rom senegal. [applause] in recognition of his selfless dedication to protecting young boys in senegal, his commitment to providing them comprehensive care and his vital role in building support among local officials to prevent human trafficking. [applause]

>> i am pleased now to introduce the head of the police and i trafficking unit in the republic of cyprus, she will make a remark on behalf of all of the eroes. >> thank you, secretary kerry. on behalf of the 2016 trafficking persons report heroes, i want to thank you, secretary erry for this honor. [applause] i really strive to find the words to express the deep gratitude and appreciation that i and the rest of the heroes feel for this great honor. this day truly marks a defining moment in our lives which we have devoted to combat human trafficking and protecting

victims. some years ago, i could not have imagined i would be receiving the title of hero. i realized trafficking is like a notion, peaceful, only to trap you in a storm, where victims are sucked down to the dark ocean floor and helplessly waiting for a miracle to surface. soon after starting at the police antitrafficking unit in cyprus, i realized a huge responsibility i put on my shoulders. the fight to free and support victims and work to achieve the maximum punishment for the perpetrators. i cannot even imagine where somebody would be had we not freed her from the criminal network that forced her into prostitution a few years

back. she was only 20 years old. she had come to cyprus and believed she was to earn a scholarship. she was instead forced into sex trafficking. they were looking for her. we changed her name. she went to university. when the trial started, she was threatened that she would be sent back to her country in a coffin. the defendants were acquitted. this does not make her less of a victim. today, she completed her studies and works for an international company. [applause] also, i cannot imagine the state of mind of charlie from the dominican republic has she

not been freed, what would happen if she continued in prostitution day in and day out so she would ot miss any clients. i cannot imagine what would happen to someone who's arm was amputated due to their very poor working conditions and who spent a year in a hospital because of his injury. he was arrested as an illegal immigrant, and only at that time did it, that he was a victim. pham is a classic victim of labor trafficking. my fellow heroes and i could tell you hundreds of stories like these, stories that have left a mark not only on our career but our lives. stories of human pain, from the stories and from the cruelty

and greed of the traffickers i learned not only to put myself in the shoes of the victims but also to walk in them. we can do more to make sure we truly understand the experience of victims so that we can protect them. in a recent trial where i was a witness, the lawyer of the defendant asked me -- this girl went to mcdonald's every day for food, she could have sat down in the middle of the street and started screaming for help, couldn't she have done this? i replied, in your logic, she could. in hers, she could not. we should stop judging the victims by our own logic. we need to rid ourselves of our prejudices. let us understand

them and place ourselves in their situation. only then can we truly help. thank you. [applause] >> thank you, you have a truly fitting name for a hero. in the dark world of human trafficking, these brave men and women are arrays of light, and thank you for shopping on us today. they are a source of hope for trafficking victims and a source of inspiration for all who strive to make the world a more humane place. that is why i am honored to

share the stage with these individuals. and just as our heroes come from diverse regions and professions, the world needs antitrafficking solutions that cross borders and agency sectors. none of us can end human trafficking alone. we need each other. partnerships between ngos come international institutions and religious organizations, all of which are here today galvanize the fight to end human trafficking. in my time as ambassador, i have witnessed the power of collaboration and these actions. i recently participated in the vatican summit on human trafficking which focused on improving our legal system by emphasizing humanitarian values and eradicating corruption. the summit explored the need for victim supported services instead of punishments for crimes committed under duress. while pope francis has a unique ability to rally diverse

groups, leaders across communities, businesses, governments and ngo's can likewise demonstrate the power of collaboration in fighting the scourge of modern slavery. the united nations is also coordinating approaches to combat trafficking. in a historic session on human trafficking in situations of armed conflict, the u.n. ecurity council called upon member states to bring justice to those who exploit others, proactively identify trafficking victims among vulnerable populations, and comprehensively address victims' needs. the security council meeting was bolstered by the brave and harrowing testimony of one who escaped from slavery after isil attacked her village. although nadia's testimony and that of others like her exposes the human capacity for cruelty, i remain optimistic about

the future, optimistic that the world is more interconnected and proactive in fighting human trafficking than ever before. optimistic that with help, survivors can move beyond this heinous crime, and optimistic that so many individuals here in the united states and around the world are united in combating modern slavery. while the challenges are daunting, we cannot forget that optimism is a job requirement for all of us who work in this arena. we join you in encouraging continued progress across prosecution, protection, and prevention of crime, and look towards increased international cooperation and a new generation of heroes to keep our faith in humanity alive. thank you all for coming today. [applause] the

national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] national able satellite corp. 2016] >> out on the tables you will find copies of this year's 2016 uman trafficking report.

>> we're tour the museum and see one of a kind aviation and space art fakts and speak with the museum's director. we'll also talk with museum curator and chair of the museum's space history department. you can join the conversation as we'll take your phone calls, e-mails and tweets. saturday night at 8:00.

>> increasingly focus on her position as a mother which is of course what's driving her support for suffrage. her position as a mother to say that women are different than men. that women really can do society better than men have done. >> heather richardson on the new roles women assumed in the workforce and politics during the late 19th century. sunday morning at 10:00 on road to the white house rewinde the 1968 republican and national conventions. resolute without being bell coast, strong, without being arrogant. and that's the kind of an america that will help build the peace of this world. >> the time has come for us to leave the valley of despair and climb the mountain so that we may see the glory of the dawn.

a new day for america and a new dawn for peace and freedom in the world. >> former vice president richard nixon accepted the g.o.p. nomination in miami each and vice president hubert humphrey accepted the democratic nomination. supreme court justices ruth bader jinsgurg and societya mayor share tradition. >> whenever the justice has a birthday, the chief brings in some wine and we toast the birthday boy or girl and sing happy birthday. -- truth be sing told most can't carry a tune. >> and katherine fisk will talk about culinary customs. for our complete holiday schedule go to c-span.org.

>> today is the start of a weeklong program. the conference will feature educators and advocates from across the country. watch live 10:00 a.m. eastern on c-span. today is the 409sdz anniversary of the national air and space museum in washington, d.c. and c-span's american history tv will bring you live coverage beginning at 6:00 p.m. eastern on c-span-3. as we look forward to the 40th anniversary special we'll show you a conversation between chael collins and jeff bezos on american's presence in space. this is about an hour.

>> good evening. it is my great pleasure to welcome you to the 13th annual john glenn lecture. we inaugurated the glenn lecture in 2004. it quickly became one of our most popular events. our program will feature historic conversation between visionary rocket entrepreneur. in addition to those of you lucky enough to secure tickets many more will be watch ong a live web cast. which also will be in our archives. so if you want to review it sometime in the future. senator glenn can't be with us tonight but he sends his best regards. his accomplishments are all great inspiration for all of us. thank you to our speakers for being here tonight.

's id ruben stine will be moderator. mr. bezos is ceo of amazon.com will talk about what it will be for o unlock space everyone. michael collins has held what some have called the best job in the world, director of the national air and space museum. welcome back. [applause] as the founding director, general collins was responsible for the design and construction of this building which opened as a buy centennial gift for american people on july 1, 1976. more than 327 million visitors have walked through this museum since it opened, which is why we're renovating it.

confirming that the museum he built like the ship he flew to the moon is a priceless national treasure. in just two weeks, on july 1, we will celebrate four decades of unparalleled success and rededicated our main gallery. that gallery where so many millions have discovered the story of flight is one of the world's great public spaces. and we have boeing to thank for helping us reinvent it for the decades ahead. over many years boeing has part nerd with the smithsonian on to tless projects sponsoring the john glenn lecture series. we would not not be the museum we are today without their supported. on behalf of the museum and our past, present and future visitors, i want to thank boeing for their steadfast

report. we look forward to celebrating the company's centennial anniversary along with our 40th anniversary along with our country's 240th anniversary all on the 1st of july where we will have an all-nighter and you're all invited. when i disapproved that the first time they came back and said you're not the target audience. so i will get things started. hope you have a great time. it's now a great pleasure to introduce the chairman, president, and chief executive officer of the boeing company mr. dennis mullinberg. dennis. mr. muilenburg: good evening, and it is a pleasure to be here with all of you. jack, thank you for that kind introduction and the kind words about the boeing company.

we are honored to support and partner with you, the international air and space museum. thank you for your leadership and your service to our country. let's give jack dailey a round of applause. as general daily says, this is an exciting year for us. the 40th anniversary of the national air and space museum. boeing will celebrate its centennial. we will be 100-years-old on july 16. and the early celebration on july 1. one that involves all aspects of airspace. we think back to the first century of aviation, people went from walking on the earth to walking on the moon. we went from riding horses to flying airplanes and spaceships. it has been an incredible journey and boeing has been honored to be a part of that. and tonight, it is my privilege

to introduce the speakers and moderator that will be leading tonight discussion around space i can tell you personally as a , space enthusiast how excited i am that this is the topic for tonight. first of all, i would like to recognize michael collins. a hero. when i told my son that i was going to meet him this evening, he said, no way. he has done a lot to inspire the country and i think we can all remember back to the apollo 11, whether we saw it in real time or have seen it since, boeing was proud to be part of the mission. the inspiration that that created in the long-term impact for the world is well-recognized. it is great to have michael here

tonight. the commander and a pilot of the mission. it is a great privilege to be here with jeff bezos one of the , great entrepreneurs of our time. a great business leader and a space enthusiast, among other things. at the boeing company, we have the privilege of working with jeff and his blue origin team on a future rocket engine and space opportunities. more broadly than that, jeff is, and his team are breaking barriers and low-cost, reliable space access and fundamentally changing the equation about how we will get to space in the future. that is exciting to see and we are honored to partner with you in aspects of that. lastly, i would like to .ecognize david rubenstein a great friend and business leader and great philanthropist.

also more broadly a great , historian. a great fan of the space business. and a great supporter of the national air and space museum. david will be our moderator. i would like to welcome all 3 of you fine gentleman up to the -- gentleman up to the stage and we look forward to the discussion. [applause] my last duty was to try to make this podium dissent. i am an engineer in training. look at that. that is boeing technology. [applause] thank you very much. gentleman. so how manyin: ok, , people would like to go to space? how many people would like to go to the moon? ok. you will hear a lot about that tonight.

let me start. can you hear me? each ansk you individual question. michael collins, you were the first director of this museum. getting it off the ground and getting the money for it. was doing that harder than getting to the moon? i think it probably would have been if not for barry goldwater who was ready to get the museum underway. he told me if you are ever here, please mention them. i'm here with my daughter kate from chicago who is better known as natalie. and from boston ann. been in neil

armstrong's shoes. and she said, one small step for women, she said no. she said does the suit made me , look fat? [laughter] maybe that's why she was not picked. mr. rubenstein: jeff, you have built one of the greatest technology companies in the world. you have taken a company that was nothing to amazon. to do than try and to get a space company off the ground? mr. bezos: totally different challenges. one of the things that i find, i think back on the last 20 years, you have to remember that 20 years ago, i was driving packages to the post office myself in my 1987 chevy blazer. and dreaming one day that i might be able to afford a forklift. that was 1995. 21 years later, the internet is

the gigantic thing and there are many successful companies and the entrepreneurial dynamism is incredible. this new challenge item taking on, what i want to do is have place soastructure in that the next generation can have a dynamic explosion of spaceand inventions in like we have had with the , internet. the reason we can't do that today is because there is too much heavy lifting involved. literally. getting to space is so expensive and hard. when we started amazon, i do not -- i do not have to build a logistic infrastructure system. there was something, ups. the u.s. postal service already existed. a paymenteed to build system, because we already had credit cards. similarly, there were computers around and that did not come all

the things that have been tentatively to dollars of infrastructure. the long-distance, the background mother backbone of the internet. you can have a dynamic explosion because of all the infrastructure being in place. but it is not like that. the price of admission is so high. but i'm excited about is -- but i am excited about lowering the cost. dramatically lowering the cost so that 20 years from now, a new generation of people would start up money, real entrepreneurs can do amazing things in sports, -- in space. mr. rubenstein: why is it that the people who are try to build space companies all have day jobs doing something else? elon musk has a day job. you have a day job. and why don't people have full-time jobs getting into space? mr. bezos: it is expensive.

you need a day job to afford your night job. blue origin is going to be a profitable business. i think one day. , i think so. but it needs a lot of funding and a lot of funding long time. -- funding for a long time. in that investment phase. i'm happy to do that. but i can only do it because i was lucky with amazon. mr. rubenstein: this is something that is hard to believe. you landed on the moon in july, you landed on the moon in july, so why do you think so many people think it was fake? was there a studio that you filmed this in? mr. collins: i would love to get them all in one room and pick their brains. in wright brothers were

kitty hawk, north carolina in the evening before, they had the meeting of the man will never fly society. and one year i was there guest speakers. it was one of the finest speeches i ever made. i was forced to reveal that it did take place. and it was at kitty hawk. and we filmed this on the other gigantic sandthis dune. if you look at the unretouched nasa photographs, you see a crushed pack of marlborough and the dr pepper can. that is proof. what was the question again? [laughter] mr. rubenstein: in the heyday of the mercury program, everyone's attention was captivated by it. congress of putting up monday, -- money. astronautsnted the

to go where they were going. everybody wanted to be an astronaut. the government has basically receded from the mission to go back to the moon or to go to mars, and why is it that you are leading the effort? why? thingslins: most especially in the world of , economics and economy are physical and we came to a wave of the latter days of the apollo program and that momentum was hard to keep going. i think we are at a time of hiatus and the momentum has, and -- has possibilities picking up again. the focus should be on mars. my friend, neil armstrong who was a far better engineer and i -- then i thought it was worthwhile to stop off and get a little more organized on the men -- moon before heading on to

mars. i disagree with that. i think we have to just go. i used to joke that i thought nasa should be renamed national aeronautics and mars association. but on to mars. mr. rubenstein: what do you think the u.s. government -- why do you think the u.s. government has receded, and you think he is government interest can be captured? mr. collins: -- mr. bezos: the heyday of the 1960's and the apollo program, i get the instinct that we as a community hold that moon landing as the way forward, out of sequence of where we should have

been. it was a gigantic effort with what is in many ways should have been impossible and they pulled it off without really any potential power, still using slide rules. they could not numerically model the computers. a lot of these important processes, combustion and the rocket engine, which is still hard today but we can do it a little bit. they did not have flow dynamics. everything had to be done in a wind tunnel. nothing on the computer. i think the reason we have taken a hiatus may be in part because it is, we pulled that forward to a time when it should have been impossible and once it was done, we kind of had to wait to let technology catch-up. the reason the blue origin and spacex and virgin galactic and these companies today, any of them, the only reason that we can do this kind of endeavor at all is because we are standing on the shoulders of nasa who invented all of this technology. we're still using all the things they invented in the 1960's. we have refined versions of it,

but even the computer codes that we use to validate our designs, have been honed and fine-tuned by nasa over decades. so this is -- i think we are finally, i believe that we are entering a new golden age of space and space exploration and the time has come for that to happen. we as a species have up leveled ourselves in terms of technology. it is amazing. mr. collins: let's put the next president of united states, whoever is elected, suppose that person calls you up and says i want to jumpstart the space program. give me advice. what can i do? give me advice about how to jumpstart the problem.

mr. collins? mr. collins: i would probably be so nervous i would drop the telephone. i have never had a president of the united states ask me a question. i happen to believe in mars. one of the wonderful things about the apollo program was what john f. kennedy said we , want a man on the moon by the end of the decade. simple. that you about that, do not understand. we all understood what it was and what we were supposed to do. and we need something similar to that today. i do not know what that is. as i say, i have every hope. i think mars is the focus we should have. but whatever it is you want to do, you need a lot of support from the president of the united states. you have to have the feeling that he is a man or a woman that thinks about space, likes the exploration of space, thinks it

is a worthwhile investment for the government and puts it high on the priority list. regardless of parties and who you like or do not like, we have not had that personal involvement of a president, i do not think since john f. kennedy. but it was a wonderful help for us. as the president said, there it is. it is stark, outlined, and off you go. mr. collins: -- mr. rubenstein: jeff, what would you do? called? president just like darpa has done with great challenges, which kicked off self driving cars, nasa, for example, has done detailed planning on a mars sample return mission. so, an automated vehicle that lands on mars and collects mars samples and lifts back off, comes back to earth with martian

samples. a very expensive mission to do. it is a very complex mission to do. one thing the government could do is offer a large prize to whoever first brings back mars samples. it would be very interesting. it would be that kind of horse race that would bring a lot of attention and people would compete for it. who knows how it would end? and if nobody brings samples back, it costs taxpayers nothing. it is a very effective way of getting a lot of interest and a lot of teams competing to come up with creative ways to do that. i also would advise that nasa needs to go after gigantic, hard technology goals. an example would be an in-space qualified nuclear reactor. it would be very difficult, very

challenging, not something private enterprise would undertake anytime soon. another gigantically hard mission that nasa could undertake would be hypersonic point-to-point travel. on earth. nasa is not just about space. hards and really technology programs. mr. rubenstein: do either of you believe in ufo's? what happened in roswell, new mexico? one of the horrible things is that word, ufo. anyone who has flown in the night sky or day sky, you see a flock of geese where things just happen to be pointed properly at it. have i ever seen a ufo? yes. i have seen an unidentified object in the sky. do i think it was inhabited by little green men from far away? no. some abberent lighting

condition. i am not answering your question. ask me again. what was the question? [laughter] mr. rubenstein: on the backside of the moon, when he went to the you did of the moon, not see little men or women walking around? the backside of the man was kind of nice. i could not hear mission control. do this, do that. it was pleasant. [laughter] mr. rubenstein: do you believe there are ufo's, life elsewhere ? mr. bezos: i believe there is life elsewhere in the galaxy, but i do not believe they have visited us or are abducting people. if they come, they will make themselves quite visible. mr. rubenstein: michael, how did you get involved in the space program? you are a graduate of west point and a fighter pilot. how did you get selected? just explain.

ultimately, you got selected. mr. collins: i was 8-years-old and looked up into the night sky and said, the moon is for me. i used to make model airplanes. neil armstrong made model airplanes. mr. rubenstein: that is how you get selected? mr. collins: we both wanted performance, higher and faster. my solution was to wind the rubber band a couple extra turns. neil built a wind tunnel. [laughter] that?llins: did you know anyway, i got into it step-by-step i went to west point, -- step-by-step. i went to west point, military academy. my father and my brother had all gone there. fundamentally, i went because it was a free education. then i had the choice of army or air force. my uncle was army cheese, chief -- the army chief of staff.

nepotism. i snuck off to the air force. then the choice was fly or not fly? then the choice was fly little ones are big ones. little ones are better than the big ones. sorry boeing. [laughter] mr. collins: then fly the same ones over and over or fly the new ones. next thing you know, i was the test pilot, and nasa was looking for a test pilot. that simple. mr. rubenstein: when you get to meet the other astronauts, do you say, how did i get here, or how did they get here? mr. collins: backup a little bit. before there was a space program, the bureaucrats, the scientists, the medics, all got together and decided, who did they want to hire, the kind of people. some of the proposals were bizarre. we could not breathe. pick mountain climbers. they are used to that stuff.

or you will be so enraptured, you will not want to return. similar to some scuba divers. so you get a scuba diver. it is dangerous. so we should get bullfighters. all these crazy ideas were compiled and filtered and put together in a paper to president eisenhower. and he said, ok. you have to be a graduate of an accredited test pilot school. this pool ofy, billions. today, i think that nasa is looking for 12 people. so far, they have 18,000 applicants today. but if you say you have to be a graduate of an accredited test pilot school, that pool shrinks. i was fortunate to be one of the few people considered. i would never make it today. i guarantee that. mr. rubenstein: how did you get

interested in space? mr. bezos: actually, i became inspired when i was 5-years-old when i watched apollo 11. this guy and his two pals going to the moon. it was -- i could tell how excited everybody was around me. you do not choose your passions. your passions choose you. and ever since i was 5-years-old, i have been thinking about rockets, rocket engines, and spacecraft pretty much every day of my life. mr. rubenstein: everybody as a little boy, or maybe a little girl as well, they are interested in space, but they do not do the things you did. what prompted you, after he amazon, to start a separate company? mr. bezos: i had been hoping to build a space company since i was a little kid. then reality came into play. i realized it was going to be expensive to start a space

company. i moved on i fell in love with , computers. then i won this lottery called amazon.com. and then i realized, wait, i can do that original childhood dream now. and so i started this company. it employs, we are up to 700 people. we are building a suborbital tourism vehicle that competes with virgin galactic. and we are going to -- our goal is to make it possible for anyone who wants to go to space to be input to afford it. we will work at that goal patiently until we can achieve it. we are also building an orbital vehicle. we will fly that at the end of the decade for the first time. -- my it is my belief belief is that, to dramatically lower the cost of space it is , all about reusability. you have to make your vehicles reusable. you cannot throw them at the bottom of the ocean every time , if you want to lower the cost.

mr. rubenstein: would you go on one of these space trips yourself? mr. bezos: absolutely. i fully expect to go to space myself, one day. mr. rubenstein: are you telling your family that? mr. bezos: i am telling them right now. they know i cannot be kept away. i will do it very safely. i think space travel can be much lower cost and much more reliable and safe. in fact, i think reusability will add to reliability. so, you do not want -- i would boeing 787 fly a new after it has been flying a little while, not the first flight out of the factory. when you build these space vehicles, you cannot send them on test runs the way that we do them. their first mission is their last mission. that really hobbles you in terms of making things show less text

safe and reliable. mr. rubenstein: michael, when you are selected to go on apollo 11, was there any jockeying? i would like to be the first man on the moon? i would like to run the command module? who decided who would do what? mr. collins: there was some small fuss about who went first. it seemed neil armstrong should have gone first. he was the commander. that seemed more appropriate to me and a more normal sequence of events. i am glad he did. i think neil was an amazing fellow. he -- at that time, there were 30 of us in the astronaut office in houston. of the 30, there was one here and 29 there in terms of test piloting experience. and that was what we considered the single most important yardstick, if you will.

so neil, because of his experience at edwards as a test pilot for nasa and nsa, he was almost in a class by himself. and also i thought, personality was. people will argue with that, say he was too reticent. you did not get out and sell the program. from a personality point, i think he was a superb choice. i would not want, i could get it for you, a wholesale pr man trying to sell. that would have been dreadful. if you consider the positions on the crew, hierarchy, the worth of the man, the personality, i think it was a wonderful choice. mr. rubenstein: on that flight, you could say there are 4 complicated parts.

getting off the earth, you do not know if it will work. then getting into the moon's orbit. you do not know if that is going to work. then having the lunar module go down and have the lunar module come back up and go back to the earth. you could say five parts. which was the most dangerous or made you the most nervous that it would not happen? mr. collins: going to the moon, i liken it to a daisy chain. it is a long, complex daisychain. a lot of links, fragile. you break one of the links and the rest do not matter a lot. think of it that way. the weakest to me, or the hardest, getting the lim off the lunar surface. someone asked neil, was in the -- wasn't the navigation terribly complicated? he had a wonderful sense of humor. he said, you can see the thing the whole way. [laughter] things ins: so those

was not worried about. but i was worried about the ascent and rendezvous. they had only -- we were big on redundancy. we wanted to of everything. but the design of the lunar module, we only had one engine hanging out of the bottom. that thing had to work or they were stuck there forever. so those things got really complicated from my point of view. if they got off on time, burned the engine for the right number of seconds, precisely right, then it was pretty simple. but any variations in their trajectories gave me fits. sometimes my strategy would be to drop down into a lower orbit and try to catch them faster. if they got past a certain point, then my strategy was to go higher and slower and let

them make an extra turn around the moon and catch me. i had a book around my neck, big, fat notebook. if i remember, it had 18 variations on this theme. so given the fact that lots could have gone wrong on the lunar surface, the single engine might have had a hiccup, i might have been able to rescue -- obviously i could not go and land, but short of that i had a lot of ways of rescuing them. i am not sure i knew all 18 as well as i should have. [laughter] mr. rubenstein: you have written and said that the most dangerous job you had was the one of perhaps having to come back by yourself. in other words, you were afraid if they did not come back, you would have to come back by yourself. and you lived in fear that people would blame you for some

reason. matthew had not brought them back -- that you had not brought them back. mr. collins: we never discussed that. it was clear to them and to me that, if they were stuck, i was not going to commit suicide. i was coming home. but i would have been a marked person for the rest of show less life. mr. rubenstein: you mentioned coming back to the earth is not exactly a day in the park, a walk in the park. can you describe how difficult it is to get back into the are atmosphere? into the right rotation? mr. collins: it was not as bad as it sounds. if you run the numbers, the arithmetic says, oh, my god. too shallow, and we will see you six months after you run out of oxygen.

those numbers are frightening. [laughter] mr. collins: however, despite what jeff says about primitive technology, and it was pretty primitive, we had a whole basement full of ibm's and antennas and all that. so if we got one hiccup off the trajectory on the way back, we made a correction. fortunately, we did not have to make many corrections. but we had the capacity to, instead of flying a nice smooth arc that might've -- might have been too high or too low, we were exactly on the path. mr. rubenstein: there was a fear you had moon germs and you had to be quarantined for weeks. what was that like? mr. collins: we were locked up with dozens and dozens of mice. suppose they had gotten ebola.

or something. we would still to this day be a quarantine down there. [laughter] you have gone to the moon and come all the way back. then you land in the water and take dramamine. why would you worry about that? mr. collins: i do not think i took any. mr. rubenstein: i thought that you are supposed to take it because it tilted so much. mr. collins: i lost a case of beers in the landing. i flew it, i switched seats with buzz. he sat where i normally did. i was the navigator coming back. and he was the guy that was in charge of parachutes. that might have been my domain, but not at that time in the flight. and the thing is, as soon as you hit he was supposed to push in

hit thecuit breakers, two switches, and the parachutes would jettison. if you did not do that swiftly, we would be caught by the wind and flip over. then we would be upside down for a couple of hours. you had to pump up. anyway, i had a case of beer bet about whether we would go over. he messed it up, and i had to owe him a case of beer. [laughter] mr. collins: and we got sick, not physically sick, but we were upside down for some time and it was a mess. mr. rubenstein: jeff, suppose someone watching once to go to -- wants to go to space. where do they sign up, how much does it cost, and when will they be able to do it? mr. bezos: we do not know exactly what we will charge. virgin galactic is charging somewhere between $250,000 and $300,000 a ticket. we will be in the same range to start with and keep working

overtime to make it cheaper. mr. rubenstein: when do you think that will be available? mr. bezos: 2018. we will fly our first test astronauts in late 2017, hopefully. if the test program continues to go. we are flying again this friday. we are webcasting that. if the test program continues to go well, we should be ready to put people on board late 2017 and paying astronauts on 2018. mr. rubenstein: can somebody sign up now? mr. bezos: we are not taking deposits or anything yet. mr. rubenstein: if people want to go, should they be physically fit? can they be out of shape? mr. bezos: you do not need to be especially physically fit, that -- there will be some criteria, but that will come later. we will have more details. if you can ride a roller coaster, you can probably do

this. it is not something that would require special physical fitness. mr. rubenstein: will you be able to order something from amazon of their -- up there? [laughter] mr. bezos: yes, but you will not be able to have it delivered. it is what alan shepard did in the early days. instead of going around the earth, you go up and back down. you are in zero gravity for approximately four minutes. we have the largest windows that will have ever been in space. people who have been to space, we can ask mike, but i haven't heard it from many people. have heard from many people that it does change you. the way you think about earth and humanity. you get to see into earth's atmosphere and the blackness of space. mr. rubenstein: michael, you

have written that you wish all government leaders could go to outer space because you can see the earth without boundaries and borders. fragility is the word you use. can you comment on that, why you saw the earth as so fragile? mr. collins: the idea of fragility had never occurred to me before the flight. it was kind of a surprise. speaking of windows, in the command module, there were 5 windows if you want to look at the earth. you could see where you came from and all of that. i look out window number one, nothing. black. window number two. you look through all five windows and it is not there. that is an interesting starting point right there, if you stop and think about it. you spend your whole life on it and you want to see it and get back to it and it is gone. it is not there. obviously, you know, sooner or later, if you twist the spacecraft and pitch around a certain way, it will hove

into view. and when it does, it is very small. and you have a normal thumbnail? hold it up. hold it in front of you. ok that is what you see. , that is what it looks like from the moon, a thumbnail out in front of you about that big. , that is pretty small. and of course, we are mostly ocean. so you mostly see blue. you see quite a few clouds. depending on the weather conditions. you do not see land so much. it is very shiny, the amount of sunlight that the earth reflects. but somehow, this little tiny blue and white sphere looks lovely and clean, which it is not. it looks fragile, which it is.

i do not know why it looked fragile. that was just my reaction. just a beautiful little thing. be back in a couple days, i hope. in the meantime, it just looks so beautiful and fragile. fragile, fragile, fragile. mr. rubenstein: you and two other men went to the moon and came back safely. that is an incredible bonding experience. but, it did not seem as if going up, you are not very close to each other. and afterwards you do not become closer, so what was the nature of the relationship between you? mr. collins: i love them both. one of the books i wrote, i described my crew as amicable strangers, which, in a way we were. i did not mean that in a bad way. unlike most cruise, most cruise -- most crews were formed and were a backup crew. they worked together as a team and became a primary group.

due to a whole set of circumstances, we all came together about six months before the flight. the other thing that was a little different, is where the spacecraft is manufactured and where you test them. neil and buzz would be off in long island worrying about grauman, and i would be in california worrying about the command module. when we got together, we were not together. they were off in the simulator and i was in the command module simulator. so just, what i would call freakish circumstances, kept us from being as close. mr. rubenstein: you have them back on earth -- you have been back on earth for quite a while. back in 1969, you had a chance to stay in the program and be on

-- and be the person that went on the moon physically. why did you choose not to do that? mr. collins: it was more of a personal thing. my wife is from boston. i do not think houston was her first choice of habitat. i was perfectly happy to be spending more time at home and less in motel 6 somewhere. and, but i would have to say that underlying that, i guess i had the wrong attitude in the sense that i thought apollo 11 was kind of the apex of the program to do a john kennedy said, to land a man on the -- to land a man on the moon by the end of the decade. and i would rather do that then put up with another three years of simulators in motels and this , that and the other.