there are thousands of people in our community, hundreds of people in jail, that have been beat, people in debt. activists and it revolutionaries because it is fun. my mother and father did not participate in the movement for twitter,or wars, for for instagram, to get all of these things, to be praised. they did it because it was necessary. >> followed at 10:00 by the nebraska senator, american values, and the purpose of government. >> the meaning of america is persuasion. the meaning of america is love. the meaning of america is building a better product or creating a better service or persuading someone to marry you or join your church or synagogue. there is a huge civic-mindedness in american history. >> sunday evening at 6:30, newt gingrich and packard kennedy discuss the old addiction and treatment. >> people have to change their minds and have willpower, but

they also, because of the weight opioidswork -- the way work, they have to change their brains back. this is a biological thing. your brain is an organ and once these doctors hand you these pills and say, we took a more out of your mouth, take these goals, take these pills, for a lot of people, those pills damage that organ. >> watch on c-span and www.c-span.org, and listen on the free c-span radio app. now, the keynote speakers at the third annual wikiconference, held in october in san diego, including the wikimedia foundation executive director. this is one hour 10 minutes. >> right? all right, hi! --name is catherine marr,

katherine maher. the wikimedia foundation is a nonprofit foundation that host then supports wikipedia. we are proud to work with many global organizations, the many global organizations and partners that support the community of wikimedians and the projects. i am so excited to be here for the third annual wiki conference in the united states and the first ever wikiconference north america. ours amazing to see how community continues to grow and reach beyond our own borders everything they. it is my first time at a wikiconference in the united states and i cannot say how excited i am to be in san diego. it is my vote we do more events here already. i want to thank our incredible conference organizers for

putting together this event. there are more than 300 individuals in attendance from 16 different affiliates. again, for those of us who are newer, lamb is one of my favorite acronyms in our movement he redid his galleries, andaries, archives, movements. i'm happy to be holding this event in the ballpark. yesterday, we had a culture crawl in balboa park, learning about san diego's heritage as a center for rich and public tuitions and spaces, bicultural influences and learning, and what of my own personal favorite, san diego is the center for craft beer. event for their annual fundraiser. for those of you who have not been to san diego for, this institution is 20 years in the making and only opened its doors a few years back things to the dedication of san diego and.

-- san diegans. when i heard about the theme of this conference, i might have done a little bit of a dance. i was so excited to learn that we are going to be talking about inclusivity, community building, and sharing knowledge, because i think inclusivity is at the heart of the promise of what the media. i'm going to talk about why i think it is so incredibly important to fulfilling our vision. before i do that, i want to acknowledge how far it is we have come. as you heard earlier today, we are in our 15th year, so happy birthday to an incredible idea. wikipedia started 15 years ago as a small volunteer driven website, a free encyclopedia and today, we are so much more. the wikimedia projects are used by millions of people every day, nearly half a billion every month from all over the world. we are a community with roots on every continent. truly every continent. i want to give a shout out to the arctic women scientists.

we speak under the languages, represent dozens of cultures and backgrounds, and have partners in the educational cultural scientific and government institutions around the world. we are integrated into places and experiences all over in ways we are probably not aware of. we are so integral and essential in the way knowledge is created and shared today, i don't think it is a stretch to say we have honestly changed the world. but we are not perfect. and that is part of what makes us us. our vision is a world in which every human can freely share in the sum of all knowledge and we don't just promise inclusivity with that they meant. it is the heart of what we do, for all knowledge. belief, inclusivity is not just an aspiration, but a necessity. the only way to achieve our vision is to involve and welcome all people. we need representation of your

voices and our shared voice is so together, we can create something greater than the sum of all of our parts. by now, we know we have further to go to achieve that. never mind all of the world's knowledge, wikipedia alone is nowhere near finished. ms. maher: we have just barely gotten started. onlyglish, wikipedia, 706 of the over one million biographies are about women. that is about 16%. in 2012, the oxford internet institute did an evaluation and found half the articles on the pdf only cover 2.5% of the world's land area. and only about 2.5% of the world geo-tagged wikipedia articles are about africa despite the fact that that continent is home to 20% of the world population. to go. got a ways

this is just the encyclopedia. free knowledge takes many forms. it takes the form of images, data, original sources, language, and so many other forms of knowledge that are represented across the wikimedia project. more inclusivity because we need more people to join us because that is the way we achieve our mission. we must open ourselves up to be the thing that we have promised to ourselves. what does this inclusivity look like? it looks like the people in the world around us. we know that. and how do we do it and bring all of the voices in? i believe we do it with intention and embracing the potential of what our movement can be cured as i mentioned earlier, we started simple, as an idea with a website, and i and encyclopedia where everyone was free to contribute freely. this remarkable idea grew up around it.

we grew into a constellation of individuals, activities, and organizations. that simple idea that anyone should be able to freely share in knowledge proved to have a gravity of its own, pulling brilliant minds and institutions into its orbit. we refer to ourselves as a movement and i firmly believe we are, but i believe there is so much more we can do to become the thing we want to be, and so, i challenge us to fully embrace this idea of a movement. it is inclusivity, power, complexity, also in its messiness and potential. -- movements are things that affect social change. they work together, plan together, aligned together around their core values and so do we. for many people, social change is what we do. we drive change towards greater openness and sharing. a richer commons, more knowledge of it -- rings] [laughter] ms. maher: more knowledge

available to more people. they are organized to directly confront where they have weaknesses. as we look around today, we see a diversity of voices and more organizations and partners join us every day. we have gone from a place of wondering how we relate to libraries to feeling as though libraries are our partners in this powerful mission we have. a pretty big left mark on the world of free knowledge, we know we have so much further to go, so many more people to reach, and much more change to make. it with that intention of acknowledging our doubt, thinking about where we go, and planning for how we get there as a movement, as a deliberate, intentional thing. in many ways, we are already on our way. our communities are doing great things to realize our full potential, including building that inclusivity, where all of the world voices can be included. i want to call out this vital work today. you heard a little bit about afro crowd.

[cheering] [applause] absolutely. you deserve all of the applause. afro crowd aims to increase the people of african descent who actively participate in the wikimedia project. through monthly multilingual hons they have made a significant contribution. wikimedia mexico also, yes. [cheering] bringing women together to edit wikipedia article is to women and their work and men are not invited to these edit-a-thons and that creates a safe and welcoming place for women to participate. more than 200 women participated edit-a-thons.

when we have great inclusive ideas, we see that the spread. recommend innt to the [soundsnada, out word] -- the project which launched in august of this year, it is the first nation of canada who want to increase content about the first nation about knowledge, culture, and language of that great nation. projects offers leading examples of how our communities are working to fill the gap and address our movement's challenges head on. we need to celebrate these efforts and our progress. i want to congratulate each of these groups for what they have done as well as countless other

organizations and individuals for affecting real change and impact in filling the gaps and knowledge. -- in knowledge. in the june wikimedia spirit -- in each room and give -- it's not easy, and that's probably going to be some trial and error involved. one of the first things is that we need to know our intentions. we have to be clear with ourselves on how to welcome them, how to engage them and make space for them. this means we need to commit to and abide by and hold up friendly spaces and codes of conduct in all our communities. it means clarifying our values so they are not just about open and diverse but can help us make decisions about what culture we want to have as a community. and inclusion starts with language.

we have to think about how we communicate with others, the words we use and how things ofnslate, not just in terms language to language, but individual to individual, how we share and how we receive. and we need to practice inclusivity. we need to identify the people we want to work with. we need to go talk to them. we need to listen to why they are not working with us yet. this is really important. we need to understand the structural barriers, social, economic, or otherwise, as to why they are not participating in our movement. and we need to reflect on them and think how we might evolve in order to bring in more individuals and become a more welcoming and inclusive space. we need to take part in consultations in conversations and encourage others to do this as well. part of having these conversations and truly listening was an important moment in talking to our

colleagues who are working to increase the participation of wikimedia editors in ghana. it was through directly engaging with these challenges where they --t as though we were being we were able to create a better working relationship and hopefully grow that community. which gets me to the next thing i want to talk about, we need to the diverse and inclusive communities we want to have. these communities don't happen just because we want them to, the because we go out and make it commitment. we are investing in this explicitly. part of the wikimedia model is around community grants. the foundation set aside a half million dollars to fund resources for increasing gender diversity and to fund tools and

initiatives that facilitate and support healthy community culture. we used to do this thing where we sat around and talked about welcoming women and people of color and people from emerging communities. andwe have dedicated staff budget and resources to help these communities grow, because that's what it takes. it's not just about saying we want to do it, it's about actively committing and going out and doing it. we are taking the first steps. were working on how to address harassment and create of healthy community culture. is grantmaking campaign focused on researching ideas to address harassment. we launched a leadership development program to identify, train, and support community members who can be the next generation of leaders across our

movement. when you are investing in regional conference is to spread the resources we have that will help communities grow. voices andneed more we want a more inclusive community. the big question next is where do we want to go as a movement together? i want to make a request for all of us sitting here in this room, over the next six months, we are hoping to have a conversation about the future of our movement. it's been an incredible community of people for 15 years now and we have achieved a tremendous amount. one of the things i'm hearing as i go around and talk to people is, we have achieved all of this and we have incredible momentum and we have these resources and we are positioned in a way we have never been before to take

advantage of the opportunities out there and the hard challenges in front of us, and the imperative to bring more people into our movement to make it the thing we wanted to be. what is the thing that gets us all moving in the same direction together, or at least sets out a direction in which we can all andg our unique resources skills in the context and cultures in which we work? i immediately think about, what do we want to do as a movement and the next strategic thing we want to take on. what is the next mountain we want to climb? we have so much more to do. saying we are taking on something different than the encyclopedia or anything along those lines. it's about saying what are the next set of milestones we want to achieve together and how we think about restructuring and how to we make this change possible?

so we will have that conversation over the next six months, and i want to invite all of you to participate in it. off auary we will kick movement wind strategic consultation. it's for the movement. over the course of the next few weeks we will be reaching out to many of you, asking for your participation and how the conversation should happen, how you would want to participate, and then thinking about what we want at the end of that. we really do want to make sure it is about creating a space in which every voice matters and every person can share their perspective on what the future of our movement can be. i hope inclusivity will be at the top of this conversation but i know there are many other subjects we will want to take on as well. so i will ask you to add a page to your watch list and read more. there's a page that talks about

what it is we want to do in terms of the strategy consultation. i encourage you to come tomorrow to a session by plot. i want to hear from you what is the best way for you to participate in a conversation about our future. what are your hopes and fears for that conversation? how can we make sure that conversation gets us to a place where we all feel as though it is the place we want to go, that your voices have been heard? havethe important voices faced the challenge. i believe it is on the schedule. i believe it there on the strategy consultation. the fun is about to begin. [laughter] we are going to have an incredible two days, today and tomorrow. coming together, talking about

the future of knowledge, talking about building community and where we can go as a movement and what we want to be in the world. i am so excited that we are here together in san diego, with all the participation and diversity that that means, and i cannot wait to get started. thank you so much. [applause] andrew: a lot of you may know me, i teach and have written about wikipedia. we have inclusivity as it theme of this conference. it is such a great theme to work with, because part of inclusivity is to include people from all walks of life, to help thence, correct, and extend

world record. we really wanted to meaningfully here inhe theme southern california. "thewritten a book called wikipedia revolution." but it's more than just allowing the winners to write the history books. when we talk about education, what do you think about? you think about syllabus, diplomas. but if you think about this, how much of our learning happens informally, outside the classroom? especially for the rest of your life, after your formal schooling. this depends on museums, libraries, journalism, and now wikipedia is part of that mix. disrupted the ecosystem, but with great side effects. this type of lifelong learning

online and through wikipedia was the innovation of the enlightenment. scientific and rational thought challenged established authority of the church and the monarchy and you suddenly had scientific exploration and people creating content outside of this. the problem with this is, as the authorities evolved out of the church and the monarchy, the viewpoint of the enlightenment was still very much a western perspective. encyclopedia museum has been up for debate in the museum world. some see it as a pejorative to describe the imperial, colonial outlook and a message for western museums to extract and display artifacts outside their original location. that aainst this context

new wave of museums have opened up, especially in washington dc, where we do a lot of our editing. the museum of the american indian was one of the real hallmarks of this. the newly opened national museum of african american history and culture is another example of this. hayes, myself, and jim stood in line for the first public day of that museum and edited in line at 5:00 in the morning. [applause] yes, they thought we were nuts when we were doing that. we have backtracked and analyzed articles such as pocahontas, trail of tears, thanksgiving, and i'm sure our speakers will tell us about the gold rush, something you wouldn't think had implications for native americans. but was fascinating about that, they worked with us barely --

very early on in the process. three years before they were going to redo their prominent exhibit, they contacted us to edit with them and back back and look at the wikipedia content. and's beingedia sought by museums. we as the national museum of the american indian who we should have and they immediately pointed to two folks, stan rodriguez and michael conley, and we are very happy to have them as our speakers here at the conference. one of the interesting things is that when we were talking to stand and michael, they mentioned they were working with the museum of man at balboa park . just a great coincidence, we had this great balboa park friday

editathon. the colonizing the museum of man as an anthropology museum. stan and michael are part of that effort. with the been working museum of man on a new exhibit on astronomy and we had some folks here working on that article yesterday. they looked at the exhibit and improve the article based on what they found at the exhibit, so things are coming full circle in terms of our speakers and what are editors have been doing with the content they been contributing to that museum. so innovative museums are trying to break out of the pattern and are seeing wikipedia as an ally in colonizing their museums. i'm happy to introduce stan rodriguez, a navy veteran,

native linguist and inspired musical can radler. rattler. he was named the 2015 american indian heritage month local hero by the pbs affiliates here in san diego. he has touched the lives of so many of us, and his love of hishing our culture through language, shelter building and toolmaking. he's filled several teaching of thend is a member nation that aims to improve lives through economic development and cultural preservation. he sits on the board of a group whose vision is to strengthen cultural revitalization.

of thelso a board member community college, school with a special focus on history and culture and provides computer courses as well. the college is open to native and non-native students, and it's my pleasure to introduce stan rodriguez to talk to us today. [applause] stan: [speaking native language]

for the rest of you, my name is stan rodriguez and i want to welcome all of you here into the land of our people. start, the last speaker, i just want to say it really touched my heart what you said. when we talk about inclusiveness , and i heard other people speak talking about the san diego public library and wikipedia. for our people, we have a saying that when an elder passes away, it's like a library burning down. what a library is is knowledge.

the knowledge of the past, the present, and where we are going in the future. together, us to come we come together to share this, our knowledge. this is what we do for all the people. more.t we gain how many of you like to eat? i like potato salad, myself. but i cannot see me eating potato salad for the rest of my life and that it. there's got to be more. that's what all of us bring your together, we bring that knowledge. we bring these things. i would say to celebrate the

diversity and all the knowledge that we have. what was your name? katherine? come to me, samantha. watch this. i'm in my second year of my doctoral program and i have a class right now and my professor, i told him i'm at a conference and he doesn't believe me. [laughter] , howwant to ask all of you many of you are in the witness protection program? [laughter] i'm going to take this to my professor. iq. so anyway, what we are going to be talking about today is the land of my people.

one of the things about my people is, first of all, how many of you ever heard of our people? about half of you. the other half have never heard about us. this, how many of you speak our language? i want all of you to look at me. do speak.ong, you how many of you have ever heard the name iguana? border. south of the that is one interpretation. of ally it's a corruption word which means by the ocean.

the spanish changed it around. how many of you have ever heard of la jolla? it means the jewel. of our wordrruption which means the place of the caves. how many of you have heard of palomar, like palomar observatory? what does that mean you're not even trying anymore. to win with arrows. how many of you have ever heard of tecate? it's another corruption of a word which means a man who chops wood. otai?out it means we. not this kind of weed, but the other kind of weed that grows.

now you have learned some of our language. are you good? again, we want to welcome you here to this land, the land of our people. say our tribeto is on both sides of the border. on this side of the border there are 12 reservations. on the other side of the border there's really six reservations. at any of you ever been to baja? the rest of you, are you from out of town? check it out while you are here. territory, kumeyaay it's a beautiful place, a lot of history. the reason i'm bringing all this up is because our people, the kumeyaay people, we have had to

indoor three waves of encroachment. the spanish wave, which happened in 1542. rodriguez, not related to me, came in here, and 200 years later, the invasion happened. a lot of people read that the indians of california had visions and we loved it. and we were peaceful. no, we worked, and we just disappeared. no, we are still here. and we have been conquered, but we haven't. we will be talking about that today. then the mexican era, we will talk about that, and this present era and the things we've had to injure your -- we've had re.endu

we continue to survive. we continue to live. as we say in kumeyaay, a long we sayo before contact, we been here since the beginning of time. however, archaeologists and anthropologists say something different. and they come to visit us. they think we've been here 70 gun hundred years and prior to that. go into the desert, you will see many different inks, pictographs, things like that. people say coastal migration, people were coming down the coast. , i'me i continue with this giving you what's called a kmart blue light special version. i have shortened it up, because

my colleague mike conley is going to be giving a presentation on monday and he will give much more detail on this. jollaittle bit of the la culture, did you know that the beach that we have here went back a lot farther? there are actually villages that are submerged. people speak a human dialect. how many of you are into languages? that is beautiful. group.very old we've been here for a long, long time. we are venture to say the most southwest of all the southwestern tribes. later the shoshone groups came .n

territory.eyaay you see it goes on both sides of the border. contact, our people were governed by a family system. everybody here comes from a family, right? of the first things we will ask you if you come into our territory, who is your family and where are you from? we want to find out where you are from and who your family is. why do you think you want to know who your family is? i will tell you why. because we want to find out if you are related to us.

if you are owl clan, you are my relatives. if you are not, that is a different thing. that's how we find out if you going to possibly date somebody. [laughter] now, as far as land goes, it's a complicated system. area,mily controls that and let's say -- who is not a vegetarian here? ands say you shoot a deer it gets out of your territory and comes into our territory. if you shot that there, go ahead, you can pass, because you need to get that. now the common try to pick

acorns, unless you have a permit, no, you are not going to do that. so it's a comic hated, and that's how it works. techniques, we aren't people of the oceans, the mountain, and the desert. we have all these areas that we deal with, the ocean in the springtime. how many of you have been out to old town? villagewhere a kumeyaay used to be. wouldople in those areas dry shellfish and things like that. they would gather and trade seashells for things out of the desert, things like that. diggereyaay people were indians. how many you -- how many of you

are into agriculture? our people were into agriculture. because of the soil conditions here, it was not conducive to growing corn. but the kumeyaay in the desert grew corn. our people planted acorns 40 trees. -- for oak trees. ate or i-5,en on i those are kumeyaay trails. i-5.8 or obsidian bu ist one ofte the only places in southern california where it was.

one of the things about andfornia was the diversity language and culture here. california had more language diversity than any other place pua,he world aside from pa new guinea. you could go 10 or 20 miles to the east and run into a group that speaks a completely different language. two miles north, a different language. so what do you think happened? our people learned to speak more than one language. how many of you here speak more than one language? doesn't that give you a warm and fuzzy? communication is important. that's what we do. how many of you noticed in the different languages you speak, you may speak something in one language that's not easy to convey at times, the way of thinking in another language.

that's what makes diversity so beautiful, because of the different ways we look at the inks. just like that diamond has all those facets. our cosmology, and mike is going to go over a lot more, he will go into deep that go deeply into this. how many of you have been over to the museum of man? the natural history museum. you've seen the thing on the kumeyaay cosmology? michael was the one who developed that. prior to that, a lot of that went dormant, and mike is helping to revive that. and the cosmology talks about our creation story. we had no written language, so

our creation story is a story that takes 4-6 days to be told. i'm not even going to try to take you about our creation story. it would take way too long. but it teaches us where the universe came from. , and where weoday are going in the future. left?ch time do i have let me check. a half hour more. thank you for letting me know. i'm going to take something real quick in our creation story, just one part. i want to tie this in with mainstream thought. we say before there was the universe, there was something else.

.nd there was a creator twin.eator had a younger decided -- no one knows why the creator decided to do what he did, but he did. the creator decided to make this universe as we know it, and the creator pushed the younger one through, because the younger one was not as strong. the younger one came through and was scared because he came into this. the older one said, are you ready for me to come? the younger one said yes, but keep your eyes open. is,way it is thought about it's like the difference between here and dry land and salt water, being underneath the ocean.

because we use metaphors. when one came, he was blinded. the younger one said, let me do it first. how many of you ever had a younger brother or sister? i want to do it, i want to do it. .o the young one full to our people, tobacco is a sacred plant. it is a connection to the spirit world. smoke tounger one blue the north, to the south, to the east, and to the west. expanded and then it collapsed because the younger one did not have the power. the older one said, let me show you how to do this. how many of you have ever known and old person?

the older one just yells at you. an elder will say, let me show you how to do it. thehe older one blue to north, south, east, and west, above and below. and it started to expand and expand and expand, and it made the universe. some people would say that is an interesting myth. however, if you ask astrophysicists today, they will tell you that the known universe, as we can understand it, is like an expanding bubble. , oh. say in kumeyaay [laughter] one said i will make light. andhe grabbed white clay

threw it up into the sky, and it became the moon. you notice at the brightest du.tc the moon is all thell got yellow clay and rolled it up. it got bright and it got hot. one put it on his thumb and it started to burn and the older one flicked it up into the sky and it started to burn. i want all of you to look at your thumbnails, all of you. do you see that half circle on re?i when we say hello, the word means may the fire come to you or stay with you.

when the creator made the universe and made us and our beliefs, part of the creator is in each and every one of us. so ladies and gentlemen, when you come together and you talk about strategy building, you are honoring the creator. when you talk about building something, that is part of the creator coming together. come when youn't clean, when you sing, all these different things, it is the creator inside each and every one of us. we celebrate our diversity, but we are all still the same. we are all human beings. we all came from the creator. and i believe we come together and we talk about this, inclusiveness, bringing in all

these different cultures, and we grow. arrow, ite use for an can hurt, but it is easy to break. each and every one of us are arrows. but when we come together with all our knowledge and try to put it together, it's a powerful thing. together,coming here we are a powerful vehicle of movement. when we talk about social justice throughout the world, change, equality, equity, all these things come with this, but this knowledge, these libraries that we talk about, and inside each and every one of you the library is, too.

we talked a little bit about cosmology. michael will talk a lot more about that. observatories, with our people, we are governed by the seasons. we have many different things that we learn in our different areas. how many of you live in the northeast? pretty dry over there? not really. you are in san diego? the thing is, every area is different. , the things one needs to know are a lot different than in the mountains or out by the coast. this is where observations are important.

your houses are different. it suits a different purpose. we have a lot of things in the desert, and i won't get too much we have beent there for thousands and thousands of years. there used to be a great lake over there. early expeditions, you've all heard of cortez. what did he come here for? to liberate the people, right? [laughter]

so the peninsula was decimated, then cabrillo came. we talked about him. i just want to touch a little bit on that. california has all these missions that go up to the peninsula and down. i've seen pictures of mission indians taking care of the crops and they are all sitting the pot rate is instructing them in catholicism, and everybody is happy. in the third grade they talk about the missions. made, theissions were

spanish government, in collusion they usevatican, different justification to subjugate the people. they want to use native people as slave labor and to build an torastructure as a prelude spanish colonies coming in. they would have a server class already trained. that did not happen well. 1775, november 5, around midnight, the mission here in san diego was attacked by kumeyaay warriors and burned to the ground. on the other side of the border -- have any of you ever been to in sonata -- encenada?

it was named after a mission. black dog came down with a group of lawyers, looking for the priest. the priest would get the soldiers and they would chain of the indian people and whip them and forced them to work. spanish señorita and her skirt was shaking, and they lifted up her skirt and the priest was hiding under there. were that, other missions raided and burned up and down the peninsula. resisted. ouresisted that, because beliefs and our labs for ourselves and our -- our love for ourselves and our family

were and are strong. around 1811,pened independence from spain. look it up in wikipedia, people. [laughter] overexican government took . mexico became a republic. california is part of the mexican republic. they were going to give the land back to the native people. that's what they said. but then, what happened was this. when they started giving the , thato their friends started a new set of revolts all up and down mexico. , theiry people

techniques were getting much more advanced and sophisticated. and then something happened. it spilled over into a war. guess who came to california? the americans. they came out here and landed over by mission bay. the mexicans told kumeyaay

people, if you help us defeat the americans, we will give you san diego, we will give you all the land back. so it was a win-win situation for us. [laughter] well, general kearney came down. a big fight happen, they only battle in mexican-american war in california was here in san diego. guess who won? [laughter] mexicans won that battle. i know there are more things that happen before. mexicans almost lost san diego three times.

they went to the prisons down .outh , are youe in prison enjoying your accommodations? can exonerate you and we will give you a gun and you can be part of an army. what would you take? who said they were going to stay in prison? it became what is known as the cholo army. they were not getting paid. so if you're not getting paid, what do you think is going to happen? would raise the restaurants, the cantina, all the different things there.

all these things started happening. end, who won the war? the united states. there is a lot to this. then something happened up north. gold was discovered in california. the third wave of encroachment was crucial because this was governed by greed. through, theo came atrocities that were committed, especially central and northern california. holocaustlk about the , there are 200 51 tribes in

california prior to the gold crust. most of their tribes were just annihilated. they would take whole groups of people and just wipe them out. there was a policy of discrimination that was going on. there was a bounty for the alps of native people. down south, there was not as much gold so there was not as much encroachment that was taking place. remember the mexican-american war? one of the things the mexicans did was they armed the kumeyaay people, so a lot of kumeyaay had weapons. it's a lot harder to annihilated group that is just as well-liked as you are.

there are still things that were being done. they decided they were going to make reservations. so in 1851 or 1852, january 7, the treaty of san isabel was made, and it was going to grant of alpine all the way to the desert, that was going to be one large reservation. 18 treatiesof the that was made with the surviving california tribes. remember this gold rush, the things that were happening, people were just flooding into california. from of people were coming the carolinas, georgia. this was 1852. take a look at that date in

american history. what was happening then? what was that? this was a prelude to the civil war. was, thesepened people were coming in from georgia, the carolinas and places like that. treaties, we these will start with the confederacy. what, do you think the federal government one to have another group of people fighting against them? so those treaties were never ratified. this is one of the reasons why california has such small reservations. diego, we have more reservations that any other county in the country. we have one of the smallest, which is six acres. they currency laws were made as all this was happening. you could not leave the

reservation unless you had a permit from somebody you work for. you could be arrested and captain indentured service for six months. so all these things were happening. , let's talk about gold move down a little farther south. peru?appened in in 1561? pizarro came to peru and the leader of peru was captured and ransomed for a huge room full of silver twice. the largest ransom ever paid. this was the inca empire.

huge, one of the largest empires in the world. but did you know more gold was taken out of california that was extracted over there? this is how bad it got. so these were some of the things that happened. this was some of the things that ,ontributed to the loss of life and the policies of native people here in california. and there is a lot more to it. illegal.ion was made native religion was made illegal. do you know when it was legalized? when do you think our religion was legalized, when we could actually practice it? 20th century. august 10, 1978. , wer to that it was illegal

didn't have the same protections in this free country. and it was not really ratified until clinton was in power in the 1990's. people don't learn about that. in an effort to stamp out native culture and language, starting in the 1870's with colonel pratt, kill the indian in order to save the man. they would take children away from their homes and raised them in boarding schools and cut their hair. actually in our way, our hair is part of our religion. we only cut it when somebody dies. so all these things were attempts to eradicate culture.

even the termination acts in the relocation,, indian a lot of things that have happened but are people still survive. on the other side of the border in mexico, the mexican government didn't harass the native people in baja as much, possibly because mexico's filled with indians. you mess with one, you are going to have to mess with all of them. they had policies of forcing them to speak spanish. the bilingual schools in baja, they would bring in mexican teachers and the teachers would hit the kids for speaking their language. they would tell the parents, if you want them to do good in .chool, only teach them spanish similar to what was going on here. that were organizations the mexican government worked

with for the native people in mexico. i would say at best it is marginal. , theyibes over there don't have the same protections that we had over here. we had reservations. landshere, the indigenous , the mexican government can come in and say if you are not working all the land to our specifications, we will just take it and give it to somebody else. these are some the things our people were struggling with also. five more minutes? ok, i'm going to shut up pretty soon. i want to sing a song real quick, but i want to say that our culture has been like a pot

that has been thrown on the ground and shattered into many different things. how many of you have worked with pottery? i talked to an elder one time is all ofid that pot our culture, but we put it together and we grind up those new play inwe put there, which is today, and we make a new pot and we fire it. it has both. this is who we are. responsibilityur to remember this. i will just call it the sacredness of every different culture, and to honor that, because with that comes a way of knowledge and a way of being that cannot be replicated. we praise you for your work. snoot, before i shut my

i want to really welcome you here. i'm going to sing a song. is that ok? now, our songs tell a story. i'm going to tell you a quick story. again, this is the kmart blue light special version. this story talks about when the sun and the moon were going to get married. how many of you have ever been in love? how many of you have been to a wedding? so you can relate. a long time ago, the sun and the moon were going to get married,

and they invited all the animals to the wedding. there were these two francs in in love.to frogs after they were done, they were just relaxing, and that the mel said -- the female said her stomach was growing. it got bigger, and she jumped into a pond. she looked in there and it was filled with pollywog's. when the sun and moon get married, we've got to warn them. so they started hopping up the mountain. the sun and the moon were waiting for them and set you are late. frog said you cannot get look.d, because

they looked at the pond and all the little frogs were in their. if you get together, the sky will be filled with suns and moons. right, but weare love each other. how are we going to do this? so they agreed that the sun would be up when the moon was asleep, and the moon would come up and the sun would sleep. so that is why it is what it is today. but every now and then you see the sun and the moon up at the same time. we say they are throwing kisses at each other. and every now and then, you will see a solar eclipse. [laughter] [singing and native language]

thank you, everybody, for coming here.

>> tonight, supreme court justice elena kagan reflects on her life and career. she was nominated by president obama and has served on the high court 2010. she recently spoke at the equal justice works conference. see that it 8 p.m. eastern on c-span. featuredre some of our programs coming up this weekend on c-span. saturday at 8:00 eastern, the state of the black world conference discussing between 16 election. the author ofude "are we there yet?" and moderator mark thompson, the host of "make it plain." also the mayor of newark, new jersey. >> you know, when we get together as luck folks in this

country and we have an agenda, we also have to unite with other people to win. the object is to win. we do not want to struggle for struggle's sake. in ourre 100,000 people community, lots of people who have been in jail, who have been be. we are not activists and revolutionaries because it is fun. purchase of a to get all of these things to be praised. we did it because it was necessary. a discussion of the founding fathers and the purpose of government. >> it turns out the meaning of america is persuasion. the meaning of america is love. the meaning of america is building a better addict or a new service or persuading someone to marry you or join your church or synagogue.

there is amazing civic mindedness. >> and newt gingrich, van jones, and former congressman patrick kennedy discuss opioid addiction and treatment. >> people have to change their minds. they have to have willpower, but the also have to change their brains back. this is a biological thing. your brain is an organ, and once the doctors say, we took a molar out of your mouth, take these pills, you broke your collar bone, take these pills, for a lot of people, those pills damage that organ. c-span.org and listen on the free c-span radio app. >> president obama this week honored 21 recipients with the presidential medal of honor. it is the highest civilian