from pouring into wisconsin and every place else. [cheers] the heroin epidemic is beyond belief. in new hampshire, a great place, that is really where i realize the extent of what is going on. when i meet with the people of new hampshire and they tell me the biggest problem they have is heroin. i said, it can't be. with a beautiful lakes and streams, so beautiful. the biggest problem is heroin. you have to be kidding, they can be right. and it was. their youth is being poisoned and then you go to massachusetts and you go to north carolina and south carolina and you come here. you come here. i just left eye what. -- iowa. you go to iowa and you see the tremendous problems they have with heroin and drugs that pour in from the southern border. and look, here's the story.

we're going to have strong borders. we are going to have a wall. it will be a big powerful wall. , you know that hillary clinton wanted a wall. a number of years ago. she wanted a wall. the primary reason as we understand it, looking back, not that long ago, she went to the -- wanted a wall. walls do work. all you have to do is ask israel. are you to is ask some of the nations that are in europe right now that are building walls. it is sort of interesting. obama talks about there will be no walls. but in the white house, which he just said, which is true, they want to build a fence a lot bigger will and a lot higher and a lot stronger. it is sort of interesting. i say don't build that fence. don't build that fence. because they say walls don't work. fences don't work.

don't build that fence. when hillary doesn't want to let you have your guns, she will be surrounded by people like this. that have more firepower on them than any human beings on earth. and i think she doesn't want to have guns. i think that all of her bodyguards and offer secret service should immediately give up their weapons. [cheers] immediately. immediately give up those weapons and if somebody comes at you with a gun just try to talk , them out of it. got to do some quick talking. really quick some talking, hillary. i don't think even hillary with a phony lies and disgusting habits, i don't think she could get away with that one.

[cheers] so we are going to have a little contest i did this quickly, , it is so simple. hillary wants to raise taxes. trump is going to lower taxes vary substantially. the biggest tax decrease of all. on business and personal. hillary wants to significantly expand regulations. trump is going to get rid of many, many, many regulations.

which, by the way, are stopping your businesses both small and big from succeeding, from expanding and from anything, starting. you can't start a business today. the regulations are so onerous and horrible. hillary wants to shut down energy production. trump wants to expand it significantly and will start paying off our debt. hillary wants to essentially abolish the second amendment. take away your rights. donald trump will protect it more so than any president that has ever served. [cheers] crooked hillary wants far left activist judges, forced over

there by bernie and by pocahontas, who will destroy our constitution. i want judges who will support and defend our constitution. [cheers] justice scalia, who was as great as we could get. [cheers] hillary wants to open our borders, just open them up because special interest and donors want it that way. there are reasons. i understand that. i want to totally secure our borders. but i want people to come in. but they come through a process. hillary wants to invade foreign countries. do you ever see where she said

donald trump with the nuclear -- i did not want the world iraq. i'm on record. i do not want the war on iraq. i did not want what they done. i said if you read esquire magazine, and long time ago, he -- you will see. everything i said was right. it will destabilize the middle east. i said the minas, toughest group of people, the people that hate united states the most they will , take it over. they are taking over the oil, taking over the land, taking over everything. i'm always being accused like a war hawk. she wants to be tough with russia. says donald trump likes putin. i don't know putin. i hope i like them. i hope he likes me. because i would love to get along with russia. love to, but i don't know.

he says, donald trump, wants to befriend putin. what is wrong with that. but she will be the tough one. she will be the tough one. she will put nuclear weapons. they have all nukes. she will be the tough one. a she will be the tough one. you putl you what -- her in the office of president. she hates putin and putin hates her. that is what i hear putin probably does not respect her . but she says we've got to be tough. we will be tough with russia. we are in a different world today. she makes it sound like i'm the tough guy that will have the temperament, you know who gave her the word doc of the people that read the speeches.

she says donald trump, i have between facebook and twitter almost 20, 21 million people. it is an asset. but she made the statement during her speech, i heard it as i was falling asleep, so remember that one. hillary wants to invade foreign countries. look at libya. we did a great job there. hit qaddafi. isis taking over the oil. we have people that don't know what they're doing. we have people that don't know what we are doing. we have people, who is your military consultants? i gave them names. but they are not working.

of course then not working, but what working now people have gotten us. who the hell wants the people working now? [applause] donald trump: a lot of it is common sense and instinct. i was asked on the big networks about nato, they said what do think of nato, it's not like it was my primary subject. i've long been doing this for 12 months. now, it's almost 14 months. nato, i know enough. sometimes knowing a little is better than owing to much. too much. you understand. you can't see the forest through the trees. i said nato in my opinion is obsolete because it is not

covering terrorism. obsolete for that reason. many countries that are not paying their fair share. [applause] we are protecting those countries. even the commander of nato, i so respect what he did, he came out the other day and said donald trump is right. donald trump is right. i'm sure obama was thrilled. donald trump is right. you have countries that are not paying. he goes in and talk to them. you have to pay your bills. i have budgets and after good to -- i have to go to congress and say what is happening. they don't pay their bills. people don't ask and they probably say, we owe the united states millions of dollars, we

are ready to pay. have they asked for the money? no. i will say the commander of nato said i was right. then we have the people back here, stupid people. they say donald trump the said -- theyare the worst likedonald trump doesn't nato. he is going to abandon nato. that is not what i said. i said they have to pay. now, you have to walk, you may have to walk. but they have to pay. we are going to get into world war iii for all these countries that are laughing at the stupidity of the united states. they have to pay. and they probably will. but hillary said about japan, we are defending japan. in all fairness, before i came along, it yourself back three -- put yourself back three years

ago. did anyone know we defend japan? about 12%. not bad. i think some of you are lying. i think some of you are related to hillary clinton. i think some of you are lying. we defend japan. a man comes up, a general or something, remember so vividly and he said, at a news conference, they were theyrassed because i said have to pay. you have to be prepared to walk. i understand the reason. this is 40 years ago. we are defending all of these, we defend japan. we defend germany. we defend saudi arabia. do you think they have money to pay? how about the military bases we

rent? the bases we wrench to saudi to protectdi arabia them. think of the stupidity. think of the stupidity. this general comes up, has a news conference and he said, mr. trump does not understand that japan is paying 50% of the cost to defend them. reporter calls up who i think is there and said to me, mr. trump, we would like your comment. they say japan is paying 50%. and i say, why aren't they paying 100%? here's the problem of hillary rotten clinton. that's why she changed the name. everybody was saying that. i've been saying it. here is why does that work for

hillary. she saw that i said we have to get reimbursed for the cost. japan, economic behemoth. germany, economic behemoth. saudi arabia, nothing but money. they were making a billion dollars a day with high oil prices. now, making a fortune. economic behemoth. why are we defending them if we are not going to be reimbursed? if we do that, the budget is starting to look good. you have the budget, we have an $800 billion trade deficit a year. we trade with other countries. we have a deficit with other countries. $800 billion a year. trade deficit. do we make good deals? no. with china, $505 billion trade deficit. they cheat us because they

devalue the currency. whenever it gets tough, they devalue. our companies can't compete with that. here's the thing, hillary says about japan, how dare he not say allies? our i will never abandon our allies, ever. how do you negotiate when you tell somebody will never leave them? we may have to leave. japan has problems because you have the maniac in north korea making missiles. south korea, it is an economic behemoth. you can't buy a television that is not made in south korea except for sony which is japan. which has sort of lost its way. whether it is lg or samsung. i ordered thousands of television. you can't buy them in the united states. i would love to.

one of the pundits said they do make them. there's a company. and he showed me this little company. all the parts come in from all over the world and they put them together. and they give you a television that doesn't work and nobody ever heard of it. then i put it into a luxury hotel and everyone complains. you can't say to people when you are negotiating, we're talking about tremendous billions and billions of dollars. you can't say to people, when you are negotiating, we will never leave you. we will never leave you, we love you. could you pay more? no. you're never going to leave us, so why would we pay more? there's a chance we will have to leave. there is a chance japan will have to take over this monster and figure it out. we are very far away. it is very expensive. we have a treaty with japan and if the united states is

attacked, they do not have to do anything. but if japan is attacked, we to have to go in there and who knows what will happen. world war iii, who knows? but if we are attacked, they don't have to do anything. you tell me, who makes these deals? it is like sergeant bergdahl. we trade a dirty rotten traitor when five or six people were killed when he deserted and we knew they were killed and we knew he was a traitor. we trade for five of the greatest killers, the greatest killers in the middle east, five people that they wanted the most. that is our deal. we get a traitor and they get

five people that are right now, most of them, already back on the battlefields try to kill -- trying to kill everybody, including us. no more folks. that is called the five for one president. that is the same guy that made the deal for $400 million. the other guys cannot leave the airport. the hostages. then come all of a sudden, they were able to leave. you watch him yesterday saying that, can you believe it. this had nothing to do with this. just a coincidence. you know, she is unfit to serve as president for a lot of reasons. he is unfit also. he has done so bad. he has been so incompetent. we have doubled our debt. think of it. over the years of our country he

gets in and in eight years by the time his term is up we will have doubled our national debt. think of it. so, we have to win this election. this is a very important election. i did not need to do this, folks. believe me. i could be elsewhere. i love being with you, but i could be elsewhere. i might be in wisconsin, just a different location. but, i felt i had to do it. i want to give back. i'm going to give back. [applause] donald trump: i want to give back. because our country does not win anymore. chanting "trump"]

donald trump: our country does not win anymore. and it is not going to win with crooked hillary clinton. she does not know how to win. our country will not win with her. we are going to be worse than we are with obama. if you want four more years of what is going on, isis, isis expanding. by the way, our policeman are en are great, great people. [applause] donald trump: and we are not going to allow our policeman to en to be shot down anymore. no more. no more.

so, november 8, you have a big election. i promise you this, if i win, we're going to start winning again. we are going to win on trade. we're going to win with our military. we are going to take out isis. we are going to win for veterans who have been totally mistreated. our veterans are great. we have a great plan for our veterans. we are going to win for our veterans, for the first time, maybe ever. we are going to win on trade deals. we will make the finest, bring our jobs back. we're not going to make it easy for these companies to leave and fire everybody. it is going to be very expensive when they do it. believe me. it will be very expensive. they will say, you know what, maybe we will stay in wisconsin. maybe we will stay. [applause] trump: it is going to be very, very hard. we're going to have strong borders. we will have the wall. mexico is going to pay for the wall 100%.

100%. [applause] donald trump: we are going to get rid of obamacare. we're going to get rid of common core and we will bring our education local. we will have local education. we're going to appoint great supreme court justices. [applause] donald trump: and folks, we will start winning again. we are going to win at every level. we are going to win so much you will get tired of winning. i'm telling you. you're going to be begging me, mr. president, you will send your great quarterback, right? he will come to the white house. everybody respects them. he will come to the white house. mr. president, the people of wisconsin can't stand winning so much. could you turn it down just a little bit? i will say i just can't do that. we are going to win more and more. we are going to win at every level. we are going to win. we are going to make america great again. we're going to make america safe again.

thank you very much, everybody. thank you. [applause] ♪ [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2016] ♪

>> donald trump at a rally in green bay, wisconsin last night come introduced by his running mate, indiana governor mike pence. also, he saw hillary clinton at asevent also from yesterday the democratic presidential nominee must become to a conference of the national --ociation of journalist black journalists and hispanic journalists. a joint conference here in washington, d c on friday. if you missed any of our events, you can go to www.c-span.org.

stories, this one from "the wall street journal." onocrat hillary clinton to restried to put questions about her trustworthiness and her use of a private e-mail server. her answers appeared unlikely to settle the matter. the controversy over her e-mail practices research first issue resurfaced after the fbi director characterized as truthful. mrs. clinton said she had perhaps short-circuited her her testimony to

the fbi. that story from the "new york times" today. donald trump endorses paul ryan and john mccain in bid for gop unity. endorsed the reelections of paul ryan and john mccain. hadendorsement on friday the rollout of a carefully crafted campaign event. the green party is holding its convention this weekend in houston. on newsmakers on sunday is jill stein, green party presidential candidate.

tomorrow at 10:00 a.m. and six quote p.m. eastern time. that's six clutch p.m. eastern time we will have the acceptance -- 6:00 p.m. eastern time. we will have the acceptance as our roadll stein to the white house coverage continues. the house and senate continue on their summer break, members visiting with their constituents, visiting with th m business ies. they post their activities on a variety of social media platforms. donald trump mentioned he was endorsing kelly ayotte this -- t

the democratic congressman from texas -- up next, we will talk >> just finished the international 10k. to think about coming back to el paso and join us for next year's race. >> one of the twitter highlights from this week from montana enator steve daines -- he was heard on snapchat saying "one less coyote."

we've been following one member who started a road trip through his state, cory booker of new jersey starting a seven-day road trip through the garden state . posting several updates through that trip we want to show you one of his latest updates from his road trip via snapchat. queen'sg "immun "]ohemian rhapsody ♪

>> sender cory booker of new jersey -- senator cory booker of new jersey and his staff having fun there. members of the house and senate theirue meeting with constituents. we continue to follow their activities via social media here on c-span over the coming days.

now, a look at this month's jobs numbers released this week. this is from today's "washington journal." host: joining us now is josh boak, an economics writer at "the associated press." he has worked on politico, the chicago tribune. thank you for being here. you're here to talk about the jobs report, the government reported yesterday that the economy added 255,000 jobs in july. what does that tell us about the state of the recovery? guest: this was a good report. it is not just the fact that we added 255,000 jobs, it is the fact that wages have gone up 2.6% over the last 12 months. not only are more people finding work, but their incomes are rising. people finding work, but their incomes are rising. that is key for the recovery. it is reassuring, right? roughly 1% grew at

for the first six months of the year, there was a lot of nerves about that. reports, as webs got 292,000 jobs in june and 255,000 in july, they offered reassurance that things should that things should pick up in the second half of the year. host: the unemployment rate stayed unchanged. you can see the unemployment rate at 4.9%. why did not the unemployment rate change? guest: it contains two surveys. most people do not dig into it that much, but we will nerd out because we are on c-span. we look at a survey of households. the other report in terms of jobs is a survey of businesses and establishment. when we look at the household survey, what we found is all

these people started looking for jobs last month. a lot of them found it. theuse more people entered labor force, the unemployment rate did not go down. host: what sectors are creating jobs? where are businesses starting to hire? guest: not just businesses, employers. we saw a big bump in government employers from teachers. we saw a lot of school budget cuts in 2010 and 11 that led to fewer teachers. impact, we see that in fact in education and health care. we saw a lot more architects and computer system developers hired. traditionally, we've had strength in leisure and hospitality, restaurants, that anything. host: here are some more statistics for you.

special business services sector gained 70,000 jobs in july. health care, 23,000. financial services, 18,000. government employment, 38,000. mining, the mining sector did lose 6000 jobs. we want to let our viewers know they can join in the conversation. is the number to call if you are a republican. democrats (202) 748-8000. independents, (202) 748-8002. you can send us your thoughts on twitter. we are speaking with josh boak. you mentioned that wages have gone up. we sought wage gains last month. tell us what is driving that and what that means for paychecks in the future. guest: the theory is that when

more people find jobs, unemployment goes down, employers have to pay more money to get workers and keep workers. economists have been waiting, and you know this, for years saying all these jobs has to to rise.s is -- wages we are seeing that 2.6%. not everyone thinks that is a great increase, but it is an improvement. the reason why is more people are finding jobs, the unemployment rate is 4.9%. employers have to pay more. analysts at goldman sachs also looked at the lower wage and. -- end. they said increases in minimum wage has helped. this is really the staff, that wage increase. that's what we want to pay attention to. that will have ripple effects

for voters, the federal reserve, and determine a lot of policy and family well-being. host: we will talk about those in just a minute. let's hear from chris from new hampshire on the product line. go ahead. -- democratic line. caller: it is nice to talk to you this morning. host: good morning. caller: good morning. as far as the unemployment rate not changing, this is just i think apinion, but lot of it has to do with the fact that a lot of these jobs that are being created, if you jobs,ut the higher up are jobs for walmart and target and so on and so forth, and they are creating jobs, but they are not hiring people. an example, just in my local area, we had two different

minutes within 30 distance from each other that had been hiring for the last two years straight and are still hiring, and they have that sign up every day. host: that is chris from new hampshire. guest: this is the big question, what kind of businesses are the best at creating jobs? the thought has been you want a small business that can grow over time. there is a separate jobs report that is put out privately that looks at job creation by size. overs been evenly spread the last month between small businesses, the inside of businesses, and large corporations like walmart. those large corporations are often mature enterprises that are looking to compete on productivity, not adding staff. you get this important question.

when you talk about walmart, you are talking about the health of traditional u.s. retail. we have seen that this has been struggling. we have the acceleration of online shopping on places like amazon.com where more and more people are getting their goods. more retailers have to compete on price. how often do you go by a department store and see final sale, 30% off, 50% off. this makes it harder for people to hire. host: you mentioned that the number of jobs that were created last month was quite high. do you think this streak of strong numbers can continue? guest: this is a volatile report. we have to be respectful of that. we need to look at the three-month moving average which is 190,000. we might not add more than 250,000 in august, but if we look at that three-month trend,

that will look solid. i don't want to say how much we will get, but the theory is we will have to slow down eventually because we won't run out of workers we can hire -- we will run out of workers we can hire. host: good morning, harriet. caller: good morning. i wanted to ask a couple of questions. jobs -- what does it add to the deficit? and what does it add to my property tax? if you take one job and turn it into two part-time workers, do you count that as adding jobs? guest: let me answer all of those. we'll start with the part-time one because that is one of the ones that twists everyone up. the part-time jobs come from the household survey.

we have not seen the acceleration in part-time jobs lately. we have seen a decrease in the number of people who are working part-time jobs for economic reasons. that is a sign the economy is getting better. you can look at that each and every month. in some cases, we can look at the number of multiple job workers, and have been roughly 7 million or so for the last year or so. about 4.9% of everyone who works in the united states has multiple jobs. on the question of teachers and taxes and budget deficits, we will get into the weeds here. teachers tend is, to be a good thing. the more educated you are, the more likely you are to have a job, the unemployment rate for college graduates is only 2.5%.

the more likely you are to earn more money. the less likely you are to depend on government support. in the long run, you have this interesting thing. you're paying property taxes for teachers, but if they are able to do their jobs, workers get better educated in the long run. there are more likely to stay in the job market, less likely to depend on government services. we have to be careful in how we do this accounting. when we talk about the federal government, most of the hiring last month was at the state and local level. in the long-term, the size of the federal work horse is shrinking. the federal workforce is not appear to be the driving factor in the federal budget deficit. it is he to stress that. he built often assume it is -- people often assume it is personal costs. it is medicare and medicaid, increasing entitlement costs. not to say those costs are back, just put it in context.

host: hans on the republican line. good morning. caller: good morning. i appreciate you taking my phone call. the caller: good morning. the homebuilding and our country and the amount of income it produces is usually for the people doing construction, they do not have much education. the problem is that, the truth is, our construction has been taken over by the latinos. they do not pay taxes on the money. i know, because i do all the taxes. i am in the community. it is very high in this area. host: i think we hear your point. josh boak, and he points? guest: the jobs report does not

say anything about taxes paid by latinos. but we know construction employment levels are down. but we have seen improvements in construction. we have a lot of builders saying that they cannot find enough workers to build houses, offices, and apartments. so what we saw in the jobs report was higher wage growth in the construction sector, more then 3% year-over-year. so it is looking at the sharpest pay gains right now in construction. host: can you address this question of the reliability of this government data? there have been questions over whether we are looking at the right measure of unemployment. what is the real unemployment rate? explain what we should pay attention to. guest: sure. the unemployment rate was people site is called the u3, a technical name that we will not go back to her but what it looks

at is the number of people who are looking for a job and do not have one. that is the key category. we say, if you're unemployed under the u3 measure, you have to be looking for a job. there might be people and schools who are not looking for a job, retirees not looking for a job, mothers and fathers choosing to raise their children instead of working, so we do not want to count them as unemployed because they have no interest in taking a job. the largest sector is the u6, which looks of people who if you offered them a job, they might take it, people working part time would want to work full-time. ist u6 measure right now 9.7%. so you can say we can measure unemployment as between 4.9% and 9.7%. you will hear some politicians say a lot of things on the campaign trail, and the jobs report is the most basic way to hold our political leaders

accountable, because it is a measure of the economy. it can measure what parts of the economy are growing, and it is a measure of family well-being. some candidates will say the real unemployment rate is 20%. there is an easy way to fact check that. if it was 20%, our economy would look like spain. our economy does not look like spain. i have been there. we are doing so much better. is fromr next caller belleville, michigan, on the democratic line. caller: good morning. hi, c-span. hi, josh. i have a comment and a question for you. i have been really frustrated under this president that every time we talk about the unemployed at rate, for whatever reason under this administration, everybody always wants to talk about the underemployed and that. we have all these statistics

since the beginning, since the labor department has been doing this, but for some reason under this president, the news is making a big thing about it. my question is, can you give us some type of information or figures under all administrations, probably going back to carter, reagan, bush, clinton, bush, and now president obama, how many jobs were created under each of those administrations? do you have any history on that? i appreciate your answer. thank you. guest: thank you. all right, rather than just look at jobs created, because looking purely a jobs created does not adjust for the size of the u.s. population. there are a bunch of trends we need to discuss wintering to compare obama's performance to the past. in a lot of cases, the president does not have a tremendous amount of influence on job creation, particularly in a free market economy. there is an economist at

princeton who did incredible research on that impact. but under obama right now, the unemployment rate is 4.9%, below the 50-year average of about 6%, so that is a positive. by the number of people in the u.s. population who work has dropped. that is called the employment population ratio, and that is just a shade under 60%. it has been much higher in the past for several reasons. one, we had a greater share of men working. but as recently as 1998 and 1999, we saw that first wave of women coming into the workforce. so it got really high under bill clinton. more women were coming in. and that really helped to drive the growth in the employment population ratio after world war ii, which is why a lot of presidents looks bad. robin from alabama,

independent line. go ahead. , these numbers that they keep throwing at us, i do not believe they are anywhere .ear the correct numbers in northnity i live in alabama, people cannot find work. i have a 28-year-old daughter that cannot find a full-time job anywhere. administration -- and this administration that we are this now has weakened economy so bad. he does not want us to be looked at as a superpower, even under the economy. he wants us so weak -- host: all right.

guest: obviously, he is someone dealing with a lot of economic turmoil. there is no doubt that there are pockets in this country that have not recovered, pockets in this country that have suffered. the reason why goes beyond politics. there are basic adjustments in terms of how our job market works. it is increasingly tilted towards those with college degrees and increasingly the noises those without education. we can see that in the difference in unemployment rate. if you have a college degree, your unemployment rate right now is 2.5%. i believe if you have less than a high school degree, it is closer to 7%. in communities with less education is really being felt, and those people are being penalized. that is not just a function of who is in the white house. but if you look at it much more broadly, the u.s. economy is still the world's biggest. there is no doubt about that. the u.s. economy is still seen

as very attractive, which is why so many people buy treasury bonds, basically buy our government debt. there are these wrenching changes going on, and we see these in many communities firsthand, so what this jobs report really is is this is the map of the world. there is a difference between the map view of the world in an economy as big and diverse as the united states and the view that so many people say firsthand. host: you mentioned that the number of women who entered the workforce helped drive up the number of people in america who are working. the babytirement of boom generation impacting the jobs numbers? this is the endless debate. how much of a decrease in the share of americans working has more to do with people retiring policies of either the

administration or the federal reserve? and the conventional economic wisdom is that about half of the decline appears to be because you had aging baby boomers who are retiring. this argument can also get a little bit complex, because for college-educated boomers who are getting older, more of them are working later in life. so the share of older people working has actually increased, but because so many people are getting older, we are seeing that drop in the employment population and labor force participation. broken arrow, oklahoma, republican line. good morning. on.er: glad to have c-span my question is basically, about a year and a half ago, the price of oil dropped a lot. of course, correspondingly, the price of gasoline dropped, the

price of anything you burn went down. utilities those are for businesses. i was wondering if you have seen an impact with regard to that in the economy, and maybe that is the reason why we have got july.0 job data in just curious. a little background on me, i relocated from the northeast, new jersey, about five years ago. thatbs up there during time at all, cannot find anything. and i am a professional, an engineer with an mba. so i came to find some work down here, and i have been here ever since, despite being laid off once down here. it is anything but stable. i am a little bit older. if labor, it is kind of like you do not have medical insurance or access to it, you are going to keep working. that is a comment i had, as well.

host: thank you, richard. guest: all good thoughts. the job growth probably would have been higher if oil prices and energy prices were higher, and the reason why is that would give those firms, the drillers, the miners, the manufacturers who help support that industry more of an incentive to increase productivity, and they would need more workers. we have seen the mining sector in the manufacturing sector flip creation in the last year, and that is a byproduct of lower energy prices. that has not been enough to the real overall u.s. economic growth. the theory goes that cheaper gasoline will create savings to consumers, and they will then spend that money elsewhere. to some extent, we have seen that, but not necessarily to the level that a lot of economists initially expected windows gasoline prices dropped. that might be because a lot of consumers are choosing and stand to save that money to pay off their debt or spend it in ways

that the government is not necessarily good at tracking. host: there is a story you wrote --ently with this headline what is behind the decline? guest: part of what we talk about refers to a measure of u.s. services firms, which counts for a majority of employers in the united states. so they are expanding at a slightly slower pace, and these readings could be volatile from nth, and the employment to not look as strong as you might expect, but they are still expanding. that is the key, and they have been expanding continuously, i believe, for more than 70 months. host: richard from lake elsinore, california, on the democratic line. go ahead. .aller: hi, c-span i am not policies go,

sure if this is too political, but they talk about immigration in connection with job growth. [indiscernible] -- open the private sector, open our wallets and join in, this is the way i see it. these are two different paths. numbers, not just policies. which is more realistic? the real numbers, not the policies. guest: sure. let's talk about what economists say. we have to be fair, not only has hillary clinton proposed additional and for stricter spending, but donald trump

recently said he would double what hillary clinton is doing. we do not have a lot of detours from donald trump's plan, but he has committed to doing that. why is infrastructure valuable? not just to create jobs as far as construction, but it helps you get to where you are going faster. that is really key for growth. gain. give you a personal i come to de-seats morning for work from baltimore. i have to take a train. if the tunnel that train goes under was repaired, i would save 10 minutes and my commute each day. if i saved those 10 minutes, i would have additional work productivity. productivity is how the economy grows. themore productive we are, more wealth we generate. economists will say there is another way the economy grows, and net is by adding more workers. this gets us to the immigration part of the puzzle. when the ap did a survey of economists and asked about the effect of immigration, every economist described immigration as positive, because it

increases the number of workers. so if you add more workers am a you increase productivity, and you get stronger growth. that is the most basic recipe. and the differences between the democrats and republicans is basically about what is the best combination to achieve those. on the immigration thing, immigrants are coming and taking people's jobs or they are undercutting them by working for less am a so pay raises are not as high. we have not necessarily seen that in the data right now. one of the reasons why is that the type of immigrants in the united states right now are very different than in the past. in the ellis island, they were more likely to compete with traditional american workers, but now we see a combination of immigrants were both more educated than the average american and less educated than the average american. that makes them less likely to

have that wage impact than in the past. does not mean they will not have any wage and tax, that is just the trend -- does not mean they will not have any wage impacts, that is just the trend. host: the jobs report that just came out for july was strong. what implications does it have for the presidential election? guest: this is the crazy thing, right, this is an economic support. a couple times over a few years, it suddenly becomes a political report, and politicians will take a statistic of the choice successed either as a or signed that the apocalypse is coming. in this case, the best thing you can do as a voter is look at the report and hold the politicians accountable for what they say. in theory, 4.9% unemployment rate and a lot of these things in the abstract should look good for hillary clinton. but there is this amazing guy at yale university who models

election results, and he uses economic trends to do that. his model shows that donald trump, in theory, should win, but of course, this is not a traditional campaign. this is not a traditional election. one could even say that the numbers are unlikely to sway many voters. that does not mean you will not be hearing about them a lot through november. host: scott from new york is on the independent line. good morning. caller: good morning, c-span. i just wanted to comment on something josh said earlier education.yment and he stated that most people with an education tend to stay employed longer, correct? i work with men and women who have stayed in the same job place for over 20 years, so i do not really think that is right to say. however, i like a lot of your .oints and statistics

i am just one of those voters that do believe a lot of these statistics are disproportional. and: let's hear from danny charlotte, north carolina, calling on the democratic line. caller: good morning. i just want to say that i think people have forgotten about george w. bush. i think this goes back to the bush administration and where we were then. i think finding a job are keeping a job or whatever is not as bad as people make it out to be. i think the jobs they are getting, they do not want to those jobs. but i still think there are jobs they can get. they can blame the president or the congress or the senate for not doing their job, but the problem is we keep voting the same people into office. so if you do not want the same to change whoot

you are putting in office. that is just they way the system works. just to complain about it and not do anything about it, we have a situation that is not going to change. and i always think on the positive side. .ost: ok we're talking with josh boak, economics writer from the associated press. your thoughts? guest: on the college education aspect, i don't know the age of the caller, and that is key if we're talking about job tenu re. the unemployment report really does not look good job tenure. we're looking at the unemployment rate, the number of people who participate in the labor force, that number is higher for people with college degrees. i can look at wage data, and i can show that incomes have improved, especially for those with advanced degrees, over the last three decades.

it has fallen for people with only high school degrees. that is key, incomes have fallen. if you remember playing the game of life maybe 20, 30 years ago, where you could skip college and keep on playing in still buy a speedboat and vacation house, the incomes do not suggest that is possible anymore. it does not mean you cannot do it, but on average, it has become much harder. to the question of political leadership and george w. bush, i don't know. it certainly seems as though politicians always talk about making things better. is our friend of her efforts? are we talking about an economy and set of solutions back to the world war ii era? or are we talking about the economy today and what that looks like? there was a really great point, which was that there's an to be jobs but maybe people don't like the pay, something like that, and there does seem to be a gap in terms of

expectations and what employers are willing to pay for certain what people say this is what i need to live. and the challenge of the job market perpetually right now is reconciling those differences am a what people need to earn in order to live versus what employers are paying. host: there is a question from twitter, how can you add a quarter of a million jobs per month when the economy is growing at just 1% per year? guest: that is a great question, one i am asking myself nonstop. some economists have said we're not really good at measuring economic growth, that the gdp measure is not as reliable as the jobs report. that is one argument. another argument is that maybe we have slow growth because we're not quite as productive as we once were. so falling productivity means you have got to add more workers. if you add more workers to make up for the lack of productivity, that helps to explain maybe some

of that mismatch you are seeking. another argument that is much more simple is the difference between how these things get calculated -- a lot of the slow economic growth that occurred in the second quarter of this year is because of lack of this mess investment, absence of holding up inventory, and fact, inventory shrink. and real estate investments do not tend to line up with the construction numbers and new home sales numbers. sometimes those gdp numbers also get revised. it is worth paying attention to see what happens in those revisions, because we might be looking at another story. bealso know that things can really choppy. the ap coversore than 40 economic indicators, and those indicators do not line up perfectly. this is one of the quirks in the system. it is not like a baseball box sport where every number has to make sense perfectly. because you are getting these

sets of data and trying to make sense of it. from our next color is west hempstead, new york, independent line. caller: this that, this that. host: all right, let's move on to ellen from richmond, virginia, democratic line. caller: hello? host: you are on the air. we hear you. caller: yes, the question i want to ask is, is the number of -- if the retire number of people who retire increases, why does that affect the number of people with jobs? because i assume those jobs would be refilled. that is it. guest: sure. what we're talking about is, there are two measures in the jobs report. in this case, one is the

employment population ratio, which is the share of people in the country who are employed, the share of adults who are employed. as more people retire and they are not looking for jobs, even if those jobs get refilled, that ratio is going to drop. there are more people who have retired or the pressure on the other end is there are more people ages 16 to 24 who were still in school, college, high school, graduate school. so the population ratio will decline, but it does not mean the total number of jobs will decline, just the ratio. host: let's hear from holyoke, massachusetts, independent line. go ahead. , josh. good morning this is craig. greg, not craig. just talked about the productivity rate and adding

workers. but the main part is you have to -- work tork be done be done. it does not seem we have that much work to be done here. it is being done and other places. as far as the unemployment rate, i drive around town, and i don't know, are they counting people on the street corner with a cardboard sign asking for money? i have never seen the amount of people i see standing out on the street corners. are they employed? you know? it is ridiculous. 4.9%, that is crazy. host: all right, that is greg. guest: let's address that head-on. this is the windshield view of the economy. the jobs report is a maps view. it is going to try to look at our big divers 19 join dollar economy with a hole wide range of workers. that view is different depending on what community you are in,

and it is important for everyone, including folks in d.c., and it is not confusing that picture with the same picture everywhere else. of, isise the question all our were going overseas? there has been a period of off shoring, no doubt about that, but we are still seeing job growth in the united states. have moret period, we jobs. the unemployment rate is legitimately 4.9%. the other thing is we have seen our factories get more productive. remember, this is not just about jobs moving overseas. this is about automation and those drivers. in some cases, would i think callers like this are really seeing is that occupations have been hollowed out because of technological changes. that is a very real trend we can date back to the early 1990's. headline onwas this

a story about the jobs report -- buoy prospectres for a fed rate rise. how does this affect interest rates? guest: the fed has a really .imple responsibility they have a dual mandate it one part is to maximize jobs. the other part is to keep prices stable. how do you do that? well, you control the flow of money into the economy. money is almost like the gasoline of the economy's engine. the fed has kind of been keeping that gas flowing like keeping interest rates low. but if you put too much gas in the engine, you're going to overheat, right? and prices will no longer be stable. so some analysts look at this jobs report and go, boy, u.s. economy seems to be riproaring,

we are going to get inflation soon, and that will destabilize prices. the fed should consider changing rates from his door close. they might want to be cautious and make sure this is a real trend because we have not seen prices rise when we expected in the past, and there might be additional room in our economy to hire more. that is why we keep coming back to things like the employment population ratio or the labor force participation rates, and that really matters. as more people come and, those ratios will rise, regardless of what happens with the unappointed rate, and then we will seek additional wage growth, which will feed inflation and spur the federal reserve to act. a lot of experts, economists, at this job look support and doubled down on what their earlier predictions were. this really do not change anyone's opinion. people thought the fed might raise rates in september, still think that. some people think it will be in december and still think that.

from northxt call is carolina, republican line. caller: thank you for c-span. i would like to disagree with mr. boak on two issues. one is the illegal immigrant issue. that is simply that i have ,itnessed myself in this area the raleigh durham, capitol hill 1984, wet back in would see immigrants here tending to the crops. then that is done and they go back. and then i witnessed them going into the trades. landscaping. and the next time i believe it

was concrete. the next time, it was framing. the next time, roofing. the next time, it is actually the technical trades. and once it got to that point, well, i felt somewhat threatened. i disagree with mr. boak that , this has nossue effect on unemployment in america. ,ook at your young black men 40%, maybe 50% unemployment. the other issue is the national debt. i think it is $20 trillion or more. this is a load on the economy. guest: ok, let's address the first issue had-on. -- that's just the first issue head-on. when i was talking about immigration, i was just talking

about immigration. the caller assumed i was talking about illegal immigration. there is a big difference between the two. the north carolina growers association brings more than 11,000 immigrants each year around this time to pick crops. it is true. you will see them there, no doubt. it does not necessarily mean they are illegal. we have also seen a lot of tech workers, particularly in the area where the caller lives, those are legal workers. you might say that some of the policies by which people achieve legal status are not optimal for the theoretical debate about whether adding workers is good for the economy, according to most economists, has been settled. and if the keyword is undocumented workers as a we ight on the economy, even that has been somewhat controversial, but that is not the whole of immigration. after the recession, the number of people following of through the border has decreased.

that has been documented, and that makes sense, because there were fewer jobs for these people. i would be very careful in saying that these immigrants have taken jobs away from minority communities. have housing policies located in areas where it is harder to find work. if we go back to baltimore, we go to freddie gray, we go to that neighborhood, one-third of that community -- they had to drive 45 minutes in order to find work. that is the way the housing policy is set up. if you do not live near a job, it is harder to get a job and keep a job. that is not tied to immigration. if you are going to make that comparison, be very careful with what the data actually say. as opposed to the national debts question, i think national debt is a problem. we borrow too much and do not have the capacity to repay it, and we will be in trouble. we need to be careful and

mindful about it. the point i was making earlier was just that the number of federal workers no longer seems to be tied with the federal debt. from greensboro, north carolina, on the democratic line. caller: good morning. i want to say it is so interesting that it seems like so many people have forgotten what happened in 2008 and 2009. when this president came into office, 800,000 jobs a month were lost under bush. and at that time, you would hear everyday the number of homes that were being for closed, the was a daily report. the auto industry had gone bankrupt. yet, so much has happened and improved, and it is like people seem to have forgotten about that. they just cannot believe that the unemployment rate is at 4.9

percent. there have been seven plus month of job creation every month. that is quite a difference between what has happen in 2009, when this president came into office, the same month in january that bush left, 800,000 jobs were lost that month. thank you. guest: so the economy is better. that,really key to stress whether you think obama deserves the credit or whether you think someone else deserves the credit. the economy is better. it is very easy to be better than the worst economic catastrophe and 80 years. that is a very low bar. what the president's defenders would say is that not only is the u.s. economy that are, but the u.s. economy fared better than other countries that got hit by the downturn. basis for comparison. what republicans would say is that this has been a slow recovery relative to past recoveries.

therefore, we are not doing as well as we should have, and that is really the core of the debate. we should not debate whether or not the economy is doing better. it is very easy for an economy to do better after an economic disaster. what we should be debating is how we judge our policies. host: john from orlando, florida, independent line. caller: thank you, and thank you for c-span. josh, i would like to talk about something in the news lately and the white house blog about the mobility and opportunity for the employees act, which was introduced by senator christopher murphy in june of last year. i have not seen much action going on as far as the bill getting through congress. and the white house, on their blog, released on may 5 what you need to know about these non-compute agreements, and i

have been hit my those in my industry, as well as many other people. for the workers, lower wage employees, imo -- the mobility act wants to ban these agreements for anybody under $13 an hour. i hope this will gets passed. i want you to discuss if this would help the economy by getting people to work in seeking a higher salaries in their industry. guest: the feeling is, exactly, if more people are able to compete for jobs and they fewer bearers in dealing with an employer, that should give labor more ability. right? they can seek out for what they want and compete for those jobs. as for the politics of the issue, i have no idea. i write about the u.s. economy. , tried to talk to real people and real people very seldom are congressman or congresswomen. and so that is an issue of gridlock, and that is way beyond my pay grade. but there is, again, this fun

little question of how you maximize the pay for workers and reconcile that with the costs that employers do not want to pay. this is the issue that our job market is still tried to sort through, even though we have been recovering from more than seven years. host: kathleen from clearwater, florida, republican line. caller: hi, good morning, josh, and thank you for taking my call. i think josh touched on it a little bit earlier with his comments -- can you hear me? host: we can hear you. go ahead. on sendingh touched earlier. you said something very interesting, and i think this is a lot of the problem. i grew up in the midwest. wisconsin steel. i saw this deal meals start to close down in the 1970's and 1980's, and there were off shoring and moving manufacturing

jobs overseas, with the blue dollar -- blue-collar jobs going overseas, and that was pretty much the start of it all. then you touched on something that is getting worse, and it is like a double whammy. know, it is bad enough that the manufacturing went overseas, but now robotics others are taking over our job. it is pretty sad -- host: are robots taking over? robotice do not have overlords yet, but we have seen a lot of pressure be placed on people who work middle-income jobs because of our nation. not just robots, things like computersadsheets and that also matter. no politician i have seen is ever going to run for office by saying, you know, get rid of your iphone, let's go back to an amish way of life. the technology, on the one hand, and this is the real dilemma,

increases the productivity. as we said, productivity is the key for growth. the problem is if those workers do not find other jobs, other occupations, other careers because of the disruption by technology, this is the disconnect the caller is talking about right now, we have not found a good way to bridge disconnects. that should be the country and voters are asking their political leaders. houston, texas, democratic line. go ahead. caller: i want to ask a question. i was watching the democratic convention and saw this girl say her and her mother snuck across into this country and cannot even see her father. stay at home and babysit her and her brother. illegal cameas an across, went to the school system, got on the teet of america --

host: what does this have to do with the economy? caller: because they are taking half $1 billion out of the when you lookyear at how much free education, free food, free medical care, undocumented tax dollars -- host: i think we hear your point. josh boak, we will let you have the last word. guest: there is no doubt that undocumented workers are problem. part of the problem, weirdly enough, is if you do not have legal status, it is harder for you to get a higher wage, as well. so we have to do reform in general and figure out we can have

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>> are we on camera? >> we are now on camera. i'm going to get us started since i know there is a lot of interest in the secretary. i want to get them out on time. apologies to the camera people for starting early. our guest is home and security secretary jeh johnson. we were honored to host his predecessors and are delighted the secretary has me time in his busy and unpredictable schedule to be here today. he began his legal career at the firm of paul weiss where he became a partner. after five years he left to serve as assistant united states attorney in the southern

district of new york. his subsequent career has alternated between corporate law and government service. president clinton appointed him to serve the general counsel of the air force of newly elected president obama may not get to be department of defense general counsel where his boss, robert gates called in the finest lawyer he has ever worked with. on october 2013, is an obama nominated him to be the fourth secretary of homeland security. the secretary and his wife had their first date at the clinton inaugural ball. they are now the parents of a college aged daughter and son. thus ending the biographical portion of the program. now onto the recitation of ground rules. we are on the record here. please note live blogging are tweeting. no use of video. no filing of any kind while the breakfast is underway.

give us time to actually listen to what our guest says. no embargo when assessing and probably at the clock. help you resist the selfie urged him we will e-mail several pictures of the discussion probably reporters here. despite the size of this morning to bed, our goal is to have the breakfast be as much like a civilized in-depth conversation and his little like a hit-and-run press conference as is humanly possible. if you like to ask a question, do the traditional thing and send me a subtle signal and i will happily call on as many reporters that possible. given the keen interest in our speaker in a number of reporters here this morning, i believe it myself to one question and ask that you do to so that as many of us as possible have a get to ask a question. wel