in laredo that we got from you. thank you. weekend.continues this coming up today at 4:00, donald trump will be doing a campaign andt in redding, california road to the white house will be live with that event. "booknder, every weekend tv." 48 hours of nonfiction books and authors. this weekend, steve forms will be taking your calls from noon until 3:00. on c-span3, american history tv. 48 hours of american history every weekend. you can see the website there. it is also the 30th anniversary c-span2n the senate, so

has been on the air for 30 years. 8:00 p.m., a special historical look at u.s. senate and tv. thank you for being with us. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2016] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] >> hiring last month in the u.s. fell to its lowest level in more than five years as employers added just 3000 jobs. the labor department -- 38,000 jobs. the labor department said the unemployment rate fell from 5% to 4.7%, the lowest rates in the member, 2007. they say they rate fell because

more american stopped looking for work. the economy is the focus this afternoon. federal reserve board julio brenner will be talking about the u.s. economic outlook. she is speaking at the council of foreign relations, touching on the monetary policies of the fed. and republican candidate donald trump will hold a rally in california ahead of tuesday's primary. live coverage of afternoon at 4:00 on c-span. yesterday marked 30 years of gavel-to-gavel coverage in the u.s. senate. highlighting the occasion with video going back to the very first televised session. we also talked to a number of senators that were there, including tom daschle. this, indeed, is a humbling moment for me. i am honored to serve as majority leader, but i also recognize that the majority is slim. this is still one of the most

closely divided senate in all of history, and we have just witnessed something that has never before happened in all of senate history, the change of power during a session of congress. back at 30our look years of tv coverage of the u.s. senate on c-span2. video from the first televised session as well as insider analysis from donald richie. watch the entire program tomorrow night at 8:00 eastern. book tv has 48 hours of nonfiction books and authors every weekend. here are some program to watch for. senate majority leader mitch mcconnell discusses book,fe, politics, in his "the long game." >> all majorities are fleeting.

depending upon what the american people decide this november, i could be the minority leader next year. does represent a real opportunity, even in a body like the senate, which is very difficult to make function. there are advantages to setting the agenda and what we call the right of first recognition, to move the country in the direction they would like to go. live with steve forms on "in-depth." he will talk about his career and his latest book "reviving america." join in the conversation. we will take your phone calls, tweets, and e-mails from noon

until 3:00 eastern. cbs 60nday night, minutes correspondent lesley stahl discusses the science behind grandparenting in her book "becoming grandma." she aged viewed colleagues, friends, doctors, and scientists about the changes that occur in women as they transition to the role of grandparent. >> democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton laid out the foreign-policy differences between her and makingtrump yesterday, the speech during a campaign stop in san diego. this is about 40 minutes.

ms. clinton: thank you. thank you so much. thank you. thank you all very much. thank you. thank you, san diego, for that warm welcome. thanks to ellen for those moving words. reminding us it is not only the men and women in uniform that serve our country. it is their families. i want to recognize and thank congressman scott peters for being here. thank you. and all of the other electeds and service members, active-duty

and retired. national guard, reservists, veterans, military spouses, family members that are all with us today. on monday, we observed memorial day. a day that means a great deal to san diego. home of so many active-duty and former military and their families. we honor the sacrifice of those that died for our country in many ways. by living our values. by making this a strong and fair nation. and by carrying out a strong and principled foreign policy. that is what i want to speak about today. the challenges we face protecting our country and the choice at stake in this election. it is a choice between a fearful america that is less secure and

less engaged with the world. and a strong, confident america that leads to keep our country safe and our economy growing. [applause] ms. clinton: as secretary of state, senator, and first lady, i had the honor of representing america abroad and helping shape our foreign policy at home. as a candidate for president, there is nothing i take more seriously than national security. i have offered clear strategies on how to defeat isis, strengthen alliances, and make sure iran never gets a nuclear weapon. and i am going to keep america's security at the heart of my campaign. [applause]

ms. clinton: because, as you know so well, americans are not just electing a president in november. we are choosing our next commander-in-chief to decide questions of war and peace, life, and death. like many, i believe the person the republicans have nominated for president cannot do the job. [applause] ms. clinton: donald trump's ideas are not just different. they are dangerously incoherent. they are not even really ideas. just a series of bizarre rants, personal feuds, and outright lies.

[applause] ms. clinton: he is not just unprepared. he is temperamentally unfit to hold an office that requires knowledge, stability, and immense responsibility. [applause] this is not someone who should ever have the nuclear codes because it is not hard to imagine donald trump leading us into war because someone got under his very thin skin. [applause] we cannot put the security of our children and grandchildren in donald trump's hands. we cannot let him roll the dice with america. this is a man that said more

countries should have nuclear weapons, including saudi arabia. this is someone who has threatened to abandon our allies in nato, the countries that work with us to root out terrorists abroad before they strike us at home. he believes we can treat the u.s. economy like one of his casinos and default on our debts to the rest of the world which would cause an economic catastrophe far worse than anything we experienced in 2008. [applause] ms. clinton: he has said that he would order our military to carry out torture and the murder of civilians who are related to suspected terrorists even though those are war crimes. he says he doesn't have to listen to generals or admirals, ambassadors and other officials

because he has "a very good brain." [laughter] ms. clinton: he also said i know more about isis than the generals do. believe me. you know what? i don't believe him. [applause] ms. clinton: he says climate change is a hoax invented by the chinese and he has the gall to say prisoners of war like john mccain are not heroes. [booing] exactly. he praises dictators with vladimir putin and pick fights with our friends including the british prime minister, the mayor of london, the german chancellor, the president of mexico, and the pope. [applause] he says he has foreign-policy

experience because he ran the miss universe pageant in russia. [laughter] and to top it off, he believes america is weak. he called our military a disaster. he said we are a third world country. and he's been saying things like that for decades. those are the words of someone who doesn't understand america or the world. [applause] ms. clinton: and they are the words of someone who would lead us in the wrong direction because if you really believe america is weak with our military, values, capabilities that no other country comes close to matching, then you don't know america. [applause]

ms. clinton: and you certainly don't deserve to lead it. that is why even if i weren't in this race, i would be doing everything i could to make sure donald trump never becomes president because i believe he will take our country down a truly dangerous path. unlike him, i have some experience with tough calls. i wrestled with the chinese over a climate deal in copenhagen, brokered a cease-fire between israel and hamas, negotiated with russia, twisted arms, and stood up for the rights of women, religious minorities and the rights of lgbt people around the world. [applause]

ms. clinton: and i have sat in the situation room and advised the president on some of the toughest choices he faced. i am not new to this work and i am proud. i think the choice before the american people is clear. i believe in strong alliances, clarity when dealing with our rivals, and a rocksolid commitment to the values that have always made america great. and i believe with all my heart that america is an exceptional country. that we are still, in lincoln's words, the last best hope of earth. we are not a country that cowers

behind walls. we lead with purpose and we prevail. if america doesn't lead, we leave a vacuum. that will either cause chaos or other countries will rush to fill the void. then they will be the ones making decisions about lives and jobs and safety, and trust me, the choices they make will not be our benefit. that is not an outcome we can live with. as i see it, there are important things the next president must do to secure american leadership and keep us safe and the economy growing. these are areas that donald trump and i profoundly disagree and they are all critical to our future. first, we need to be strong at home. that means investing in our infrastructure, education, and innovation.

the fundamentals of a strong economy. we need to reduce income inequality because so many are struggling to provide the basics for their families. and we need to break down the barriers that hold americans back. including barriers of bigotry and discrimination. [applause] compare that with what trump wants to do. his economic plan would add more than 30 trillion, that's with a t, dollars to the national debt. he has no ideas on education, no ideas on innovation. he has a lot of ideas about who to blame but no clue about what to do. none of what donald trump is offering will make america stronger at home and that will make us weaker in the world.

second, we need to stick with our allies. america's network is part of what makes us exceptional and our allies deliver for us every day. [applause] ms. clinton: our armed forces fight terrorists together. our diplomats work side by side. allies provide staging areas for our military so we can respond quickly to events on other side of the world. and they share intelligence that helps us identify and diffuse potential threats. take the threat posed by north korea. perhaps the most repressive regime on the planet run by a sadistic dictator who wants to develop long-range missiles that can carry a nuclear weapon to the united states.

when i was secretary of state, we worked closely with our allies, japan and south korea, to respond to this threat, including by creating a missile defense system that stands ready to shoot down a north korean warhead should the leaders be reckless enough to launch one. the technology is ours. key parts are located on japanese ships. all three countries contributed to it, and this month, all three of our militaries will run a joint drill to test it. that is the power of allies. [applause] ms. clinton: it is also the legacy of american troops that fought and died to secure those bonds. they knew we were safer with friends and partners. moscow and beijing are deeply

envious of our alliances because they have nothing to match them. they would love for us to elect a president that would jeopardize that source of strength. if donald gets his way, they will be celebrating in the kremlin. we cannot let that happen. [applause] that's why it is no small passing thing when he talks about leaving nato or says he will stay neutral on israel. it's no small thing when he calls mexicans rapists and murderers. we are lucky to have two good friends on borders, why would he want to make one of them an enemy? [applause] ms. clinton: and it is no small thing when he suggests america should withdraw military support

for japan and encourage them to get nuclear weapons. and he said this about a war between japan and north korea. and i quote, if they do, they do. good luck. enjoy yourself, folks. i wonder if he even realizes he is talking about nuclear war. yes, our friends need to contribute their fair share. i made that point long before donald trump came onto the scene. a number of them have increased their defense spending. the real debate is if we keep those alliances strong or cut them off. what he says would weaken our country. third, we need to embrace all the tools of american power, especially diplomacy and development. to be on the front lines solving problems before they threaten us at home.

diplomacy is often the only way to avoid a conflict that could end up exacting a much greater cost. it takes patience, persistence, and an eye on the long game. but it is worth it. take the nuclear agreement with iran. when president obama took office, iran was racing toward a nuclear bomb. some called for military action. that could have ignited a broader war. that could have our troops in another middle east conflict. president obama chose a different path and i got to lead the effort to impose crippling sanctions. we brought thereon to the table, we had talks, and eventually, we reached an agreement that should block every path for iran to get a nuclear weapon. [applause] now we must enforce the deal vigorously.

as i have said many times before, our approach must be distrust and verify. the world must understand the united states will act decisively if necessary, including with military action to stop iran from getting a nuclear weapon. in particular, israel's security is nonnegotiable. and they are our closest ally in the region, and we have a moral obligation to defend israel. [applause] ms. clinton: but there is no question that the world and the united states, we are safer now than we were before this agreement. we accomplished it without firing a single shot, dropping a single bomb, or putting a single american soldier in harm's way. [applause] ms. clinton: donald trump says

we should not have done the deal. we should have walked away. that would have meant no more global sanctions and iran resuming their nuclear program and the world blaming us. then what? war? telling the world, good luck, you deal with iran. of course, trump doesn't have answers to those questions. he does not know the first thing about iran or its nuclear program. ask him. it will become very clear very quickly. [applause] ms. clinton: there is no risk of people losing their lives if you blow up a golf course deal. but it doesn't work like that in world affairs. just like being interviewed on the same episode of 60 minutes is not the same thing as

actually dealing with vladimir putin. so the stakes are infinitely higher and more complex than in the world of luxury hotels. we know the tools donald trump brings to the table. bragging, mocking, composing nasty tweets. i'm willing to bet he's writing a few right now. [applause] ms. clinton: but those tools will not do the trick. rather than solving global crises, he will create new ones. he has no sense of what it takes to deal with multiple countries with competing interests and reaching a solution everyone can get behind. in fact, he is downright contemptuous of that work. that means he's more likely to end up leading us into conflict.

we need to be firm but wise with rivals. countries like russia or china often work against us. beijing dumped cheat steal in our markets. that hurts american workers. moscow has taken aggressive military action in ukraine. i have gone toe to toe with russia, china, and many other leaders around the world. i know we have to stand our ground when we must and find common ground when we can. that is how i can work with russia to reduce stockpiles and with china to increase pressure on north korea. it's how diplomats negotiated a landmark agreement on climate change, which trump wants to rip up. [applause] ms. clinton: the key was never forgetting who we were dealing

with. not friends or allies but countries that share a common interest with us amid many disagreements. donald doesn't see the complexity. he want to start a trade war with china. i understand a lot of americans have concerns about our trade agreements. i do, too. on a trade war is something very different. we went down that road in the 1930's and it made the great depression longer and more painful. combine that with his comments about defaulting on our debt and it is not hard to see how a trump presidency could lead to a global economic crisis. i don't understand his bizarre fascination with dictators and strong men who have no love for america. he praised china for the tiananmen square massacre and said that it showed strength. he said you've got to give him credit for taking over north

korea, something he did by murdering everyone he saw as a threat including his own uncle which donald described gleefully like he was recapping an action movie. and he said if he were rating vladimir putin as a leader, he will give him in a. i will leave it to a psychiatrist to explain his affection for tyrants. [applause] ms. clinton: i just wonder how anyone can be so wrong about who america's real friends are. because it matters. if you don't know exactly who you are dealing with, men like putin will eat your lunch. fifth, we need a real plan for confronting terrorists. as we saw six months ago in san bernardino, the threat is real and urgent. over the past year, i have laid out my plans for defeating isis.

we need to take out their strongholds in iraq and syria by intensifying the air campaign and stepping up support. we need to keep pursuing diplomacy. those conflicts are keeping isis alive. we need to lash up with our allies and ensure our intelligence services are working hand in hand to dismantle the global network that supplies money, armed propaganda, and fighters to the terrorists. and we need to win the battle in cyberspace. [applause] ms. clinton: and of course, we need to strengthen our defenses here at home. that, in a nutshell, is my plan for defeating isis. what is trump's? he won't say. he is literally keeping it a secret. the secret is he has no idea what he would do. look at the few things he has

said on the subject. he actually said, and i quote, maybe syria should be a free zone for isis. oh, ok. let the terrorist group have of a major country in the middle east. we should send tens of thousands of american ground troops to the middle east to fight isis. , he said. he also refused to rule out nuclear weapons against isis which would mean mass civilian casualties. it's clear he doesn't have a clue what he's talking about. we can't be certain which of these things he would do. we can be certain he is capable of doing any or all of them. letting isis run wild, launching a nuclear attack, starting a ground war. these are all distinct possibilities with donald trump in charge. and through all his talk, there is one constant theme, demonizing muslims and playing

right into the hands of isis. his plan to ban muslims from even coming to our country doesn't just to violate the religious freedom our country was founded on, it is a huge propaganda victory for isis. and it alienates the very countries we need to help us win in this fight. a trump presidency would embolden isis. [applause] ms. clinton: we cannot take that risk. this isn't reality television. this is actual reality. [applause] ms. clinton: defeating global terrorist networks and protecting the homeland takes more than empty talk and a handful of slogans. it takes a real plan. real experience and leadership. donald trump lacks all three.

and one more thing. a president has a sacred responsibility of defending troops in battle if we -- to send our troops into battle if we absolutely must and only with the clear and well thought out strategy. our troops give their all. the deserve a commander-in-chief who knows that. i have side-by-side and fought for better health care. better service for our veterans with more support for our gold star families. you cannot with the lives of our young men and women in donald trump's hands. we need to stay true to our values. he says again and again, the world is laughing at us. he didn't just start this year. he has been saying this for decades. he bought full page ads in

newspapers in 1987, america lacked a backbone and america was, you guessed it, laughing at us. he was wrong then and he is wrong now. you've got to wonder why somebody who fundamentally has so little confidence in america and has felt that way wants to be our president. the truth is, there is not a country in the world that can rival us. it is not just that we have the greatest military or that are economy is larger than any in the world. it's also that americans work harder, dream bigger, and we never ever stop trying to make our country and the world a country and the world a better hour place. [applause]

ms. clinton: so it really matters that donald trump says things that go against our deepest held values. it matters when he says he will order our military to murder the families of suspected terrorists. during the raid to kill osama bin laden, when every second counted, our seals took the time to move the women and children in the compound to safety. donald trump may not get it, but that is what honor looks like. [applause] ms. clinton: and you know what? it also matters when he makes fun of people with disabilities. calls women pigs. proposes banning an entire

religion from our country or plays coy with white supremacists. america stands up to countries that treat women like animals or people of different races, religions, or ethnicities as less human. [applause] ms. clinton: what happens to the moral example we set for the world and for our own children if our president engages in bigotry? and by the way, mr. trump, every time you insult american muslims or mexican immigrants, remember, plenty of muslims and immigrants serve and fight in our armed forces. [applause]

ms. clinton: donald trump could learn something from them. that brings me to the final point i want to make. the temperament it takes to be commander-in-chief. every president faces hard choices every day with imperfect information and conflicting imperatives. that is the job. a revolution threatens to topple a government in a key region. an adversary reaches out for the first time in years. what do you do? making the right call takes a cool head and respect for the facts. it takes a willingness to listen to other people's points of view with a truly open mind. it also takes humility knowing you don't know everything. because if you are convinced you are always right, you will never ask yourself the hard questions. i remember being in the situation room with president

obama debating the potential bin laden operation. the president's advisers were divided. the intelligence was compelling but far from definitive. and the risks of failure were daunting. the stakes were significant. for our battle with al qaeda and our relationship with pakistan. most of all, the lives of those brave seals and pilots hung in the balance. it was a decision only a president could make. and when he did, it was as crisp and courageous a display of leadership i have ever seen. imagine donald trump sitting in the situation room making life or death decisions on behalf of the united states. imagine him deciding whether to send your spouses or children into battle.

imagine if he had not just his twitter account at his disposal when he is angry but america's entire arsenal. do we want him making those calls? someone thin-skinned and quick to anger who lashes out at the smallest criticism. do we want his finger anywhere near the button? i have a lot of faith that the american people will make the right decision. this is a country with a deep reservoir of common sense and national pride. we are all counting on that. [applause] ms. clinton: because making donald trump our commander-in-chief would be a historic mistake and it would undo so much of the work that republicans and democrats alike have done. over many decades, making america stronger and more secure.

it would set back our standing in the world more than anything in recent memory. it would fuel an ugly narrative about who we are. that we are fearful, not confident. that we want to let others determine our future for us instead of shaping our own destiny. that is not the america i know and love. yes, we have a lot of work to do to keep our country secure and we need to do better by american families and workers. and we well. -- and we will. but don't let anyone tell you america isn't great. donald trump has america all wrong. we are a big hearted and fair-minded country. [applause] ms. clinton: there is no challenge we can't meet, no goal we can't achieve when we each do our part and come together. every lesson teaches us that we are stronger together.

we remember that every memorial day. this election is a choice between two very different visions of america. one that is angry, afraid, and based on the idea that america is fundamentally weak. and in decline. the other is hopeful, generous, and confident that america is great just like we always have been. [applause] ms. clinton: so let's resolve that we can be greater still. that is what i believe in my heart. i went to 112 countries as your secretary of state and i never lost my sense of pride and wonder at seeing the blue and white plane lit up on some far off runway with the united states of america emblazoned on the sides. that plane, those words, our

country represent something special. that's not just to us but the world. i love this country and i know you do, too. it represents a freedom, hope, and opportunity. it has been an honor and a privilege to serve america and i'm going to do everything i can to protect our nation and make sure we never lose sight of how strong we really are. thank you all very much. [applause] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2016] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] ♪ ♪ ♪

♪

♪ ♪

♪ donald trump may react to hillary clinton's comments during his rally today in redding, california. we will have live coverage as he talks to his supporters ahead of tuesday's presidential primary in california. live coverage begins at 4:00 p.m. eastern. the made jobs report showed hiring slowed sharply. 38,000. economy added jobs which is the lowest in five years in the unappointed rate fell to 4.7% because half a million unemployed people stopped looking for work.

the jobs report could have an impact on the federal reserve which is meeting this month to discuss raising interest rates. browner will talk itut that today live overclock 30 eastern. yet they were 30 years and c-span2 started gavel to gavel coverage of the u.s. senate. we talked about why the senate had to adapt to the idea of televised coverage and your is a portion. [video clip] is a 21st century institution conceived in the 18th century. it is trying to make the best use of the technology in the 21st century to remain true to its 18th-century conception. do to difficult thing to forge compromise. everybody has to give a little when you forge compromise and that's not photogenic.

it reveals the greatness of the senate that conceals a but not being able to show these kind of discussions taking place. >> 30 years of senate tv coverage on c-span two, our two-hour special re-airs tomorrow night saturday at 8:00 p.m. eastern here on c-span. feeltizens have got to that their vote matters and their voice matters and whether centcannot spare a single to help the person running for office or write a big check -- their concerns, their struggles will be listened to and followed up on. >> sunday night, wisconsin senator tammy baldwin talks about her career in public service and wisconsin political history. was shepherded

senators were not appointed by the legislature but demanded elections. i don't know if it was the first but the idea that it was not owing to be the party bosses who made the decisions of who the nominees were in smoke-filled back rooms but rather the people who were going to get a chance to vote in free and fair elections. guest: >> sunday night at 8:00 eastern >> on q&a. a national conference looking at new voting reform across the country, automatic voter registration. have laws to automatically register eligible citizens to vote when obtaining drivers licenses. 28 states have considered the new policy this year. speakers at this hour and 45

minute event include the california secretary of state, the 2012 national campaign director for the obama campaign, and an experimental political science expert who studies the voting rates of automatically registered citizens. >> good morning. we will try that again, good morning. >> good morning. >> welcome, i am michael waldman , the president of the brennan center for justice at nyu school of law. we are thrilled to welcome you all here for this wonderful gathering of activists, leaders, scholars, citizens from markser the country that a single moment, breakthrough in the long fight for american democracy and we are so grateful to all of you for being here.

that you arehinks at the nyu commencement, you are at the wrong place. you can look out the window only a few times. excitinge a rich and ce-filledan conference for all of us. a troubled time in our country when so many people feel anger and disaffection, at a time when so many of our fellow citizens are having their basic rights to time whenenged, at a vast numbers of people fear that government and public institutions simply cannot meet the challenges of the moment, we are here to discuss and and advance a breakthrough in how we run our

elections and how american democracy works. ways the coremany american story. it did not start last year or the five years ago, we have had these debates how to make our democracy real for 240 years. 1776ation was founded in in the declaration of independence, committed to the idea that government is legitimate only if it rests on the consent of the governed. from the beginning, americans therstood that the vote, meaningful ability to vote, was at the heart of that consent of the governed. in the federalist papers, james to be theked, who are electors browner government? he said not the rich more than the poor, not the learned more than the ignorant, not the haughty airs of famous names

more than the humble sons of obscurity and on propitious fortune. the electors he said are to be the great audio the people of the united states. that was the ideal from the very beginning. they did not live up to it then and we don't live up to it now. it has been what we have driven toward our best moments. it has been a struggle. we have stumbled and move forward and move backward. when voter registration systems were first put in place all around the country at the beginning of the 20th century, they brought some significant improvements in how elections were run but they were also implemented in a manner that made it harder for poor people, working people, non-english speakers to vote. rightght to expand that but by 2001, in the wake of the fiasco in florida, former presidents jimmy carter in

gerald ford studied this issue. they wrote them that the registration laws enforced throughout the united states are, as they put it, among the world's most amending and are a big reason why voter turnout in the u.s. is near the bottom of the developed world. challenging diagnosis. know, there has been significant progress over the country since then, a real moved to modernize our election systems through things like online registration and a host of other ways that made real progress. the lessons learned from those incremental steps have created this opportunity for a big breakthrough, a bold reform, something that can actually transform the way we run elections, automatic registration. this is a time where we are seeing a break through for this change and it's very exciting.

as so many know, automatic registration represents a paradigm shift in how we register voters and how elections are run. for the first time in a meaningful way, the government takes the responsibility to eligibleat all citizens are on the roles they want to be. for the first time, the right to vote for all americans is guaranteed in that way. every time a citizen who is eligible interact with the dmv or other government agencies, they will be automatically registered to vote unless they choose not to be. errore past the paper and filled records that clog our system today to take full advantage and harness the digital revolution, to transfer the information and make these lists real and for the lifetime of a voter. it is a big deal.

fully implemented nationwide, this would add 50 million people to the roles. and it would less curb the potential for fraud and abuse and error. it solves the problems of left and right. it is a break through and it's happening. all of you have so much to do with it and we are thankful to all of you for being a part of this. future butve of the it's not only the future, it's something happening as we speak. as so many of you know, over the last year and a half, oregon, california, west virginia, and vermont enacted automatic voter registration at the dmv. connecticut, election officials announced that they will be implementing automatic water registration by 2018 at the dmv.

we also know and you will hear in greater detail, that this policy works. first test is in from oregon where voter registration rates were three times higher under this system than under the previous system. hard to think of a policy that is as positive and hopeful and imminent and is as tested as this is. that's why this conference could not come at a better time. this is the first national conference on this topic bring together people from all over the country and all backgrounds in this field. we have folks here from 23 states, election officials, activists, scholars, experts and ,echnology and immigration voter mobilization and citizenship, ordinary people who want to learn more and be part of this broad, national movement.

in the morning, we will focus especially on why this matters and what the benefits are of this kind of change. we will hear later in the morning from the former attorney general of the united states, eric holder. in the afternoon, we will have a working session where we will be learning from each other, learning lessons of how this reform has been an active and what works and what are the it falls to avoid and how can we broaden this burgeoning movement. on behalf of all of us at the -- atcenter, how proud the brennan center, how proud we are to host you but be a part of this effort. the brennan center for those who don't know is a law and policy institute that works to reform and revitalize the system of democracy and justice in america. agoere started two decades

by the families of the late great supreme justice william brennan and are dedicated to his ideals that the constitution needs to be a document that works for every generation through the challenges of its time. we have been proud to be very much a part of this effort for the past decade. it was almost a decade ago when we first issued our report and proposal for automatic registration. a lot of these things are available in the outside area. i want to introduce several of my colleagues who not only worked on this issue but who made this conference possible. they are the names on e-mails of nothing else but i want to thank them and introduce you to them. jan clark,, perez, stand up and waves of the folks

know who you are. [applause] there is a hastag i've been told to tell you. i will not try to explain what you are supposed to do with it but it is #avrforall. there is wi-fi. i declined the opportunity to read to you the very lengthy password but they are waving pieces of paper around so there must be important news. they have the wi-fi password and anybody who wants access to it, it's back there and we will be happy to share it. toare eager to work with you continue as we do providing expertise to work with the incredible coalitions and states across the country who have made this happen, with the officials bring this to life, with this funder and so many who have supported this effort.

on behalf of the brennan center and our board, we say thank you to all of you. we are thrilled to begin our conversation by hearing from one of the leaders in the country on this movement and in this breakthrough. thehonorable alex padilla, secretary of state of california. is one of the rising and bright stars in our country, not just on this issue. is a graduate of m.i.t. in engineering. he left his job writing software to enter public service and it turns out that you'd don't have to actually be a rocket scientist to understand automatic voter registration but it turns out it does not hurt. [laughter] he was elected to the los angeles city council and by age 28, he was the president of the los angeles city council. he served in the state senate

and now was elected statewide as the secretary of state of california. he was the architect of that and wereform, drafted it were thrilled to get the chance to work with him and led the thet and persuaded legislature, the public, and the governor that this was the right thing to to do and is now charged with implementing it. he is the chair of the national association of latino elected officials. of overseersboard of m.i.t. and many other things. we will hear more from him in years to come on we are thrilled to be hearing from him right now. secretary padilla. [applause] >> good morning, everybody. i heard that introduction and i thought, now comes the expectation. thank you for that very kind introduction and for all of you

for your commitment to the issue and your commitment to the work of the brennan center. it's an honor to be with all of you this morning. begin with my presentation, couple of --nowledgments, colleagues my collect from west virginia and you will hear from her later today. it's good to see you. amber mcreynolds who i visited in denver and i will talk about the colorado election reform. that will be part of my remarks. welcomeortantly, please a nice new york welcome in helping give thanks to my wife who lets me do this stuff, angela who is with me today. [applause] i stand before all of you, i still get goosebumps in groups like this present -- because i feel some much of my life is really living the american dream, frankly.

my parents are immigrants a to the united states. they came to california and to los angeles specifically in the late 60's from different parts of mexico. they met in los angeles and fell in love and decided to seek residency and start a family and sunday there may be a disney movie about that. in the meantime, they raise three of us. i have an older sister who is in education and has gone from teacher to principal and administrator and a younger brother who works for the los angeles city council. there is a public service theme that runs through our veins. my folks who are now recently retired after working for nearly 40 years, my father as a short order cook in diners throughout los angeles and my mother used to clean houses for that same amount of time. hard work, humble work but like so many immigrants, they do it in pursuit of a better life and

not so much for them but so that the next generation has a better opportunity and, hopefully, a better life. from our family being immigrants and cooks and house cleaners to now me standing before you as the secretary of state for the most populous state in the nation, what a story. the american dream is alive and well. i'm our family has been blessed in large part because of what , thecountry makes possible opportunity for education, the opportunity for being able to be whatever you want to be all made possible because of the strength of our democracy that should never be taken for granted. it's a tremendous privilege for me to work in this space at this time to not just defend this democracy but to advance this democracy and give those doors

of opportunity open for generations to come. democracy, webout know there is some very popular metrics, some points of measurement that we refer to whether it's voter registration numbers and rates were voter turnout numbers and rates. i look at it more broadly than that. if you look at participation in our democracy as more of a pipeline or flowchart, we can plug into things like immigration and naturalization. and of course, voter registration and voting as actions by citizens in a democracy. on a day in, day out basis, it should also include things like parents being involved in their children's school or citizens testifying at the city's planning or land zoning interests. all these things that keep our daily democracy alive and well.

elections are clearly critical. i take my message of participation to every audience that will have it, not just here. also to high schools throughout california and community colleges throughout california and every national is -- naturalization ceremony that will have me. if you have never observed were witnessed hundreds of thousands of people becoming united states citizens at one time, you should. it will move you like very few .ther experiences will area up with they grows lessons being instilled from one generation to an another about the importance of being a registered voter and the importance of voting in each and every election. there are a number of reasons why not everybody registers and not everybody votes.

them and not well enough understood among them is poverty. we can debate whether it's a choral is -- a correlation or causation but the consistency between communities that don't register a vote as high rates with communities that are on the lower skills of income. to jobchalk it up schedules or commutes are having multiple jobs and why working in this day and age does not align anymore with how we run elections in this day and age. we will get to that in a minute. before we get to the voting part, the voter registration peace, as a process, has been put in place to clean up the voter rolls and ease administration but far too often in our nation's history, it has served as a barrier to participation.

citizen tois on the sign up. the burden is on the citizen to register and to vote. unfortunately, it has created a scenario where too many people are left out of the election process. in 1.5 years, i have traveled the state looking -- talking to as many groups as i can. there is an observation that head like a ton of bricks as i talked to one of the high schools in salinas, california. i usually get introduced by somebody. or a the local mayor school board member will introduce us. farmer often than not, i hear their story of growing up in a household where their parents instilled in them the importance andeing a registered voter of voting and they would talk about who was on the ballot and

what's on the ballot at the dinner table and they went every other november to the polls. they were brought up with this tradition. then i looked into the eyes of the kids in the audience. i see a little bit of a disconnect. i feel the disconnect because i was not brought up with those traditions. i was not wrought up with that experience. not because my parents did not want to instill that in me or teach me that but, as you recall, my parents were immigrants to the united states. they did not vote because they were not eligible to vote. it was not until years later that they became citizens and they never missed an election sense. growing up, we did not talk politics at the dinner table and we did not go with them to the polls in november. so many young people today, not just in california but throughout the nation, have that in common whether their parents are not eligible for the parents

are not as act to. we need to do more than just rely on parents to teach their kids about the importance of registering and voting. my experience is not uncommon. there is a magic number i try to rally the legislature around thomas evan million. million., 7 eligible7 million voters but they cannot because they are not registered. aside from being a big number, it's important think about who they are. it's disproportionately working families like the one i grew up in, disproportionately communities of color, disproportionately young people. if you look at what happens in the communities where we live, the most pressing public policy challenge we face from education and quality of our schools to

income inequality and air quality and health and chronic disease challenges, there is that consistency, that correlation between communities with lower registration rates and lower voting rates and the most acute challenges to our quality of life. i cannot help you conclude that the very communities that are not registered and are not participating are the very communities that need to speak louder in our democracy but don't have that voice because they are not registered. how can we empower them? of can we do a better job including them in our democracy? it begins with voter registration. and voting but you cannot vote unless you are registered. we have a fundamental right to vote. as resident johnson put it, without the right to vote, no other right really matters because it's through voting in the democracy that we advance policy and are nation.

voter registration as we all know currently exists as a burden on the citizen to opt in, to register, to sign up and there in lies the barrier. for most of our history, voter registration has taken the form of noxious filling out a card that has included things like taxes, howsts, poll many jellybeans in this jar. we may not have that today but voter id, purging of the voter rolls, it takes on different forms. when we stop and think about our right to vote, what other right can you think of that we are required to sign up for? freedom of speech? anybody fill out that form? the right to not be discriminated against? can i do that online? our right to gather here today,

this peaceful assembly -- no other right to we have to sign up or so why for the right to vote? especially in the digital age to know who'sa eligible and who is not an register people and administer elections is that much more easy. to paraphrase governor jerry brown, from decades ago, he was speaking to a democratic convention. he said if government can use usse computer things to find and get us to pay our taxes, then surely we can use the computer things to find people and register them to vote. i could not agree more. weeks after ily was sworn in as secretary of state that the hill was cleared by the oregon legislature and landed on the desk of former secretary of state, now governor, kate brown and she

signed the automatic registration bill in oregon into law. that ifhe announcement it's good enough for oregon, it's good enough for california. 2015nt the bulk of my pushing this piece of legislation 1461. credit the brennan center for being a huge partner in drafting and messaging and rallying support around it through the legislature and the governor. it's a big part of our success. i give oregon a lot of credit for being the pioneers on this. time,stimated that over there will be hundreds of thousands of rigorously unregistered voters we will gain the process. in california, we will register millions. this anle alone makes historic shift to our democracy,

the opportunity to give voice to millions of new voters is truly transformational. perhaps more importantly, by doing in california, we can remove any and every excuse for every other state in the nation to do it. california, the most populous state in the nation can do it, the most diverse state in the nation can do it, if we can figure out the technology of how to do it with how many dmv branches and off-line renewals, there is no reason it cannot be done anywhere else. , forimportant to remember those cynics out there who ask why we should do this anyway, it has been federal law for more than 20 years now that every state through the department of motor vehicles facilitates the ability for somebody to registered to vote or up eight the registration. the national voter registration

act most of us referred to as motor voter. we are talking about doing it better. as dmv officials will tell you, ,n estimated 90% of the public 90% of eligible voters interact with dmv at some point. most of us have applied for a renewed a drivers license for state id. this is a technology project that captures the information of people who are otherwise eligible to register to vote and share thise agencies data -- the department of motor vehicles in the secretary of state's office for the purpose of voter registration. that's what we are talking about. it's building on information that is already being shared. most levels of government, federal, state, and local, share data for the improvement of public holocene already whether

it's in health care or public for the collection of taxes. we already do it so why not do it for voter registration? we are capturing the same information over and over again. name, address, date of birth him and the signature on file. we are already doing this, it makes perfect sense to use it for voter registration and like oregon did, set registration on its head. the default will be we are adding you to the voter roll. this is america, you have your freedom of speech and the right not to be a voter but let's take those are don't want to participate in the democracy have them opt out of the system. that's what we have created. the california law will go into full effect next summer, mid-2017. passed by the legislature and signed by the governor last

year, we are in the year of implementation with regulations and training employees and working out some kinks. the oregon law that went into effect in january of this year is averaging 12,000 new registrations per month. 12,000. where as in the past, when it was old motor voter to opt in, they were averaging 4000 registrations. it is a 300% increase. how is that for success? in california, look at the numbers. than 24 million eligible californians and only 17 million are registered and 7 million are eligible but not registered. if we capture 90% of them, even in, some opt out factored maybe 6 million people added to the rolls in california in the coming year. that is awesome.

imagine the impact we will have. [applause] asked to share some insights going through the legislature and the uniqueness about california. first, one of the fights we had to get over was there will be voter fraud. we hear that far too often. how will you make sure you are not registering systematically someone who is not eligible to be a voter? heard that you pass this law and you're giving driver's licenses to undocumented individuals. this is a conspiracy they say. no, california does provide drivers licenses to undocumented but as dmv assures us and written into our bill, that is a process, that

information never gets shared be as of voter registration. even if another state does not provide drivers licenses for undocumented individuals, they do provide drivers licenses for people like my parents over decades were legal, permanent residence. they are over eight teen but not citizens. you just limited to the protocol. it has been in place for the last 20 years under motor voter and if they remain it will be under the new motor voter. us17-year-olds may be a set -- may not be a citizen that have a drivers license. orre are no barriers challenge we cannot work around. heard a concern from some immigrant rights groups on behalf of legal residence and even undocumented that they were hoping comprehensive reform was coming sooner rather than later. there were saying that of someone is not registered inadvertently that they would

not punish dead be punished for crime they did not commit later. i'm pretty sure we will not register them but there was that would the bill put default on the government side, not on the individual side so that it does not create issues later. sure --wanted to make we are working with the department of motor vehicles to on voterlear language eligibility. when we do it on paper now, we have to check those foxes. -- those boxes. it's an actor for caution. through automatic voter registration, we are providing materials in the nine languages

other than english under california's voting rights act. we are atthat because the point of sale at dmv. it's different than oregon. oregon, after people come through the dmv to do their business, they are sent a letter after the fact. it says we captured your information and you will be registered unless you tell us otherwise. since governments camp felt clinical party for you, check a box and return this form within 28 days. in california, we are piggybacking on a previously funded tech knowledge he upgrade at the dmv. we will be able to ask these questions not in a letter at the fact but as that person is applying for or renewing their drivers license for their state id. it's for the first time at the counter at the mv, at the

point-of-sale or during the transaction. for people renewing by mail or renewing online, we are holding -- we are putting in those questions right there. logistics was the problem. to tryas california is, to do that follow-up letter in 10 different languages, we had a communications challenge there. we had to work around it might think it's better and more efficient. it is not lost on us that we are building just the foundation here. even though we will get to maybe 90% of the eligible unregistered voters, we are not shooting for 100 so how can we capture more folks who are eligible? ,nce we lay down the technology i envisioned being able to expand to other states and departments and ancies and maybe even local governments as well. this is for all the people who

come in and provide names and address and date of birth and signature whether you are signing up for community college or coming in for employment development or whether you are returning from a tour of duty and signing up for veterans or millions of people previously uninsured coming in to sign up for help the care -- for health care under our benefit exchanges. that's her we can conduct a voter registration as well. -- it'sic systematic. if they want to be a permanent vote by mail voter, all that stuff will make it more effective and efficient for us to do. i envisioned that over the next several years once we lay the new motor voter technology foundation in place. peoplet not least, some will criticize new motor voter by saying that for people

renewing their drivers license, that means i have to go back -- i don't have to go back five or 10 years. most people, so you move and redo your checking it out, that is the reminder you have to renew at dmv. we have this online registration tool. for online first and registration but to a eight your registration as well. taken together, think we can keep up with the voters and have them keep up with us as well. i want to talk about an attitude i came across from some of the supporters of automatic registration. it always took the form of something like this -- why are you going through this effort? just because you register summoned to vote does not mean they will. if you haven't heard that already, expect that. i disagree.

maybe not 100% of them will turn out to vote but if nothing else, think about this -- if you are eligible to vote in the united states of america but not notstered voter, you do receive the voter information guide for your stay. are eligible to vote in united states of america but not registered, you don't get the sample ballot from your county. think about that. just by the shared virtue systematic registration of millions of voters in california and throughout the nation, automatically gives new voters the voter information pack and they will receive a sample ballot and maybe they will inherit from others, they may hear from the smart candidates on someone who is not eligible to vote. the bottom line is, as the new registered voter, you get to --

you get the invitation to the democracy party that you never got before. you get that invitation to participate and information that there is an election coming up, when, where, and how to vote. this brings me to my next project which i put in the voting rights category. it's how to conduct elections in wreck mission of life in the 21st century. we talked about automatic registration. further and a step automatically put a ballot in the hands of every registered voter each and every election. -- in every election. we have a tremendous opportunity to do this right. energy, resources away from voter registration because of success and automatic registration, we can shift some of the time, energy, and resources on voter outreach and voter education and voter turnout.

just as oregon was a big inspiration for us to pursue automatic registration colorado has been i u against ration on how to conduct elections. their series of reforms implements it and ours is now proposing legislation goes like this -- every registered voter automatically receives a ballot for election day. they are afforded multiple opportunities for how to submit ballots. there are still the good old -- and u.s. postal service. in colorado, every county installed drop ox is in any voter can drop their mail at any drop box. that is convenient. denver goes step further and sets up curbside ballot drop-off stations. you don't have to get out of your car. there's a friendly face taking your ballot from your curbside.

if you're like my mother and still insist on going in personally to castro ellet, they have modernized polling sections two what are known as vote centers. we basically a voters the flexibility and convenience of voting anywhere in the county and not just at one designated location close to where you live. forhave this option then not only the first tuesday after the first monday of november from 7 a.m.-7:00 p.m.. this is not a good eight d a and we're crossing our fingers. -- isw colorado has done third in the nation in turnout. 33rd soia and 29 ranked we have room for employment. we know where to go for the good ideas. outside sanunty

francisco piloted this model last fall. we have our own metrics on whether or not it works. they took the savings and the for astration side special election. san mateo saw the highest turnout in 20 years across all demographic groups. that is success. creating legislation to implement that, let that be the model in the years ahead. as i conclude here, i want to bring it all in the 21st century, yes, we must defend our voting rights and insist it rather sooner than later to restore section four of the voting rights act. [applause] with playingsfied

defense. i like to play offense. offense is how you put points on the board. he can play offense when it comes to voting rights, but registering all eligible voters and we can play offense by extending every registered person about and providing more choices for when, where and how to cast a ballot, and we can play offense by investing savings and in voter outreach and turnout. i believe this is the agenda on how to overcome historical barriers to the ballot box and the precipitation. this is how he instilled the tradition of voting of all people and strengthen our democracy, and this is how we attacksck against the on voting rights that we see in far too many states in our country right now. and while we wait for congress to act, we embrace the opportunity for states to be able to act now. this is our agenda. the department of justice cannot

do it alone. we hear it from the former attorney general eric coulter, whose leadership as attorney general really rebuild the civil rights division of the department of civil justice. he was a tremendous leader for the department. he had a sturdy shields when they came to voting rights. i can only hope that my contribution to democracy is a small fraction of what he has done and is continuing to do, so thank you we are fight for democracy and justice and to i-4 having me here this morning. [applause] -- and thank you for having me here this way. [applause] >> thank you. that was truly inspiring and energizing. i would like to come up to our panelists now for -- commend our

panelists for expanding folder registration in the changing america. thank you everybody. directi am wendy and i the program here at the center, and among other things, we work to improve election administration and protect voting rights, both which are think are advanced by automatic voter registration. states, we face a turnout crisis. our last federal election saw the lowest voter turnout in 72 years. inn with all the enthusiasm the presidential primaries, turnout remains embarrassingly low. according to a recent pew

the first 12 primaries this year, turnout was around 17% for republicans, less than 12% for democrats, and that is considered reasonably high. this is a real problem we need to address. some ways, our country is going even farther in the wrong direction on voting. we are facing the first presidential election in which 17 states have new laws in place that will make it harder for eligible citizens to vote. it is the first presidential election in more than half a century. residentiale first election in which we are feeling the full force of the supreme court decision in citizens united. today, we are here to talk about the major way in which the country is going in the right direction. and the momentum around automatic voter registration is not only a bright spot inspiring , and we are really delighted to

be working with all of you on this important reform, so this panel is going to talk a little bit about what are the benefits. we know from our study of other recent efforts to optimize voter registration that this reform will save millions of dollars. it will make voting far more accurate, up-to-date and error-free and it will increase voter registration rates. will it also increase dissipation rates? will it increase -- will it increase participation rates and those who face the greatest area of dissipation traditionally? -- of participation traditionally? these are the questions that the panel is going to address. only one state has implemented automatic voter registration and that is oregon and we are already seeing positive results. statee heard that the voter registration rates have skyrocketed, going from 4000 a

12,000 to 15,000 registrations a month. recent data put out by the oregon new voter coalition suggest that these registrations are translating into greater turnout. morning, according to their analysis, young people aged 18 to 29, who are registered in oregon, voted in higher rates in the primary than those who were registered using traditional means. if you look at the unaffiliated voters, or those who cannot vote in the presidential primaries, and the only voted in the judicial election, turnout was 10% for those who were registered automatically as compared to 3.3% for those who registered using traditional means. in other words, automatic registration seems to have an impact on participation according to the early returns. have threey to brilliant panelists with the experience and background to

shed light on why and how automatic registration can help voter participation and turnout. they are going to address the questions through three different perspectives. the perspective of voter mobilization campaign, he gave euro science, brain studies and expand mental and political science. i will start to my left and we withgo one at a time jeremy bird, one of the countries leading strategists on voter mobilization with engaging experience in voters. he is the founding partner of 270 strategies and founding member of an organization focused on promoting automatic voter registration. in 2012, he was the national field director for president obama's reelection campaign, where he ran the campaign turnout efforts and was the battlegrounder of texas, which focused on

registering and turning out millions of texans to vote. we cannot be more pleased to have you here. jeremy, drawing on your campaign and experience, i would be grateful if you could talk about how you think automatic registration will impact voter participation. jeremy: thanks for having me. good morning, everyone. i want to start by giving people the sort of get in the mindset and think about the times you have volunteered on the campaign are worked on the campaign. time to get out the vote, and i think back to so many stories of being in states where there was not same-day registration and there was an early vote and there were not some of the reforms at the center and where others had been, and i remember so many times having my list of voters who were trying to turnout and knocking on their door one week before the election.

election, the the day before the election, and the person opening the door and they weren't the person on my list and talking to them about why they were not on the list. so many of those conversations were to folks could the secretary had talked about earlier, disproportionate communities of color, young people and disproportionately low income communities, where people were already excluded from my list. they were not registered and within the window of their ability to participate in the process. you will hear more stats on this, but it is a massive issue. we know, and you will hear it from the two other panelists, are mobilization that works. only go to doors, someone who is registered to vote, less likely to vote, by having a conversation, on the phone, a

male, engaging them in the process, they are visible on the list, we can increase participation rates and we have seen that in studies. whether it is sending out information about voting or from a campaign or community group going and engaging that person. our resources could shift fundamentally with automatic voter registration and i would like to get to 2012 for a second. on the obama campaign, we knocked on the door or called 150 million times to different voters. 150 million times. tater talk to someone who was a persuadable voter or to have a conversation with a voter that we want to turn out to vote and we registered 2.1 million voters. to register 2.1 million voters on the obama campaign took 700,000 volunteer. 700,000. andhose volunteer shifts,

this was only in 10 states, and there is a whole issue about the other 40 states that we can talk about later, but this was only 10 states. if we directed those volunteer resources of this people that did that voter registration, we would have been able to knock on or call 35 million additional voters and engage them in the process and invite them to the democracy party, so simply for campaigns alone to redistribute our resources to people already registered and have those conversations about when, where, and how to vote as opposed to getting them on the list to start with, changes the way we run our campaigns and fundamentally changes the way to bring people into the process. wendy: can you talk about what impact you think these changes might have on engaging lower propensity voters, minority? and lower income voters? we are we know that

talking about disproportionately affecting people of color and young people or citizens who could become voters, so i think the process by which automatic voter registration works generally changes the composition of the electorate. if you go to any state in the texas,, and places like large populations of latino voters, young people, this will have a bigger impact in the communities because it will change was on the registration and on the lists of who we are talking to from campaigns to community groups. i think there is another thing tactically that this changes. if you are out on the campaign when it comes to the time and either you don't have this same-day registration and you get the list, you will notice in those same communities that the density of where people live is high, but the density of the list is not so much because

there are so many houses that you are walking by where people are not registered to vote and they are not within that registration window. with campaigns, we will have much more of an ability to talk to more folks when people are on that list and you will be able to have that conversation. you also see, like in oregon already, people are voting for the first time. if we can get them involved in the process and to vote the second time, you have created habitual voters. the secretary talks about how their kids start to go and it becomes a colts rule change and then we change the narrative, which is important. changeecomes a cultural and then we change the narrative, which is important. wendy: we will never to sam, one of the nation's leading experts on the brain and the haverhill science. he is a professor of neuroscience and molecular biology at princeton university.

he has published over 60 scientific articles and books on the brain and is widely known for his work on statistical methods for analyzing election polls. sam, automatic registration works in significant part by changing the presumption around voter registration. under the current system, knowing his registered domestic affirmatively take steps to register to vote and automatic registration slips that. the citizen who goes to the dmv or other agency that is covered will be registered unless they affirmatively declined voter registration. from the perspective of the haverhill science, what does that research on changing tell us about the possible impact of automatic voter registration on behavior? sam: thank you for the question. i am glad you gave that kind introduction. some question

about like a neuroscientist would be here at all. what i would like to do is give a little bit of information about exactly how one could go about estimating voter registration. as we heard, something like 24% of voting eligible adults in the united states are not registered to vote. that is about 53 million people. we heard about 50 million this morning. the question is, how can we understand how much benefit especially if in that it is innovative and front edge to be doing automatic voter registration? it has only been enacted in four states. to predict what would happen, we have to rely on to other areas or neuroscience and behavioral and cognitive science. there are basic principles and want to give you a way to think of them that is different from what we heard so far. buildive you to ideas and up from those ideas and i will try to do it briefly. on cognitivea is

science and behavioral science and something called the power of the default option. the general idea is that human beings as it turns out do not like to think very hard. [laughter] the terminology -- i will go in some technical terms, and they are mainly a useful if you are curious and you can go to google google scholar to look these up -- the term that is used is .ognitive misers we will choose the default option if it is reasonable and take that if it is reasonable, so that is a powerful point that i think we all know intuitively. the second point is the power of not having to plan ahead, so generally speaking, we think that we can plan ahead, but studies ranging from things like organ donation to save into retirement, it seems that there are some barriers to making future to one the that we cannot necessarily see. we use something called executive function, executive does not mean the person in

charge of the company, it means executing actions, so there is a part of your brain important for executive function in the three frontal cortex. let me talk about these a little bit. first, as i think we are ready know, we intuitively opt out as opposed to opt in. one of the biggest advantages is inertia. if you do not do anything, which is what most people specialize in -- [laughter] then your registered in the opt out system. on the other point, planning ahead. as i said, we are not good at planning ahead for the future one we choose immediate actions and this plays out in every aspect of daily lives. for instance, if you came in and had a pastry instead of fruit, from a health standpoint, he did not plan ahead. you may not have planned ahead 20 years for 30 years when that fruit versus the pastry might make a difference in your life. [laughter] one difficulty with executive function and planning ahead is

that we had to be able to imagine what we will do in the first tuesday in november and that could be as far as two years from now. it is hard to do that, so these require executive function. about give you estimates what removing this barrier would achieve. these are two examples from research literature, if i have time. the first is savings plans. there is a study done by bridget 2001, and it has to do with retirement savings. what they showed was that dissipation rates in an opt in approach led to about six to 5% dissipation after -- participation -- led to about 65% participation in a retirement savings, but when the system was switched to automatic enrollment, the participation rate jumped to 90%. 65% to 98%.ump from voter registration is about 76% nationwide. another example is organ

donation. is opt in, soope you have to seek out the opportunity to do that and other countries, you have to automatically opt out. 14% andountries, it is an opt out countries, the rate of organ donation is 94%. huge jump, so in these examples, we have some complaints from 94% to 90% for an outcome that is socially agreed upon to be good. what that means, i could give you more examples, but the general idea is that getting above 90% is achievable. -- getting above 98 percent is achievable. you could get about 40 million people more registered and i think that is the goal. i would pose that ask a relatively realistic goal. another question that comes up is whether registering will

increase voting. we heard that question brought up by the secretary. a way to actually look at voting statistics and get some indirect information about whether registering will increase voting and this gets to cortexa the prefrontal and executive function. either people that would like to vote but do not because they failed to register in advance? to give an example, before the innovation and west virginia, the law used to be that voters need to register 21 days before the election, said there is a big experiment they're going on because the percentage of the voting of eligible population was 46%, which is well below the national average, so we are about to see a big national experiment, but let me tell you about something already done. the question is, does having to plan in advance to vote a barrier? cantates in the district

lock in and register to vote right way and that removes the barrier of planning in advance, the prefrontal cortex or executive function. all 12 had above average voter of voternd it is 66% eligible adults versus 58.6 percent nationally. if you apply the difference nationwide, that is about 15 million people more who would vote. of the top four turnout states in the united states, three have same-day registration, minnesota, wisconsin and new hampshire and they have 71% to 76% of eligible voters that are able to end up voting in 2012. conversely, in the bottom for states, theyr require advanced registration. the secretary brought up another point. the point is will the people actually vote? the benefit of opt out is to be

greater than what i have said so far because data from sending registration states is not answer the question on whether more people would be willing to vote if they were already registered and began receiving mail. this is called implementation intention, so if you google that mouthful and look that up, you can learn about manipulation. i think we will hear more about that because i know several experts on the stage who know a lot about this. in addition to asking whether you plan to vote, i can ask how you plan to get there? who will take you? who will do go with? when are you going to go? guiding people to the planning increases the chances of them turning up. we can think of this as an cortex,o the prefrontal and the idea being that we would like to plan ahead but we don't have the ability to do it ourselves and we need the equivalent of an exercise buddy who get his to go to the gym. we need a voting buddy.

some approaches can be done by mail or other forms of contact. let me end with the general currently of the people are registered and if they will vote. of people registered currently, about 77% vote in a presidential election. even if the percentage drops with automatic registration, and estimate would be that close to 30 way people nationwide are likely to vote who otherwise would not. i would close with a nonpartisan note -- everything has been nonpartisan, but this isn't something that should appeal to legislators and secretaries of state's in all states. if they are close to 30 million people who would vote, who otherwise would not, in blue and red states, and those are voters cut across all different graphics. if you have a nationwide close election and we remember bush versus gore in 2000, surely you would like some of the 30 way people to vote in your state because you would like to not

lose ground to other states that are more motivated. i think this is something that should in principle appealed to the competitive instincts of all states to get the 30 million people to the polls that otherwise would not. i will stop there. wendy: thank you very much. [applause] before i turn to our last panelist, i want to note two things. first, our hashtag is trending on twitter. good job. keep it up. send apologies, we have a fourth panelist, professor gabriel sanchez of new mexico who was supposed to join us today, but he sends his apologies and was not able to be here. i think we have a wonderful panel. i will now turn to our final panelist. professor david person, -- on, professor at temple university, leader in experimental science and one of the leading political science

leaders in the country. he has worked with countless grassroots groups and political campaigns, including any of you fourdo at least presidential election cycles and more congressional races, he has led dozens of the old experiments and published dozens of papers on mobilization turnout over the last decade. david, what does the political science research tell us about the impact that automatic voter registration might have on voter participation and turnout? registration is really hard to study because you have to opt in. once you have this selection effect, you get the person interested in voting, so it elections are your jam, you are probably already registered. we are trying to get people not necessarily registered. a lot of that goes around in registration cards, but a lot of those people have to come up to

them at the bus stop, grocery store and say, yes, i will vote, so simply carnitine cards does not measure the -- it's simply counting cards does not measure the effect. we need to know what would happen if that group was not there trying to register people. rather than rely on [indiscernible] what i tried to do is conduct randomized field trials. we say, what happened is that do-gooder with the notepad or clipboard was not standing there? in one set of experiments, which range from tampa, detroit in 2004, three cities in 2006, local elections in 2007, we hit the streets and we randomly assigned them to get them knocking on each door. wo streets they did not go down and the reason i say to streets is no list of unregistered voters. it is not like you can go to the

secretary of state and say, tell me a blonde who is not registered to vote and mobilize them. you can buy the consumer list and there are a lot of experiments to talk about, but streets are easy to track. they do not move, you can see ed. many votes were cast people in the natural habitat are hard to get. they move, closed the door, they had free will. in this case, we will take the streets and send people down to mobilize them. what we found one we looked at registration rates is that two passes down, we could increase the registration rate over the control streets by about 10 cards per street, which is about 5%. pretty simple intervention. it was likee, but 50,000 hours of work. [laughter] simple in the abstract concept.

is a minort intervention. people still had to open up the door to assign the card, so there is a lot of free will. who you get people might not see the difference in actual turnout rates, so we'd then look to see who cast a vote five months later and we saw an increase in turnout by about 2.5 points. 2.5 votes, which means we are increasing voter turnout. if you register the people to vote, they will go and turnout who otherwise have stayed at home. this is an intervention where we did not follow up. we have a strict firewall. we organized the drive and then went away with all the information. i don't even know if the streets are. that means that these people who

are getting engaged, either because people like jeremy bird organized lots of volunteers to knock on the doors and say, your registered to vote, vote for our side and give them an invitation, or people who are early deciders. a lot of people don't like football but they end up watching the super bowl. a lot of people to not like voting. it is hard for you folks to understand because you are intimately involved in the voting process. a lot of people don't like elections too much, but there is a lot of media coverage, excitement, this term guy has interesting ideas, right? [laughter] but if this is after the deadline, they cannot participate. thatxperiment showed people who had an interest in the election slate could be involved because they are are already registered to vote. there are lots of other experiments to talk about like in classrooms or other captive

audiences, but once you make the invitation, about one third of those people or a quarter vote who would have stayed home. when d: thank you, david. one third of people overall who otherwise would not have been registered and get registered actually turned out to vote, did you see differences for lower income or minority voters or did you see a similar effect that we affect? david: in three of the experiments in 2006, we tried to get a handful of streets which ranged from high-income to low income. agh-income streets, we sought little bit smaller jump in registration rates because a lot of people are already registered. once you register them, they voted at about the same rates as people around them. in story is different neighborhoods that were about income. we are talking 15 percent of

average income in the city. they had a much larger contract and registration and the overall turnout was lower in the low income neighborhoods, but the number of votes generated ended up twice as high as bank of streets, so if anything, there is more value to be gained by doing this in low income communities than high income communities. wendy: also talked about some of the downstream effects and dissipation. a new person enters the political process and other effects it might have on participation. can you tell us about those? david: yeah, so when people like jeremy -- when we do voter mobilization experiments, we take people on the list and now we randomly assigned them to the control group only try to get you to vote and we knock on your door, make a phone call and we can see the election turnout and that helps campaigns know what

they yield is when they knock on doors. one interesting fact is that we can look to see what happens here turnout down the road, so we saw that you knocked on the door, and we sought increased by six percentage points. what happens by the next election we did not talk to you? we see about one quarter in that jump -- when we did not talk to you? we see about one quarter in that jump, so once you get people engaged in the process, they are from ireland where to vote and the process is familiar and they will most likely do it down the line. wendy: is there any effect on the people around them as well, household members? david: yes, so this is a fun experiment for me because i am a geek, but we randomly have people knock on the door with the recycling message, and the reason why we did that was given that you answer the door and you

have a recycling message that has no effect on voter turnout or recycling -- that was hard, a little disappointing. [laughter] they did have a six point boost internet, bought and happened to the other person who did not receive the door? experiments, the published one, shows 60% was passed on. subsequent experiments showed that about 30% was contagious, so that person you are getting involved is likely the first person to pass it around, so this is more anecdotal than experimental. challenges one we work at registering neighborhoods and high rates of immigration is that not many of their neighbors are engaged in the political process. they might not be citizens and so we talk to people about the

election and information about there is not a culture of we are engaged because there are not many voters and sometimes it is not their identity, so if we were to increase registration in neighborhoods, which are traditionally not engaged, my guess is you will see the culture politics arise where otherwise it is not deeply rooted in neighborhoods where almost everyone is registered to vote. when d: thank you. we will open up the panel to questions. there is somebody walking around with a microphone. i will start with a fresh question for any of the panelists that want to answer. one of the effects of automatic photo registration is to create a more complete list, including one of people that were previously unregistered voters that does not exist today. and that will enable us to learn a lot more about those voters or

nonvoters and their behavior, so how does that ability to study those voters or to actually have a list of them and contact them affect how campaigns are run, studies conducted? how might that affect participation over time? jeremy terrywith jeremy: it is all about the list when you run the campaign -- i will start with jeremy. jeremy: it is all about the list when you run the campaign, how the list will look like, etc.. there is not a list of unregistered voters and we tried everything we could in the obama campaign's and before that to figure out how to take the consumer file of information and look at it was on the list but not on the registration list to see if you can figure it out. it does not work very well and it does not get to the voters you are trying to get to, so we start with a list that is universal, it fundamentally

changes the goals you set as a campaign, the people you put on your list for every kind of targeting, digital ads, male, yours, the way you conduct tv ad buys, which is done a lot smarter now based on specific people. it would fundamentally change the way that any campaign and increase participation because you start from the list and you build out your budget from those targets that you try to reach. wendy: david? would give us a more complete picture of what the electorate looks like and how they respond to things. a lot oncience is done white males and we found they are less effective with people of other ethnicities or women. the same with voters. if you are on the voter registration lists, we now you respond to impulses, how you behave, the poll of nonvoters

are invisible, so we are not able to study on how to engage them in the process. learn: maybe we could more get better in engaging them. for folks who have questions, raise your hands and the microphone will come to you. we have someone over here. >> i have a comment. we need online registration and voting. ,his way we can eliminate paper which kills the trees. wendy: thank you. is there someone with a question? i see someone in the middle and the front.

please, introduce yourself. tanya from new york and i think you convinced us automatic registration is a good idea. i wonder if the panel would address the problems of lamenting this in places like new york, texas, florida and pennsylvania? wendy: thank you. i will take that. this conference is here to address and help achieve, we actually see a lot of bills being pushed across the country, in fact, in 28 states this you, there were legislative efforts. some of them are getting really far and there is promise in the coming year. new york state does have a number of bills pending and an

active coalition pushing that right now. that is why we are here today over the coming hours and in the afternoon, here to try and make that happen. 10 i add to that -- jeremy: can i add to that? the research we see out of oregon is important to show the success and there is a legislative strategy and a lot of groups working on this in states or you have legislators and statehouse and state senate that you can pass it through. using folks like the brennan saying,nd oregon and here is legislation that works and let's implement it. secondly, there are states that will not do that. amendmentf them have processes, where you can take it to the voters.

you will see people doing that in nevada, ohio, where people say, we have to take it to people who are nonpartisan and to say, this is a good idea and let's get it enacted through whether a constitutional amendment or other things at the state level. and education and research to show that it works and to put public pressure out there in states all across the country and to make this happen. it is sort of organizing the processes and general education. we could expect a snowball effect as they start passing it across the country and being implemented successfully. that is in part to the story of california mimicking oregon and some other earlier reforms to modernize the voter registration process, like making it electronic, adopting online registration that started with a few states and their successes have now created this massive

reform nationwide and in most states now, so i think the success will also agreed additional success. david: if i could broaden the question a little bit to talk about the cognitive aspects. texas has the fourth lowest rate of voting, fewer than 50% of the people eligible in texas voted in 2012 terry in the bottom four states, the rule is that people have to be registered between 21 and 30 days in advance. it takes that long to register, and of the top four states in turnout, three of them allow same-day registration and one allows 10 days advanced registration. i know that we have been very high-minded and talking about how great it is for democracy to be able to vote, but from a

cognitive standpoint, it might be good to appeal to people's fear and competition. if competitive states are getting out to vote and when it comes to a popular national boat, maybe you want some of your guys voting, so broadly speaking, do not underestimate the power of fear. [laughter] wendy: a lot of questions. ok. this excitingor presentation. i was curious to know from the cognitive point of view and the latest political science analysis, how do we deal with alienation? whereou get to the point people are automatically registered, and i know many of us in here, myself, have had decades of experience doing grassroots political organizing. how do you get beyond the fact that why vote to start with?

what do we know about current research that handles that particular problem of getting voters motivated to vote to start with? point out thato some of the problems you are talking about or the problem you are talking about is not limited to voting in democracy. there is a decreasing distrust across all domains, not only the legislators who represent us but also medical professionals, every domain. is the the exception military, but generally speaking, leaders of society are increasingly distrusted, so the advantage of an opt out is it automatically engages people. it is hard to say how that will engage people in terms of alienation, but it seems like it would be better from a policy point of view to get people at least to a place with a good seat and they could take one rather thanvoting

multiple steps, so the difficulty here is not to decrease alienation across the board, but it is a large problem and to take out one barrier between that person who might be alienated and get them to go vote. add?n i if our voters are more diverse, our elected officials will be as well. on election day, the distinction between income in terms of who turns out and that, you want to solve economic inequality, let's solve bite economic inequalities that happen with voters on election day. our elected officials would be younger, more diverse and more representative of the population if more people are participating. it is chicken and egg in some ways, but changing who is elected as part of who is voting. wendy: thank you.

there are some questions over here and one in the front as well. susan: hi, susan from new york. i am interested in the interaction between habit-forming and novelty when we are talking about automatic voter registration. havean exciting idea to the opt out and out of the burden on individuals. to what extent can we expect that there be a bump up when there is a new idea and how do we move people to the coming voters? what kind of maintenance doing need from a cognitive point of view so it is not just this thing is coming in the mail every four years and i'm automatically registered but actually helps them become habitual voters? you for thethank

question. the way of put it is this, we think about our conscious acts as being this abstract event of well, i have a choice and i will make that choice, but as you rightly point out, any action we not an isolated single decision but as you said, it is the formation of the habit. habitually vote and don't even think about it. it is election day, i better go vote. i can go between 5:30 and 7:30 because that is after daycare closes, but i make those plans because it is a habit for me. we do not have to go through mental effort to brush our teeth or depict things that do not [indiscernible] many people don't have that problem. [laughter] generally speaking, think about the way the brain makes decisions. it is not one decision center but many. just to totally draw on a different domain, better eating

habits or better exercise habits to not arrive from a conscious decision to apply willpower, but the way they work is that you form a habit by doing something day after day after day, and after a while, you don't about that. that suggests the possibility that the benefit might not come in one election. it might take several elections. when you think of the frequency of election cycles of primaries, it is possible that it would ofe a full election cycle four years to really see the full effects, so i would say that one could expect an immediate bump up followed by a gradual ramping up as people get the habits and it is important whenink about that establishing metrics to decide when interventions have succeeded. i think the key is that your brain does not have one decision-making center but a bunch. if you take out this barrier, it becomes easier to build up the habit. that point, you are

right about the novelty effect and the first time you make an intervention, we see it far more effective down the road. it is not like you magically get them involved and engaged and the fourth time, it is not quite as effective, so when you see the results out of an intervention, it is often big to start and trails off. in oregon, we moved to vote by mail and we thought, this is amazing because people were interested and they had not received a valid i mailed before. afterwards, it came down to a slightly lower level than that. you are right, you cannot judge it aced on the first one. you have to look longer-term and look at the equilibrium and what it will be. >> good morning. adams and ion work at the baptist church in brooklyn. my question is part of the comment but the rest is a

question. one of the things you said, it is nice that streets do not move, i concern is the concept peoplestricting, where involuntarily move by the will to putical factions toward managed in voting situations or how it might be affected. can you give me perhaps an idea of what we are doing right now, and i say we because we are all involved, but i would like to know what your ideas are maybe your suggestions as far as battling that aspect. if i: your concern is that am a different representative, i would be disconnected and not feel as close to the electoral process because it has changed? don: i have seen it happen in

brooklyn. david: that is a little out of my range. i am not an expert. wendy: you touched on an important issue, and a lot of the gerrymandering problems are things that do alienate people and have a negative impact on participation, automatic voter has aration, and while it significant effect, it does not address that problem. there is a lot of momentum around reforming, redistricting around the country and addressing concerns of partisan gerrymandering and community representation for all communities, communities of color, some movements as well, so that is another important issue to engage on as well. go ahead. thank you. maryland state delegate. you touched upon something that i have been fascinated about,

the citizen who does not register. the citizen who is not motivated and does not take that step. is ourr how much of it own emphasis as we run elections on the super voter and all of our attention to reaching out. i love the idea of going up and down the streets. my question is, do we know anymore about what is behind that person who is not registered to vote or when they are registered to vote and does not go there? are we studying that level of motivation? work onhere is some that and that goes to the question on alienation, where some people do not register and participate in part because they are younger. david: they have not had the

process to where you have been established in the neighborhood and chances are, there are other people who will draw you into the system and that is a lifecycle process. we know that as we get older, you accumulate many habits and behaviors of people who vote. peoples another set of for who voting does not speak to them, it is not part of their identity and they are not engaged. the reasons for that vary wildly, which means one of the fun things about voters, no matter what year you have about that person exists. it is the question of what proportion of the electorate they are. anecdoteis is more than i did not experiment and i can tell you exactly how people done, but when i have doorknocking in poor neighborhoods, one of the questions you often get is, why should i care? , youtter who gets elected

know, the status of my neighborhood doesn't really change. the groups that i have worked with and seemed best engaged can point a small victories and say, because we made outreach to the community, this [indiscernible] or the playground got cleaned up or as a group, we petitioned the police department and we changed out the police are community. those types of things can show positive progress. people are stubborn and they don't want to vote. you cannot force them to. if you have mandatory voting and you get fined if you don't vote, so trying to point to things that you personally care about and things they have found progress on through the collective profit. if you are expecting barack obama to fix your neighborhood problem, like something about

the u.s. bureaucracy you don't understand, but there are lower levels of government were you can make a difference as a collective easily and that is where i would start on that. it is incredibly complex about the people we are talking about. there is not a homogeneous reason, but it is related to other questions that have been asked. some people do not feel like it matters. part of the reason is because of redistricting and uncompetitive elections, where they do not think it matters because they have been redistricted into certain districts that are not competitive. they also do not feel like we're getting the spoken to by the campaign and they are not invited to the process. part of the reason they are not invited is they are not on the list. there are other barriers created by the law, but also the

narrative. if everyone of you have gotten an e-mail or picked up every paper you read in the morning and the headline was, the brennan center conference today will have low participation and will not be well attended, no people of color will be there, basically, you would not show up, right? if you had to register an x number of days ago, there are all those that, but the narrative we created is no one will be at this party, so why would i go to the party? ist is a huge barrier that cultural and bigger than just the laws we have to fix that problem. sam: i want to interject with something loveless. we went to talk about in the nation and -- talk about alienation, but even though photo registration has a family technical sound, to be frank, about what people are trying to accomplish, it could intentionally have a much larger effect than getting people and

grabbing them, so we heard this is athe professor, that the percentage points, but if you look at the people who up to register 20 days to 30 days in advance, 40% of vote great if you look at the one to register the same day, 72%. one could suppose the hypothesis that people in wisconsin, minnesota and new hampshire are less alienated than hawaii, virginia and texas, but that is a 24 percentage point difference. that it could potentially be an effect that is 10 times as large and that is an interesting effect of going door-to-door in talking to people. just going from opt in to opt out, you could get a 10 fold increase, and it feels like a good ring to do. -- good thing to do. [laughter] wendy: we have time for one or two more questions before turning it over. oregon, howrnia and

are they reaching people who do not have driver's licenses? wendy: great question. registration at the dmv does reach only those forle with drivers licenses that method of registration. there still are registration avenues available outside of the dmv, but as you heard p say, thispadilla does not have to be limited to the dmv and many states are considering rotter sweeps to include the public service agencies, disability agencies, a full wide range of government agencies and there is no reason they cannot be included in the process. we have seen technology adopted

to make it more streamlined at government agencies and many have started expanding, first from the driver's license, into other government agencies. ultimately, a system of universal registration and automatic registration should cloth of agencies that we interact with. one more. >> good morning. maybe it is afternoon. i am scarred the and with the naacp in new york state. scotty and i with the naacp in new york state. i have to commend you on this conference, but there is so much fear that a split into our community when it comes to voting. i just do not know how we are going to make the changes, and i

know what you are doing is wonderful. you are our partners, but we need help. we have been so disenfranchised through the redistricting as the gentleman from brooklyn said. we just cannot trust anyone, so i might suggest that we take this show on the road because we are all insiders. what about the people who we want to bring to the polls? they are the ones who need to hear what you are saying, so i believe that we should train the trainers so that we can bring brennan center message everywhere. i live in the county. it is the most segregated national county, and we are feeling it so much at the polls,

so we need help, not just in brooklyn. the voting was terrible april 19. so i do noturt, know how we change the mindset to get people to the polls except to take this show on the road. thank you. wendy: thank you so much. i think that is a wonderful note to and the panel on. everyone here today can help take this show on the road. i went to thank our terrific panelists for this really lively and informative presentation. we are going to have a short break before the honorable eric , and please,ses us do not leave and thank you so much. [applause]

>> > thank you so much. >> thank you. take you like to the council on foreign relations and washington where federal reserve board member lael brainard will be talking about monetary policy and the economy. the economy barely expanded in the first three months of the year. the government says hiring last month fell to its lowest level in more than five years. employers hiding -- adding 30,000 jobs. is 4.7%.loyment rate

>> i know you have been told to turn off your cell phones and so forth. a few factsyou about governor lael brainard who became a member of the board of governors of the annual reserve system in june. in january ofend 2026. as a secretary to counsel of the treasury. she was a u.s. representative to g7 financialf the deputies and was a member of the mental stability board. she was awarded the alexander hamilton award for her splendid

service. she also served as deputy national economic adviser in deputy assistant to president clinton and was his personal representative adult the g7 and the g-8. in prior to her government service, she served as like resident and founding director of the global economic and development program in brookings institution where she built a research program to address global economic challenges. she came90's, before to washington, she was assistant and associate professor of applied economics at the massachusetts institute of technology, and she published a number of articles and edited a number of books that were extremely well received. she earned her bachelor's from wesley university and her masters and doctorate from

harvard university in economics, and she was a white house fellow. so, it gives me great pleasure to give this very special guest of ours the podium. so, lael brainard, please. [applause] lael: i want to thank the ambassador for that kind introduction. it is a real pleasure to be here at the council on foreign relations. in recent months, financial conditions have eased and are encouraging signs that domestic consumption has regained momentum, but today's tentative signs of labor market slowing remind us that we cannot take the resilience of our recovery for granted. in today's circumstances, risk management implies we should wait for additional data to provide confidence that domestic

activity has rebounded, and internationalat of this will not derail progress toward our goals. as we consider the appropriate posture of policy, the question is does the data provide confidence that economic activity have -- have strengthened notably -- has strengthened notably? the labor market has slowed. nonfarm payroll employment increased of 115,000 over the last three months, well below the 220,000 per month average pace over the preceding 12 months. although the unemployment rate moved lower to 4.7%, and voluntary our time employment increased and labor force participation declined. the recent news on inflation, the second leg of our mandate has been mixed.

the price of oil has rebounded significantly from the lows reached earlier in the year on expectations that supply and demand are likely to be in closer alignment. the dollar has receded a bit from its peak in january. it is still about 50% above the level. -- 15% above the level. imports seem to stabilize. after a year and a half of declines, these developments coincided with the easing of financial conditions since mid february. the condition supporting further progress on inflation are likely to at least come and part, to expectations a more gradual u.s. monetary policy, and could diminish at those expectations are prematurely shifted. while there are signs that inflation will move higher over the medium-term, core inflation have yet to exceed the low

levels that have prevailed over much of the recovery. the 12 month change in core pce prices were 1.6% in april, equal to the average of the end of 2009 to 2014, which is noticeably below our target of percent. we cannot rule out -- target of 2%. this may have an effect on inflation expectations. market-based measures of inflation compensation remain extremely low with a five year around 1.5%, which is one and a quarter percentage point below. in addition, some survey-based remain belowo historical norms. although some developments point to a possible for me inflation, persistently low inflation with deterioration and expectations suggest that the risks are

weighted to the downside. further progress towards our goal, which is full employment and 2% inflation, will depend importantly on a rebound and growth. following disappointing gdp growth that averaged only 1.1% over the past two quarters, i have been focused on incoming data, as ashley on conception, which fixed to a -- which points to a pickup on growth. consumer expenditures rose strongly. auto sales edged higher in may. for gaugingevant second quarter focus to relatively sparse. in general, demand growth in recent quarters have been added from relatively strong household poised by strong employment. they had been pulled tom by week we business -- they had been pulled down by weak investments.

it accounts for the increase in gdp. subtractedd exports on net percentage point. the rise in the dollar and the line in foreign growth reduced demand for american exports, as well as profits and invest in and u.s. firms along with the declines the price of oil. , and look at the 12 months in april, manual output increased only 0.4% while total investor production fell 1.1%. that includes drilling and extraction of oil and gas. of course, if the easy and midncial conditions since february and affirming of oil prices and the stabilization of the dollar were to continue, business investment and exporters would benefit. to there risks projection that future gdp growth will be strong enough to deliver further progress on

inflation and employment. there is material uncertainty surrounding the night kingdom, june 23, brick that referendum -- brexit referendum. it could unsettle financial markets and critic or a bowl of uncertainty was the relationship between the u.k. and the eu is renegotiated. although it is there a difficult to forecast the economic effect, we can't rule out a significant adverse reaction in the near term, such as a job and risk premiums. because international financial markets are tightly linked an adverse reaction in european financial markets could affect u.s. financial markets, and through them, economic activity here, we also cannot dismiss the possible reemergence of risk surrounding china, and emerging markets more broadly. recent months, capital outflows in china have moderated. as the dollar has stabilized in

pressures on china's exchange rate has eased. through pressures reemerge, we cannot will allow and recurrence of financial stress, which could affect not only china, but again, other emerging markets that are linked to china via supply chains or commodity is boards, and ultimately conditions here. china is making a challenging transition from export to two domestic led growth and the cost to a moreating dynamic sector could impair growth in the near term. while china has taken steps to limit the extent of the slowdown, there is tension and policy between reform and stimulus and the effects of the stimulus may already be waning. vulnerabilities such as an as capacity, debt, and risks in shadow banking sectors appear to be building and could pose continued risks over the medium-term. fragility of the

global economic environment is on leopard to resolve any time soon. growth in advance economies remains dependent on extraordinary, unconventional policy accommodations, while conventional policy continues to be constrained by the zero lower bound. are testedl policies and better understood than a conventional policy and it can respond readily to any upside, but presently, it has become constrained to downside surprises. this asymmetry and the ability of policy effectively skews risks to the outlook of the downside and make amplify the sensitivity of the exchange rate. the evidence suggests that over the past year, dollar exchange rate movement has been more sensitive in response to previously.icy than that is consistent with recent research that suggests cross order financial transmission is

likely to be amplified at near zero interest rate, with the ability to provide additional support to domestic channels is limited. environment, markets have been quite sensitive to the possibility of a prolonged period of low growth, low inflation, and economic underperformance, as we can see in the current negative turn premium for the 10 year treasury note, or the difference between the yield on the 10 year treasury and expected risk rates over the next 10 years. that is a big change from the period prior to the great recession. conditionsook across , with all of the easing conditions in financial condition since mid february, it is important to recognize that some of the conditions underlying recent bouts of turmoil largely remain in place. an important recent is the expectation of more gradual u.s.

monetary policy. should an event triggered renewed fears about global growth or a reassessment of the policy reaction function in the u.s., financial stress could return. recognizing the data we have on hand for the second quarter is quite mixed and still limited, and there is important your uncertainty, it would appear to be an advantage to waiting until developments provide greater confidence. prudent risk management would suggest the risks from waiting until the totality of the data in ades greater confidence rebound and domestic activity and there is greater certainty regarding the brexit vote, seem lower than the risks for heading over the developments. in light of that amplified when conditions are appropriate for a policy move,

it will be important that any subsequent moves will be conditions and further evidence confirming continue progress and objectives. the appropriate cap to return monetary policy to a neutral stance could turn out to be quite shallow and gradual in the medium-term because it appears likely that the medium-term, neutral rate, or the real federal funds rate consistent with the economy remaining a full employment and 2% inflation , will be quite low. recovery seems like the low level of the natural rate was largely due to cyclical factors such as tight credit, weak consumer confidence, and the loss of wealth from the crisis. the recovery is now well into its seventh year. credit, most markets is lightly available while consumer confidence are at high levels. as a result, it now appears more

likely that much of the decline in the neutral rate is likely to improve consistent but if a writing estimates -- consistent with a variety of estimates. this inflationary pressures abroad and less favorable to him or graphics, the medium-term neutral rate may be lower than previously anticipated. today's federal funds rate is closer to neutral. neutral than previously expected. one likely explanation for the persistence of the low neutral rate is the sharp drop-off in potential role since the great recession. if you look at the period from 1953 to 2003, growth buried a brief2% and 4.5% with exception. one contributor to this decline is been a reduction in the labor force participation rate due to aging. another has been a market slowdown in productivity growth.

over the six years from the end of 2009 to 2015, productivity grew only one half percent per year compared to average growth prior to the great recession. the reasons for this traumatic are still not clear. -- ramatic in this environment, prudent risk management suggest there is a it to winning two additional data to provide confidence that domestic activity has rebounded and international events will not derail progress. because of the depressed event of the neutral rate of interest -- the appropriate path of policy will likely to remain quite shallow for several years. thank you. [applause]

>> that was a wonderful presentation. questions a lot of that i want to ask you and i am going to start by taking a few minutes to talk about some of the issues and then turn it over to all of you to come up with questions. , talk atart with saying little bit about how you factor rates into policy

recommendations. lael: the international environment has been extremely failing over the last really now two years in particular. the united states economy is tightly linked to the rest of the world. obviously through trade, but also through financial linkages. some of that transmission takes place through changes in the exchange rate. what we have seen since the middle of 2014 is a better significant increase in the u.s. dollar exchange rate. expectationsecting the conditions would want a bigger convergence in the policy between the united states and some of our one partners, but of worse, that change in the exchange rate, that tightening and financial conditions then act are -- then affects our

exporters, import prices, which affects core inflation here, so in turn, it has a crisscrossing effect on u.s. economic activity which front runs u.s. monetary policy. that -- and ang economist, dr. bill klein, calculates that a 10% appreciation of the dollar worsened the u.s. account position by 1.7%. and the trade weighted average of the dollar has appreciated 25% in the last three years alone. how do you see the current account deficit as a factor in the fed's thinking? lael: we definitely do cnet exports have a drag on the 2014 whennce june of we started to see that

expectation of policy differs in showing up. diversion showing up. a way that is particularly evident in manufacturing. but you see that it met exports -- net exports. of course, that is part of the very, that we have to be very careful in protecting and preserving the progress we are making here at home. states, while consumption makes a barry meyer whilen of the overall -- consumption makes a very portion of the overall growth, it is not enough in a world where global demands are quite weak. remark,entioned in your

i would paraphrase them by saying, take it step-by-step. some economists are arguing quite vehemently that we should raise interest rates last we create a bubble and a problem of tomorrow. information about how they would respond to those economist. across think if you look the set of economic conditions that we take into account as we assess what the appropriate stance of monetary policy is, we had to vary specific goals of full employment and percent inflation. 2%le we have made -- and inflation. today'sve seen from data, even on the labor market, we have seen slowing in recent months.

on the inflation leg of our mandate, we are still and have been persistently short of our 2% target. under those circumstances, given the verio -- the very weak aggregate demand globally, the appropriate path of policy has been to continue to be vary supportive of demand growth here in the u.s. forward, again, this is my take on it -- current circumstances which dictate a risk management approach. in there important risks international environment, most immediately brexit, but also risk with china. a fairlyalso incomplete and mixed picture to give us a sense of how strong the second quarter is.

in that context, prudence suggests the risks of waiting are lower than the risks of moving ahead preemptively. andou mentioned brexit china, and europe. give me some good news that makes you think -- [laughter] that the future could be brighter. [laughter] lael: american consumers are still relatively confidence. their incomes have been improving. the consumer confidence indicators are still relatively positive. so, that is a very important bright spot the want to carefully support and protect. importanthave seen an on easing and financial conditions that are more

supportive, likely to be more supportive, of our manufactures and exporters and a business investment. certainly conditions -- you mention the jobs report today, 38,000 jobs were a disappointment. u.s. thank you ported their first order -- their first quarter and they are down. is that something that causes you concerned? lael: in taking into account this sort of strength of likely business investment and -- in the business sector, corporate earnings are vary important. obviously, there has been relativelyat -- elevated level of exchange rate elevated relative to where they were in 2014, on top of very sharp decline in energy prices that we have seen

together, have depressed corporate earnings. that is a very important for business investment going forward. business investment is important, not just for growth, but for productivity. arenumbers there disappointingly to relocate -- are disproportionately bury low. .> there are vacancies is that a concern? lael: it would be great if we were at full strength of seven -- of 7%, rather than 5%. that would be vary welcome. >> explain a little bit about, you have 12 regional federal reserve boards. talk about a bit about their -- your how they fit in responsibilities dealing with inflation and employment looking at those. lael: the way the federal

reserve system is set up, federal open market committee, which is a committee that meets sporadically to adjust and assess monetary policy, includes 12 regional presidents and should include seven board members here in washington. the 12 board presidents are supposed to, and do bring their own independent assessments of economic conditions, probably when the federal reserve was created, and you know, people had to travel across the country from the 12 district slowly than they do today. ofwas not widely available national conditions. they were probably focused on their own districts, which was important for assessing the economy. today, they bring really important information from their

district, but they also -- we all look at the same data. deliberations, i think is a bury rich set of deliberations among the board members, who each have their own assessment as well. areell, you can see that we very fortunate to have the governor where she is today, and we are fortunate to have her on the podium. let me turn it over to you. to ask questions, and i would , ando state your name state your question. thank you for being here. it i am in the financial services. if it is on the radar of the issue of de-risking. we have in looking at cross-border flows.

consequences when outflows are being cut off when the cost of capital is race. we have been collecting stories from central banks. some are considering filling in their role for the correspondence relations for the central banks. are seeing banks figuring out what the willingness is to pay. the thoughts on what the role before the fed, or any other high-level thoughts on this issue? lael: the question of how banks to continue to maintain their international correspondent banking relationship while also fulfilling their obligations under bfa and doing so bury fullyis -- doing so very is an for an issue. we want to see those international relationships

being able to provide the necessary financial services to allow people to send remittances back home, or do transactions. it is an area we have had conversations with some of the banks that we supervise, but in close communication with. the treasury department said some of the rules. -- the treasury department sets some of the rules. we hope the environment will be, more -- will become a more supportive environment going for it. banks can do what they need to do for bfa and maintain those relationships. there are also developments in the technology space that hold some promise of making those linkages, perhaps cheaper, real-time, and safe. >> upfront here. high.

it has been reported that the largest technology companies are getting over on $500 billion on cash on balance sheets. what does that look like from your perspective and what do you think it would take us on bad become unstuck in increased productivity? lael: the questions is how much -- the question is how much, different types of firms and incentives to put their cash and capital to work. it is extremely important for the strength of this miss investment. for growth. that is on the short term part of the ledger. medium to long-term for the productive potential of the u.s. economy. area we havely an a lot of interest in. ,n terms of the tools we have

we have in bury supportive, i think, in terms of the stance of monetary policy. it has been supportive of activity in the business sector and in the household sector. there are other policy considerations that may be relevant, or well outside of our or influence. the issue of business investment is an important one and trying to create the best possible environment for that investment to take place is really where we come into that equation. >> yes. >third table back. >> i am bill courtney. japan appear to be over relied on monetary policy and underlying on structural economic reform. is that frisky? -- is that risky? japan geturozone and

of the political will for more political reform? obviously, we have a common interest, the meditates, andn, emerging markets seeking a broad set of policies in each economic area to support global aggregate demand more broadly. in each economy, that would intel a different mix -- that would entail a different mix. those every specific to the circumstances of the different economies. i do think that in today's circumstances where aggregate world,overall, in the seems to be quite weak and efficient, there is a case for greater fiscal support in some economies. so places like europe.

to complement monetary policy and also there are plenty of potential for infrastructure investment and productive investment, that not only would boost short-term demand, but also would boost the long-term supply and potential -- long-term supply potential. the mix is an important issue and will be specific to each economy. is to see thatt everybody is pulling in the same direction to try to live aggregate demand -- to try to lift aggregate demand. in the end, it will be self-defeating. >> yes, right here. wait for the microphone. >> teresa. i am just wondering if you look

at the ratio of inventory to sales and it has been going up steadily the last 18 months and now reaching the peak of 2008. and whether that is a concern and whether you see that does a signal -- the recessionary signal or not? lael: the board has credible economists who know more about -- the board has incredible economists. inventories are critically forecasting the staff at the board and -- if you see weakness in the first quarter, how much is that? is going to be remediated by a rebound in the first quarter.

associatedtant and of our usualtion forecast. it is an area of intense focus. i do not think i would take it a clean predictor. there are three few -- there are very few predictors. it is extremely important to try to understand when we do see weak quarters like we have to assess whether there may be some -- very important factors. more broadly, i think we have seen some data on the first quarter, excusing, second quarter -- excuse me, second quarter. but i think it would be important to have additional data.

>> over here. >> i am nelson cunningham. it has been said in recent years that corporate profits were at an all time -- were a postwar high as a percentage of ddb, were employee compensation was at a postwar low. are those measures in the same place today and how do you view what has higher than historically normal corporate profits, and historically lower employee compensation? interestingly, we have started to see a bit of an upturn in the labor share. and as you pointed out, the labor share has fallen historically and bury -- ed very low levels. we are at the beginning of the tentative signs of an upturn.

news.sly, there is good -- the domestic consumer good news from a consumer point of view in terms what we have seen and descriptive trends over a substantial period of time. little of a, sort of, trend in this direction so far confusionmake a very about what we -- very conclusion about what we have seen so far. >> at the back of the room. thank you. howard. i was taken with your discussion of the neutral rate. you are suggesting that the rest of the world imposed an effective cap how far the fed may be able to go. i am wondering what happens on day two when you wake up and

realize that 2% is about as good as you can get? when you have discussion of a higher inflation target or a policy where it includes other things than the interest rate? lael: i think, right now, it is a tentative observation. but it does appear that what we in the estimates that had been a historically low neutral rate, which many attribute it to cyclical headwinds, but just by watching the evolution of the economy, that neutral rate may well be low, historically low for some time to come. wethat is true, it does mean

are closer to neutral today than we thought we were. which, in turn, could mean that the path a policy is likely to be more gradual, more shallow, over a somewhat longer period of time. that is attributable to a host of things. some of that may be room -- some of that may reflect international factors. -- it alsolikely likely reflect some factors like the aging of our own work force. , too early toier --l, but productivity lows productivity could be a piece of that puzzle. in terms of what does it mean seemslicy, i think what to me to be this sort of most clear-cut observation, is that we are going to want to engage

in fairly cautious approach. risk-management approach. cautiously assessing the effects of any further moves as we go, rather than being tied to some preset course that might be derived from some previous tightening cycle that took place under bury -- very different circumstances. >> yes, right here in the middle. nancy chaplin. hi. about balancing risks. you gave us a pretty good brief on the downside risks. the question is, do you see any upside risk? looking at that, are you considering any issues in the financials after, including some signs lease of things in the

real estate market, like house flipping? people buying loans from the peer-to-peer lending with no credit process attached to them, issues to the amount of derivatives that the sec is being used, and retail mutual funds? what are you -- if you are looking at balancing risk, are there upside risks you worry about? lael: it is certainly a huge focus of our work at the board. to carefully, systematically,. , assess risks that might be building in the financial sector. we have a much more well-developed analytic framework, and a staff that is now dedicated to this in the wake of the crisis.

arewe have additional that -- we have additional tools that complement our monetary policy tools to the extent we do see building risks in certain sectors, we have a broader sense of tools that would allow us to at least, in part, preemptively, ideally address some of those risks without overly burdening monetary policy, which are ready has a pretty clear dual objective. with regard to the assessment of hads today, earlier we called out concerns about leveraged lending and put out guidance there. we saw some for dissipation and some collection in that to some degree. i think we are -- we have taken a look at cre and concentrations and bank balance sheets

as a potential risk. in terms of the real estate , it is hard to generalize because these are, to some degree, developments are very specific to bury different regions -- the are very specific to different regions. we are very good. there are some signs of a very set ofd subprime lending, but not to -- but not to an extent. we are very, very focused on the potential for risks to build up in financial sectors do pose risks more broadly. we are much more systematic about assessing those risks and trying to connect those risks to

tools at our disposable -- two tools at our disposal. >> in the back of the room in the center. michael. how concerned are you about asymmetric effects from the rise of the price of oil in the sense that -- it may nullify some games in consumer spending that we have seen in the past two years without boosting business investment because producers don't seem to be drilling more as a result? that -- iuld say can't give you a very precise answer to that question. , ourl prices decline previous historical experiences and the makro estimate you get from their did not prove to be bury good guys. we probably got more of a

response in terms of deceleration in drilling and mining then we saw in previous estimates. these consumers respond over time. consumers didn't respond as much as one might had predicted. feel the, i don't historically rooted estimates were accurate and thinking about the period in which the oil prices declined. we have seen a bit of an increase and stabilization, i don't have a huge amount of confidence in how that is going consumers -- and consumers respond to higher prices at the pump, and seeing moderation on the consumption side versus finding more incentive to producers to the

back and start investing at exploration and trying to expand capacity. it will be very hard to generalize. the other thing that is very important, our oil and gas sector has changed dramatically since some of those earlier estimates were put in place. and so, again, with the price point, i don't a few the have precise estimates. certainly, it is a very important driver that we are looking at very closely. >> the table right in front of the microphone. >> thank you. rod. the question i have just goes to your sense in the fed team data-driven with the economy and the markets being somewhat sentiment driven.

is there a possibility that we could have a sentiment-driven recessionary trend? lael: a part of the data we look at relates to sentiment. [laughter] look at some of the most recent consumer sentiment indicators, they look resilient, which is reassuring. but, there are different lags in terms of how people respond to changes in their perceptions. we don't really know going forward whether consumers are going to continue to feel buoyant and see the kind of consumption numbers we saw in april carrying through further into the second quarter, which of oars is a bury -- very important factor driving growth.

is an argument for being a little bit patient in terms of reading more signals on the economy, not just on actual spending, but on how those consumers and businesses are feeling about spending. it goes in the same direction, which is, we want to have greater confidence that growth rebound is really in place. this table. yes. >> thank you. sheri stevens. to theto go back discussion of productivity. to me, that really seems to be a very, very significant concern. the one half percentage growth in productivity we had been 2009 isn't enough to have a bury --

very dynamic growth prospect, but you stated we don't know the reasons. if we don't know the reason, how could we effectively address it? other than saying we need more business investment? issue.hat isn't an could you comment on this and what you think -- the spurt from the i.t. revolution has run its course. and we don't have another positive stimulus inside. that is a definite concern. there are a bunch of reasons that people are pointing to us possible explanations. i don't think any of them are definitively, in terms of evidence, are definitively known to be the answer. one of the reasons is that thatow early investment

had been made in information technology has now been fully diffused and run its course. others are looking at the question of measurement error. we had good work at the fed that looks at this question of whether it is possible we are not capturing productivity gains because of the way we measure services in particular. but of course, the question is, whether that same measurement error would be equally applicable to earlier episodes. -- there are other questions or explanations that it takes a while for potentially productivity enhancing investments to diffuse. if you look at artificial intelligence today, or maybe robotics, genetics, things are quite promising, but really haven't been diffused to any

great degree. maybe the will see a pickup. i don't know the answer. i don't have a strong view one way or the other. so criticallyy important in terms of driving potential, that we need to understand it, and investment is a big piece of it, education is an important piece. having a very vibrant environment for innovation to take place, but to diffuse investment is very important. it is something that is very important to our work. again, our tools in this area are limited to the ones that support a productive environment for investments. >> yes, in the back, liam the back. >> thank you. china wonder, what is the factor?

there is talk about this rumor aboutomberg news talking strategic backlog. the offices in beijing were rate about flat interest hike issue. central banks and china denied it. china's economy might be a factor? what you think about that? say is in i can assessing monetary policy for the u.s. -- we have a bury -- we have a very clear objection, which is established in law by congress. which is domestic focus. and priceyment

stability, which has been interpreted as 2% inflation. that is our focus. we aref course, because so tightly integrated into the world, you know, the dollar is viewed as a reserve currency. we have some of the most liquid financial markets in the world. but of course, we are tightly linked on the trade side. our policy cap benefit patients of our policy path are financialting conditions, and of course, importantly true exchange rate channels through a very important feedback, we have come back around in effect, u.s. domestic conditions. hashe past year, china figured prominently in terms of

global risks and global financial conditions as china has managed challenges on the domestic front. so, those kinds of considerations naturally have to be taken into account when we think about risk to the outlook, they naturally will effect policy deliberations and the path the policy. that is the way in which risks emanating from china, and of course, china was the really predominant source of global investment growth for several years following recovery. and that was a very important source of demand and growth for emerging market linked to china both through commodity exports and supply chains. china iseen that as attempting to rebalance its growth plan, relying less on -- more on less

domestic demand. that is rippled through supply chains and other emerging markets and through commodity markets. for ourings do matter domestic objective back in the u.s. all right, a question here. you touched on fiscal policy in europe and in asia. i was wondering if you might want to touch on fiscal policy in the u.s. and how that might be complicating your efforts. questionngham with the the labor force. lael: in the u.s., we are differently situated than many of our foreign partners in the sense that we have been

recovering. we have made quite a lot of employment, the labor market has come a long way. we have seen some signs of slowing in the last few months. a little less progress, but seenheless, we have also core inflation around 1.6%, which is below our objective. but, we are seeing progress. we are differently situated relative to some of the other japanies, particularly and the euro area. we are in a period, in particular, it may be that the neutral rate is low for some period of time, or in a period where there are reasons to one

-- 21 aggregate demand -- to want aggregate demand. there may be a case to be made for infrastructure investment we areenting the goals to retrieve and monetary policy. questions, those about really needing to bolster aggregate demand or even more important in other parts of the world where they have a bigger challenge. >> i am afraid we have run out of time. i hope you will join me in for not dr. brainard only a wonderful presentation, but comprehensive responses to a variety of actions. thank you so much for taking the time to be with us. [applause]

>> the may jobs report showing hiring slowed sharply reporting that the u.s. economy added 30,000 jobs in may. the lowest in years. fromplummet rate fell 4.7% 5%.

half a million unemployed people stopped again for work. donald trump may offer his thoughts on the jobs report and more than holds a campaign rally in redding, california this afternoon. the state holding his presidential primary on tuesday. we will have live coverage at 4:00 eastern. gavel to gavel coverage of the senate and parliment terry -- talked about how they had to adapt to televised television. >> the senate is a 21st century institution conceived in the 18th century. ofis trying to make the best the technology in the 21st century to remain true to its 18th-century conception. it really -- it is a difficult compromise.to forge everybody has to give a little when you or compromise. that is not photogenic.

to a certain extent, the cameras, both reveal the greatness of the senate, but conceal it by not being able to show these kinds of discussions taking place. >> 30 years of televised senate coverage on c-span. airs saturday night here on c-span. >> citizens have got to feel that their vote matters, that their voice matters, and whether a singleot spare sentence to help the person running for office or whether ,hey can write a big check their concerns, their struggles will be listened to and followed up on. >> sunday night, wisconsin senator tammy baldwin talks about her career in public service and wisconsin political history. >> he