whether a majority rule, a state legislature, can take away your life and liberty without due process. the court rules no. i think it is a wonderful decision. >> this week, we look at lochner v new york. the new york legislature passed the bakeshop act, restricting the working hours of bakery employees to 10 hours a day or 60 hours per week. joseph lochner violated that law and was fined $50. refusing to pay, he took his case all the way to the supreme court. find out why lochner is known as one of the most controversial decisions in the pre-court history as we explore this case with our guest, randy barnett, professor of constitutional law at georgetown and author of the book "restoring the lost constitution," and paul kent, political science professor at texas state university. monday. cases, live

>> next, british prime minister david cameron takes questions from members of the british house of commons. then republican presidential candidate donald trump at a rally in miami. at 11:00 p.m., another chance to see "q&a" with amy chozick. >> on wednesday, members of parliament questioned british prime minister david cameron on domestic issues, including the steel industry, recent tax credit cuts, and security for people with disabilities. this is just over 35 minutes. >> order. questions for the prime minister. alan jones. >> question one. this morning, i had

meetings with ministerial colleagues and in addition to my duties in this house, i shall have further such meetings today. >> i would like to thank the prime minister. an expensive public consultation. the government retail sector champion describes our current sunday trading laws as a workable compromise. most people seem satisfied most of the time. does the prime minister agree with him? mr. cameron: i don't agree. i think there is a strong case for change. that weit is a change should allow local authorities to decide. that is why we will put it in front of the house in the evolution bill. let me give the honorable lady at the house two examples of where i think the current situation worse. you have these restrictions on opening hours for many stores that families would like to shop in.

you have to go to these stores and you have to walk around for hours before you are allowed to buy anything. the second point i would make is that you can shop on sunday. you can shop anywhere on sunday. you can do it on the internet. i think it is time to modernize our approach, to give families more choice, and to help create jobs at the same time. speaker, i have a question from ian of enfield. he says, this is an appeal to help those who no longer have any dignity and self-respect, the down and out. we call for constructive attempts to tackle this growing urban problem. these words, newly 50 years ago, from the late and great conservative member of parliament, resonate today.

how can we tackle and prevent homelessness? mr. cameron: i am grateful to my honorable friend and ian macleod was a great statesman and politician and someone who believes, like i do, that we should be as active in social reform as we are in economic reform. when it comes to tackling homelessness, we do have the second night out initiative, which is working, particularly in london. frankly, we have to do more, particularly with the troubled families who need an intervention to help them, often with mental health issues -- health issues, and make sure they get all the help that they need to make sure they not only have a roof over their head, but a job and a livelihood, too. >> thank you, mr. speaker. i know the prime minister will welcome my first few questions because we are returning to his favorite subject of tax credits. yesterday, one of his bank

ventures said, "too many people would be adversely affected by the tax credit cuts. something must give." for those of us proud enough to call ourselves compassionate conservatives, it must not be on the back of working families. the tax credit changes are part of a package that includes a higher national living wage and tax reductions. i think that is the right approach for our country. let's allow people to earn more. let's cut their taxes and make welfare affordable. delighted that, once again, this measure passed in the house of commons in a big majority. if the prime minister is keen on tax credits and helping people into work, i have a question for him. "a lot of people are setting up their own businesses,

self-employed. especially in rural areas where job these are limited and pay is low. tax credits help them until their business becomes established." so cutting tax credits damages home owning opportunities and the opportunity of anyone they might employ. does he not see the value of giving support to people trying to improve their lives rather than cutting their ability to survive properly? mr. cameron: of course we want to help the self-employed on low incomes. that is why the people on the lowest incomes will continue to receive the child tax credit of 2730 pounds. there are other things we're doing. we are cutting income tax. that helps the self-employed. we are reducing the employment allowance to cut the insurance budget. that helps. love all, we are creating an economy with 2 million more people in work, an economy that

is growing, wages that are rising, and inflation that is at zero. all of these questions on tax credits come back to the same point, which is how you build a strong and secure economy. you don't do it on the back of a massive deficit and ever-increasing debt, which is what labour left us with. this is all very strange because the prime minister seems to have changed his mind on this subject in a rather large way. john e-mail need to say that the prime minister declared on shortly television before the last general election that tax credits would not be affected. is there any reason why the changes have come about or any reason why we should leave the prime minister on any assurances he gives in relation to tax credits? mr. cameron: what we said before the election was that we would reduce welfare by 12 billion

pounds as part of getting the deficit down, the economy , raising jobs. that is what happened at the election and we are keeping our promises by delivering a stronger economy. he talks about something strange happening. something strange did happen last night. we had a vote on tax credit and the deputy leader of the labour party did not turn up. can he explain that trained -- strange outing? it seems the prime minister cannot answer now on tax credits. thank you. thethe devastation that cuts are taking on many people's lives. can i ask him to deal with another subject? that is the steel industry.

does he appreciate the devastating effects of the government's nonintervention in the steel entry -- industry? i have a question from a steel worker. many companies were exporting it. he wants to know what the prime minister is going to do to support the steel industry and its workers, who are facing redundancy. it is not time to walk the walk -- isn't it time to walk the walk instead of talk the talk? mr. cameron: i will tell you exactly how we will help the steel industry. it is in a very difficult situation. world prices have collapsed by more than half. action in 4to take areas -- procurement, energy costs, unfair competition and dumping, and tax and government support. he says what have i done so far.

let me take my example on procurement. we changed the procurement rules so it is easier to source u.k. steel. is beinghy crossrail completed, miles of tunnels, using almost exclusively british steel. that did not happen under the last labour government. it does happen now. mr. corbyn: isn't the real problem the government does not actually have an industrial strategy to protect the most important industries we have in this country? if they had, they would not have had to been dragged kicking and screaming to this house three times in the last eight days. thousands of jobs have already gone at risk in red car, rotherham, wrexham, and across the west midlands. isn't it time for action today

so that there is government intervention and support or our industry? and we do have a viable steel industry for the long-term, which this country desperately needs to have. a strongon: we do want and viable steel industry and that means taking action across all the areas that i mentioned. let me mention another 1 -- energy costs. we have put 50 million pounds into cutting energy costs and our plans will mean hundreds of millions of pounds extra to cut energy costs. >> order. a statesmanlike demeanor is what i would hope for from someone who served with distinction in the opposition whip'office. office. whip's take aurself or sedative. mr. cameron: opposing the

measures we are taking on wind power. we do have a strategy and a plan. we should be working across parties to deliver that plan. i met with the member of parliament and the neighboring mps to make sure we could take all the action necessary and across each of these areas, that is exactly what we will do. he met the members of months ago to discuss the issue and they have yet to go to the european union to discuss how british government can intervene to protect our industry. to putme question i want to the prime minister is deeply embarrassing to all of us in this house and this country as a whole. this country, the united kingdom , is being investigated by the united nations committee on the right of persons with disabilities because of allegations that grave and systematic violations of disabled people's rights. this is very sad news indeed,

but even more sad is the news that we need to be investigated because of violations that have occurred. will the prime minister commit now to go forward with the inquiry and publish the government's response so that we ensure people with disabilities are treated early, legally, and given full respect and opportunities within our society? mr. cameron: let me take up the honorable gentleman about the point he made about intervention in europe. we have been doing this for months, making sure we have proper action against something in the european union that we have taken the cases to the european commission and will continue to do so. on the issue of helping disabled people in our country, we have seen -- tens of thousands more disabled people get to work under this government has of legislation passed by a previous conservative government. we have some of the strongest inequality legislation anywhere in the world. of course, i will look at any united nations investigation.

sometimes, when you look at these investigations, you find they are not necessary and all they are originally cracked up to be. there are many disabled people in our world who do not have any of the rights or support that they get here in britain. we should be proud of what we do as we cooperate with this. >> thank you, mr. speaker. in my constituency, a struggling school recently achieve their second-best result in school history. it reopened this september and continues to grow from strength to strength. what is my right honorable friend doing to ensure that all people have access to a great education and that no student is left behind? mr. cameron: i thank my honorable friend for that question and we are always happy

to hear positive news. it was not always that way. she makes an important point. school after school in our country, often in some quite challenging neighborhoods, we are seeing inspirational teachers using the new tools we have given them and driving up standard and measuring the .ercentage of those children i have been to schools myself , 20, i have seen a 10 sometimes 30-point improvement. some schools in city areas are now doing better than schools in more well-healed suburban areas. you can have opportunity right through our country. >> thank you very much. information has recently been released that a coroner has found that a 60-year-old disabled father of two from north london, mr. michael sullivan, committed suicide following his work capability assessment. the coroner warned there was a

risk of further deaths. the department of work and pensions has undertaken 60 in the -- investigations into suicide that occurred after benefits were withdrawn or reduced. they have so far refused to publish what they have found. will the prime minister publish these counties -- findings? mr. cameron: i am aware of the case. i am sure he will understand it is not for me to discuss the specifics. suicide is a big issue. we should take this very seriously. we have changed the work capability assessment to significant improvements following a number of independent reviews to make sure people get the support they need. >> under the prime minister's , ans to cut tax credits couple with two children who both earned just above the minimum wage stand to lose more than 2000 pounds.

that is equivalent of their basic rate of income tax rising a staggering 90%. does the prime minister have the faintest idea about the human course in his plans? mr. cameron: the point i would make is this -- first of all, if the couple lives in a council house, they are seeing a cut in their social risk because of the grant in the budget. if the couple has children, they will have support in terms of childcare. for a couple is working small business, they have the opportunity for the enhanced employment alliance -- allowance. if they are earning just above minimum wage and working a full-time work week, they will see a huge benefit as we increase the income tax allowance. they will almost be paying no income tax at all. what we are doing is introducing higher pay, lower taxes. that is the way to better family

finances and a stronger economy. >> given the increasing violence in israel and the occupied palestinian territories, will my right honorable friend wished the united nations secretary-general well on his visit to jerusalem today and does he agree with him when he says that walls, checkpoints, harsh responses by security forces, and demolitions cannot achieve peace? mr. cameron: i would agree that those things do not need to be. what is required is a peace process to deliver the two state solution. we have all seen on our television screens appalling murders being carried out, knife stabbings of entirely innocent people in jerusalem and elsewhere in israel. that is completely unacceptable. we do need to make sure that is peace process gets going on a genuine basis.

1665% rise since the prime minister took office in 2010. people every week rely on food banks to feed their families. does the prime minister know how many more families will be relying on food banks as a result of the tax credit and does he care? mr. cameron: what is happening in her constituency is the number of people claiming unemployment is down 20% in the last year. count has fallen almost 40% in the last year. long-term use unemployment has fallen by 38% in the last year. that is what is happening. i don't want anyone in our country to have to rely on food banks. the right answer is a growing economy, creating jobs, higher wages, and cutting taxes, that is what we are delivering. that is how to help britain's

families. >> does the prime minister agree with that the key to getting higher wages on our export drive is tackling the productivity that exists between ourselves and our european partners? and does he think that providing more skills for manufacturing and engineering is essential and will help us deliver that mission? mr. cameron: we have an excellent record in britain in recent years unemployment with record numbers in work. we now need to see the productivity improvements that will make sure we see real, sustained increases in the standards. part of that is increasing the skills of our population. that is why the reform is so important. also, the apprentices that we target our absolutely vital. consistency -- constituency of hard-working, decent people.

yet, poverty is an astonishing 38.1%. waves of compassion coming from his own -- i think we have the answer to that. i will simply ask if you can that a personal guaranty no one in my constituency will be worse off a year from now. mr. cameron: those poverty figures are after 20 years of the great tax credit experiment. what we saw was an increase in the cost of tax credits and an increase in work poverty. we are saying it is time for a new approach. higher pay, more jobs, lower taxes. if we look at her constituency in the last year, the claimant count has come down by 10% if you compare it to the 2010

election. the number of people claiming unemployment benefit in her constituency is down 43%. i say, let's give people the chance at a job, salary, a decent wage and lower taxes. >> thank you, mr. speaker. given russia's military expansion and north korea's development of the submarine ballistic missile system, with the prime minister agree that this is no time to campaign for nuclear disarmament? i think my: honorable friend is absolutely right. it is right to maintain our independent nuclear deterrence. anyone only has to look at the dangers and uncertainty in our world. frankly, it is very disappointing for this country that, for so long, we had a consensus across parties. now we have a leader of the

opposition who is campaigning against. it is the day that we are celebrating that great film, "back to the future." i think some people on the other side should get back in the delorean and go back to 1985 and stay there. >> i am very grateful, mr. speaker. this morning, i was contacted by john, a junior doctor in my constituency. they asked if i could ask the prime minister, how much longer are you going to continue supporting the secretary of state for health? there is no confidence in him. support the i secretary of state because i think he is doing the right thing in increasing investment into our health or is why 10 billion pounds. let me speak directly to the junior doctors who he rightly represents. the plans that we have are not

for increasing junior doctor hours. they are not for cutting junior doctor pay. they are not even for making savings in the overall amount of the junior doctor. it is about making sure the health service works better for doctors, but above all, for patients. part of delivering the seven-day nhs which be the objective of every member of parliament and every member of our country. >> may i tell the prime minister that on sunday, i met parents on the primary school in my constituency regarding the huge increase in the birth rates and the need to expand schools in outer london. there is a crisis taking place at the moment. will the government ensure that ande are adequate resources will he be prepared to meet a delegation of parents and members of the local counsel to discuss how we can result this very serious issue? my honorable friend

raised an important point. we spent 5 billion pounds in the next -- last parliamentary we will spend 7 billion pounds in the new parliament. i will look carefully to see what is happening in outer london. there are pressures in our system. he makes a good point. our birth rate is going up. the birth rate in a country like germany is not replacing the population. we do not need the widescale immigration that we have been having. we need to make sure those numbers are properly under control. >> can he tell the host what plans are in place to ensure the interests of all nations are taken into account in his forthcoming letter to donald tells on eu reforms? and to ensure that both nations are represented in the discussions before the eu summit? mr. cameron: the foreign secretary has met recently with the minister of scotland to

discuss the issue of europe. what i would say is scotland voted to stay in the united kingdom. and the agreement said that we should respect the decision of the scottish people. we had a united kingdom general election for a united kingdom referendum. day ofjust say, on this all days, i was hoping he might raise the fact that because of today,nese state visit alexander dennis, the bus maker in his constituency, is signing a 2 billion pound deal that will provide thousands of jobs. >> i recently visited the british army training unit in suffield. and i met -- >> order, order. calmembers must themselves.

the young lady will ask what might be her first prime minister's question. that question will be heard in full. >> thank you, mr. speaker. i recently visited the british army training unit in suffield. many brave men and women are undergoing advanced combat training, including my constituent, ian wallace. toy support the commitment spending the nato targets of 2% of our gdp on protecting britain's interest. friend right honorable is by now that will go towards investment in equipment and technology to enable people to do their job properly? mr. cameron: let me thank major ian wallace for the work that he does. the 2% will make sure that all those who join our armed forces in the coming years will know that they will have world-beating equipment and technology at their fingertips. that is an important part of making sure we build strong

morale. >> patricia gibson. >> thank you, mr. speaker. in my constituency, significant redundancy. how will the prime minister explore alternative uses for the terminals for the import and export of a wide range of solid and liquid products? mr. cameron: the honorable lady is absolutely right. this is a company that we work closely with government because of the enormous amount of key infrastructure and land that they own. i will look carefully with the secretary of eight and the authorities to see if there is anything we can do in this instance. >> does my right honorable friend share my concern that if the other place or to vote

against tax credits, it would be a serious challenge to the privilege of this house, a privilege codified as long ago as 1678? let me further share my concern that this would then entitle him renewew the decisions -- the decisions to ensure the government can get its financial business through? mr. cameron: my honorable friend makes an important point. his knowledge of history is clearly better than mine. i thought the key date was the 1911 parliament act. under that act, it is supposed to be the issues of finance are decided in this house. this house has now decided twice in favor of this measure, once when voting and again last night. i think the house should listen

to that very carefully and recognize that it is up to this house to make financial decisions and for the other julie elliott: my constituent, esther sebborn, is a working mother of one and she is worried. she earns above the so-called national living wage, but is set to lose about £1,700 per year if the government's changes to tax credits go ahead. what has the prime minister got to say to esther? mr. cameron: what i would say to esther is that we want to help by making sure we cut her taxes, so that her first £11,000 is entirely tax free. that comes into effect next april. if esther has children, we want to help with the childcare, not just for the two, three and four-year-olds but with tax relief on childcare in future years. if esther is running a small business, we are helping through the employment allowance. in all those ways, i would say to esther and to everybody else, this is a package. we want to see higher pay, lower

taxes, and reformed welfare. the biggest damage to esther and to all those in that situation , the biggest damage would be to return to labour's high taxing, high spending and high borrowing wrecking our economy. james morris: thank you, mr. speaker. extremism is one of the biggest social problems that we currently face in britain. would the prime minister agree that we need to redouble our efforts, through the government's counter-extremism strategy, to address the scourge of extremism in britain? mr. cameron: my honorable friend is absolutely right. that is why we passed the prevent duty and put that duty on every public body in our country -- on schools, colleges and universities. the home secretary and i were in a school in luton this week listening to teachers who said it has made a real difference and that referrals into the

channel programme are happening far more quickly because of the changes we have made. this is going to be the struggle of our generation -- fighting extremism and recognising that we have to attack it before it becomes violent extremism is we have to undermine the awful narrative of victimhood and grievance, which so many are using, that eventually leads to violence. anna turley: on 16 september, the prime minister told this house that he would do everything he could to keep steelmaking on teesside. he failed. now we learn that the £30 million support package that the government promised for retraining and economic regeneration is not only going towards the statutory redundancies of those who lost their jobs -- i have an email from the minister with responsibility for the northern powerhouse to a constituent in stockton south that says it will also be used to pay for the final salaries of those who have lost their jobs in the past month. this is an insult.

i would like to ask the prime minister -- how much more injustice does the prime minister think the people of teesside can endure? mr. cameron: we will do everything we can to help, including the financial package that the honorable lady set out-making sure we help people with retraining and new opportunities, and with bringing new industries to the area. but let me tell her what we cannot do. we cannot in this house set the world price of steel and we cannot overcome the fact that the ssi plant had lost £600 million in this parliament. those are the facts which, frankly, opposition members have to engage with. mr john baron: in answer to my question yesterday about our eu renegotiations, the foreign secretary confirmed that there was little or no prospect of this parliament alone being able to say no to any unwanted eu directive, tax or regulation. can i ask the prime minister to try to put that right? mr. cameron: what we have said

is that we want to see a system of red cards on new eu regulations. it is for national parliaments to work together to deliver that, but that is only one of the things that we want to change in our relationship with europe. for instance, getting britain out of ever closer union is not simply a symbol -- it will be taken into account in all future jurisprudence when the european court of justice is considering whether to go ahead with a measure. in the end, honorable members, including my honorable friend, will have to choose whether to stay in europe on an amended basis or whether to leave. i am determined to deliver the strongest possible renegotiation addressing the concerns of the british people, so that we have a proper choice. nic dakin: did the prime minister make clear to the chinese president the urgent need to stop chinese steel dumping? if so, what was the response? will he meet once again with north lincolnshire mps to see

what more can be done to support steelmaking in scunthorpe? mr. cameron: i am glad that the honorable gentleman was at the summit on friday. i met him back in november, and i am always happy to meet him and neighbouring mp's again. after this question time, i am going straight to no. 10 for several hours of talks with the chinese president, and there will be every opportunity to talk about this issue. i began those discussions last night. i think the chinese do recognise that they have huge overcapacity in their steel industry, which they have to address as well, but i say again that i do not want to make promises i cannot keep -- we cannot set the steel price here in this -- we cannot set the steel price here in this house, and we cannot go beyond the sorts of steps i have talked about on procurement, energy and industrial support. opposition members might, however, like to remember their own record. under labour, steel production

halved. under labour, employment in steel halved. since i have been prime minister, steel production has gone up and steel employment has stayed at the same level. so before we get a self-righteous lecture from labour, i would say to them, "look at your own record!" >> more! more! chris philp: i suspect those cheers were for the prime minister, rather than me. does the prime minister agree that one reason some steel plants have suffered difficulties is that wholesale electricity prices in this country are twice the level of germany, and that the many green taxes imposed by the former