principal accountable for having a master schedule and do you have technocrats that can look at the master schedule? principaloes the supervisor look at how they organize the time that teachers are together, which is the principal's responsibility. we did this when i was in stanford and we did professional learning communities in every single school and they said that was the number one factor in improvement. it was the school leaders who were accountable for making sure that was quality time. that is a supervision issue more than it is a policy one. we don't have a lot of time where we can keep talking so who has a question -- in the back.

say who you are -- >> it is a very simple question. the question is, with the kind of instruction you gave to the audience, i find it is better for the audience to be silence is golden because with that kind of restriction, no one should ask a question or comment. >> ok. next question, please. [laughter] yes? >> [inaudible] cooperative arts education project. if any of you have listened to "this american life" two-parter on desegregating schools and they argue that is the one thing that is really important in creating accessible -- equitable education between blacks and whites. they interviewed arne duncan. he said he did not include it in the race to the top legislation because it would be too political and it would not pass. so my-part questions --

one question is, do you see that desegregating schools is the answer and how do we go about doing that, is it a federal, state, or local policy? should we have something in writing? i thought the episode was interesting. >> we will start with elaine and andy. it is well worth listening to if you haven't yet listened to it. the easiest question we will save to the last when we have 90 seconds left. why don't you guys start? the question was about desegregation, not integration. and i can tell you stories about all of that. there are differences. andy, why don't you start with that one and then we will go to elaine and then wrap it up. >> i do not know how you solve this problem without knocking over a bunch of dominoes that people do not want to have not -- knkocked over.

imagine in washington, d.c., if we said that all schools are going to suddenly become choice-based. not just charters, but district schools as well. wealthier families can no longer move to northwest and buy their way into a high quality, unintentionally segregated school. people would not be happy about that. i am left struggling with the question of how do we think about the nature of neighborhood schools, what we have done for 150 years, the idea where we will assign kids to school based on the parents' home address. i have serious misgivings, especially in areas where there is so much residential segregation. once you decide to move to a choice-based system, you have to realize you're going to make a lot of people really upset and they are going to start saying i bought a $1 million house so i could send my kid to johnson elementary school and now it is choice based and you took away the value of my home. i do not know how to solve this

from a policy point. >> elaine, you want to talk about integration, desegregation? >> my first answer would be a straight out yes. it matters a tremendous amount. there is an unbelievable and unsinkable body of evidence showing it matters tremendously. for one thing the supreme court , was pretty clear that this did not work out that well and black kids were inherently in problems. the reality is, where we were with brown versus board of education, black kids go to schools that are inherently separate and inherently very unequal on average. we can say all we want about how hard it is, but if we want to fix a problem this has got to be part of it. second, we have got to get rid of the idea that you own the right to the $1 million house and that your kid will not be in a segregated school. you have to start addressing that problem.

there are probably multiple layers. the number one is there is lots of incentives we can build into the system. we live in a world in which it is an enormous advantage for kids to go to integrated schools. they live in an integrated world. my daughter goes to school with 70% farms. -- 60% hispanic on purpose. it is not her neighborhood school. it confers huge advantages on her. part of it is building incentives into the system. part of it is charter schools. >> making sure -- get in on it them quickly and then we will wrap up. easy and simple. [laughter] >> the big thing is you have to make sure that all the schools are high-quality. there shouldn't be options -- i listen to that episode, too, and

i remember reading about that school district after the michael brown situation last year. the idea that quite intentionally the schools that he went to were kept very much unequal. that shouldn't be allowed to happen. tore is tons of policy fixes have done before we intentionally touch the issue of segregation like making sure we have a healthy, robust tax base. going back to what our people being paid for their work, what are the tax policies, our people are people being asked to pay their fair share? we have to be fearless. the fact that arne duncan was willing to take on -- common core became the state. would go to that over a completely unproven policy -- we have all the evidence in the world that it

works, it makes no sense. >> lots of issues around neighborhood schools. just two examples of different charter schools trying to create integrated, economically, raciallly, schools. one is in rhode island. purposely integrated. and it close to the achievement gap. california based in deliberately integrated, , racially and economically. the idea, again, to prove that it does work. >> i would also just say having , worked in two very diverse districts, one that had a policy,y desegregation governance matters enormously. politicians who make decisions, there are levers and there is a bully pulpit and things that you can do policy wise,

monitoring-wise. but it is a decision of local politicians and has to do with so many other factors. we could talk about that and people do for hours and hours. i want to thank our panelists very much for their contributions. [applause] i want to thank the team for your partnership and your support of this work and thank you, everybody, for coming. i hope you go to the website and look at the report. if you are tweeting about it, first off, follow me. up the cloud score. #pdkpolls so we can keep track. if you have comments, thoughts, or anything you want to share with us, we are here for that. thank you for coming. i hope you found it a good way to spend your morning. we hope to see you soon. thanks.

saturday, august 29, march the 10th anniversary of hurricane katrina, one of the five deadliest storms in u.s. history. tourht at 8:00, the 2006 of hurricane damage and recovery efforts. citizens orleans describing their experience during and after the storm. >> they told us they would take us to shelters where we could get help. they loaded us on the military trucks and then they declared the city of new orleans, jefferson parish, a war zone, and it still didn't sink in that we were the prisoners of war. >> wednesday night at 8:00, of damage andtour recovery at st. bernard parish in louisiana. >> you can't describe it that is your whole life gone. nothing but rubble. not only your house, but your whole community.

all your friends and family, everybody is gone. it is going to be a year later and family and friends you don't see anymore that you used to see. hell of a feeling current you don't forget it. you will never forget of the rest of your life. a townowed at 9:00 with hall meeting in new orleans moderated by then-mayor ray nagin. >> i know all this is state level, federal level, and all other levels. i don't have them. meoted for you to represent on the local level. i don't know where else to go. i don't know what else to do. night starting at 8:00 more from the atlantic conference in new orleans with fugate and "new york times" executive editor dean baquet.

hurricane katrina anniversary coverage all this week on c-span. >> president obama is on his way back to the white house today. cbs producer mark knkoller tweeted out a few pictures. ," that he refers to, pulling up at air force one in las vegas so president obama can go back to d.c. the beast is the president's lim o. he was at a fundraiser with democratic senator harry reid, and earlier, the clean energy summit. the president talked about the use of solar energy. the administration has released a $1 billion solar energy loan guarantee program. comments in las vegas yesterday are about half an hour. [applause]

senator reid: thank you, everybody. thank you all very much. didn't want to mess up the man's speech. it is right here. [laughter] jim is such a good friend. not only to me, but the state of nevada. what he has done for this community will be written in the history books. all thank you very much for you have been to carry forward the legacy of the great kirk kerkorian, who, as we has to passed away a few months ago and almost 100 years of age. -- jim wasnfidant his confidant, and he is the reason this place has taken off the way it has. it is a beautiful facility.

please go to city center. it is amazing what they have been able to create there. in the middle of this las vegas strip, they have this huge city within a city. jim, proud of all you have done. i have to say something about brandon flowers. not?n, is he a killer or [applause] so now it is my privilege to introduce our keynote speaker. president obama. [applause] he's going to be remembered for a lot of things, but he will forever be remembered as a leader who finally put the world on a path to stop climate change . he has done this courageously. protecting the earth's climate

is the greatest challenge of our time. isn't it? does everybody agree? [applause] you see, climate change doesn't affect a particular people or industry or region or country. climate change impacts everybody -- every american, every human being on the face of the earth, no matter where they live. from record-breaking droughts in the southwest to coastal flooding in the east, we are seeing the impacts, increasing temperatures and rising sea levels. hurricanes are becoming more frequent come and that is an understatement. alaska's high record temperatures, the tundra is melting. maine, new hampshire have made dramatic changes and given rise to diseases and takes that are killing moose. 30% of the moose are gone, dead. warm weather is preventing in

some places bears from hibernating. president obama has done something about it. he hasn't been able to do as much as we wanted legislatively, but he has done it administratively, and we will never forget the courage he asked taken to do what he did administratively. and i say that without any hesitation. yes used the full authority of the federal government to address climate change. president obama's clean power plan is the strongest action ever taken by our nation to curb the effects of climate change, the best is yet to come. through the environmental protection agency, the president is working with states transition from a polluting coal plants and replace them with clean, renewable energy and energy efficiency. ,nder the american recovery act also known as the stimulus, the ministers made the largest investment in clean energy in american history, and that is a gross understatement. there is no place better than

nevada to see the fruits of his labor. las vegas is literally surrounded by large solar plants northern nevada is powered in part by geothermal energy. the state of nevada is the largest producer of geothermal energy in the nation, and the recently have been able to do because of what we got in the stimulus bill. eastern nevada posts the first when energy project. -- wind energy project. i will continue working to continue this process. we must support president obama's work to support a historic -- historical agreement in paris and mobilize the entire world against climate change. we have tremendous privileged to have him here with us. the eighth annual clean energy

summit. this is a 14th visit to las vegas and 18th visit to the silver state during his presidency. it shows how deep the devoted he is to nevada and is people. so please join me in welcoming president of the united states, president barack obama. [applause] president obama thana: thank yo. thank you, everybody. thank you. think you so much. thank you. muc please, so please have a seat. we are all about saving energy here. sit down. hello, las vegas. roadod to back on the after spending a little down

time with my family, recharging my own batteries so just week. , and it is great to join you at this clean energy summit to see this work you are all doing on what i consider to be one of the most important issues not just of our time that of any time. i want to thank mandalay bay, ren forirman, jim murr hosting us today. im i want to thank my dear friend murren. , your outstanding senator, harry reid, for hosting this summit, and for keeping us focused on the challenge. i want to thank him for the deal to make sure a wrong does not get a nuclear weapon. harry's leadership matters.

it sends a message congress should support the historic diplomatic breakthrough and not block it over the objections of must of the world. it reflects the best of american foreign-policy. on strong principled diplomacy that prevent iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon and showing once again to the entire world what the american leadership really means. , we are here today because we believe no challenge poses a greater threat to our future than climate change. it is something i spoke at length about a few weeks ago, something i will spoke about -- to give out at length next week when i traveled throughout alaska. we are also here because the holy another -- another believe, and that is that we are deep we optimistic about american ingenuity.

can do good and do well at the same time. we believe we have the power, the dynamism, creativity to solve a big problem while keeping the engines of the american economy moving. 6.5 years ago i took office after decade of which the addiction to fossil fuels and foreign oil perennially threatened the planet and national security. together we have begun to change that. a lot of people in this room working with us. world'sare become the number one producer of oil and natural gas, but we have also become a major player in clean energy. these advances have helped to grow the economy and created a deadly stream of well-paying jobs.

they have also helped us to reduce the dangerous emissions that contribute to climate change. we are done in three big ways. wasting all, we are less energy. we've spent economy standards on trucks. new energy efficiency is on appliances. these advances are saving folks money at the pump, saving money on the electricity bill. like these also mean factories and businesses are not just paying for energy but getting paid not to waste energy. the economy as a whole is producing a lot more using less energy. less wordylso using energy. i unveileds month the clean power plants. the first set of nationwide standards to end the limitless

dumping of carbon pollution from the power plant, the single most important step america has ever taken to combat climate change. the way too accelerate the third way, saving jobs and saving folks money, and that is by generating more clean energy. pledged to office, i double the production of wind and solar by the end of my first term. we met that goal ahead of schedule [applause] . as harry just mentioned, six years ago government for -- recovery act marked the biggest in history. what we did was not revolutionary.

today there are thousands of renewable energy projects and owing tens of thousands of americans all the country. right here in nevada for example. renewable energy generation has increased 108% since i took office. today america is number one in wind power, generating three times as much wind energy as we did in 2008. there are now more than 500 wind manufacturers across 43 state supplying the wind energy. an industry that supports more than 50,000 jobs, and supplies enough energy to power team million homes. some states have made even greater strides. last year iowa generated nearly 30% of electricity on the wind. if we keep investing in wind

rather than making shortsighted or chasing mindless austerity, wind could provide as much as 35% of americans electricity and said i renewable power in all 50 dates by the year 2050. -- all 50 states. [applause] wind,l as we are doing in we are making even more progress on solar. [applause] you get a lot of sun around here. america generates 20 times as much solar power as we did in 2008. 20 times. biggestr was solar's year ever. prices fell by 10%, by 30%.tions times every three minutes another home -- orsiness in america business in america goes solar.

every three weeks we install as much solar capacity as we did in all of 2008. the world's largest solar installation came online last year with 9 million solar powers generating enough electricity to generate more than 100,000 homes with clean, renewable energy. not in germany, chinese -- china, saudi arabia, right here in the united states of america. [applause] in fact, over the past six years the federal government has approved 34 commercial scale solar projects, and the transmission infrastructure that goes with them on public lands across the west. we approved one new project yesterday in california that will ultimately how 100,000 plus home. in las vegas we are the time it takes to permit solar projects in half.

[applause] one of the reasons we have done this is not just because it is good for the environment and good for the overall economy but thes workers to install capacity. that is why last year the solar industry added jobs 10 times faster than the rest of the economy. solar has felt a lot of construction workers find work. while congress was dragging its feet on funding infrastructure projects. in fact, the solar industry employs twice as any american as mining coal. [applause] we are helping more veterans find work with a goal of training 75,000 solar workers who will be veterans by 2020. that is a goal we can achieve.

[applause] solar investors have helped supports innovation, and now is on the time to pull back those investments. now is not the time to insist on massive cuts to the invest it in r&d that help drive the economy. including the hundreds of millions of dollars in cuts that many republicans want to take from the successful job creating clean energy programs. thanks in part to this investment that clean energy from the sun is cheaper than power from your utility, power often generated from burning coal or gas. it is impossible to overstate what this means. for decades we have been told it does not make economic sense to switch to renewable energy. today that is no longer true. [applause]

-- don't have to take my word for it. many of the biggest businesses are backing up that fact. walmart has the most installed on-site solar capacity of any company in america. they are not in the business of giving away money. google is the largest corporate buyer of renewable energy in the world. companies like apple and costo close behind. they are doing it because it means big cost savings. that can mean big things for local communities. just to give you one example, google plans to retrofit the site of a retired coal plant in alabama into a data have run energy. on renewable recently they created a new online tool that lets you plug in your address to see if solar

power is a smart choice for you. so if you care about climate change, the very fact that companies relays clean energy and efficient the are not only cost-effective but cost-saving should give you a big jolt of hope. is america is making incredible progress on this issue, and that is one of the reasons i recently committed this country to getting 20% of our energy from renewable, beyond hydroelectric power by 2030. [no audio] [applause] and by the way, when we do smart things in america, that wakes of the world. so brazil president join me for that announcement. committed her country to the same goal. , we had tot goal triple where we are today.

i am here to give you hope, but not complacency. the private sector is increasingly all in. citizens they are increasingly doing their part. just today 15 cities from seattle to new york are joining 19 80's that have early pledge to reduce emissions and investing climate resilience. leaders in california are aiming to generate 50% by 2030. 50%. while cutting carbon pollution from oil by 15% -- 50%. [applause] president, as i am the federal government do its part the on the investment we have our ready made to promote this issue. so last month we announced a new initiative to make it easier for

businesses and low income households to install low cost solar. today announcing new public and private sector commitments that will add new solar capacity on more than 40 military bases. [applause] that is an investment that will create jobs, safe pastor dollars and reduce emissions. the department of energy is announcing a new push to likeibute energy resources rooftop solar with battery storage and will offer loan guarantees for projects like these. are going to make it even easier for individual homeowners to put solar powers -- solar panels on the roof with no upfront cost. specifically, we will take steps use of this. this will expand and save you on your energy bill. [applause]

so we are taking steps that allow more americans to join this revolution with no money down. you don't have to share my passion or fighting climate change. a lot of americans are going solar and becoming more energy efficient, not because of tree huggers, but trees are important, just want you to know , but because they are cost cutters. they like saving money. i am all for consumers saving money. that means they can spend it on other stuff. solar is not just for the green crowd. it is for the green eyeshade crowd, to. we still have a lot of work to do. significant obstacles remain. obviously many of you know that very well. for all the promise of solar, it is still a small share of the

energy mix, less than 1%. wind makes up almost 5%. almost one third of all generating capacity last year. we see the trend lines. we see where technology is taking us. we see where consumers want to let's be honest, that has been possible fuel interest pretty nervous. to the point they are trying to fight renewable energy. thing if you are consistent in being free market. it is another thing when you are solararket until it is that is working and people want to buy and suddenly you are not for it anymore. that is a problem. shift underway

that goes beyond putting solar panels on your home. yes the number of homes with rooftop solar's has grown -- has gone from fewer than 20,000 to over 100,000 in the past decade or so. more than 80% of the capacity was added in the past four years, but the real revolution is people are beginning to realize they can take more control over their own energy. what the youth, how much and when. for decades the energy system worked one way. utilities generated power, usually by burning fossil fuels. the ram lines into the home or business, we pay for it. was not a real exciting business. -- they ran lines into their home or business. the economy grew under that model. wetime went, we were much -- were not as worried about independence on foreign fuel than the impact was having on

the environment. in just a few short years that has become a change in a profound way. six years ago smart readers were pretty rare. today 60 million consumers have us to detailed information about how much energy we use, how we use it in when we use it, so we can use that information to change our habits and use energy more efficiently. save money without a whole lot of sacrifice. we can control our thermostats from our smartphones. can tell when energy prices are cheapest. do laundry or watch -- wash the dishes or charge the car at that time. we have windows and building materials that can generate power, and we can even tell the utility company that we want our own power by renewable energy or call of the contract and put solar panels on the roof by the weekend and that empowers us not only to generate affordable clean energy but store it in

battery packs or sell it back to the grid. is power. that is the future. that is happening right now. it is an american energy revolution that is evolving from the telegraph to the smartphone in less than a decade. it is happening fast. the good news is some utilities recognize this. they are adapting the business model to seize the opportunity of energy emerging reality. we have to lift up some of those success stories and the innovations that are taking place. san antonio is standing up the own roof -- their own rooftop solar program. southern company's following -- partnering with tesla so we can use renewable energy better. oklahoma gas and electric in powering to enroll in smart metering that uses electricity

when it is cheaper, not when it is most expensive. presentsnge this fast new opportunities, it is invariably going to create resistance from some possible fuel interest you want to protect the old outdated status quo. there is legitimate issues around how a new, distributed system works. the cost and how we deal with those and. those are important things for us to address, but when you start seeing massive lobbying efforts backed by also fuel interest, koch brothers -- pushing for new laws to rollback renewing -- renewable energy standards or prevent new clean energy businesses from feeding -- succeeding, that is a problem. that is not the american way. progress.t

that is not innovation. that is right seeking and trying to protect old ways of doing business and standing in the way of the future. think about this, these are group that taught themselves as champions of the free market. if you start talking about providing health care for those that do not have health insurance, they are going raising. the socialism will destroy america. they are trying to undermine competition in the marketplace and choke off consumer choice and threaten an industry that is turning out new jobs at a fast pace. [applause] that has the potential to hurt a lot of immunities and set america's leadership in fighting climate change. they are even fighting to ,rotect billions of dollars taxpayer dollars in corporate

welfare each year that is going to fossil fuel companies. is the interesting actions have conjured up some pretty strange bedfellows. in some states we have the green party and tea party teaming up. chooseect our freedom to clean energy. it is rare the tea party leaders and i are on the same side of an issue. i agree with them here. [laughter] [no audio] [applause] because i agree with them, i don't want them to change their minds now. all kinds of things you can find me on. this is important, and they are absolutely right on this white. not be aot and should democrat versus republican issue . this should be an issue that could bring everyone together. [applause]

if you are a progressive you should care about this. libertarian you should care about this. if you just want to save money, should care about it. if you care about the future of our children and grandchildren, you should care about it. [applause] so here and across the country, this is about whether big polluters control the system or whether consumers have freedom to choose more efficient energy. whether we protect all the ways when theyis best even are not sufficient, or we dream up new business models to bring new technology into the homes and businesses and new jobs into the community. the past versus the future. america believes in the future. and to make that future a reality.

to have everybody, utilities, workers, businesses, consumers, energy regulators, --e huggers, tea partiers everyone has to seize the opportunities before us. there is something big happening in america right now. for the first time we can see what the clean energy future looks like. and yes, the closer we get to the future, opposition will fight even harder to keep the way they have been. -- louder get ladder and put out press releases suggesting somehow this is bad for america. we cannot pay attention to that. and ideology runs to go. to where we need we need to be able to politely but firmly say we are moving forward. [applause]

and anybody who suggest to move to a clean energy economy well somehow crippled economy or lead .o fewer jobs if they hold of snowfall in february, if that somehow disproves decades of scientific decade -- scientific data, if they suggest we have to set our site lower or do less or delay action because we cannot figure this out, i want everyone to remember we have heard of these arguments before. we have engaged in these debates many times before. this is an age-old debate in america. the debate between the folks who say no we can't, and the folks who say yes we can. between those who fear the future and those who are eager

to seize the future. sometimes there is some growing pains, america always comes down on the side of the future. people whoays been a reach. proudly and boldly and unafraid for the more promising future. we refuse to surrender the hope of a clean energy future to those who fear it and fight it. sometimes provide misinformation about it. always a system -- underestimate what the american people are capable of. we prove that every day. right now the country you have dusty plains and rundown buildings that are solar fields and roof top places all across the country. retraining workers to rebuild wind turbines, technology that we're not just importing but

making here and exporting it. technology made in america. [applause] across this country once darkened plants are full of rehired autoworkers, manufacturers from the world's most energy efficient cars, cars that make you proud to be an american. americans ison of hammering into place the high-tech foundations of a clean energy. the same people who first harness the power of the atom, the power of the sun. the same spirit of people who connected the continent by road and rail. who connected the world through imagination.nd the same people who sets foot on the moon and put rover on mars and probes the farthest reaches of our solar system. that is what americans do.

we can do anything and you guys are proving it every single day, and i will be right there beside you. congratulations. \. god bless us country we love. thank you. [applause] >> president obama's efforts on climate change will continue to new lord -- human beings to mark the 10th anniversary of hurricane katrina. saturday, august 20 nine marks the 10th anniversary of hurricane katrina, one of the in u.s.dliest forms history. tonight at 8:00, the 2006 tour of the recovery efforts.

a 2005 hearing describing -- featuring new orleans citizens featuring their experiences. us they wouldd take us to a shelter to get help and get seniors to help. they loaded us up on military trucks and then declared the city of new orleans, orleans parish and jefferson parish a war zone, and is still did not think and we were the prisoners of war. >> wednesday night at 8:00, the damage of recovery at st. bernard parish in louisiana. that is a role like on. left andut cement rubble. not only her house but your whole community. all of your friends and family is gone. now a year later and you do not see anyone that you use to see. you do not forget the feeling. you will never forget the rest of your life. at 9:00 with the

2005 town hall meeting with ray nagin. and relying on you. i know all of this is state level, federal level and all other levels. to represent me on a local level. i don't know where else to go. i don't know what else to do. thursday night starting at 8:00, more from the atlantic conference in new orleans with andg fugate and dean mccain family. at 9:00, president obama's to the region as well as the remarks on the recovery effort 10 years after katrina. 10 year anniversary coverage of katrina all this week on c-span. republican presidential candidate jeb bush visited the u.s.-mexico border yesterday where he talked about his plans for handling immigration.

usa today reports jeb bush defended his term regarding the term anchor babies. his comments near mcallen, texas are about 15 minutes. [applause]

>> hello, my name is -- representing house district 43. it is a tremendous honor to be here today, and i used to represent parts of it in the texas house. we had an incredible conversation with mr. bush, very candid and frank on items we care about the most, our economy, border security, and we care about our schools and our roads, and we had a tremendous group put together with a tremendous field of knowledge that provides the insights that we need to give to the next resident of the united states, jeb bush. [applause] >> we were with water improvement district number three.

discussing border security and issues on the river. >> i am a former city commissioner, and i am voting for jeb. >> i am a mayor. >> i am with the school district, and we are all in for jeb. >> i am here from the city of mission, and thank you for being here today. mr. bush: the consensus was there needs to be more support for local governments to do their jobs in concert with the border patrol. 50 plus percent of all of the crossing is from brownsville to san diego and happen here in this county, pretty amazing, and providing support to the local government makes a lot of sense to me.

second, focusing on how you balance the economic interests of a region like this and border security. you have to make sure you do this in a way that does not make it hard for people's livelihoods to continue to prosper and grow. this is a place where a lot of business comes. the mayor made that point, so that was an important point, and finally, i would suggest that the proposal made by another candidate of building a fence based on just the common sense practices that are being applied here doesn't work. you have to have a much deeper strategy than just building a fence. there has to be much more coordination with local and state law enforcement. there has to be more focused on a virtual fence, which i have proposed as relates to using gps

technology, drone it technology, other things like that. the border patrol needs to act on a strategy and stick with it. there is too much politicizing of what they do. they do good work, but too much influence from washington, d.c., to be effective, and a final point that is really important to understand is that the majority of people crossing the border here are not coming from mexico. they are coming from honduras, guatemala, and el salvador. they are part of the northern triangle countries that have taken advantage of a loophole in the law that was passed a few years ago, and i think that creating a healthy deterrent effect to be able to make sure that these particularly young kids do not cross all the way through mexico to come to be processed into our country is just completely inappropriate. our examples of doing at the right way, where you create a healthy deterrent effect, where people's lives are not in jeopardy, so i have learned a lot, and invalidated my belief that we need to have a comprehensive strategy to have for security unique to the

circumstances of each part of the region that is impacted by this. welcome. i happy to answer any questions. >> that other candidates. you mentioned that other candidate, so donald trump had a message for you this morning. he said he would come here, and you would learn that illegal immigration is not an act of love. what do you think? mr. bush: well, i say mr. trump's plans would cost hundreds of billions of dollars, it is not realistic, it will not be implemented, and we need to get this country back on track, so i am not going to get into the issues of what he said and i said. the simple fact is his proposal is unrealistic. it would cost hundreds of billions of dollars. it would violate people's civil liberties. it would create friction with our third-largest trading partner, which is not necessary. if he is interested in a comprehensive approach, he would

like to read my book. i welcome mr. trump into the debate. he is a serious candidate, and he should be held to what serious candidate need to be held to. he should be held to his views. >> political dreamers. >> [speaking spanish] >> donald trump. [speaking spanish] >> [speaking spanish] mr. bush: [speaking spanish] anchor babies. [speaking spanish]

[applause] mr. bush: [speaking spanish] barack obama. [applause]

>> [speaking spanish] mr. bush: [speaking spanish] barack obama. [speaking spanish] >> what about this region attracts you? what is it that you are looking for here? mr. bush: i spent a lot of time here growing up. it is a beautiful part of the

country. people may not remember, but i was born in houston and came here campaigning for my brother, my father. i love the valley, so i decided to be here, and we are going to campaign hard. on march 1, we have the texas primary, and my intention is to win the texas primary, in case anyone is interested in it. >> do you worry about using the term anchor babies being able to affect your getting the spanish boat? mr. bush: my life, the fact that i am immersed in the immigrant experience, this is ludicrous for others to suggest that somehow i am using a derogatory term. what i was talking about was a specific case of fraud being committed, and, frankly, it is more related to asian people coming into our country, having children in an organized effort, taking advantage of a noble concept, which is birthright citizenship.

i support the 14th amendment. nothing about what i have said is to be viewed as derogatory towards immigrants at all. this is how politics plays, and by the way, i think we need to take a step back and chill out about the political correctness every time you say something. it is not there to be taken out of context, and i do not think it is appropriate. >> using that term anchor babies. mr. bush: i was referring to a specific, targeted kind of case where they are organizing to bring pregnant women in the country who are having children that become citizens. that is fraud. we need to enforce the law. we need to create a more secure

border, but across the spectrum. 40% of the people who come here that are here illegally today came on legal visas. enforcing the immigration laws of our country needs to be a priority. putting more resources. >> how will you refer to this issue? mr. bush: this is so ridiculous. give me the name, and i will use it. that is exactly what i was talking about. >> [speaking spanish] mr. bush: [speaking spanish] >> [speaking spanish] mr. bush: [speaking spanish]

thank you. >> back to a more comprehensive approach? mr. bush: i have a complete, comprehensive plan that i have laid out. washington, d.c., rather than talking about how bad things are, with a broken immigration system, both the legal side and the illegal side are broken. i have proven leadership skills to make it happen, and now i am going to go and say hello to people. >> as a current high school student, i would like to ask a question that relates to us. what do you feel about college costs that rto high, and you >> as a current high school student, i would like to ask a question that relates to us. what do you feel about college costs that rto high, and you have a plan to lower them so that people can go to college without financial aid? mr. bush: yes, it is too high, and we have created tuition cost that grow faster than inflation,

far faster, and the efficiency has recourse debt for students. if kids cannot graduate with an four-year degree in four years, there should be paid back to their families or some support for the loans they have taken out. i think we should be making sure that you can get a four year degree done in four years. projects around the country, there is tennessee promise, where every child that participates, a student but dissipates, and gets their in dissipates, and gets their college education done at community college, the first two years debt free, free of tuition, and it requires personal responsibility on behalf of the student, and in doing that, that is the kind of approach we need. we did more kids graduating with degrees of purpose so they can

get a job and live an independent life. order yesterday. send out the tweet saying jeb bush just talked about my border proposes to build a fence. it is not a fence, it is a wall, and there's a big difference. friday republican presidential senator ted cruz of texas hosted a rally for religious liberty at the community choice credit convention center in devoid, iowa. this is about 40 minutes.

>> when it powerful testimony. it is my hope that every man and woman in iowa and every man of woman across his country listen to those stories. stories, those understand these threats. they are not imagined, they are not made up. these are real people leading real lives. themselves facing persecution. simply for living out their faith. there is a war on faith in america today. in our lifetimes, did we ever imagine in the land of the free and home of the brave we would be witnessing our government persecute its citizens for their

faith? we are blessed today to be in the presence of heroes who serve as an example to all of us of what it means to sacrifice for the kingdom. heroes who have suffered for living out their faith and personal convictions. their stories are real and personal. .ight here in iowa forced to close down their because of their belief in the scriptural teachings of marriage. stutzman faceren the same consequence for her courage after she and her flower shop. karen and melissa klein, the bakery in oregon and wayne adams

t-shirt is missed in kentucky, atlanta fire chief, colin cochrane, what division for god. and senior master sergeant, philip monk who both after forcedes of service were to to park stations because of their faith. as aaron klein has said so powerfully, my fight in this situation is religious freedom. all american should be free to do that. think of the stories on this stage. these are people for whom right and true will always mean more than going along to get along or looking the other way when right

is wrong. the heroes have boldly resisted the state in on the first amendment rights. they have fought back against on washington elite or faith. as have others euros across the country like the little sisters forhe poor who have stood fate, although the federal government is litigating against this catholic charity to force nuns to pay for abortion inducing drugs and others. surprise that the federal government we have today would use obamacare to assault and tried toth? deprive them of the constitutional rights. ourselves don't we need to know the full truth

behind the administrations of men -- administration's to come up with statutes to distribute and eight and persecute people of faith. don't we have a right to know about what government officials were involved in the process and what e-mails were sent, what outside groups were involved in making the decision at the federal government now an enemy of the religious rights of our citizens. seeing today and unprecedented resolve on and especially rights of marriage. i don't have to remind anyone here of the atrocity committed each and every day by planned parenthood. these videos that have been made public make vivid what we already knew that those who have demonstrated

another disregard for human life . innocent life could not be up for debate. innocent life should not be treated as a business transaction. [applause] selling the body parts of unborn thatren is a federal crime carries with it 10 years in and a half -- if i am elected president i will instruct the u.s. department of justice to open investigation into planned parenthood and prosecute any criminal action. [applause]

life is a precious gift from god . as thomas jefferson proclaims, the god who gave us life gave us liberty. once the government could take away the right to life, they can take away anything. even marriage. ago --few months your essay first amendment -- your first amendment right but the rule of law -- [applause]

[cheers and applause]

[applause] i appreciate this individual. individual. the i will happily answer your question. tonight we're focused on women's liberty. [applause]

in just a few months ago we lived through the most tragic supreme court decision since roe v wade. wrote lawyers attempted to redefine marriage for all 50 states. justice scalia wrote in his defense, the supreme court of the united states has defended from the discipline legal reasoning of john marshall and joseph story to the mystical aphorisms of the fortune cookie. the fortune cookie rules and -- that haveal truths

been evident to every civilization in ancient history obsolete.e declared during the oral argument we witnessed a frightening although clarifying exchange. justice samuel alito at united states solicitor general weather and universities tax exempt if it could be revoked " opposed same-sex marriage." the solicitor general's response was not reassuring. " i don't deny that, justice alito. it is going to be an issue. of tax-exempt status christian universities, christian gradeschool, christian charities and even of the church going to be an issue

because the federal ruling that denies the definition american -- of marriage between one man and one woman. this could easily be used as a skin -- as a text to prosecute and persecute anyone who believes in the scriptural teaching in physical or understanding of marriage. [applause] you listen to these incredible brave stories appear and you wonder if the next victim of persecution your pastor ending up the full faith sunday morning. is it the gradeschool your kid goes to? the charity where you volunteer your time at a crisis pregnancy ?enter we had defended from an attack and now fromrriage marriage to religious liberty because it is not enough for

these advocates to tear down marriage, now the washington elite want to silence those who believe in the biblical definition of harwich. people of is to keep faith from being able to live by the dictates of their conscious and really express their beliefs. the tactic we have heard over and over again is to bully people of faith into silence. many people have told stories i am with you but only in secret? because i cannot stand the condemnation that comes if i stand with you in the light of day. religious freedom is not -- is and always has been central to the american experience. across class lines, racial lines, and , partyline, it unifies us.

it is who we are as american people.