what are we doing well, what do we need to do better in terms of the international response? dr. parekh: i was at hhs from 2005 to two dozen 15, four h-one, h1n1 at 2014, and ebola. the pillars of what people think about, this is the global security agenda, that every country in this world ought to be able to prevent, to detect, and to respond to outbreaks as emergencies. when you think about the key areas that we need international cooperation on -- i think we are seeing into a certain extent here with the zika response, first, surveillance and laboratory capacity, which is critical. there has been good cooperation here thus far, you have u.s. scientists in brazil right now running case-control studies to better see the association between zika and severally. the ability to detect is

critical. cooperation in vaccines of therapeutic -- we are seeing some positive signs in terms of sample sharing right now. that's a critical piece of responding to outbreaks. provider training is critical as well, making sure that health care workers all around the world have access to protocols and the best level of evidence and care for whether it's women with zika, whether it's children with microcephaly. in this particular instance, for diseases that are mosquito borne, vector control is absolutely important as well. i think there's cooperation their own techniques to reduce that in the water or limited breeding grounds. i think one of the most important areas of international cooperation however, is education, communication, and public messaging. making sure the general public understands the nature of the outbreak, what is causing the outbreak, that this isn't something that is made up. making sure they understand how to protect themselves, focusing

on prevention. i think this is one aspect where -- i think the who is leaning forward with respect to zika, but the importance of this, the importance of reducing stigma, the importance of meeting countries where they are and giving facts and information to the general public i think is a critical piece in really entire international community needs to work together on that piece. mr. hofmann: i agree with that. and the importance of communication in general as quickly informed. i love the opinion of these to public health physicians about how you think we are doing so far in terms of the zika communications? how is it going? dr. jha: i will give a quick

one. one thing that's clear, we didn't do a good job with ebola. we can begin with that. one of the key lessons on these things is trying to tell people not to worry is one of the most ineffective things you can do when people are worried. acknowledging the fear, understanding the fear, and walking people through it -- my general sense is that it has been much better under zika. people have not downplayed it, i've heard early from the cdc, from other leaders in government about windows the guys coming to the u.s., and now we know it's here, it's going to be even more substantial. being very clear about what we know, not overhyping it. in the ebola crisis, there was a sense of we know how to manage this, we have a great health system. this will not spread here. and the first nurse who got it in dallas kind of blue that whole story up. the bottom line is, it wasn't that badly handled. we did a good job, but the key

medication did not work for a well. i think it's going much better. i would be serious if you disagree. dr. parekh: i agree. one of the difference was we were focused on three countries. the zika, we had transitioned and 31 countries and these are very different. you start with a country like brazil, there are hundreds of thousands of health workers trying to educate people. the public health of a structure is more robust. colombia, we are allies, another ally of the u.s., perhaps. if you look at other countries, el salvador, haiti, venezuela or we don't have excellent diplomatic relationships, we don't know. i think is an excellent question. some of these countries -- we just don't know how the public health communication and messaging is going.

i think that is a key point as well. trying to meet countries where they are. there are some countries like brazil and colombia where we can be a little more confident in how things are going. there are other countries where we don't know a lot. there is some reports that we are not really getting good reporting back from some of these countries in terms of new cases of things like that. it's unclear what messages are getting filtered to that population. ms. plack: i think the message is what you're saying and how you're saying it in terms of what the lesson was. i know you all do work in central america. how do you assure you not have a one-size-fits-all? >> a big issue is understanding the local context. even understanding the individual context.

we look at that as consumer insight. how do we understand what drives the individual and helps what is good for them and public health? you made a similar point in terms of fear not being a good motivator. if you'll permit me, i things, a lot. i have something here with me. no salesman should be anywhere without something to show. this is a prototype that we have developed over the last few weeks. we're talking about a zika kit or a safe pregnancy kit.

they context of trying to motivate healthy behavior, sometimes they need a product. sometimes we need something more than a message. we have used human centered design concepts. it might be a cloth used to demonstrate how you apply repellent. inside, we have the concept of a kit that will include various things. it might include repellent. i cannot bring it into the capital. we had some cans of off. repellent could be use it a trimester of pregnancy. the idea would be that a pregnant woman would have access to a kit like this and come back

to a health center for a regular checkup every few months. she gets the content three filled. you might have condoms. we know that sexual transmission has been well-documented. how do we help women ensure safe pregnancy? then, we might have something like a multivitamin. the cdc has also suggested a mosquito net. these mosquitoes do not buy -- buy at night. the idea is that coming up with something that will help people add something meaningful to pregnant women a way that they can respond to the danger. this is prohibited because of the repellent.

we talk about what the private sector might be able to do. condoms are not a significant cost. even mosquitoes are not a significant cost. the repellent is. we have to figure out the cost. with a subsidy you can use some bank this. we have the individual reality for the health consumer you are trying to reach with the correct approach. >> i wanted to add, i will keep harking back to ebola. the lessons do apply. we had the option to discuss a

panel with the response. we have the one response over and over again. you can have the best public message in the world. but, if people do not trust you, it will not work. the truth is that trust is not billed during a crisis. trust is built over a long run. what they describe was by the time these countries have a plan is for people in the community. maybe it was carl who said we have weak institutions and west africa across the board.

ok, so in some became, you have a spouse who is sick. some ratios up and said we will go to a hospital. they take them away and the person dies. if that continues to happen, you avoid public health officials. you do not trust them. so, a part of communication that is contextualized is beginning to have a strategy that builds the trust. what we try to do is build trust during a crisis. it does not work. that was a major part of the failed response. i think you're right. we do not know how well it is happening in venezuela. we are not sure how it is happening in many places. i think zika has gone much better. my only fear is that somehow we will think we will figure this out after ebola and then be done. i think we got lucky after ebola. this happened in a much better place with a much better system.

the next when we may not be so lucky. >> i want to ask one more question. going up of this kit, it is a prevention kit. how do we change the paradigm from dealing with emergencies to preventing emergencies. how do we go from reactive to proactive on these issues. what is the political will that it will take for u.s. policymakers with the global community to shift how we think about these things, not fighting the current emergency, but planning for the next one? will it it over? >> i think we have to, we do have to understand the context of what is happening here. we spend enormous amount of resources and do it over the long run.

things like preventing nuclear weapons from getting into the hands of terrorists. why do we do this? we have never had this. it is because we understand that if that were to happen, that will be a nightmare scenario. where perfectly willing in making the investment. i think we have not seen pandemics as posing the same kind of threat to the people of this country into people around the world. yet it does. again, i'll go back to ebola. the average ebola person spread it to two other people. the average person who gets measles spreads it to 18 other people. if you imagine a disease or spreads quickly and is fatal and lands on the u.s. shores. it can be quite devastating. yes, it requires a long-term sustained effort. how do you create the political will to do that go we have figured it out in other arenas.

my idea is that we have to think of a pandemic as a national security risk. and, if we do that, i think will be much more open and ready to make good investments. i chaired the panel through the school with another panel at the institute of medicine. it was the global health framework. it cost billions of dollars to make the world a safe place. i'm not sure if that number is completely correct. it is a trivial investment if you think about this as a national security risk. much as $4.5 billion. we are lots of partners in europe and other places who can pay for it.

i think we need to get started and get moving. this is not about ebola or about zika come it is about keeping people safe. >> these are things we will face as individuals and as a society, the problem of convention. it is something we do personally to prevent these problems in the future. that said, i'm an optimist. i am an optimist because i came to global health through the foreign policy national security avenue. when i started working in africa 30 years ago as a foreign service officer or i realized then in the american embassy roast stationed realized that issues around hiv were clearly important to national security.

when you look at reports they demonstrate when you look at the success of malaria and the initiative, is the really tremendous progress we have seen with global health over the past 20 years, your reason to be optimistic about our ability to get this right. we are getting better than we would have 30 years ago. so, i look at the glass half-full. >> an important principle of public health preparedness is from a health perspective and a cost perspective. it is always better to be in front of the curve rather than behind the curve. if we think is -- preventing an outbreak will cost this much money, it will cost more if we wait for the crisis to occur. ensuring that political leadership and understanding that it is critical. we have an important mindset to instill amongst the political leaders.

outbreaks and pandemics, they do not necessarily just come and go. it is important to continue the ebola investment to ensure that the public health infrastructure is strong. otherwise, it will just come back. it is not we are done with that and move on to the next one. we do not just treat outbreaks one at a time. the point of diplomacy is that you need to be invested in the long term. you need to invest in a capacity building. that is what establishes the bilateral ties. it is on for so many other topics. that builds the trust were talking about as well. i think that prevention is critical. not looking at individual

outbreaks one at a time. i think this in -- is important for us to remember. >> do we have microphones? there is one. let's take at least two questions. then, we will have panelists respond. say your name and organization. >> i am alisa waxman. i work with the ebola unit. i am working to develop a strategy for our coordination across the effort. one thing that is important for me and my team is to have the lessons implement into policy and how we structure ourselves in the future. what would be the key things to look at or ways to draft these recommendations so that they do not get shelved.

we make sure they are used to tactically influence a higher level. >> i saw a few other hands. we will go here and make our way forward. >> hello. my name is lauren weir. i have a quick question about diplomacy. we all know that in global health, money is frequently siloed. this money is for hiv. this is for malaria. this is for ebola. we also know that human beings can have ebola and hiv. so, one of the lessons that came out of west africa was coordination and collaboration between different programming. i do not anticipate we will be funding things in different ways. my question is, and not to pick on haiti, but i will. how do we collaborate as donors? whether it is the usa, cdc or these countries to ensure that

an area we are already working in control or condos for hiv that we are not re-creating the wheel or adding a complex program. haiti has a big condom investment program. how do you leverage that with zika investment? >> we have practical recommendations and the importance of the collaboration with the international governments. >> let me take the second one. i think the time for -- i agree with what they said about the phenomenal success of the malaria initiative. i think the times for malaria initiatives is behind us.

they were right for the time. they need to keep going. there are several reasons why that time has passed. a lot of which you articulated. one of them is that we cannot predict what will happen. it is not an effective strategy. for the writer reasons, not the reasons, not the least of which is that you start building parallel infrastructures. countries like rwanda that have taken their resources and other vertical programs and started building broader systems. that is doable. we have to figure out ways of encouraging that make broader investment health systems. this is a phrase that on one hand is right. people say what does that mean? their building health in the long run. the answers that there are important ways in which we can be helpful.

countries will only be safe and effective if they have health systems that work. so, i think that is a shift in global health. i should stop there. >> i did say i was an optimist. on these questions of vertical programs and the logic of horizontal approach, i have to confess i'm a pessimist. having moved inside the bureaucracy for some time, i have to say why these things grow in vertical fashion. this is probably the prime example in a public health context. we all know that you could get and did get in the offices of the pharmacy center is a great regional congressional facility.

because, the humanitarian and the national security and all the other aspects are brought together in bipartisan fashion. it has been sustained and funded. if the approach had been the president's emergency program, it would have failed. we know that. and, i think that is a political reality that we have to reckon with. it is an efficient. it is regrettable. it is the way we have mobilized many of the resources that we have to deal with the global health challenges. it has delivered a lot of success. i would rather take the vertical program that has resources in a horizontal program that does not. and, just a point on condoms, we

are responsible for the condom market in haiti such as it is. i totally agree with you that it is important to have a functioning condom market in every country. and, condoms have multiple benefits. yes, certainly with zika as well. lots of different actors have roles to play in ensuring that the market functions well. it involves both donors and a private sector. social marketing, commercial marketing. we are passionate about it. >> i will add that i'm not an expert with state department and global health programs, but in an ideal world, we should be able to be nimble. one it comes to zika and we

understand there is a need of family planning realize a lot of these countries are graduated from receiving court dollars, there should be a way to see whether resources, if this is a bigger crisis than it is could potentially be channeled to the countries where there is a need. that will be nimble enough to take resources in one area. sometimes it works, sometimes it doesn't. there are some realities, but being nimble when we can is very important. >> ok.

i apologize in advance. we will try to get three now. i'm sure panelists will have some time to. >> curtis with the coca-cola company. in regards to public and private partnerships, we would like to get their thoughts about the global security agenda. thank you. >> linda gauci, i am retired from the department of agriculture. i only heard about this problem. i wonder how sick does this make someone who gets it? and, maybe it could spread more because they do not go to the doctor. >> i am jeanette roberts. i'm with senator markey. this year, we have mentioned the

condoms and the kids, and family planning. in the concept of zika, we have the sexual transmission abilities. they are all now pretty tight. and, the complications of zika being president and a largely catholic country really complicates that conversation. i'm wondering if we are making any headway on women's reproductive health and light of the zika epidemic. >> let's let you guys pick and choose. >> zika, like ebola, has been proportionately infecting the poorest people. those kits require a primary health care system along the continuum of care and community health workers who can get to

the people and provide this service. i like to hear more about investment in that platform that becomes the security that we seek. >> what i might recommend is that we have a few questions on the table. if you can go down the line, we are running out of time. we will start with you. >> let me take the second one about zika. a couple of issues. this is more medical than policy. you know, we talk about the alleged connection. it is true that we have not nail this down. it is pretty convincing that there is a clear relationship between zika and other neurologic factors. there is a pretty clear connection between the disease people can get after zika. the thing that has been the biggest surprise with the latest

data coming out, number one, you do not have to be that sick. you could have a high fever and a bad rash. we are increasingly finding that a lot of women have a very mild disease. they might not be aware that they are sick. they are sick for a day then they get better. they will have quite substantial neurologic effects. most of the time these issues are pretty devastating. if you think about how widespread zika can be across 31 countries, this is a very substantial human toll. i want to make one other point. i completely agree with our colleagues from arts and health. these things always impact of the poor the most.

this is the nature of the illness. people who are wealthier with more resources can respond more effectively and have more ability to fight their way through the system. the lesson of global health i would argue over the last two decades is the notion that we are only a safe as the most vulnerable people. so i completely agree and understand the argument that the president has had emergency programs for building community health workers. it does not have quite the same cache. we have to be creative and think about how do we be sure that the resources we have help invest in things like community health workers. you can the best technology and diagnostics, if you cannot get it to the people who need it, it does not work. we have to solve that end of the problem. >> i agree. we know what the right thing to do is. it is politically challenging, but it is certainly the right

thing to do. i feel like i have been on a mosquito tour this week. on monday and tuesday i was in kinshasa, dealing with the context of malaria. mosquitoes use different patterns. they're talking about the zika mosquitoes. just the sobering facts in terms of health care investment that is needed. i was astounded by this, but, the democratic republic of congo with a 70 million people be total government expenditure for all purposes in the congo this year will be $5 billion. that is all but the government of congo spends on everything. you see the scale challenge. building up a primary health care system would cost many multiples of $5 billion. so to get back to this point

about a weak infrastructure and weak institution, it is sobering. coca-cola, we have collaborated with different places around the world. the supply chain yield gives us the ability to move product. world-class ability to influence behavior. that is what marketers like coca-cola do. obviously, you have a workforce that is affected by many global challenges. it is important to try to figure out the private sector in the context -- it is the case. i think it is too soon to say, i hope it is the case that a public health emergency like this opens up a wider space for women's reproductive issues. it is a hope at this point. it is not a reality. >> i will like to add quickly, in terms of public-private partnerships, we have had

tremendous success and the needs of water sanitation and hygiene. focusing on stagnant water and water related issues would be a nice area. it is a bad area where we need better partnerships. it helps us on the vectorborne disease side. i think i'll just put in one plug there. i think that we have the issue that we have to deal with reproductive health, when involuntary family health planning. i will end on primary health care in terms of the physician. this is fundamentally one of the most important things for any health care system. but any country, if there is anything we can do to help support the primary health infrastructure, it is tremendous. it is about smart global health. this could be one of the best.

investments we could make both short term and long term. >> i want wanted to turn it over to wrap up. we have the practical recommendation request. we also have both reports over on the side table. >> thank you. thanks for doing such a good job moderating. with such brilliant minds that we have on the panel, i think the takeaway is that we have the tools and experiences in the lesson from past examples. to begin to think about how to avoid the next pandemic. we'll keep thinking on that. definitely, we, in conjunction with others -- so want to thank the doctors and lindsay for

their work today. thank you all for coming. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2016] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] >> coverage continues tonight with senator bernie sanders holding a rally in illinois, scheduled to get underway at 9:00 p.m. eastern on c-span2. joint c-span tonight at 8:00 for the funeral service for former first lady nancy reagan

at the ronald reagan presidential library. first lady michelle obama, former president george w. bush, and laura bush are among the dignitaries. mrs. reagan will be buried next to her husband at the library. coverage tonight at 8:00 p.m. eastern, also at www.c-span.org. that tois so unusual is be able to have professional and a personal partnership for more than 15 years is an unusual thing. temperament in terms of editing is something i do not have and have not spent as much time on, and i have stuck close to the grunt side of the equation. >> sunday night, correspondents who are married

joining us to talk about their plan to move to israel. >> it will be a great adventure. we have done the overseas thing together. spent time in jerusalem, and we are looking forward to learning a lot. it is going to be a real adventure, part of the world that has so much history, and so much of a vital part of today's issues. we have never lived there, so we are looking forward to that. and will be changing roles continuing at politico in a role to meet ourng editorial growth and innovation work. we are continuing to expand. just last year we launched politico europe. i came to politico to start "politico" 2 1/2 years ago. it has been a new platform to take us into ambitious long-form

reporting and ideas. >> sunday night at 8:00 eastern on c-span. france's interior minister discussed combating terrorism in light of the global tax and counter is a -- and counterterrorism challenges. this is just under an hour. mr. cazeneuve: i would like to thank you for welcoming me today. i am honored to be speaking in t at the you as prestigious george washington university. i am taking a former secretary of state, john foster dollars

and colin powell, as well as former first lady jackie kennedy. i would like to thank individuals who were kind enough to invite me to do this lecture on france and the terrorist threat. france and the united states have a very long shared history, and despite the occasional quarrels, we have always been bound by very strong, even passionate, friendship. i would even describe it as a friendship, because when we are confronted through

hard times, we always pull together. observe the attacks in france last. i read that a philosopher explained that for you the --nch are not seen as which is why you were so deeply affected by the tragedy we just experienced. it is also for this reason that we were driving by the same , appalling slaughter, committed -- on december 2, 2015. i would like to express my deep condolence to the families and their grief. i therefore would like to thank you from the bottom of my heart, and on behalf of france and the french people for

the solidarity demonstrated during the terribly difficult time we have just been through. the strong support shown by president obama and the american people meant so much to us. we will never forget. and france will never forget. , thee will never forget actions of three american on august 25, 2015. they contributed to avoid t another terrorist attack, on a train, which was carrying more than 500 passengers from instrument to paris. llande awarded them

the legion of honor. in 2015, by country was the ofget of terrorist attacks unprecedented kind and scale. innocent victims lost their lives, and others were seriously injured. in january, the targets chosen , the editorialts hebdo," parislie offices. they targeted freedom of conference -- conscience, democracy, security, and the values of the french republic. 2015, theer 13, killers struck indiscriminately

in the very heart of paris, in concert hall,t a de france. the stadt they attacked our way of life, among the victims was a young american student. my thoughts go out to his family, loved ones, friends. before talking about the main lines of action we are considering against terrorist networks in france and europe, i would like to give you my analysis of the threat we are all facing. we must understand that in order to protect ourselves more efficiently. years, the 10 threats have considerably you law. the november attacks were planned from syria and

coordinated abroad. perpetratede were o by people on french soil. today, in fact the threat is more and more diffuse. from a particular point of view, two forms. now takes on the one hand, it involves whoviduals or groups, received training in syria or iraq. in europe, this constitutes sleeper cells capable of moving into action and cooperation with a syrian base of isis. on the other hand, we are destined against individuals who are progressively recognized through their environment,

sometimes with the help of very informal networks, which makes i more difficultt to identify. they feel they are responding to a general call of jihad. sociological and psychological profiles of the jihadists, or candidates were jihad, become more varied. some are criminals or former criminals who have been radicalized in prison or through encounters with islamists. of one of thease terrorists involved in the attacks in january 2015. others are psychologically variables, who have developed feelings of hatred for the society in which they grew up.

-- they areally looking for many -- developed the conception of the islamist resolution -- on the internet and social networks. hasjihadist organizations elaborate propaganda. i am thinking of the videos broadcast on social networks and online media published by isi s, such as -- written in english, or in islam -- written in french. the battle against terrorism is fought in cyberspace. most of the new jihadists were troubled or -- have traveled or are seeking to travel to syria or correct. jihadists -- new as the combination of the social

networks -- to -- this convinced threat that authorities must cooperate with the actors of the digital community. just under a year ago, i was in california to meet the representative of the major digital -- four pragmatic cooperation on threats. since then, we have managed to agree upon a set of best practices, which we collectively have adopted in april 2015. together, we are establishing a form of positive cooperation which must be encouraged, so that digital professionals must treat each other in an opportunity of trust. france has been a car near in this area. what exactly is the terrorist

intent? not only to kill, but to foster terror, so that no one can feel safe anywhere, so that there is an atmosphere of mistrust, so t -- theizens pi fundamental principles -- by treating innocent victims, there is a attempt to put society on a permanent war footing. [indiscernible] combatants and noncombatants and civilian and military. this is what we must avoid at all costs. is theponse to terrorism

rule of law. very early france realized totally new and multifaceted nature of this threat. we have constantly strengthen our counterterrorism capabilities and adapted our -- arsenal to the ever-changing situation. i would like to list a few of the main aspects of this response. in france, in europe, of course, and quite obviously, in cooperation with the united states. first and foremost at the national level, in the terrorist action and propaganda, we have -- toed new legal means the new type of the natural threats. since 2012, counter terrorists know -- to prosecute french

citizens for their participation of terrorist crimes abroad which could not be done previously. for handing down sentences against returnees who were in syria or in iraq. counterterrorism at adopted in 2014 institute four major innovations. french nationals suspected of joining active terrorist groups in the middle east, preventing them from leaving french soil, forbidding -- for presenting a threat from entering or leaving the country. finding the individual terrorists -- as an offense. and finally removing websites and locating -- terrorism.

those measures are being applied in that extremely firm way and are proving efficient. in july 2015, we also adapted a inter-agent. our intelligence services now have a modern and consistent framework in line with the new threats, the most recent technological and developments in national and international operate at the same time, we have strengthened our homeland security and intelligence services by giving them additional -- last june i also created a specific terrorist prevention department that has overseen the monitoring of identified individuals and is and they blame us to establish and update

a system that covers such sensitive areas as transportation, education, and industry facilities. -- has never been higher, france's response has never been stronger, which has been demonstrated that attacks have been foiled. ourbviously strengthen means against terrorists, but we also developed innovative methods to prevent radicalization. [indiscernible] 2014 allows us to save enabled us torts, guide the many families to

benefit from valuable support -- we have already prevented many people from leaving, and we have posters to bech prevented from radicalization. issue at the european level. after the november attacks, europeane obtained by partners, major improvements, show thinning of border control in order to fully implement systematic checks for all persons entering and living in the e.u. apply to

european citizens. [indiscernible] of lost and stolen passports. theseer to ensure that are effective, united states -- must a massively systematically include -- i have quick [indiscernible] regarding the trafficking of fake syrian passports since we know that several terrorists involved in the november 13 tax used false identities. i therefore requested that experts fight against the fraud 's externaln the e.u. borders especially the registration centers, in greece

and italy. i have strongly emphasized that -- would be used to identify, register, and checked all the migrants that have come through these 43 in order to allow our detectto better dangerous persons, we finally an agreement on the european -- system. european parliament, which unfortunately is still not included this on its agenda, beforew swiftly adopt -- it can enter into force. we are currently negotiation a directive on firearms, making it hospital to strengthen the well as a firearms as combat illegal

trafficking. france has been calling for this essential form for a year and a half, and we must now government then as swiftly as possible. finally, i would like to stress the importance of increasing cooperation with the united states in the fight against terrorism and organized crime. when we jointly decided after the november attacks -- in syria and iraq, we also resolved to work on improving and strengthening ties between our intelligence services regarding -- because france got involved very early in the fight against terrorism and because our country developed effective tools in this way, we are proud to be a partner of the united in this current fight.

the french parliament has recently ratified the so-called -- transatlantic agreement which cooperationr between our two countries on criminal investigations, information exchanges that can help us identify wanted persons. you can count on my determination and my commitment to intensify to the greatest extent possible the cooperation between our two countries in the fight against terrorism. i am meeting with jeh johnson today, and others next week in paris, so that we are fully consistent with this goal. in the face of the new terrorist threats, we must not make the wrong assessment. -- into the trap that has been set for us, while

trying to -- against each other. clearly, the very fight against isis is an ideological struggle, not a clash of civilization. although it poses a major security threat and justifies tough measures we are taking, radicalization for unfortunately remains a phenomena in western society. there is no -- the fight against terrorists is -- for achallenge democratic society. i'm confident in the residence -- resilience of the french people. january 2015, there were millions industry in the

spirit of fraternity to demonstrate they were not afraid of terrorism, that they were ready to fight to defend our freedoms. once again together, as we have done so many times in the past, we will fight and we will win. thank you very much for your time and attention. mr. cilluffo: thank you, and the minister will kindly ask some questions. they will be simultaneously translated. they are with us for a question. i will take the prerogative of being seated here and ask the first question. thank you for such a comprehensive picture that you painted for us. one of the quotations i found that is spot on, and something we all agree with, is that the threat has never been higher.

you give us some specificity in terms of scale and scope, in terms of numbers, in addition to the foreign fighter dilemma -- what are your thoughts and considerations in the broader where franceahel has been the target of terrorist activity in the past? any figures you can give us to give us a sense of scale and scope. secondly, since we are a university, i will ask for you to grade a couple things. firstly, to grade the cooperation between the internal and external services in france to be able to get a full, rich picture of the threat environment. internal security services working with your external intelligence services? then, how would you grade your relationship with the e.u. in

particular with information sharing and the need to integrate databases with your e.u. partners at the borders, and, finally, the relationship with the united states? because i think the hybrid nature of the foreign fighter threat has really changed. we used to think here we have to worry only about returnees or jihadistsare inspired to inspire in the united states. you are beginning to see a hybrid, so i'm curious to hear what your thoughts on. -- if youg t would allow me to answer in french in order to promote anti-university i go to and visit, to promote the language of my own language, the french language, which i love very deeply, and if i need to switch to english, i will, if it helps

you. can you all hear? first, the phenomenon of foreign fighters. 2000 frencht nationals, mostly young people, in iraq and syria. 63% number has raised by since early 2015. in order to be more specific, about 600 are00, present with daish in iraq and syria. almost 300 are veterans, back in france, and are dangerous. amongmeans that about these 2000, about half of them have the experience of combat the terrorists.

we have a good number on their we have somed then that we watch closely who are trying to go there. so it is an important phenomenon in, and we are trying to stop it. the first success was our legal system, our law system, which i mentioned in my presentation. that you wanted to give, the cooperation between our internal and external services, and what is the cohesion of the intelligence services? have to say that the grade is better than it has beeni,s because these challenges obliged connect ourmore, to and the leaders of

our intelligence services, under my responsibilities, have to work together continuously under my authority. veryey can teach you strong element to protect our country. and we share with you -- let me share an anecdote. after the attacks at "charlie hebdo" in early january, under very evening of the attacks, there was a news report, and the the -- news,n journalists were merely a few from -- in france, where we thought they were. as homeland security minister, i cannot understand that on an

operation with special forces, that are so delicate, that we yardjournalists within one from our people. just because of the sensitive nature of the information, but also because of the risk. i got immensely angry. collaborators,my and i said, if in such crisis we are not capable to prepare these informing while an journalists without exposing them, it is imperative that you share information. threat.t face the i am not interested in knowing which is our service is going to be the winner. no.

our objective is that the republic, the french republic, wins, and prohibits those terrorists to act. it is not about one service over the other. so as long as we are not and we are sharing the information, we are not leaving this small room we are in. you will be allowed to sleep, and i will give myself the right to sleep, i will see, but little, and we will be together, and there will always be somebody in my name to collaborate and share this information. within 72 hours we were able to take over the situation. grade,ng the european that you wanted me to grant, so much progress needs to be done. why?

we cannot win if we are not together. now increasedve in -- increased and italy -- greece and italy hot spots. we have people inquiring in databases, but not all countries see these databases the way france does it. -- i mentioned the system,d information fi and we need to connect it with others. print, and wetal need to be able to use it for security reasons. at this point, i the legal system does not allow us to do it. we need to change that law. if you have digital print, you connect databases.

but if the people coming into passports,ve take then our work is voided. as you know, we had two suicide bombers that had been fingerprinted in greece, but they had fake how sports when we found them. this is not acceptable. we need to find a solution to this. so for french intelligence, grade a. for cooperation with europe, it is a b because we can do really better even if -- cooperation with the american u.s. services, a b. i started with a b. do not worry, it will not be a

c. that cooperation with u.s. intelligence service is excellent and has never been as strong. with theere faced difficult of all these in our countries, our together have pulled in this counterterrorism fight. i hope you will forgive me for not hitting you any details of this cooperation. if i were doing this, i would run the risk of not being minister tonight. fire and my work is not finished. -- i would be fired and my work is not finished. if you have a question, provider name and affiliation. i think youat raised a very pertinent and relevant point, and that is the

role of media, not only covering these sorts of issues, but from an operational tradecraft perspective. we had our first significant situation in the boston marathon media,, where you had well intended, but unintentionally identifying what our operations are, what our thinking is. an issue that goes beyond media, but also to social media, where everyone and their iphone can suddenly become a potential source. that is a great topic that i hope we will have some time to discuss. these identify yourself. try to keep your questions short. >> minister, senior representative in the united states. a bit of a question, but information to share and support the minister's background.

we can say from the european perspective, director wainwright is sending resources to get a full e.u. integration to get ll integration. in addition, i have to say that during the attacks in paris, the terrible attacks, i witnessed firsthand the u.s. agencies standing up to the plate and giving intelligence leads, particularly in the financial program, which we understand we are supportive to the french investigators. my question really is, and cooperation has never been higher, and europe has always found that the u.s. has stood up to the plate. does the minister see any particular area where europe could add value to the existing operations we have, with anything we can do better?

mr. cazeneuve: i agree with you. moree trained to organize cooperation. ol, but also security forces. when we are confronted to the weror attack in november, exchange lots of information between our intelligence services in order to be sure that we should be able to find a good way to stop the terrorists as soon as possible. but we also exchanged information between the security forces, because when we are

confronted with such a situation, regarding crossings at borders, it is important to -- of theat the intelligence forces, germany, austria, would be strong enough to stop the terrorists on their way. new waysying to find reinforcing the cooperation between the intelligence services and the security forces. there are a lot of debates in the european union. there are also lots of debates between the european union and united states. we are working for that strongly, and it is a very hard job, with very interesting perspectives.

>> thank you. englishi will ask it in so that everybody else understands. before --ee months the awful events that happened, there was a deposition to -- that essentially outlined what was going to happen and what kind of venue it was going to happen. how could that have happened, and what has been done to make sure that when somebody spells thisotential issues like is taken seriously? how muchnumber two, money can be given to turkey and

how much control and turkey really do when a lot of human trafficking is done out of turkey? thank you. translator: received a deposition laying down what was going to happen. i want to say, who is this judge? was the information that she received? we have many judges in france. we have many judges working on investigating all over the world, by the way, and even if i knew what you were alluding to, i would not be able to reply because there is the secret of the investigation, as you know.

i am not the minister of homeland security. in a country where there is no separation of powers, so i am in a difficult position here. but i do not understand what you are alluding to. second question, turkey. that, i understand what you're talking about. topic that is in front of us every day, especially sensitive and complex. that requires a lot of clarity in our understanding and action. migrattwe decrease the ory flow, not because we do not want to welcome, but if we welcome, we need to be able to master the flow, in order to be give worthy hospitality.

we need to be very lucid, very clear, with the greatest generosity. we might need to create a huge humanitarian crisis. --we need to be able to have to be in control of this process. we need to have hotspots that -- to a special properly, to be done in an orderly fashion. in order to do all of these things, we have to also ensure that the people that are in the be hosted in can those caps in the best -- camps in the best humanitarian

condition so they can go back to their country, or we are going to -- from an entire generation of young people who reconstruct their country, and prevent smugglers to stop their traffic. in turkey inamps particular, we need to create very good camps. it might be a very good solution. with germany, we discussed with turkey in order to organize this organization, to organize this mechanism so that the turks can be faithful to their commitments, so that the distributed in a

responsible way with great rigor. mr. cilluffo: we have time for two very quick questions. i am sorry for favoring the right. >> my name is rich wilhelm. . am recently retired as you know in this country, debater, there's a huge either taking place or about to take place over the encryption in telephones. as a result of the authorities have not been able to access one of the phones of terrorists killed in the san bernardino attack, it is a very compact issue, but do you have a encryption breakable digitalorm of

communications, but particularly with respect to what is going on now with the iphone? joining the: minister is a senator who knows about that. translator: yes, i want underscore the present here of senator -- who is minister of 1997 and 2002. he is most involved in those questions, and he is most happy to be with us. so to invite him to talk about those topics. he would have many things to tell you on those topics. him ori am not bothering watching him in saying this, that it would be for your university a great opportunity. so you are inviting me to take

part in this debate? i could be embarrassed. i could avoid the question. but in fact it is not a u.s. debate. it is a u.s. debate today, but it is a question that we are all facing. attacks that we avoided that we foiled. when i look at those attacks that we foiled and i cannot of course unveil the content of the inquiries. what i am talking to you about has been in the press, the french press. we had to face exchanges, communications between terrorists that were encrypted. those communications that we had access to were encrypted. they want to be protected from

terrorist crime, which means protect our democracy and our civil liberties from the will of terrorists that want to destroy it. and at the same time promise us everyt will be done second in respect to our individual civil liberties. so that both the strength and the constraints of democracy, that we need to target terrorism while protecting this very sensitive -- so i understand that some information regarding terrorist activities are hidden within a phone, for example. and so, of course, authorities need to have access to it. i have looked carefully at the traditional debate that you are

having, particularly, so i understand it. i do not want to get into the details here. we need to face this question head-on. if tomorrow we are not capable , if we are noton able to crack encryption, our citizens who care so much about freedom will say, what have you done to protect us? are these attacks going to continue? indefinitely, if we do not solve that problem. so then we will have other debates, much less healthy. what is a democracy worth, if it does not protect us? topic. most important then there will be a debate , and it follows,

how can we develop all the digital work contained in itself communicationdic exchanges across the globe? if freedom had been demolished by the terrorists, the ecosystem of the digital work is democracy, and if it is not -- so you see how everything is connected. it is not that on one side there is -- and civil liberties and on the other side states and governments trying to defend security. no, we need to have a joint venture between the states, the governments, and the work. how? we need to create trust, mutual trust so that together we can

prevent terrorist acts, so we need to find principles, rules that will let states take advantage of the necessity that they have, this obligation that they have two intrude on the privacy of everybody, and that balance can be achieved. last year when i went to silicon sites thatanted the l are encouraging terrorism, we want to take them down, and they understood us. i understand what is going on in this debate. my responsibility -- it is my -- i do not think that to solve this problem we need to be in a position with these operators. also in -- and it is

their interest to be our partners. because if we cannot solve the ecosystem in which these companies thrive will collapse. i know that in saying this i have not satisfy your appetite not minister of homeland security or defense minister if we like scoops. there are other ways to indulge into scoops. and of course, it is not with a big declaration and a big noise that we can solve this problem. it is with determination and rigor. when i am no longer minister of security, i can come back and strike a different -- mr. cilluffo: we have time for one more question in the back. please identify yourself.

eli lake, with bloomberg view. how many french citizens is that french government currently monitoring, and can you talk about what that monitoring and entails? translator: i see through this question. the sit with questions are not the easiest ones that the simplest -- this endless questions are not the easiest ones to answer. i will try. we are monitoring several thousand people, individuals, but not all of them are necessarily terrorists. we are not convinced that all of them are. but some of them respond to low signals.

some we are certain that they are in connection, in communications with terrorist groups.re radicalized that does not mean that they themselves are radicalized, but at some point they may. this is the spectrum. the difficulty of lesserterrorism today is the difficulty of intelligence that we have. it is a difficulty in an office once we have the intent -- in analysis once we have the intelligence. when we have a low signal, attached to an individual, that person, for simple, does not seem to be involved -- it does not mean that that person is not dangerous. marseillee, we had in if you weeks ago a young high kill ar who tried to

teacher. we did not know he was even a good student. we had no idea. himselfelf-radicalized on the internet in a very short term. we try to distinguish those who are less dangerous, those who are highly dangerous, those who were foreign fighters, and those who were there and have come back, those on the way, and we are trying to enhance continually our capacity for analysis. oforganized this in terms human resources, we work with universities can we developed collaboration within our services with foreign intelligence services so that when we cross reference all of these, we can have an analysis that becomes more in tune with the reality, and that is really the challenge that we are

confronted with. and not just with the entire world. mr. cilluffo: the witching hour is here. let me underscore before i say thank >> if we were to look at this issue holistically our own ,ounterterrorism is recognized -- this is where i would like to see more effort with other countries to expose the hypocrisy of the islamist ideology. sharingt, thank you for your insights. transnational threats do in fact .equire transnational solutions your courageous leadership

deserves to be singled out. thank you for what you do. -- whatu for want grant grant does. let us continue this fight together, ensemble. please do leave your headphones. thank you. [applause] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2016] >> i would like to thank you. it was an interesting moment for me. exchange ise important to understand the way to be more efficient against terrorism. is constituting a strategic thing if we want to

win. we will win. thank you for this. be optimistic. i am sure that the partnership between france and the united states will be very efficient to stop terrorists in the world. thank you so much. [applause]

>> democratic president of candidate bernie sanders is holding a rally tonight in summit, illinois. underway live at 9:00 eastern on c-span 2. tomorrow, donald trump is in ohio. his rally is live at 10:00 a.m. eastern here on c-span. later hillary clinton will be in st. louis. she will talk about economic opportunity. live coverage begins at noon.

>> campaign 2016 continues tuesday with primaries taking place in missouri, illinois, ohio, north carolina, and florida. live coverage begins at 7:00 eastern. taking you on the road to the white house. >> join c-span for the funeral service for former first lady nancy reagan. michelle obama, george w. bush, and others are among the dignitaries attending. c-span and c-span.org tonight. 's u.n -- c-span's

q and a. treating editor of the national journal has covered eight presidencies. the presidential coverage includes eight years with the ronald reagan administration. get set for we later today. what are your most immediate memories of nancy reagan. guest: i always thought that he never would have been president without her. i think history is going to conclude he was a pretty good he was laid back. she was sometimes anxious. she was also very protective of him. i am one of those who believe he probably would not have been president without her, without her determination, without her drive, without her pushing him and focusing him.

and taking care of him. i will tell you a very quick story, one of my favorite stories. in the summer of 1983, midway through his second term, an old friend came to visit them in the family quarters of the white house. he needed an answer whether reagan was going to run for reelection in 1984. at the time he was 72 years old. years after the assassination attempt against him. nutshell, first leg, her power, her determination to take care of him. amebody once said they were team.

and her job was to protect him from everyone else. she did that better than anyone else on the planet. and: and address ronald nancy reagan made together, the first ever national live address where she talked about her "just say no" campaign. what prompted her to get behind that? ♪ guest: every first lady wants a cause. michelle obama is working on childhood obesity and nutrition. up about been beaten all of her clothes, her spending habits and things like that. she wanted to do something that was more noble and she knew there was an epidemic of drugs and she wanted to do something about that.

host: how did your perception as a reporter change? guest: i had been covering the white house a long time and i covered campaign. i only covered the reagan camp for two weeks. stories thatll the she is the power behind the throne, if you don't want to get into the middle of -- you didn't want it between her and nick -- between ronald and nancy reagan. that in the early going were some of the first signs of ,er clout with her husband ronald reagan's first white house chief of staff's appointment was not popular among the californians. is a loyalist among loyalists.

nancy reagan concluded he was not right guy for white house chief of staff. jim baker, for a lot of the -- who a lot of the californians didn't like, because he worked against reagan in 1980, they thought he was a pragmatist. in this case and showed me nancy reagan was the pragmatist. -- it showed me nancy reagan was the pragmatist. host: a veteran washington journalist who covered the white house for newsweek. your reflections and comments are welcome. keith is a democratic caller in

chicago. is a sadertainly it day for many on the conservative side. and all first ladies deserve respect. would like to make a comment and ask a question. so many of us in the middle on , theset just remember people did nothing about a growing aids crisis. reagan never said the words. .nd they didn't take action friends.s lost

how do you explain the disconnect between nancy reagan and ronald reagan, and they are two adult children? their biological children? -- and their two adult children? their biological children? it was set upon ron's mother's death, the best thing i could say about her is she loved her husband. not that she loved her family, not that she loved the country, she loved ronald reagan. host: let's hear from tom defrank. guest: i would never presume to get in the middle of families. i have aically 20-year-old son who was a sophomore in college. families are tricky.

family had all sorts of other problems internally. there was a lot of estrangement between one son, michael, who was adopted. sibling who was the offspring of ronald reagan's first marriage, actress jane marriage tost actress jane wyman. their family situation was tricky. agos told this a long time and i observed it in those eight years, every politician is centric circles of , aides. advisers, agent

the central circle was ronald and there wasan, no room, including children. over the years there were stresses and strains in that family situation, like pretty much every -- pretty other family and the planet. host: our coverage from the ronald reagan presidential library and museum in simi valley california. they look at the ventura firefighters -- a look at the ventura county firefighters. nancy pitt -- nancy reagan's body has been lying in repose since wednesday. james? caller: good morning to your guest and to c-span. i look at the nancy reagan's life and some snippets.

african-american, what stands out in my mind, i wonder what folks are saying about michelle obama. she spent a quarter of a million dollars upgrading the chinaware in the white house. ronald reagan kicked off his visitingial campaign -- of whereworse three civil rights workers were murdered. thank you. yout: i don't agree with about alzheimer's in the white house. did youple ask me, when ever suspect he had alzheimer's? i didn't suspect until a year after he left office when i had an off the record rick -- off

the record interview with him. there are friends who say he has always been a little forgetful. , mrs.o your first comment obama would probably be peter upon that just like nancy reagan was. the notion anti-reagan got a free ride on all of that is not correct. as a matter of fact, one of the reasons she was very serious about just say no and other things, in addition to it being on the merits for her what she was totally getting beat up on wanted to don and

something to soften her image. host: the assassination attempt happenedry early -- very early in his presidency. the first lady played a bigger role after the 81 shooting. it's part of our american presidents series, discussing the aftermath of the shooting. .> we got to the hospital and they looked at me and said, he has been shot. there were police all around and a lot of noise. there was one desk and one share.

i kept wanting to see ronnie. they kept saying, he's alright, but you can't see him. i said, if he's all right, why can't i see him? he was lying there with that thing on his face to help him breathe. >> did the two of you ever talk about the danger you faced? nancy: you never thought about it. you never think about that. you never think he's going to be

shot ever. guest: i remember that day very well. nancy reagan was totally dramatized -- totally traumatized by those events. i agree she became more protective. this was not a political event, this was taken care of her husband -- taking care of her husband. was the saying nancy ultimate body man, saying this as a tribute to her. there was nobody more ferocious in taking care of reagan. this was at the white house correspondents association dinner. president reagan was to my left, mrs. reagan was to my right. the association was trying to

get president reagan's attention, and he was as close as you and i are here. reagan zoned out. the president of the association not taking the cue, mrs. leaned in close and pokemon the right forearm -- and poked him on the right forearm. it was a small thing, by the luck of the drop i was sitting between the two of them on the dais.-- on the it is inside of how protective she was on big things, small things, and certainly the aftermath. host: let's hear from our public in line. -- our republican line.

caller: [indiscernible] it was entrapment. host: that is a little off-topic. we will go next to michigan, tim on the independent line. good morning. to me this is all wasted time. did not do anything to make the government function and we could be spending more time on pertinent problems and issues that we face today. that is my comment.

guest: first ladies are potentially the most powerful unelected people in the government. they have a portfolio without specific duties. that case, the one thing every first lady has in common called pillowally talk. they can influence their husbands throughout the day and put ideas in their head. i covered eight of them. i don't agree with the notion and other reagan first ladies were a waste of time. >> where would you grade her as a role to an advisor and taking on special projects or causes,

such as the noted anti-drug campaign. >> that was an important contribution to the system. very fervent for stem cell research. of ran into the face republican orthodoxy. i think she was pretty strong about that. in terms of her influence on her husband, she was not that much of a policy person. she really wanted to see the united states reach a deal with the soviet union. i think she was in the majority. she was coming at it from a different angle. his advisers thought it would be good for the world.

she thought that would be good for the world. it was the last thing standing in the way of ronald reagan getting a nobel peace prize. i don't feel like dabble in policy much. she demanded to see his schedule and if he traveled to hard there would suddenly be proposed events out of town on that schedule. goes back to my point of being the ultimate body man or body person. she wasn't afraid. beginning atinder 1:30 eastern from the presidential library and museum on c-span radio. first lady michelle obama will be there.

first lady rosalynn carter will be there. i understand former first lady will be there at the funeral as well. let's go to tennessee and it is an on the republican line. guest: -- caller: she ordered china because there was not enough for a state dinner. it was not paid for by the taxpayer. it was a war -- was paid for by the snap foundation. airs equal to one hour on one. howink you need to add up much the obama is flying on two separate airplanes every time they go on a vacation.

her china did not cost the taxpayer anything. >> let me just point out and i have heard questions like this , if people50 years knew how much it cost to transport presidents and first ladies, there would be a national scandal. it is all hidden in various department budget. every president and first lady i have covered in recent years has done the same. i remember as recently as president george h w bush and barbara bush. at some point afterwards it was the clintons during the clinton administration.

thes no different than clintons and george w. bush and laura bush before that. i'm not the one who said she spent $1 million on china. that is no different than their predecessors. >> another reporter giving her and memories. susan page of usa today, nancy reagan gave the personal touch and usa today.com. this time it is riverside california, ginger. looks like we lost ginger. the final thoughts with funeral this afternoon of the

nancy reagan's legacy? guest: she was tougher than her husband. she channeled that toughness into taking care of him. one of the most celebrated instances is she did not get with the former treasury secretary, the former ceo of merrill lynch. reagan came from the treasury to the white house chief of staff. nancy reagan decided early on that reagan thought that was chief, not staff. a very powerful job, but it is still staff. she thought reagan was not serving her husband's interest.

she was enraged after a comment about cleaning up her husband's loopers and gas. - and gap -- husbands bloopers and gaffes. thought he was not serving her husband well. one of my favorite quotes from eight years of the reagan's came from a senior aide. the senior aide said to me it is reagan --me, nancy save for me nancy reagan -- safer for me nancy reagan doesn't know who i am. very s part of a

>> it is an unusual thing. >> her temperament and great vision in terms of editing is something i don't have. closely to thery grunts side of the equation. >> sunday night, susan glasser join us to talk about their careers and plans to move to israel. >> it is going to be an adventure. we have done the overseas thing. we are forward to learning a lot. it's going to be a real .dventure we spend time writing about in washington but we have not actually lived there on the ground. roles,ll be changing

continuing on politico in a role around helping our race. we launched politico europe looking at creating and launching new things. i came to start political yearsne two-and-a-half ago. we started that. it has been an exciting platform to take us into longform reporting. the war of ideas. >> now, the funeral for nancy reagan. service was held at the ronald reagan presidential library in simi valley, california where she is being buried next to her husband. speaking, tom