goes out and the financials, how they are managed. and you have a nominating committee, it is independent and they have no ties back to management. their job is to look at, what do we need in terms of skill sets on the board to help us move forward? they will recruit directors. -- they will go out and recruit directors. they may do that through search firms or databases like we have. we have profiles of directors that say -- i need a financial executive in the pacific northwest to has five years of company experience as a director . we could identify a whole group of people like that. they are trying to match the skill sets of the board against the strategy of the company to make sure we have the best advice and representation that we could possibly have around the table going forward. helping the management team to

execute on their strategy. so, at public companies you do get paid as a director and varies depending on the size of the company. micro is paid in stock, they are usually cash for. you generally have to hold the ,tock for a very long time sometimes the entirety of your tenure. as you grow in size you tend to have a cash retainer. what we have said over the years is that if you are a pay director of a public company, half of your compensation be in cash and have should be in stocks of your interests are aligned with that of the shareholders. the average is $250,000 at some

of the largest companies in the country. mark, good morning, you're on with peter gleason. caller: i'm glad you're on. question.o ask you a held corporations a part of your group? yes, they are. usually they are trying to find new ways to increase the prospectus on their boards. usually they don't have quite the number of resources a public company has, though are -- though there are some large companies as well who have more established practices. they are pretty much adhering to these principles and some of the leading practices in the country. host: you had a follow-up?

i guess it's common knowledge, but hillary is on the board of directors from walmart. of then't really think expertise she has an retail that would qualify her to be on the board of directors. but she is. maybe she's not now that she's running for presidency. but she was. sort of like political influence. i don't know whether -- i don't think she's currently on the board of she's running for resident. i don't recall when she was, but companies, as i was talking about in terms of how they determine who should be on the board, walmart is public the traded.

very often boards will include government figures. in some cases they will look to former politicians. you can have current cop -- politicians, but she was secretary of state and if she was in the board it may have been after she was secretary of state. she represents an interesting class of people. we have a lot of them here in bc advisers whoer bring a different perspective to who have larges dealings with the government in terms of regulation. >> we have a full house in the overflow room and are delighted to welcome you to the wilson center and our event this afternoon, the wilson south --

wilson center together with thesnational, focusing on female partner perspective -- women's partnership perspectives. including our programs on reproductive health, maternal environmentwoman's -- empowerment. today's event is being carried out in conjunction with our global leadership initiative, which is quite a landmark initiative here at the wilson center. i know that many of you are familiar with the wilson center. we have several living memorials where we bring together policy and programmatic applications with policy engagement. most recently we have been recognized by the hosting survey coming out of pennsylvania as

the number one think tank with trending disciplinary research. this is really important for us. as we look at women, we very much have a focus on a variety of sectors that are central to overall development. to be ablee pleased to be recognized in that way. our public service project has a focus on accelerating global progress and political leadership to create more dynamic and inclusive institutions that lavished the full potential of the organization that changes the way these are forged. the idea is to have 50% held by a woman by 2050. the goal is to have 50% of

public leadership positions held by women by 2050. so, really important, significant goal of our global women's leadership initiative. this is important. it links to the variety of issues that we will be discussing this afternoon and it's important in terms of data indicators and looking five, which at spg calls for woman's participation and what it means across the range. already, a very critical framing. have an excellent panel this afternoon. whore very lucky to have will be moderating the panel -- to have anne, who will be moderating the panel. previously she was the managing director of development alternatives incorporated and was also the deputy of -- deputy

country representative in hanoi, vietnam. ,reviously she was the first one of the first democracy fellows at the united dates agency for international development. a specialhat, assistant under the secretary of state for global affairs. the perfect person to moderate afternoons discussion. we are looking forward to a very engaging discussion and reception afterwards. thank you. [applause] thank you. that's very kind of you, roger. i'm very excited to be her with all of you. let me add my thanks on behalf of plan international usa. we are pleased to be cosponsoring this event with the wilson center.

it's done a lot of groundbreaking research. the opportunity to partner together on this timely topic is wonderful. we are very grateful. i want to thank all of you. i was also very surprised that on an august day we could pull this turnout. that says a lot about the topic, the importance of it. i was saying to our team earlier that i thought it was the first presidential candidate who was a woman, maybe we didn't need to do this panel anymore. [laughter] i heard watch, but about the olympic coverage of women athletes and i thought -- no, there's still a lot of work to be done. spendally glad we can this time together. we have a lot of really important issues to discuss on the table. the panel brings together, as you have seen from the bios that you have, a very rich perspective coming at these issues from different entry points and for me that's really critical to assess -- to the

success of how we are going to achieve this. there's no one organization with the answer and there is certainly no one approach. it's about bringing together a range of actors and ideas and seeing how that can move us forward. -- at plan international usa, we are a child's rights organization. if we want to advance the rights of children we have to first and foremost advance the rights of women, which is an important contribution. we've seen the evidence of programming and 50 countries where plan works, demonstrating that investments in women benefit the family she's with, the community she contributes thethe entrepreneurship of ngo software she's contributing. and it helps to build the country where she's living. success also needs models. i think that one of the things we overlook when we talk about

women's leadership is how important it is for young girls models of what the future can look like. when we talk about woman's leadership, if you see it, you can become it. it's so important thinking about it. if we don't have the role models, how can we possibly give them a vision of the future? either way, excuse you this is an him itself, supported women for their rights or for thatopment, evidence shows it's a smart investment. i think that's one take away i wanted to highlight. through our decade-long partnership, we have strengthened the leadership and technical capacities of more nongovernmental

organizations and leaders in 75 countries delivering programs that benefit other women, their families, their communities. i would even offer locally. if you look at the network it's an incredibly powerful network of women who are now out there in the world as leaders. if i could put you on the spot, can i ask you to raise her hands? these other women you want to speak to at the reception. [applause] these are the people on the front lines of making change happen. they have fascinating stories to tell. i encourage all of you to find them at the reception is here directly from them. we are pleased to have one of them on the panel with us.

folds bringing in to the further perspectives as well. through plans, because i am a girl movement that many of you know with much better name recognition than plans -- people always say -- you know, because i am a girl? of course they know it. that is a set of activities and onocacy work that settles protection, antitrafficking, youth employment, sexual and reproductive health, and perhaps most fundamentally social accountability. 60 sure that governments are responsive to the private sector and girls needs. this movement is really destined to transform power in the relationship so that girls everywhere can learn, lead, the side, and thrive. across the over 50 country

programs where plan were, -- --ks, we are ending advocating for an ending of violence against women and children, keeping safe and. we educate and empower for sexual and reproductive health rights and economic empowerment. it really is thanks to the partnerships with those groups on the ground and other like minded, including government and the private sector that we have made any progress in this area. is a partnership, for example, with usaid in bangladesh. we have a we call our internal awards ceremony. the winning project for best design and most impact. we are grateful for that partnership and i think it highlights what those kinds of partnerships allow a global federation to accomplish with our partners on the ground.

we have a partnership that we are very excited about that equips youth with skills and training needed to find employment and skills and business, to create a better future for themselves and their families. so, there is a lot going on and a lot to talk about. the speakersr from about their ideas and strategies for building effective partnerships, i wanted to share with you one example of something that we have just formed. as good luck with have it, it was profiled today. we've left out the article, in case you wanted to read more about it. i think that this is an exciting initiative and a contribution to global monitoring and accountability. plan international, in partnership with the international women's health the one, kpmg,

campaign, and women deliver, have embarked on a joint data initiative to measure the progress of girls and women over the next 15 years. that's a long commitment. but that's the time that you need to really look at how things are want to change. the goal of the partnership is to produce an independent tracker that will become a trusted source of information for advocate, advocates, for government, for civil society partners and others working to achieve gender equality. i think that one of the most interesting things about it is that it's getting data from girls and women themselves. what is there lived reality on the ground? what is their perception of whether or not or how it has made a difference in their life and things have improved? i think that that is critical. the evidence of where things are lagging in order to tailor our assist. was convened to provide insights into different perspectives and strategies,

challenges and solutions for building and sustaining effective partnerships with the aim of improving the lives of all women, girls, men, and boys. we have the chief strategy officer for the bureau of policy planning and learning at usaid. next to him we have the founder of a program in south africa, one of the 26 participants in this month-long global women and management workshop. and then we manageralie, a senior at development partners. the report has recently been published that i would draw your attention to. and then roger mark, the cohost -- at the woodrow wilson

center. without further do, let me put some questions to our panelists. i wanted to start by looking you canthe mdg's, if remember that long ago, and reflective it on what we have learned from them, as we embark on the sdg's. i wanted to start with roger, if we could, and ask what the lessons are related to women in achieving the mdg's. mr. de souza: thank you. when many of us reflect back to the process, there was a question -- or many questions -- out,w the mdg's would rule how they would develop, to the degree that there were opportunities to provide input and data analysis, as well as perspectives that were reflective of a woman's priorities and the centrality of

looking at all the development business contacts. it wasn't quite specifically the need for a better process, but one that was more inclusive and engaged. part of that process was understanding the need. many of us will look back to the mdg's and reflect on the questions that emerged in terms of the baseline data being used to measure progress and understanding and appreciating that the need was to have a single matrix analysis. let the degree to which that inhibit their ability to measure progress across a range of goals. so, that is a very central question. there's also a recognition and

the need coming out of the process, things like goals that are realistic and what's achievable, and how we do that across different socioeconomic and geographic realities. that was something that was taken into consideration and reflected a little in the process. finally, i think a recognition we move to how do achieving parity in parliaments and political processes for women. advertised as present in the mdg process. one that we are tracking and paying more attention to in the process. >> thank you very much. it's worth highlighting that last point again -- thank you very much -- ms. hudock: thank you for if you look at the difference postwar, is vast.

one of the reasons why is that rwanda made very deliberate ,fforts to give land rights economic investment, social welfare programs, and by contrast other countries has not done that area and if you look at where rwanda is today, it speaks volumes about the contributions women. thank you for raising that. let me turn and ask you the same question. -- are on the front row front lines in south africa. what can you tell us about the lessons learned relating to engaging women. manyoni: thank you for the opportunity to give these inputs. the work we do promotes self-reliance for women in self-help groups. an honest response to your question?

by my organization and other partners that we went with, we are aware of the mdg's, my experience was not to be intentionally working at making sure everything we did was aiming towards it, but in hindsight we indirectly work towards achieving them. our work with women in these groups, we have heard reports of accelerating economic growth. where women begin to cool their resources together. bigalso they have access to things. for example, access to loans, giving the projects in the generational initiatives. for these women, establishing a safety net and their principal struggles, that was a big thing that was very important for us.

something that they have created and are a part of. on the issues around hiv and gender equality, we have simply started to engage in these issues on a personal level, making important decisions. making important decisions in theynding to them so that can initially start community-based projects with women on the ground and also the community with large benefits. having said that, the policy in south africa is still high. but much more work still needs to be done. to make sure that the goals in south africa are really reached. in order to bring out the information to the ground, where the woman needs it the most, with a strong focus that should

have been emphasized, provided that if you work with women and bring women together, you give them the opportunity to be a part of the solution so that they can start addressing these problems can also is sustainable. ms. hudock: thank you, that's great. we have seen with the work that we have done at land, to highlight that, in so many communities every just gave education to a girl the system around her also has to be supportive for that to take root. thinking about the community at large and what they can be doing. that was a valuable lesson to take away. partnershipsnow on . we have said that those are important areas to look at. , natalie,rt with you waslessons learned and what

aimed at achieving the mdg's. what worked well, what worked less well, and why? co: terms of the framework it was being siloed, and the perspective of the language not resonating as much as it could with business, and effective marketing to business led to success,rivate partner not providing clear explanation or areas of opportunity for businesses to achieve the mdg's with a complex regulatory framework making it available to close related to the mdg's. the process was much more inclusive in terms of the business within that, that was great. looking further i think that the

implementation of the mdg partnerships have been underlined by many players that need to be in place. thinking through what that means by partnership, at the outset its key but it was fascinated with the tip of the corporate iceberg. the part that lies above water is really the cash grant. ,t's important and beneficial but really looking beyond that, going in further down the iceberg to impact, it could really get bigger and may leveraging plans for cause related marketing. but the biggest part of the opportunity within the partnership that we see is looking really at the core business of where you can relate and what you can leverage within the partnership. thinking through that, how good theall of us at leveraging

course business capabilities? but maybe don't speak to the private sector. and on the other side making the fundraising staff, the companies that may not be focused on the areas that are needed. maybe looking even deeper as we look towards implementation, it's thinking about what this is the south the south cross prospect partnerships and how they are thinking about developing capabilities in global partnerships. this toooking at all of think about how we think about partnerships beyond the tip of the iceberg, which is where the power is going to be. ms. hudock: i'm so glad you brought up the issue of language. i've heard that more times than not as we have talked. , ithever ngo have been with seems that things go over well and you hit the same path, talking past each other, your fundraising team says something

and then the other team is an entirely sure what that would look like on the ground. fitting together more often, coming up with that common language is a powerful way forward. thank you. let me ask you the same question on partnership. usaid is really renowned in its likewith ngo's, groups other implementing partners. with private foundations, leveraging what's been done for a number of years, public-private partnerships, u.s. aid has been at the vanguard of a lot of this. what has worked well, what have you learned about what has worked well and less well? pipa: i think that back to

some of the points that we were making in the beginning about the mdg's, the integrative nature is really important. what we learn from them is that underplayssiloing the link and the dimensions of development. you think about it as this integrated framework. the focus on gender and women's is about achieving progress on the framework itself. on the mdg's itself. having this conversation is important. it really points to the centrality of this issue. just an add-on, as you mentioned. clearly it central to development progress, but we have to keep that in mind. i mean, we know for example -- it's a simple one, translating into the lower rates of

hiv-aids, girls attending school. it's not just about interventions that are directly related to health. partnerships, we know that the ambition is going to require an entire society effort. we are talking about ending extreme policy, ending preventable maternal mortality. that really is going to require all of those streams of capital, as we talked about it. it goes beyond sort of the public investment coming internationally through aid and domestic resources. certainly private investment. as you mentioned, partnership is a hallmark of usaid. we have increasingly seen partnerships and our connection

to the private sector is not being about focal social responsibility, but being where the vendor diagram is between development interests and commercial interests. having said that, we have learned that for partnerships to work well you want to maximize the opportunity for benefits and the communities as well inside of that partnership. it's about bringing those multiple stakeholders together, using comparative advantages and the maximum opportunity on that. so, energy companies should not just be thinking about how to the ploy woman -- women has later readers, but it is also about engaging the next generation of women as engineers, as business leaders. you know, helping within the value chain. making sure that we're building with local economies and leaders . as mark talked about, i think spg's.promise of the

but we have to deliver on that promise in the implementation. we have in trying to develop the sort of partnerships that are inclusive in that way. we are engaging local media, new media, television broadcast and the engagement activity of ngo's in civil societies, filling the leadership of women at the country level. we have a campaign called women in the red, increasing female participation in political processes in the community at the national level. the types of our bishop where you are trying to sort of -- you know, use the comparative advantage of all earners and max lies the opportunity and leadership of the local level. that's what we will continue to try to pursue. ms. hudock: i hope everyone

wrote it down, the spg guy himself said it. it's about integrating this, integrating gender across all of the spg's. that's an extremely ambitious goal. as we put this initiative together, we were really clear about that. we were tracking progress against all the goals. just as you so nicely described. i also wanted to ask you a question, if i could, about looking at impact. if the government programs and partner programs earliest i could to achieve maximum impact, what are some of the rat aziz is exploring directly in developing the programs aimed at achieving the spg's? we pipa: as we look at how support the progress

internationally, we take a look at working with countries and other local level itself for the capacity for that progress. i think that the idea of national ownership and leadership and local ownership spg's.rtant to the it will be important the implementation. , where the country level we do our strategies, we are asking our mission to say -- how does your strategy helped to build the capacity to help make progress? it's also why policies require some of the unique needs of women and girls to be integrated into program initiatives across all sectors? from a policy perspective we are asking the mission to look at them in terms of how they are built in their capacity to do that and specifically how the needs and opportunities for these women and girls are integrated into that. just one example from

mitigation, launching the online community practice to help practitioners and organizations improve their constant peace building programming. we will launch a campaign focused on gender conflict issues on peace exchange. are in the campaign the public toease of training packages share relevant resources from partners, organized were -- organized webinars, and conflict from a policy perspective that starts with the integration i was talking about earlier. i think we have examples like that on lots of different rounds of economic empowerment and political participation. i want to go back to what's of the top, which is about data. we are not going to understand the progress we're making without great data. we know we have gaps in data that is gender sensitive and its

indicators to make progress. i think that helping to build the capacity of a local level will be really important. we have developed, for example, through the programming that we do in the agricultural index partnership, that is a direct measure of inclusion in the agriculture. need moreat we efforts like that. we are making a conscious effort for that to be integrated into the program can be in line with feed the future. ms. hudock: that's exciting. thank you. natalie, i mentioned at the beginning that there was a recent release of a report, in the packed the received, showing sustainable development and business value that are not mutually exclusive. what opportunities do you see to engage, specifically on the

topic of women and girls? turning the world's greatest challenges into opportunities, encouraging you .o get up really it is a report looking at how companies can grapple with how to thrive and grow into these evolving and often chaotic worlds. lightonserve as a guiding , thinking about them as a framework that they can look at to capitalize on the possibilities inherent in the global trends that we are all seeing impacting us today, such as shifting patterns of global growth, demographic change, and the rise of digital, it are a. describing how companies can use , with specific benefits to customers, as well as all of us, increasing the value. going through the research

five,ically around number it goes into a breath of additional research. show that companies committing to spg's have more significant impact on the business, community, and environment. the strongest commitment to the implementation of the spg's through the lens of evaluation. how can we grow our revenues? reduce cost? mitigate risks or improve the michelin, example is who created an innovative business model to recycle tires at the end of their useful life. it is being offered as an extended service for additional revenue, promoting better resource usage. thinking about responsible consumption and production. when we think about goal five, gender equality, the report

shows a clear case for gender focus on this with diverse companies 45% more likely to market share growth, 75% more likely to successfully capture new markets, likely to to -- return on higher new equity. now that they are peak, how can they start to tackle that? a few opportunities focusing on women's participation in the workforce and how to better serve the consumer segment with ideas listed in the report, creating products to drive financial inclusion. it to the needs of these women and building infrastructure, offering services to empower women. allowing them to participate in jobs with employee productivity

through the workforce. meeting their diversity agenda through female representation and grooming leaders for a senior position and building there for a stronger brand. to peak your interest. ms. hudock: talk about the power of data. ms. co: yes, exactly. ms. hudock: thank you. let me ask you, your work in south africa promotes socioeconomic empowerment of women. it really is pretty far away from the places where the spg's were put together and signed. what were some of the strategies to make sure that the most marginalized women, the women all off the radar and are invisible to a lot of policymakers often -- and the girls -- you find that adolescent girls are often the most left out, the least heard from. we have focused specifically on

them. what can you tell us about the effective ways to reach the most marginalized women and girls? ms. manyoni: thank you. my doctors, my colleagues -- [laughter] ms. hudock: good data set here. ms. manyoni: they come from 18 countries. i think there's a lot of wealth coming from that. also, the countries that they come from, the women that they work with -- the young girls and women themselves, they are marginalized. they think highly of employment, gender, she -- issues of security and economic disparity. it is about how they could actually reach these women and the facts they need to consider. for example, many city spaces and opportunities to meet a dialogue with these women, there

is a great deal more information given out to them. so that it filters each of them on the ground. picking up in the nonprofit sector, they bring together .hese women on such a platform including the involvement of traditional leadership so that the voices of women and young girls are heard. in some of these spaces you hardly get representation. there are some needs to be collaboration and coordination in order to establish and strengthen more partnerships, blending the strengths of the government sector, the private sector, the nonprofit organization, the donors and local authorities, with any other stakeholders interested in this. i say this because in most countries we come from, there seems to be this tug-of-war between civil society and government.

i feel like we are all trying to work for the same agenda. which is really to work towards the improvement of the people on the ground. these are collaborative efforts and partnerships that are done. is, when we address the needs of the people that are really on the ground, it makes things a little bit easier for us to know, to work together and try to achieve the best the weekend. we can.est i wouldn't be working for an npo if i didn't mention the we need resources to get to the people on the ground. so, there are a number of projects that have been initiated. but more it is this need to come down to the people and focus on intervention so that it reaches the most valuable woman on the ground. haveig donors, i'm glad we

something ones represented here. they need to find better ways to financial support, to these smarter organizations that are trying as much as they can. they need resources and organizations to be built up. for capacity to be built up. we need to look at what is working. instead of reinventing the wheel, there's a structure that the local government has reinforced, introduced to the people. it's a concept really that brings together the community. what they try to do is they say that the community and stakeholders in all government departments need to come together to find solutions to these problems.

collectively this enables the community to deal more effectively with the issues on the ground. also getting the responsibility back to the people on the ground , which is more sustainable. that's great. that really resonates with a lot of the experiences we have had a plan. your remarks about spaces and people coming together, it's me that we often lose sight of the importance of the actual physical space where people are gathered. for a lot of women and girls that becomes fundamental to whether or not they will attend the gathering or whether they can. you are issuing a challenge to us not just about what we are doing, but how we are doing it, thinking about the engagement of the people themselves were going to bring those perspectives together.

is it a safe space for them? how do we create brave spaces? we talk about save spaces, but let's talk about brave spaces. sometimes with calculated risks where people are supported in taking that risk, not leaving them out on a limb on their own, really thinking about -- if that's the agenda we want to pursue him a what are the tools that they need? what supports can we give them? you have hit on something important and critical to success. let me ask, with the work you have been doing here -- i know you mentioned in the beginning how you are working across sectors and that is so important. can you tell us how we could work to improve collaboration and communication across sectors and partners? spg's to for the really work, we will need to work internationally, domestically with the most

marginalized. how can we bridge the gap coming into play there. particularly with women across sectors to take the lead in these efforts. [laughter] i will give you extra time. [laughter] in framing our discussion this afternoon, you set a couple of things. but if you see it, you can become it. i think that visualization is really important. the ability tot create brave spaces. i want to build on those two ideas. storyl you a really short of a woman that i think of often when i think of spg. think -- who are we trying to engage? who is anwoman ethiopian. i met her a few years ago. she was 39 years old but i met

her. she was held up as a leader in her community in ethiopia. i met her and i said -- tell me your story, how did you become this leader? she said to me -- you have to understand that i have 11 children. i said -- oh, ok, tell me a bit about that. she said -- you have to understand, they are not all mine. i adopted. [laughter] at 39 years old she had given birth to at least 10 children who survived. i don't know who did not survive . when i said to her that i'm really intrigued -- she said that you have to understand -- i love beautiful woman. my husband cannot keep his hands off me. [laughter] but until i was able to access family-planning services through an integrated, decentralized program that was providing

information about these services from community health workers and extension agricultural workers working in conjunction that i learned about woman's empowerment, my empowerment, and finally planning services. it was an opportunity to learn about organic farming. this was really important. the area where i live in ethiopia is grown climatic impacts. there's the reinforced security problem that leads to conflict. she says -- because i was able to convince my husband to have less children, i became more productive from an agricultural perspective. i became more entrepreneurial within the community. girls kept coming up to me and saying -- what can we do?

how can i follow your example? how can i engage? we have seen the evidence that demonstrates that when you invest in women, you increase their health and the community. when you do that across sectors, it tends to be more sustainable. the existing political systems of ethiopia, it's a decentralized system for health extension workers and very effective. become moreen to resilient and deal with environmental changes, allowing them to become leaders. across sectors, thinking of opportunities to engage with an existing political systems, reaching the most vulnerable, demonstrating success, having been seen as leaders with

opportunities to scale up? i think -- i want to be like that. in actuality that is the realization of this potential. this is what we are talking about. you know it's possible. there's evidence and research that demonstrates this. we are seeing examples of this happening internationally. we need to tell those stories, learn from them and build from them. great.ock: that's thank you. that is a lot of information and good perspective. i think you've enabled full that together from the panel. i want to thank you for your answers to the question. i would like to turn to this audience, filled with some insights and it variances. i'm going to ask for three questions at once and we will see how many rounds we can get to before the reception is set to start.

please, introduce yourself, tell us where you are from, and then i will take three questions before we turn to panelists. >> good evening, everyone. i currently work at the largest slum in the world to provide awareness based education on gender violence and economic opportunities. i see that there are 26 living here, but back not a lot ofwork them have the opportunity to come here. there are 11 ngo's and work with women and children, but in trying to provide support we see

that this is not sufficient. you are trying to help each other, but you don't know the way. i want to ask about -- is there any plan for providing a broader base, localized context is that even if women in ngo and public service can come here, back home in our country the set of training to do the work that we do. i also wanted to ask you what opportunities there were four ngo's to partner so that we could access tools and other possibilities. thank you. ms. hudock: i know i said i would take three questions. i will take the prerogative to say quickly -- i hope that you can talk to sue rickety here on the end. one of the strongest countries where the global women in management have been working is in nigeria.

there is a very powerful alumni network there that i would encourage you to be in touch with. i would encourage you to talk to sue about what you are asking for, believe it or not. can i take more questions here? like it's on, it's on. >> i can't hear it, i have a cold. my name is ursula, from safer world. my question, we may work on gold 16, that we agree that this is integrated and we need to be working across silos. however, looking back 15 years ago we got 1325. 13 years later there's only 10% of participants in the process. less than one quarter of nations have a national action plan on 1325. my question to you is -- where

do you see the hope that 15 years is enough to get this achieved? goals.er 14 thanks. >> great, thank you. have a question here? >> hi, thank you. my name is ari holiday, a phd candidate in indiana. i'm here because my work is on black girls, particularly in the united states and in ghana, for still -- brazil and a couple of other places question that places. my question is how we can make local cultural connections between what's happening in the u.s. and these other places. what i continue to hear from this conversation is that women are finding ways to train themselves or find out what resources they need. that's happening here, too, so i'm wondering about what they

have done, whether corporate or otherwise, to connect these dots across waters. ms. hudock: thank you. so, let me turn to the panel areas i won't go in any particular order, but we have three questions. tony, if i could start with you? if you want to pick one or the other? up on thelet me pick last question. i think that again one of the promises of the s e's, later rebuilt this framework, because these are universal and meant to be universally applied, we really do have a platform for sort of breaking down the barriers that have traditionally faced developing countries. i think that we really do have a platform for being able to look at models that are working in different place is an share that learning and start to apply those models. across borders.

i will say that that's a promise and we have work to do on that in the u.s. government. those of the foreign policy thesees familiar with goals. but we are engaging domestic agencies with a council engaged in doing that. lessons without borders, that that wee we had models were investing in overseas. working well in kenya, up there in their percentages enormously. i have an part of the convening

and i think that philanthropy is well-placed to do this. i also think that ngo's work internationally and in the u.s. and are particularly well-placed to do that. having come from a philanthropic background in the organization, as we are, as siloed so many philanthropies and ngo's are siloed. my hope would be that the spg's sort of force that conversation and provide a platform to really do exactly what you're talking about. one of the most exciting things is that it did away with the developing and

developed country narrative, what you'reexactly looking for. the plan for the youth leadership academy that just hosted here last month at american university, with youth on our board. we have american youth sitting on the board, guiding our youth, with ambassadors around the globe informing program. there's a lot of opportunity for more of those connections and i would be very happy to talk with you after. let me turn to you, elaine, to see if you have a question you want to pick up on their that hasn't been asked already. was about the connections that ngo's can make, seeing if it's possible to come .ogether and do some work i think that if we pool our strategies and resources together as partners and

actually -- sometimes we look outside each other, instead of just coming with them and each other's strengths, what it is that we can do to the table. maybe that's another way of seeing how, a lot of us look outside to be countries like the u.s. or european countries, but internally in our own spaces we need to make sure that we look at the strength that we have. , let's invest our energy and resources and make sure that something at least is owned by us. something that brings back power to the work that we do. there is a lot of emphasis, we need to sit down and come together. we fight around people and territories -- that should stop.

we should all try to work for the same thing. let's just try and make sure that everyone is on the same page. let's serve the people that need us the most. test one of the strategies that will help to get things done on the ground. sdg's.lly achieving >> i think international ngo's have such a strong role to play. so many of you have seen this, or like me, have been a part of it, where a community is saying exactly what you said -- there's a solution outside and we need you to help us find it. and we respond. okay, let's get that fundraising, let's get that technical assistance. that does noto start with an asset base approached should be out of business. thing, it's do one

put the locus of decision-making and power back in the communities where it belongs. i think we will come on a long way to achieving those goals. thank you for raising that. how about you natalie? no, what you mentioned about what we could achieve in 15 years. what i could not touch on previously were some of the enablers spoken on the report. we talked about financing and partnership, but one in particular we looked into was around digital. using smartphones and using resources around. space.nd that what could digital do for gender equality? there was analysis done around four factors, digital fluency. the extent to which men and women have embraced digital technologies to become more knowledgeable, connected, and infected -- infected.

-- and affected. we were able to look at what might help close the gender gap sooner. the outcome was that if we double the speed at which women inome digitally fluent, developing nations could reach gender equality by 2040 and 2060 respectively. just some things to look out for in terms of enablers. if we can use technology to enable women to be more connected, how we might be able to speed up gender equality. >> great, thank you. thoughts. of theseto me that all get to the point of power dynamics. how do we deal with power dynamics that's inherent in our societies, in our cultures and political decisions? these are sustainable development goals.

but within this discussion of goals, there is a discussion of resilience and resilience building. i think resiliency with sustainability as an approach ishoped to address risk -- approach helps to address risk. there is a sense of bringing these issues together. , based out of a think tank, the rule of evidence and science, and how we bring this to their -- bring this o bear. how do you engage citizens using technology? citizen science -- there's a real role for bringing science into mobilizing action and engaging communities to act while demonstrating that progress is possible.

the third point is to recognize s, i as we think of the sdg' see it as an umbrella with various actions happening at various scales. when we think about issues rob wittman and gender -- around issue about gender and peace building, we try to deconstruct these issues. we looked at conflict areas and investigate, do you build institutions with social capital? as a very localized question. how can you set these overall goals while recognizing you need to get to the specificity of action at a local level that addresses these power dynamics, that allow us to get away from the facile questions around cultural connection, a drive to power do next, to do that in a

localized settings while simultaneously working at various scales. it's recognizing a multiplicity of action at various scales. i think that has a lot of potential. >> i am glad you mentioned the conflict peace. that is a critical area under researched, under informed in terms of our practice. in mentioned the statistics terms of supporting peace but there is a worse picture when you look at the second half of that resolution, getting women into the reconstruction effort. that is where partnerships between local organizations with networks that can see how women are surviving during conflict. because they often survive.

& reconstruction efforts come in, instead of appending the social order and power dynamic when men have gone away to conflict or have been imprisoned, how do we build from that? we are creating frameworks that move women aside and come over top those organic efforts, pull out those seedlings and trampled on instead of letting them flourish. me, is one of the most underresearched and underexplored areas and holds the most powerful promises for change and progress. i hope that we can see more work on those power dynamics in particular. released a toolkit on gender conflict analysis, so we can do that research and get a sample. ms. co: great, thank you.

let me take three more questions. here and one way in the back. >> thank you. hi, i work with an international organization that focuses on business solutions to poverty. talking about asset base, we really have that expertise in connecting small farmers and entrepreneurs with larger corporate partners as well as institutional partners to build and takeetitiveness advantage of local and international markets. sudane, we work in south to help rebuild the local coffee industry. we have small coffee farmers better -- small coffee farmers that are starting to work with international organizations. i think one of the weaknesses i mentioning how this

woman got to where she is because of collaboration between workers and community workers. we are used to working with extension workers and multinationals, and having that an industry style. it's difficult to have that espresson working with as well as a pharmaceutical community to make sure that these coffee farmers not only get the training they need, as well as access to health care. what do you think would be an interesting way to force not only nonprofit organizations and institutions with more experience, but also corporate's

andee that synergy pushed break those silos on a whole new level? you.o: thank hi, i want to respond to the young lady in front of me and some others. we are working in nigeria, south sudan in the eastern congo. the practical side of women led ngo's, when they inclusive and women led, is that the last majority are volunteer. -- the vast majority are volunteer. they have no capacity to get partnerships. they have no great experience. they have no award experience. -- no grant experience. they are therefore at a loss to participate in these partnership

networks that require them to already know certain things i had of time. this is the challenge we are having in all three countries working on the ground with local women ngo's in villages. they just don't have that. we have developed a program in looking forward to having that further discussion. it's an area that is so vitally needed. anecdotally we know that women women-led ngo's are volunteer. no matter where it is in the developing world, it is high. ms. co: thank you. a question way in the back? yes. >> hi, good afternoon. i am a former wilson center senior scholar and i work in international development and global health. thanks very much for your fantastic panel discussion

today. i want to bring up the issue about language and how we communicate, the term gender mainstreaming, and how it hardly went anywhere. inpent several years agencies and universities, and my lived experience has been that the term is used widely, but people don't really know what it means or how to implement. you basically get institutions that develop a gender bureau or something like that. and the opportunity is missed again and again for that needed interdisciplinary team of breaking down silos. that has to start in universities, particularly in

how research is taught and conducted. i have been segregating data in my research for 30 years, and i am still amazed and stunned at how much of an exception it is in research. i don't understand why. it is really a note -- a no-brainer. just aggregate. women if you'd like to. is there a way we can use sdg's to shift the paradigm and start to change the way we educate, how to research in developed countries, but also developing countries? and how we might change the language so that it's something self intuitive, self-explanatory to people, so that we again do not re-silo

ourselves. ms. co: thank you. those are some great questions. but fortunately we are running towards the end of time. we wanted to leave time for a reception and discuss and meet with each other. let me ask each of you to get a very short answer to one of the questions. i will start with roger mark. sure, in terms of breaking down the silos across disciplines. i sit on the advisory board of the national science foundation and this is what we deal with. the role of the advisory board is to help the national science foundation figure out how to bring natural scientists and social scientists together. i think working with large research institutions that are providing opportunities to engage in a resource on the ground -- engage in that

research on the ground is one. we need more incentivized researchers, particularly those in universities. many of them are not rewarded, will not get tenure, for doing this interview industry -- this interdisciplinary research. that is slowly changing, but we need incentive structures in place. thirdly, pushing for research to reflect on the ground realities. we know when we get into communities and speak to women about these issues, they consistently tell us, i do not want to live my life in silos. get real, real searchers. -- reasearchers. just researchers understanding there is a process of engaging and providing research that is useful, as opposed to just extracting information from communities and people. these are some of the parameters

we need to continue to push on and to support. >> i hope everyone wrote that down, too. i will pick up on the fourth round engaging corporates and the capacity issue. we are all capacity constrained in terms of time. what we would do with partnerships is spending that time upfront to think through, not chase everything under the sun. we are all capacity constrained. thinking through the programs and assets you are looking for assistance in, to then do an analysis for potential partnership opportunities. narrowing in that down and going from there. trying see time spent is to think through all the

possibilities, and there is not an opportunity to do that. having something strategy to narrow it down in the end will usually reach better results. ms. co: thank you. ms. manyoni: i just wanted to pick on the ngo's led by volunteer women. --have examples.com of women examples back home of women that are illiterate from roller backgrounds, butter -- from rural backgrounds. we believe time can be put into those ngo's so they can accelerate their work. we have a program that looks at women and how they can pull their resources. they pool every week and put their money together.

about six months to a year, those women start to initiate community-based projects. what happens is that each of those groups contributes an extra bit of money from their own resources. then they start engaging and start doing projects that can go a little bit further. that when seen is they come together and discuss issues -- if money is an issue or lack of expertise is an issue, they call those together so they can do something. it can even go to the next level, where even those cbo's come together at a larger level, like a federation. together,their monies let's not wait for somebody to help us. they want to, they can find us along the way. but our people need us to do the best that we can. ms. co: that is great, thank

you. >> just to touch on the interdisciplinary. even during the development of 's there was a tension between a specific goal around gender and women's empowerment and/or it being throughout the sdg's. we have both. you can see gender sensitive targets in the other goals. i think it is important to understand that will probably be in that tension for a while. genderaid has a office and gender focused programs. we are doing training on a wide scale throughout these agencies is not for gender specialist, but for our development specialists to understand what gender sensitive development is and does. integration.ut

hadne fell story, you goals in whatdg she was talking to you about. family planning and organic farming, climactic action, leaving the conflict. that just shows the integration of those dimensions. we continue to come back to you as well. -- back to data as wel. there is an idea that data revolution has come out of this process. we know we are dealing with lots of gaps and we know what our needs are. the important thing is that it has brought political attention to that need. we have to sustain and maintain that political attention throughout the lifecycle of sdg. it will be something we put resources against just now.

the u.s. has been involved with lots of other partners for sustainable development data. we've talked about different partnerships starting to spring up around gender sensitive data, i created data. -- aggregated data. i think we will need to continue that. there are lots of tools that can help us potentially leapfrogged wem where we are now as can apply technology. there is a promise of that and we need continued momentum and political attention to fill that promise. ms. co: ms. manyoni great, thany much. please join me in thanking this distinguished panel. [laughter] [applause] i like to give thanks to the wilson center for hosting all of

us and for working with us to convene this discussion. i like to to join us in the room where you just came in. we have beverages and an opportunity to talk informally, hopefully to learn more from all of you. so please join us. thank you. [chatter] >> for members you can always find this event online at c-span.org. a quick check of our prime time programming tonight on c-span. 8:00 eastern, former president bill clinton and jimmy carter discussing global public policy and politics. it's all part of the clinton global initiative gathering this summer in atlanta. estimated 8:00.

told voters have been heading to the polls for primaries in connecticut, vermont, minnesota, and wisconsin. we will have live remarks from house speaker paul ryan, challenged in his primary race. polls in the badger state closing at 9:00 eastern. we will hear from the speaker ryan and his opponent later afte r. we will take your phone calls and get your reaction about 9:00 eastern. there has been focused on the presidential campaign trail. donald trump speaking in wilmington, north carolina this afternoon, making comments about hillary clinton's ability to appoint supreme court justices. if she were to be elected, three months from today those comments are getting some pushback from the clinton campaign and democrats on capitol hill. is what donald trump had to say. mr. trump: hillary essentially wants to abolish the second

amendment. [boos] by the way, if she gets the pick her judges, nothing you can do folks. although the second amendment people, maybe the rest. i don't know. maybcond amendment people, e there is. part of the speech donald trump gave in wilmington, north carolina. we will show all of that speech later in our program schedule on c-span. negative reaction from the hillary clinton campaign, but also from the likes of senator chris murphy, who has been active on gun legislation. tweeting this afternoon "don't treat this as a political misstep. it's an assassination theat, seriously upping possibility of a national tragedy and crisis." . the pushback on the donald trump campaign on the nature of those comments he just made.

a a statement released by the trump campaign on dishonest media. 'it's called the power of unification. second amendment people have an amazing spirit energy mnister unified which gives some great political power. this year they will vote in record numbers, and it won't be for hillary clinton, it will be for donald trump." that was from the communications advisor from the trump campaign. more of our schedule on c-span.org. donald trump's bloomington north carolina speech -- wilmington, north carolina speech coming up soon. scheduled information online at c-span.org. from earlier we will bring you a discussion on the future of u.s. relations with taiwan. topics include the challenges facing taiwan, china's military incursions into the south china sea. all theember the you is

u.s. authorized $1.8 billion in s.apons to taiwan -- the u. authorized $120 billion in weapons to taiwan. this is from the hudson institute. >> good morning. welcome to hudson. think you for coming. nice turnout this morning. topic this morning is what the united states should do to help defend taiwan. we have three very well-qualified people here. we hope from the introductions you have received when you came further accounts of their impressive achievements, because

i'm just going to read you a ch.t of outline, a sket i have a few remarks, then i will turn it over to our guests. is, what the united states should do to defend taiwan? conference this right now and say everything that has succeeded in maintaining taiwan's freedom and security, but we need to be more specified than that. we have expressed that we have a have andoup -- we expert group to give their opinions on that subject. we will give our view of the threat and how the u.s. has addressed it so far.

has sold to make china a stakeholder in international liberal order. china would have a stake in such characteristics of the current system as freedom of navigation in international waters, respect for international agreements it law,atified, the rule of as well as respect for other state sovereignty, to name just a few. to encourage chinese rulers to nation's ownr interest with that of the international order, level officials from both china and the united states have met since the nixon administration. with u.s. support, china joined

the world trade organization in 2001. 2016, the people's liberation army navy participated for the second time in the large naval exercise that the u.s. conducted at the pacific rim states. the list of u.s. overtures to china is a very long one. no joyful music has followed these. quite the opposite. withewing its relations other states, beijing's foreign -- i gavet the time the wrong pronunciation, but i hope you will excuse me -- told senior officials at a meeting in hanoi on the subject of chinese

claims in the south china sea were raised, this was a quote, "china is a big country, and other countries are small countries, and that is a fact." the chinese brand the qualification of chinese characteristics has become commonplace in international lingo. the press and scholarly ablications have reported on order with chinese characteristics. chineseaid with characteristics. environmental law with chinese characteristics. nuclear deals with chinese

characteristics. the list of accepted international practices with chinese characteristics is long. it shows that china's exceptionalism lies not in its adherents to principal or law or ion of international behavior, but rather its deflection, it's departure from these. the u.s. policy toward china, i believe has failed spectacularly. china's actions show that it sees us as a strategic competitor. we have chosen to see china as a large market that can be could -- cajoled, persuaded, encouraged into joining us as a defender of international security and economic stability.

policymakers hope that the policy of trade between china and the u.s. and the accompanying economic progress from the former would remold chinese rulers to look and think and act more like us. does not support this hope. historical evidence teaches us the opposite lesson. prior to world war i, britain and germany were major trading partners. this had no discernible effect on the entity that grew between the two states. british leaders regarded germany's rise as a threat, while germany saw britain as an obstacle to their ambitions. world war i cast a dim light on

the argument the british writer and labor mp norman angle made in his book. the tradent was between economic powers made war pointless and futile. world war i was pointless, but trade did nothing to stop it. they next u.s. -- the next u.s. administration will understand that our fate as a great power is inseparable from america's continuing role as a great power in the pacific, and that our future is both morally and strategically linked to taiwan's. i hope that u.s. leaders will see things as president george w. bush did when he said early in his presidency, that he would do whatever it took to assist

the people of taiwan in protecting themselves. now, the expression coined during the current u.s. administration, strategic patients, governs washington's policy toward china. on the longer-range strategic horizon art moore artificial islands -- are more artificial islands, more confrontations the south china seas, larger and more technologically capable fleets and a not unfounded hope that usc power -- u.s. sea power continue a slow but steady retreat. bound by enormous trade flows, leaders of both states are willing to let the clock keep taking -- ticking.

referring to the american civil war, lincoln wrote that both may be, but one must be wrong, as in the dispute between the states. the same applies to american and chinese leaders view of what is a strategic competition. me.gh from rick fisher is a senior fellow with the international assessment strategic center. he has worked for the center for security policy, jamestown foundation, the u.s. house of representatives, policy committee, and heritage foundation. "china's author of military monetization." i littered is the other speakers -- i will introduce the other

rick concludes his meal -- remarks. fischer: at a younger, more carefree but distant place in my career, i had the pleasure of working for seth. it is always a pleasure to join him at hudson, as it is to join ian andmed colleagues, paul, on this panel today. i understand, because it is better to point things, and the podium would block the view of people on the right side it is not because i'm a conservative and biased toward the right.

what i thought i would do today is basically run through quickly the threats that taiwan faces, and then list my prescription for what the united states should do to preserve peace on the taiwan strait. it did work this morning. there is a new thing we call cyber warfare. [laughter] i am not known to be particularly friendly towards the major exponents of cybercrime. here we go. before going into the threats and the prescriptions, i think disperseortant that we

the elephant in the room, and the donkey, too. with that, briefly look at what our presidential campaign so far portends for american policy toward taiwan. my conclusion is that there is a basic policyf stability. if one looks at the republican side, the candidate, donald trump, has yet to make any specific statements about taiwan. advisers, just introduced earlier this week, peter navarro, has written some very positive things about what american policy towards taiwan should be. andan is a pro-u.s. ally,

rights that we should sell submarine technology, allow taiwan to participate, and pursue better regional integration between taiwan and our isr networks in the region. to this we must act, a very 2016ssive and strong republican party platform. and a very clear statement that , thatviolates principles the united states should defend taiwan. ofery useful clarification american intent. on the democrats side, we have recently had a very positive statement from the foreign clintonirector of the campaign, secretary clinton supports the current administration's policy on china and taiwan and will continue to do so.

pretty clear. addto that, we must traditional long-standing support for taiwan in congress. if the status quo with our with taiwan continues, that may suffice for the near-term, but it simply will not suffice for the medium and long-term. against.hat we are up china has not abandoned its ofg-standing objectives -- asing taiwan -- of

taiwan persists in deepening and broadening its democratic china's communist party views the democracy of taiwan increasingly as an existential threat. this is a burgeoning military threat that has continued to build against taiwan over the last two decades. has recently, the pla reorganized. the reorganization enables pla, when it is all consolidated, to undertake far more rapid, surprise and combined arms operations against taiwan. china is also trying to neutralize south korea, isolate japan, which are part of the goals to surround taiwan militarily, and divide washington from allies.

cold war is really showing its ugly face again in the form of the real possibility that china and russia could again come together in militarily significant ways, that would enable both to pose very significant threats to american interests, very quickly. threat.ring taiwan because it is that the nose of the first island chain. taiwan blocks china's global projection. china wants taiwan.

it shows that taiwan is astride some of the deepest waters in the pacific. china wants to base their ssp ends near the steep water. these other nuclear systems there. when you have taiwan, you divide the first island chain. iswan, as i mentioned, concernedore deeply identity,ing a taiwan taiwan's democratic culture is , chinese communist party is increasingly threatened by this. commands areer depicted here and show how china -- very quickly globalize mobilize forces from four of these commands to form very

quick joint operations against taiwan. military threats in taiwan have grown, and could increase dramatically in the coming decades. for example, the pentagon says the high estimate of short-range ballistic missiles pointed out taiwan is about 1200. that is counting the current 15, one missile per missile carrier. 's thatt generation srbm the pla has already developed allow for the carriage of two missiles, five missiles, or eight missiles. clearlyath, and it very -- if the old missiles are replaced by the new missiles, or the new missile carriers on a one-for-one basis, the potential threat to grow from

4000, to 5000 is clear. estimates from the region state that by 2020, the pla could have 1500, fourth-generation fighters. iswan's fighter force probably going to remain stable at about 400. it should grow. it can be made more effective. that is probably where it is going to stay for a while. finally, the pla has been working very hard to achieve the ability to actually invade taiwan. if you look at the formal amphibious course, what is in the navy, what is in the air force, the pla could probably put about two divisions on taiwan. but what we don't look at is the informal list that the pla could

call upon. hundreds, maybe thousands of river barges of the kind that were just used to build new basis. and amphibious rejection that i term the largest since inchon. to the of that amphibious capability, and estimates in taiwan hold back today, that they could project 12 divisions -- toward taiwan, and that is only going to grow. the south china sea and east china sea are very central to china's long-term strategic ambitions. secure ssp ends, assure the projection of its feature amphibious maritime power projection fleets into a ssure access to deep space,

china needs to -- and to assure access to deep space, china needs to control the south china sea. here is a depiction from a chinese source of how controlling the spratly islands group assists china's production of power. -- projection of power. in the east china sea, control daiyukai toku threaten another island group, japan's real good islands -- whereas tods, control the spratly islands would control taiwan's axis from the south. china and russia is pitted against the united states is gaining steam. i believe it is at the end of held theirand russia

first missile defense command post exercise. cooperate in missile must immediately question whether they have also contemplated cooperation in missile offenses. in 1969, the united states with its nuclear forces against former soviet union to prevent the soviet union from using nuclear weapons against china as part of ongoing order conflicts at the time. i don't think the russians have forgotten this. and the possibility, tilting against the united states with toir combined nuclear forces

attack taiwan is not unrealistic. military and russia's exercises are increasing in number. putin has allowed for a new generation of military sales, and high technology corporation in terms of space, airliners, heavy helicopters. this is going forward. what should the united states do? at a public level, we should recognize and state that however remainsate, that taiwan a critical political and military asset to the united states. proof totic taiwan is all ethnic chinese that

political and economic freedoms could coexist. undermine the legitimacy of the chinese communist party. it is probably the only real lever that the united states has to help chinese themselves deserve at they better political system. we should also recognize that taiwan remains the capstone of the island chain. if you lose that, the chain is divided. america's allies are divided. intimidate and isolate them much more readily. we should state that china's accelerating military threats to taiwan trigger policy causes to the policy track.

their techniques make clear that the diplomatic relationship with china is based on peaceful resolutions of relations with taiwan. this is not happening. i'm not saying that we need to reverse the deal made with china, that we recognize china and de-recognize taiwan, but i am saying we can do a lot more to recognize taiwan's political accomplishments, and step out far more in the ways in which we helped taiwan to deter attack. my list would be to enhancing taiwan's major deterrent, the sale of submarine technology will help taiwan to achieve a far greater deterrent effect.

this would allow taiwan to have a -- mount a small operation of f-16s that could add a minimum retaliate in the event of an taiwan's islands in the south china sea. would suggest that helping taiwan to deter such a chinese attack in the south china sea is in america's interest. we do not want china to be rolling over the rest of the island. s. we should move quickly to help equip taiwan with new asymmetric military capabilities, new guided artillery shells that can take out aircraft and ships, as targets.round new small and expensive but long-range cruise missiles.

the warhead is only measured in tens of kilograms, but they can travel 900 kilometers, and hit a target very accurately and precisely. and it are cheap at $300,000. for the price of an f-16, taiwan can buy scores of these missiles. make it a priority to assist taiwanese aircraft, perhaps a the united aircraft --. the united states needs to move quickly to expand its own capabilities in the region.

we need missiles. the inf treaty no longer serves best.an interest here it that united states requires an intermediate range missile to help deter china. we should put them on arsenal smaller ones on arsenal aircraft. create arsenal submarines. create a wall of missiles along the first island chain to make it impossible for china to conquer the first island chain. and then we need to modernize and even expand our own nuclear deterrent capabilities, so that we had a sufficient capability in the event of a chinese or the nuclear tilt, attempt to blackmail the united states.

i would include tactical forces to the american forces in asia. finally, let's consider another major arms package for taiwan. bush'smple of george w. arm sales package certainly , but a follow-through for that package does not. we need to come up with a systems,f technologies, that meet the immediate demands and enhance and -- and go through it that package. hopefully i have not exceeded my timeframe.

thank you very much. [applause] >> thank you, that was very helpful. the next speaker was a fellow of international affairs at the insisted -- institute in tokyo. as i mentioned before, a full ist of his accomplishments available.

> a very good morning to you all, and a thank you to set to enter -- invite me back to the hudson institute. it is a pleasure to be back, especially on this panel with rick and paul. to talk aboutked the arm sales aspects. when we consider arms sales to taiwan, it is useful to consider it on a timeline, even if it is on it -- artificial. if we look back 15 years into the past, and we think about where we were with taiwan in the summer of 2001, and we compare today, wewhere we are may gain a useful sense of perspective. in 2001, taiwan's economy was strong, and the military was very confident. the u.s. was announcing new arms sales to taiwan on a regular

basis, every 3-6 months, depending on the year. at that time, the taiwan missile crisis was very fresh in everybody's mind, as the crisis happen in 1995 and 1996. there was no question whatsoever that the united states was living up to the letter and the spirit of the law, of the taiwan relations act, and president reagan fixed assurances to taiwan. there was great reason for optimism. that time, the prc economy was about $1 trillion in nominal gdp, making it the sixth largest in the world.their military budget at that time was only about $20 billion. they had only 350 inaccurate elastic missiles pointed -- into thatmissiles taiwan. if we fast-forward and think about where we are 15 years later taiwan's economy is still strong,, but it is nowhere near as strong as it once was. the military is still cautiously

optimistic, but they are nowhere near as confident as they once were. there is one u.s. arms sale announced to taiwan that came last december after a four-year, freeze.nth arms sales you can imagine how that impacted their confidence and morale. on the other side of the taiwan strait today, china has the world's second-largest economy, over $11 trillion economy, second in the world behind the united states. parity, ther economy is even longer. -- stronger. the military budget is much higher. not aend we are seeing is positive one. the question then becomes, what arrest the trend,

or at least to make it look a little more favorable to the interests of the united states and our allies? not only taiwan, but other allies in the region, and help arm sales play a role in doing this. when we think about arms sales, and what we should sell to taiwan, it may be useful to have a timeline and a sense of perspective, but it may also be useful to think about all the details that are involved. all the difficult questions that get asked all the time. it is a very complex issue and has only become more complex over time. to give you a flavor of how preparedhis can be, i 10 questions. these are not all of questions that there are, but 10 of them. i would ask you to think through these in your minds,