scourge of modern slavery. the united nations is correlating approaches to combat trafficking. trafficking in situations of armed conflict. the u.s. security council called a pound -- upon members to bring justice to those who exploit others. proactively identify trafficking victims among honorable populations and comprehensive leak addressing victim needs. the security council was bolstered by the hearing slaveryy to escape from after isis attacked her village. the testimony and that of others like her exposes the human capacity for cruelty. i remain optimistic about the future. optimistic that the world is more interconnected and proactive in fighting human trafficking and never before.

ever before. optimistic that we can move beyond this country optimistic that so many individuals here in the united states and around the world are united in combating modern slavery. while the challenges are talking, we cannot forget that optimism is a job requirement for all of us who work in this arena. we join you in encouraging continued progress across prosecution and protection of crime and look towards increased international cooperation and a new generation of heroes to keep our faith in humanity alive. thank you all for coming today. [applause]

on the tables, you will find copies of this year's 2016 trafficking and persons report.

>> this fourth of july weekend, but db has four days of nonfiction books and authors on c-span2. a.m., but tv30 features an interview with california senator barbara boxer discussing her political career. former pro best ballplayer kareem abdul-jabbar weighs in on current issues. the majority leader mitch mcconnell on life and politics. saturday 10 p.m. eastern. science writer discusses her book rise of the rocket girls and women who propelled us from missiles to the moon the mars. in which she chronicles an elite group of women and their contributions to rocket design

and spacex portion and the first american satellite. she's interviewed by lisa rand. >> they did a lot of trajectories. the calculated the potential of different rocket propellant and they did trajectories for many of the early models. -- things changed when nasa was formed and the space race happen. women roles changed. they ended up becoming the computer programmers and they had these incredibly long careers at nasa. 40-50 years. one still works in nasa today. >> on sunday, in-depth is life with sebastian younger who will take your calls and texts and e-mail questions from into 3:00 pm eastern discussing his latest book. he is also the author of war.

and several other books. 9 p.m. eastern, part of a special two-part interview with mark green former special interest lawyer. author of bright infinite future. in memoir on the progressive rise. monday at 2:30 p.m. eastern, but to be touristy harsh collection, the largest african-american history collection in the midwest. house at the chicago public library. a complete weekend schedule, go to book tv.org. economist and author edward blaser says unemployment in the u.s. is to to accommodation of labor market trends and what he calls poisonous government policy. in a speech in new york, he talked about a technology and unemployment impact on suicide, or straight and drug abuse. that is tomorrow night at 8:00

eastern on c-span. tomorrow is the 40th anniversary of the national air and space andum in washington d c c-span's american history tv will bring you live coverage from the museum of beginning at six clark p.m. eastern on c-span3. as a look forward to the 40th anniversary special, we will show you a conversation between apollo 11 astronaut michael collins and amazon.com founder jeff bezos on america's presence in space. this is about an hour. >> it is with great pleasure to welcome you to the jungle and lecture. we inaugurated the glen lecture in 2004.

it quickly became one of our most popular annual event and tonight is no exception. the program this evening will feature a historic conversation between a legendary space pioneer and a missionary rocket entrepreneur. in addition to those lucky enough to secure tickets, many more will be watching on a live webcast. which also will be in our archives. if you want to review it in the future, the senator glenn can be with us but he sent us regards. pilot,ompetent as a statesman, astronaut are all a great inspiration for all of us. thank you to our speakers for being here tonight. rubenstein of the carlyle group. so is founder and ceo of amazon.com. he is here to discuss what will take to unlock baseplate for everyone, everywhere.

come tonight is major general michael collins. who once held what some would call the best job in the world. director of the smithsonian national air and space museum. [laughter] [applause] as the founding director, general collins was response will for the design and construction of this building which opened as a bicentennial on julymerican people 1, 1976. million visitors have walk through this museum since it opened. which is why we are renovating it. [laughter] the museum het built like bishop he flew to the moon is a priceless national treasure. in just two weeks on july 1, we were celebrating for decades of unparalleled success and

rededicate the gallery. that gallery for some he millions have discovered flight is one of the world's great public spaces. we have belly to think for helping us invented the decades ahead. for many years, it has partnered with the smithsonian callus projects. tothe boeing aviation hangar sponsor jungle and lecture series. we would not be the museum we are today without their support. museum in ourhe past, present, and future visitors. i would to think boeing for their steadfast support. we look for to celebrating the company's centennial anniversary along with our 40th anniversary along with our countries to 40 anniversary on the first of july or we will have an all nighter and you are all invited.

my disapproved that the first time, they came back and said you are not the target audience. [laughter] i will get it started and i hope you have a great time. it is a great pleasure to introduce the chairman, president and chief executive officer of the boeing company mr. dennis mullinberg. dennis. [applause] and it is aing pleasure to be here with all of you. jack, thank you for that kind introduction and the kind words about the boeing company. we are honored to support and partner with you international airspace museum. your leadership and your service to our country. let's give jack able to serve

applause. [applause] as general daily says, this is an exciting year for us. the 40 anniversary of the national air and space museum. boeing will celebrate its centennial. we will 100 years old on july 16. is one that has involved all aspects of airspace. we think back to the first century of aviation, people went from walking on the earth to walking on the moon. we went from riding horses to find airplanes and spaceships. it has been an incredible journey and boeing has been honored to be a part of that. tonight, it is my privilege to introduce the speakers and moderators that will be meeting tonight's discussion around i can tell you personally as a space enthusiast how excited i am that this is the topic for tonight. first of all, i would to

recognize michael collins -- one to recognize macaws. a national hero. , a nationalollins hero. he has done a lot to inspire the country and i think we can all remember back to the apollo 11 asian whether we sought real time or have seen it since, boeing was proud to be part of the commission. the inspiration that that created in the long-term impact into the world is well-recognized. this trait to have michael here with us tonight. -- great to have michael here with us tonight. the command module pilot. it is a great privilege to be here with jeff davis, one of the great entrepreneurs of our time. great business leader and another space and busiest. among other things, at the

boeing company have the privilege of working with jeff and his blue origin team on a future rocket engine and space opportunities. more broadly than that, jeff is -- and his team are breaking barriers and low-cost, reliable space access and fundamentally changing the equation about how we will get to space in the future. that is exciting to see and we are honored to partner with aspects. lastly, i would like to a great friend and business leader. great philanthropist. well known here and more broadly a great historian. great fan of the space business. in a great supporter of the national air and space museum. david will be our moderator. i like to welcome all three of you fine gentleman up to the stage and we afford to the

discussion. -- look forward to the discussion. [applause] my lasted here is to try to make this podium dissent. i'm in engineer by training site suspect this is the real region from a invitation. and look at that. that is boeing technology. [applause] >> how many people would like to go to space? how many people would like to go to the moon? you will hero a lot about that tonight. can you hear me? let me ask you to an individual question. collins, you were the first director of this museum.

getting it off the ground and getting the money for it. was doing that harder than getting to the men? -- moon? [laughter] >> it would have been if it were not for barry goldwater was ready to get the museum the way. he told me if you are ever hear, please mention them. i'm here with my daughter kate who is better bostons natalie and from , ann. she had been a neil armstrong's one smallch have said step for women, she said no. he said does the suit made me look fat? [laughter] maybe that's why she was not picked. >> jeff, you have built one of

the greatest technology companies in the world. yet capen -- you have taken a company that was nothing to amazon. what that harder to do than try to get a space company off the ground? challenges.ifferent , i of the things that i find think back on the last 20 years, you have to remember that 20 years ago, i was driving packages to the post office myself and my 1987 chevy blazer. for me that one day i might be able to afford a forklift. that was 1995. 21 years later, the internet is the gigantic thing and there are many successful companies and onto roman numeral -- entrepreneurial dynamism is incredible. , i would tollenge put the village and if a

structure in place so that the next generation can have a dynamic explosion of ideas and inventions and space like we have had with the internet. the reason we can't do that today is because there is too much heavy lifting involved. literally. getting to space is so expensive and hard. when we started amazon, i do not have to build a logistic infrastructure system. there was something, ups. the u.s. postal service already existed. i do not need to build a remote payment system to their already credit cards. similarly, there were computers around and that did not come all the things that have been tentatively to dollars of infrastructure. the long-distance on never begin the back ground -- backbone of the internet. you can have a dynamic explosion because of all the infrastructure was in place. first base, it is not like that. the price of admission is so

high. i'm excited about is lowering the cost. i'm to dramatically lower the cost so that 20 years from now, a new generation of people would start up money, real entrepreneurs can do amazing things in sports -- space. >> why is it that the people who are try to build space companies all have day jobs doing something else? elon musk has a day job. you have a day job. i don't people have full-time jobs getting into space? -- why don't people have full-time jobs getting into space? >> it is expensive. immediately greeted a lucrative day jobs they can afford your night job. is going to be a profitable business when they. i think -- one day. i think so. but it needs a lot of funding and a lot of funding long time.

i'm happy to do that. but i can only do it because i was lucky with amazon. >> this is something that is hard to believe. related on the minute in july -- you landed on the men in july. why do you think so many people think it was fake? was there a studio you come this -- filmed this? brothers the kitty hawk, north carolina in the evening before, they had the neverg of the man will fly society. when you're i was there guest speakers. i was forced to reveal that it did take place if you drive south of kitty hawk at this

gigantic sand in. -- dune. [laughter] if you look at the unretouched nasa photographs, you see a crushed packs of marlborough and the dr pepper can. that is proof. [laughter] what was the question again? >> in the heyday of the mercury program, everyone's attention was captivated by it. congress of putting up monday -- money. everyone wanted been after him. what if the u.s. government has basically receded in its mission to go back to the moon or to go to mars and why is it that much when it was leading the effort? where is the u.s. government? i think most things,

especially in the world of areomics and economy wavecal and we came to a of the latter days of the apollo program and that momentum was hard to keep going. i think we are at a time of hiatus and the momentum has -- and possibilities are picking up again. the focus should be on mars. my friend, neil armstrong who was a far better engineer and i thought it was worthwhile to stop off and get a little more organized on the men before heading on to mars. i disagree with that. i think we have to just go. i used to joke that i thought nasa should be renamed nama-national aeronautics and mars association. on to mars.

>> what you think the u.s. government has receded, do you think the u.s. government interest can be captured? in the heyday of the 1960's and the apply program, >> apollo program -- apollo program, i get instinct is that we as a community hold that moon landing way forward out of sequence from where it should have been. it was a gigantic effort with ways should have been impossible and they pulled it off without really any potential power, still using slide rules. they cannot numerically model the computers. a lot of these important processes a combustion and set the rocket engine which is still hard today but we can do it a little bit.

it did not have competition flow dynamics. everything had to be done in a wind tunnel. nothing on the computer. i think the reason we have taken a hiatus may be in part because it is, we pulled that forward to a time when it should have been impossible and once it was done, we kind of had to wait to let technology catch-up. the reason the blue origin and spacex and virgin galactic and these companies, these private companies, the only reason that we can do this kind of endeavor at all is because we are standing on the shoulders of nasa who invented all of this technology. we're still using all the things they invented akin the city. we have refined versions, but the computer codes that we use to validate our designs have fine-tuned by nasa over decades. finally, iare believe that we are entering a

new golden age of space and space exploration and the time has come for that to happen. we as a species have up level to our cells in terms of -- ourselves in terms of technology. >> let's put the next president , whoever isates elected, suppose that person calls you up and says i want to jumpstart the . did me some advice. -- the can. what would you say to the next president of the united states? mr. collins: i would probably be so nervous i would drop the telephone. i have never had a president of the united states ask me a question. i happen to believe in mars. one of the wonderful things about the apollo program was what john f. kennedy said. we want a man on the moon by the

end of the decade. simple. something about that you did not understand? we all understood what it was we were supposed to do. and we need something similar to that today. i do not know what that is. every hope.have i think mars is the focus we should have. but whatever it is you want to do, you need a lot of support from the president of the united states. you need to have the feeling he is a man or woman that thinks about space, likes the exploration of space, thinks it is a worthwhile investment, and puts it high on the priority list. regardless of parties and who you like or do not like, we have not had that personal involvement of a president, i do not think, since john f. kennedy. it was a wonderful help for us.

as the president said, there it is. outlined, and off you go. mr. rubenstein: what would you do if the president called u.n. and saidant to -- you i want to jumpstart exploration into space? mr. bezos: just like darpa has done with great challenges, which kicked off self driving example, hasor done detailed planning on a mars sample return mission. an automated vehicle that lands on mars and collects mars samples and lifts back off, comes back to earth with martian samples back. it is a complex mission to do. one thing the government could do is offer a large prize to

whoever brings back mars samples. it would be very interesting. it would be that kind of horserace. people would compete for it. who knows how it would end? if nobody brings samples back, it costs taxpayers nothing. it is a very effective way of getting a lot of interest and a lot of teams competing to come up with creative ways to do that. i would also advise that nasa hard to go after gigantic, technology goals. spaceample would be an in- qualified nuclear reactor. it would be very difficult, very challenging, not something private enterprise would undertake anytime soon. couldr hard mission nasa undertake would be hypersonic point-to-point travel.

nasa is not just about space. prizes andces and -- really hard technology programs. mr. rubenstein: do either of you believe in ufo's? what happened in roswell, new mexico? mr. collins: one of the horrible things is that word -- ufo. anyone who has flown in the you see aor day sky, flock of geese where things just happen to be pointed properly at it. have i ever seen a ufo? yes. do i think it was inhabited by little green men from far away? no. t lightingen condition. i am not answering your question. mr. rubenstein: when you went to the backside of the moon, you did not see little men or women walking around? mr. collins: the backside of the moon was cut of nice.

i could not hear mission control. do this, do that. it was pleasant. [laughter] mr. rubenstein: do you believe there are ufo's, life elsewhere in the galaxy? mr. bezos: i believe there is life elsewhere in the galaxy, but i do not believe they have uctingd us or are abd people. if they come, they will make themselves quite visible. mr. rubenstein: michael, how did you get involved in the space program? -- were a graduate of rest west point and a fighter pilot. how did you get selected? mr. collins: you just explained it. mr. rubenstein: ultimately, you got selected. mr. collins: i was eight years old and looked up into the night sky. make model airplanes. neil armstrong made model airplanes. mr. rubenstein: that is how you get selected? mr. collins: we both wanted

performance, higher and faster. my solution was to wind the rubber band a couple extra turns. tunnel.lt a wind did you know that? mr. rubenstein: did not know that. mr. collins: anyway, i got into it step-by-step. i went to west point, military academy. my father and my brother had all gone there. fundamentally, i went because it was a free education. that i had the choice of army or air force. my uncle was army cheese -- chief of staff. nepotism. i snuck off to the air force. then the choice was fly little ones are big ones. little ones are better than the big ones. [laughter] the samens: then fly

ones over and over or fly the new ones. thing you know, i was the test pilot, and nasa was looking for test pilot. that simple. mr. rubenstein: when you get to meet the other astronauts, do you say, how did i get here, or how did they get here? mr. collins: before there was a space program, the bureaucrats, the scientists, the medics, all got together and decided they wanted a higher. -- to hire. some of the proposals were bizarre. we could not breathe. pick mountain climbers. they are used to that stuff. or you will be so enraptured, you will not want to return. get a scuba diver. it is dangerous. fighters. get bull

all these crazy ideas were compiled and filtered and put together in a paper to president eisenhower. he said, ok. you have to be a graduate of an accredited test pilot school. immediately, this pool of millions -- today, i think nasa is looking for 12 people. so far, they have 18,000 applicants today. if you say you have to be a graduate of an accredited test pilot school, that pool shrinks. i was fortunate to be one of the few people considered. i would never make it today. i guarantee that. actually, iell, became inspired when i was five years old when i watched apollo 11. goinguy and his two pals to the moon.

i could tell how excited everybody was around me. you do not choose your passions. your passions choose you. ever since i was five years old, i have been thinking about andets, rocket engines, spacecraft pretty much every day of my life. mr. rubenstein: everybody was a little boy or little girl interested in the space area. they do not do the things you did. what prompted you, after he started amazon, to start a separate company? hoping to i had been build a space company since i was a little kid. play.eality came into i realized it was going to be expensive to start a space company. i fell in love with computers. this lottery called amazon.com. i can doalized, wait, that original childhood dream now.

i started this company. it employs -- we are up to 700 people. we are building a suborbital tourism vehicle that competes with virgin galactic. our goal is to make it possible for anyone who wants to go to space to go. we will work at that goal until we achieve it. we are also building an orbital vehicle. we will fly that at the end of the decade for the first time. my belief is that, to dramatically lower the cost, it is all about reusability. you have to make your vehicles reusable. you cannot throw them at the bottom of the ocean every time if you want to lower the cost. mr. rubenstein: would you go on one of these space trips yourself? mr. bezos: absolutely. i fully expect to go to space myself when they. -- one day. i am telling them right now. they know i cannot be kept away.

i will do it very safely. i think space travel can be much lower cost and much more reliable and safe. in fact, i think reusability will add to reliability. i would much rather fly a new b oeing 787 after it has been flying a little while, not the first flight out of the factory. spaceou build these vehicles, you cannot send them on test runs. their first mission is their last mission. u in termsy hobbles yo of making things safe and reliable. mr. rubenstein: michael, when you are selected to go on apollo 11, was there any jockeying? i would like to be the first man on the moon? i would like to run the command module? who decided who would do what?

mr. collins: there was some went first.bout who it seemed neil armstrong should have gone first. he was the commander. that seemed more appropriate to me and a more normal sequence of events. i am glad he did. an amazingl was fellow. at that time, there were 30 of us in the astronaut office in houston. of the 30, there was one here e in terms of test piloting experience. that was what we considered the single most important yardstick, if you will. eil, because of his experience at edwards as a test pilot for sa, he was almost in a class by himself.

also, personality-wise. people will argue with that, say he was too reticent. did not sell the program. from a personality point, i think he was a superb choice. manas not a wholesale pr trying to sell. that would have been dreadful. if you consider the positions on the crew, hierarchy, the worth of the man, the personality, i think it was a wonderful choice. mr. rubenstein: on that flight, you could say there are four complicated parts. getting off the earth, then getting into the moon's orbit. you do not know if that is going to work. then having the lunar module go down and have the lunar module come back up and go back to the earth. which was the most dangerous or

made you the most nervous that it would not happen? mr. collins: going to the moon, daisy chain. a fragile.links, andght one -- break one, the rest are not matter. the weakest to me was getting lim off the lunar surface. neil, was in the navigation complicated? he had a wonderful sense of humor. he said, you can see the thing the whole way. [laughter] mr. collins: those things i was not worried about. ascentorried about the and rendezvous. we were big on rendezvous --

redundancy. we had two of everything. but the lunar module had one engine hanging out the bottom. then things got really complicated from my point of view. burned got off on time, the engine for the right number of seconds, precisely right, then it was pretty simple. any variations in their trajectories, sometimes my strategy would be to drop down into a lower orbit and try to catch them faster. if they got past a certain point, then my strategy was to go higher and slower and let them make an extra turn around the moon and catch me. i had a book around my neck, big, fat notebook. if i remember, it had 18

variations on this theme. so given the fact that lots could have gone wrong on the lunar surface, the single engine might have had a hiccup, obviously, i could not go down to land. i obviously had a lot of ways of rescuing them. i am not sure i knew all 18 as well as i should have. mr. rubenstein: you have written and said that the most dangerous job you had was the one of perhaps having to come back by yourself. in other words, you were afraid if they did not come back, you would have to come back by yourself. q lived in fear that people would blame you for some reason. mr. collins: we never discussed that. it was clear to them and to me that, if they were stuck, i was not going to commit suicide. i was coming home.

but i would have been a marked person for the rest of my life. mr. rubenstein: you mentioned coming back to the earth is not exactly a day in the park, a walk in the park. can you describe how difficult it is to get back into the are at the right rotation? mr. collins: it was not as bad as it sounds. if you run the numbers, the arithmetic says, oh, my god. shallow, and we will see you six months after you run out of oxygen. those numbers are frightening. however, despite what jeff says about primitive technology, and it was pretty primitive, we had a whole basement full of ibm's and antennas and all that. off the got one hiccup

trajectory on the way back, we made a correction. fortunately, we did not have to make many corrections. to,,e have the capacity instead of flying a nice smooth arc, we were right exactly on that path. mr. rubenstein: there was a fear you had moon germs and you had to be quarantined for weeks. mr. collins: i used to pray every night that the mice did n ot die. [laughter] up collins: we were locked with dozens and dozens of mice. suppose they had gotten ebola. day, be still, to this in quarantine. mr. rubenstein: you have gone to the moon and come all the way back. then you land in the water and take dramamine. mr. collins: i did not take any,

i do not think. mr. rubenstein: on the shuttle, when it landed in the water, i thought you were supposed to take dramamine. lost a case of beers in the landing. -- i switched seats with buzz. i was the navigator coming back. he was the guy that was in charge of parachutes. domain,ht have been my but not at that time in the flight. the thing is, as soon as you hit, he was supposed to push in two circuit breakers, if these two switches, and the parachutes would jettison. if you did not do that swiftly, we would be caught by the wind and flip over. then we would be upside down for

a couple of hours. you had to pump up. i had a case of beer bet about whether we would go over. and i had toup, owe him a case of beer. it was a mess. mr. rubenstein: jeff, suppose someone watching once to go to space. where do they sign up, how much does it cost, and when will they be able to do it? mr. bezos: we do not know exactly what we will charge. virgin galactic is charging $250,000 andween $300,000 a ticket. we will be in the same range to start with and keep working overtime to make it cheaper. mr. rubenstein: when do you think that will be available? mr. bezos: 2018. we will fly our first test astronauts in late 2017,

hopefully. we are flying again this friday. we are webcasting that. if the test program continues to go well, we should be ready to put people on board late 2017 and paying astronauts on 2018. mr. rubenstein: can somebody sign up now? mr. bezos: we are not taking deposits or anything yet. mr. rubenstein: if people want to go, should they be physically fit? can they be out of shape? mr. bezos: you do not need to be especially physically fit. . that that will come later. we will have more details. a rollern ride coaster, you can probably do this. mr. rubenstein: will you be able to order something on amazon from up there? [laughter] mr. bezos: yeah, but you will not be able to get it delivered.

shepard did in the early days. instead of going around the earth, you go up and back down. you are in zero gravity for approximately four minutes. we have the largest windows that will have ever been in space. people that have been the space, we could ask mike, but i have heard from many people that it does change you, the way you think about earth and humanity. you get to see into earth's atmosphere and the blackness of space. yourubenstein: michael, have written that you wish all government leaders could go to outer space because you can see the earth without boundaries and borders. fragility" is the word you use. can you comment on that, why you saw the earth as so fragile? mr. collins: the idea of

fragility had never occurred to me before the flight. it was kind of a surprise. speaking of windows, in the command module, there were five windows if you want to look at the earth. you could see where you came from and all of that. i look out window number one, nothing. i looked through all five. it is not there. that is an interesting starting point, if you stop and think about it. spend your whole life on it and it is gone. youay, sooner or later, if twist the spacecraft and pitch around a certain way, it will hove interview. ew, when it does, it is small. do you have a normal thumbnail? hold it up.

hold it in front of you. that is what you see. that is what it looks like from the moon, a thumbnail out in front of you about that big. that is pretty small. of course, we are mostly ocean. you mostly see blue. you see quite a few clouds. you do not see land so much. it is very shiny, the amount of sunlight that the earth reflects. somehow, this little tiny blue and white sphere looks lovely and clean, which it is not. it looks fragile, which it is. i do not know why it looked fragile. that was just my reaction. just a beautiful little thing. be back in a couple days, i hope.

in the meantime, it just looks so fragile, fragile, fragile. mr. rubenstein: you and two other men went to the moon and came back safely. that is an incredible bonding experience. were pretty close friends. what is the nature of the relationship? mr. collins: i love them both. one of the books i wrote, i described my crew as amicable strangers, which, in a way we were. i did not mean that in a bad way. most crews were formed and were a backup crew. they worked together as a team and became a primary group. due to a whole set of circumstances, we all came together about six months before the flight. the other thing that was a istle different is that

where the spacecraft are manufactured and where you test them. neil and buzz would be off in long island worrying about grauman, and i would be in california worrying about the command module. when we got together, we were not together. they were often in the simulator. i was in the command module simulator. it is almost what i would call freakish circumstances. 1969,benstein: back in you had a chance to stay in the program and be on the person that went on the moon physically. why did you choose not to do that? mr. collins: it was more of a personal thing. my wife is from boston. i do not think houston was her first choice of habitat. beas perfectly happy to spending more time at home and

less in motel 6 somewhere. but i would have to say that underlying that, i guess i have the wrong attitude in the sense that i thought apollo 11 was kind of the apex of the program to do what john can be said, to land a man on the moon by the end of the decade. would rather do that then put up with another three years of simulators in motels and this that and the other. i thought it was time the bailout. -- to bail out. mr. rubenstein: what is it like to go to the bathroom in space? do you like the food that you get in space? do you really drink tang? what were the most frequent questions you have been asked? mr. collins: going to the

bathroom, so help me, is a question i have never been asked. the answer is carefully. what was the second one? mr. rubenstein: the food? think thes: i do not food preparation people in houston were happy. soup gets twoen spoons out of five. who cares? up on a spaceay station for a year like this thingsuy is doing, then like food, amenities, crew compatibility -- crew compatibility is something the psychiatrist always emphasized. i can recall sitting next to john young at a preflight press

conference, and someone brought up, how did i feel about crew compatibility? come on. for four days, i would fly with a baboon. [laughter] mr. collins: john did not get mad. he knew exactly where i was coming from. but it was true. the thing is, you talk about haves, -- mars, then you all kinds of compatibility and physiological and other medical -- i am rambling. i am sorry. mr. rubenstein: astronauts did not really drink tang? mr. collins: we had some kind of orange stuff. i do not know what it was. mr. rubenstein: jeff, you are trying to get people to space, but you are building rockets that can be relaunched for

further exploration. will the government of the united states ultimately use those? mr. bezos: the idea is to build infrastructure. once you build infrastructure to get to earth orbit, you can use it for satellites. you can use it for missions. that is the goal. we want to build an orbital vehicle where the fuel actually matters, for you start to think about the cost of fuel. no rocket has ever been built so history of rockets where anyone has cared about the cost of fuel. fuel cost is dominated by throwing the hardware away. it is about reusability. reusability will lower the cost to where we can practice. for 50as been in stasis years. it has come down a little bit from the peak in the 1980's.

we have gotten better as a society, but not appreciably better. we humans get better at everything we practice a lot. mr. rubenstein: would you support the idea of sending men and women to mars, or why not send robots to pick up what is there? mr. bezos: if you can justify sending men to mars for science reasons, i think we have reached a state where robots can do that task probably better than people can. and the reason you send people to mars is because it is so damn cool. it is a glorious human adventure. and we should do that. now, it does have to be done at a certain cost. and we have a lot of other priorities. for me, the big thing -- i am excited -- i hope someone goes to mars. i want to watch it. i think it would be glorious. but for me, that is the

motivator. for me, the motivator is that i want us to have millions of people living and working in space. we have a planet that is fragile. and i don't think that we go into space as a kind of plan b. i hate that idea. that we need a backup for earth, it is not motivating for me. for me, plan b is making sure plan a work. we know a lot of the solar system. and i can assure you that earth is the best planet. we have looked at the mall, and earth is the best one. and we have to protect it. and we can use space to protect earth. if you take baseline energy usage on earth and grow it compounded, at just 3% a year, such as the power compounded, and a few hundred years you will have to cover the entire surface of earth and solar cells to power the planet. so, we need to move ultimately over the next, hundred years we

a space situation. we will move all heavy industry offers and zone earth like residential and industrial. and we will protect this glorious jewel of a planet, because it is unique in our solar system. and we are to get to a new solar system anytime soon. do you thinkmr. rubenstein: it really makes a difference whether it is the united states or china? why not do it together? mr. bezos: i think you would do it together, space expiration. if you were going to do that glorious journey to mars, and put boots on mars, or any of the things like that i think you would want to do that, in a kind of consortium with many nations. as a kind of separate trajectory, if you are talking about space as a capability, it

would be almost impossible to overstate the importance of space to the united states national security. we are incredibly independent, totally independent on space assets. all of our guided munitions are gps-guided. they are very fragile, the reconnaissance office, also quite fragile. it is very asymmetric, because we are more dependent on those high-tech assets than any other country is. they give us great credibility, yut it is also ver vulnerable. if you think about mars punishment and water delivery if about national security missions, we need to preserve our preeminent space. mr. rubenstein: when you came back, michael, richard nixon, president of the united states, greeted you. you are quarantined, so they cannot talk to you. he said at time this is the most important week since creation.

which i think you said in your book was a little bit of an exaggeration. maybe not. you are very famous, and the other two were very famous, but you chose not to cash in. you had beer commercial opportunities and all kinds of things. why do you try to not really go ahead and make a lot of money out of your fame, and what was your philosophical thing about making a lot of money out of it? mr. collins: i am not against money. i'm not against making money. i don't know, all my life i had never really -- that has never really been my objective. you know, every time i have changed jobs, what i wanted to do was find something interesting. so, i have looked for interesting jobs, rather than money-producing jobs. and if i wanted to do both, oh my god, i would have to make speeches, have to go to the washington national air and space museum and put me in the bottom of like of bowl, where i can't teho